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The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of phenolic-rich avocado peel extract (APE) as an ingredient in beef and soy-based burgers to increase their antioxidant activity, reduce lipid and protein oxidation during gastric digestion, and inhibit urease and anhydrase carbonic activity, which are considered as key factors in the main steps of Helicobacter pylori adhesion in the stomach. The gastric bioaccessible fraction of soy and beef burgers with added 0.5% APE obtained by in vitro digestion exhibited a higher content of phenolic compounds, including monomeric and oligomeric (epi)catechin forms and quercetin, and reduced levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and carbonyls (49% to 73% and 57% to 60%, respectively) when compared with control burgers. Moreover, the burgers with APE inhibited urease and carbonic anhydrase activity. Results generally showed that including APE reduces the primary risk factors associated with H. pylori infection.

Chemical profiling of Buddleja globosa was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization (HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT/MS) and quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS). The identification of 17 main phenolic compounds in B. globosa leaf extracts was achieved. Along with caffeoyl glucoside isomers, caffeoylshikimic acid and several verbascoside derivatives (β-hydroxyverbascoside and β-hydroxyisoverbascoside) were identified. Among flavonoid compounds, the presence of 6-hydroxyluteolin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside was confirmed. Campneoside I, forsythoside B, lipedoside A and forsythoside A were identified along with verbascoside, isoverbascoside, eukovoside and martynoside. The isolation of two bioactive phenolic compounds verbascoside and forsythoside B from Buddleja globosa (Buddlejaceae) was successfully achieved by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Both compounds were obtained in one-step using optimized CPC methodology with the two-phase solvent system comprising ethyl acetate-n-butanol-ethanol-water (0.25: 0.75: 0.1: 1, v/v). Additionally, eight Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) were tested for the extraction of polyphenols and compared with 80% methanol. The contents of verbascoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside after extraction with 80% methanol were 26.165 and 3.206 mg/g, respectively. Among the NADESs tested in this study, proline- citric acid (1:1) and choline chloride-1, 2- propanediol (1:2) were the most promising solvents. With these NADES, extraction yields for verbascoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside were 51.045 and 4.387 mg/g, respectively. Taken together, the results of this study confirm that CPC enabled the fast isolation of bioactive polyphenols from B. globosa. NADESs displayed higher extraction efficiency of phenolic and therefore could be used as an ecofriendly alternative to classic organic solvents.

Buddleja globosa Hope (Buddlejaceae) is a native species cultivated in Chile, Peru and Argentina. In folk medicine, this plant is frequently used for the treatment of different wounds (internal and external), as well as intestinal and liver diseases. There is growing scientific evidence on the growing conditions for Buddleja globosa and how its cultivation could be optimized. Methods for its vegetative propagation have also been successfully elaborated. The leaves contain phenylpropanoids, iridoids, terpenes and flavonoids. Ethnopharmacological validation studies suggest that phenylpropanoids and flavonoids are the main and most important compounds in defining the therapeutic activity of Buddleja globosa. This chemical composition explains its pharmacological activity as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and, in particular, its wound healing effects. Due to its undeniable potential as a domesticated, cultivated medicinal plant and its remarkable chemical composition, it is still necessary to develop its properly standardized, clinically validated phytopharmaceutical products.

Preparative separation of three lycorine type alkaloids from Rhodolirum speciosum (Amaryllidaceae) was successfully carried out using pH-zone-refinement centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) using the solvent system methyl-tert-butyl ether/acetonitrile/water (4:1:5, v/v/v) in descending mode. Using this system, Alkaloid 1 (165.7 mg, 88.2%, purity), 2 (60.1 mg, 97.7% purity) and 3 (12.3 mg, 84.4% purity) were obtained in one step. For structure elucidation, the pure alkaloids were subjected to spectroscopy analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance experiments (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Alkaloids 1, 2, and 3 were identified as 1-O-acetyl-5,6-dehydrolycorine, 1-O-acetyl-lycorine, and 1,2-O-diacetyl-5,6-dehydrolycorine, respectively. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of these alkaloids was IC50 151.1 &mu, g/mL, IC50 203.5 &mu, g/mL, IC50 470.0 &mu, g/mL, and IC50 17.1 &mu, g/mL, respectively.

