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The bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, commonly named sulfur mustard, as a vesicant agent and the tabun, sarin, soman, and venomous X as organophosphorus nerve agents are the most notorious, used, and threatening chemical warfare agents which contamination by them make serious health problems. The most efficient method for sulfur mustard detoxification is its selective oxidation to its corresponding sulfoxide, which is a nontoxic product. While for organophosphorus nerve agents, the best strategy is the hydrolysis of their P–X bond. Various mono-functional catalysts have been introducing regarding these methods. In other words, they are only able to selective oxidation of sulfur mustard or hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents or their simulants. However, due to the unpredictable use of these chemical warfare agents, for human and environmental safety, there is a need for dual-functional catalysts capable of both the selective oxidation of sulfur mustard and hydrolysis of organophosphorus agents. In this regard, the reported dual-functional catalysts for oxidation of sulfur mustard and hydrolysis of organophosphorus agents, or their simulants, are reviewed here. These catalysts are mainly polyoxometalates and minorly metal-organic frameworks based catalysts.

Development of eco-friendly, desirable and reusable catalysts particularly for reactions in regard to carbon dioxide fixation is still attractive in academic and industrial sectors. In this study, a dicationic ionic liquid was anchored to a cheap biopolymer, i.e., chitosan and the prepared hybrid composite was used in the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with various epoxides for preparing five-membered cyclic carbonates under solvent-free conditions in high yield and selectivity without the addition any metal co-catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, UV-vis, XPS, TG, FESEM, and BET techniques. The catalyst was recovered and recycled at least five times without losing its activity and selectivity. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that chitosan through hydrogen bonding, coordination of amine groups with CO2 and also loosely bonded bromide ion to imidazolium ion have synergistic effects on the yield and selectivity of cyclic carbonates under optimum conditions. On the basis of the obtained results, a feasible mechanism was proposed for the reaction.

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A phosphovanadomolybdate hybridized with an anchored dicationic ionic liquid on Al-MCM-41 was prepared through the anion exchange and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, UV?Vis, XRD, XPS, TGA, T ...

Background: Hypertension is a risk factor that may lead to development of Atherosclerosis (ATS). Recent studies have emphasized on the importance of high blood pressure and cholesterol on cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to simultaneously examine factors that affect total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) using the mixed response model. Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised of 245 participants, hospitalized at Shahid Madani state hospital, Khorramabad-Iran diagnosed with ATS in fall and winter 2014. The method of sampling was convenience sampling and the participants were selected through census of all the patients hospitalized in different cardiac wards, except for angiography. Results: Systolic blood pressure was significantly associated with fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P = 0.001), C - reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.021), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P = 0.004), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.002). In addition, FBG (P=0.002), CRP (P = 0.011) and LDL-C (P = 0.027) levels were significantly associated with DBP. It was revealed that age (P = 0.016), smoking (P = 0.010), triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.001) and FBG (P = 0.021) were significantly associated with TC. Conclusions: Cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent and there are many risk factors. Therefore, it is necessary to provide proper education on changing life style and preventing the disease.