Peumus boldus Mol., is a Chilean medicinal tree used for gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Such medicinal properties are associated with the presence of bioactive flavonoids and aporphine alkaloids. In this study, a new green and efficient extraction method used seven natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as extraction media. The extraction efficiency of these NADES was assessed, determining the contents of boldine and total phenolic compounds (TPC). Chemical profiling of P. boldus was done by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photo diode array detector and electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-IT/MS) and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). Among the NADES tested, NADES4 (choline chloride-lactic acid) and NADES6 (proline-oxalic acid) enable better extraction of boldine with 0.427 &plusmn, 0.018 and 2.362 &plusmn, 0.055 mg of boldine g&minus, 1 of plant, respectively. Extraction of boldine with NADES4 and NADES6 was more efficient than extractions performed with methanol and water. On the other hand, the highest TPC were obtained using NADES6, 179.442 &plusmn, 3.79 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE g&minus, 1). Moreover, TPC in extracts obtained with methanol does not show significant differences with NADES6. The HPLC-PAD-MS/MS analysis enable the tentative identification of 9 alkaloids and 22 phenolic compounds. The results of this study demonstrate that NADES are a promising green extraction media to extract P. boldus bioactive compounds and could be a valuable alternative to classic organic solvents.

In this study we evaluate the chemical composition and neuroprotective effects of alkaloid fractions of the Amaryllidaceae species Rhodophiala pratensis, Rhodolirium speciosum, Phycella australis and Phaedranassa lehmannii. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) enable the identification of 41 known alkaloids. Rhodolirium speciosum and Rhodophiala pratensis were the most active extracts against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with IC50 values of 35.22 and 38.13 μg/mL, respectively. The protective effect of these extracts on human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) subjected to mitochondrial oxidative stress with rotenone/oligomycin A (R/O) and toxicity promoted by okadaic acid (OA) was evaluated. Only Phycella australis and Rhodophiala pratensis at 0.75 and 1.5 μg/mL, tend to reverse the cell death induced by R/O by around 12%. In OA assay, alkaloid fractions of Phycella Australis and Phaedranassa lehmannii displayed a concentration-dependent (0.375–3.0 μg/mL) effect with a maximum neuroprotective response of 78% and 84%, respectively. Afterwards, neuroprotective effects of Phycella australis (3 and 6 μg/mL) in mouse hippocampal slices stressed with oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), shown a protection greater than 14%. Finally, Phycella Australis (6 μg/mL) reverted the cell viability from 65% to 90% in slices treated with OA, representing a protection of 25% attributable to the alkaloids of this species.

The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) is one of most important pest of stored seeds worldwide, but its current control method is based on the use of synthetic insecticides, usually leading to undesirable problems such as insecticide residues on treated food, human intoxications, and insect resistance development. Therefore the search of friendly alternative methods is required. The aim of this study was to assess, under laboratory conditions, the insecticidal properties of Peumus boldus Molina, Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul., and Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) Schodde essential oils against S. zeamais. The phytochemical analysis of the three essential oils showed 1,8-cineole, safrole and methyleugenol as the common components; all of them documented with insecticidal activity from essential oils from other plant species. The highest toxicity (100% mortality) of these three oils acting as a contact insecticide was observed at 24 h exposure at 4% concentration. The estimated LC50 values for P. boldus, L. sempervirens, and L. philippiana were 0.37, 1.02, and 0.28 μL g-1, respectively. Peumus boldus exhibited the highest fumigant activity with 100% adult mortality at 30 μL oil L-1 air. At ≥ 0.5% (v/w) concentration, all essential oils showed repellent activity. These three essential oils showed a promissory insecticidal activity against the maize weevil.