50 results on '"Ming Li Wang"'
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2. Investigation of Monosodium Glutamate Alternatives for Content of Umami Substances and Their Enhancement Effects in Chicken Soup Compared to Monosodium Glutamate
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Shaokang Zhang, Brandon Tonnis, Koushik Adhikari, Shangci Wang, and Ming Li Wang
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Taste ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Monosodium glutamate ,Sodium ,Flavour ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Umami ,Sodium Chloride ,Sensory analysis ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Solanum lycopersicum ,Sodium Glutamate ,Animals ,Humans ,Yeast extract ,Food science ,Flavor ,0303 health sciences ,Plant Extracts ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040401 food science ,Flavoring Agents ,chemistry ,Agaricales ,Chickens ,Food Science - Abstract
This research aimed to compare the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and its alternatives on sensory characteristics of chicken soup. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was carried out to quantify umami substances in potential MSG alternatives. Two mushroom extracts (CE and MC), one tomato extract (TC), and one yeast extract (YE) powders were selected due to their high equivalent umami concentration (EUC). These extracts together with MSG were then applied individually at four different levels (CE, MC, TC, MSG: 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%; YE: 0.0125%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%) in chicken soup in order to compare their impact on major sensory attributes using the degree of difference from control (DODC) test. Our results showed that all four extracts at all the usage levels exhibited an enhancement effect on the overall flavor, meaty flavor, saltiness, and umami taste. The extent of enhancement depended on the type of the alternative and its usage level. Higher levels of MSG alternatives (except YE) suppressed the chicken flavor. YE had similar enhancement effects as MSG on umami and salty tastes already at lower usage levels. At the lowest concentration, TC showed a stronger enhancement effect than MSG, but its effect on most attributes decreased as the usage dose increased. Compared to CE, the other mushroom extract MC resembled MSG at most levels. Overall, the closest synergistic effect in chicken soup was noted with 0.1% MSG, 0.1% MC, and 0.025% YE. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study compared the enhancement effects of MSG and selected alternatives in chicken soup. Results will help food manufacturers who would like to replace MSG with natural umami substances in soup products to enhance flavor and reduce sodium chloride. more...
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- 2019
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3. Identification of a mutant from Arachis veigae with enhanced seed oleic and very long-chain fatty acid content
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Shyam Tallury, Viktor Tishchenko, Brandon Tonnis, Ming Li Wang, and H. Thomas Stalker
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0106 biological sciences ,Arachis ,Mutant ,Nonsense mutation ,Very long chain fatty acid ,Introgression ,01 natural sciences ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,lcsh:Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Wild peanut species ,010608 biotechnology ,Natural point mutation ,Food science ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Nutrition quality ,Organic Chemistry ,Fatty acid ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,lcsh:S1-972 ,Oleic acid ,Fatty acid desaturase ,chemistry ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,FAD2 coding region ,biology.protein ,Fatty acid composition ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
High oleate is an important seed quality trait frequently incorporated in peanut varieties. Crop wild relatives (CWR) are potentially useful genetic resources for cultivar improvement through genetic introgression; but for wild peanut species, many chemical or nutritional traits are not well characterized. A mutant from Arachis veigae S. H. Santana & Valls (2n = 2x = 20), with increased oleic and very long chain (C ≥ 22) fatty acid content was identified from screening 209 accessions of 45 species using gas chromatography (GC). The A. veigae (formerly A. sylvestris) accession, VVeSv 8373 (PI 688970) contained 55.5% oleic acid in seeds, significantly higher than the average (18.3%) of other accessions within the same species and also significantly higher than the average (37.0%) of all wild peanut accessions evaluated. A C37T substitution was identified by sequencing the coding region of FAD2H, resulting in the nonsense mutation of Q13* (a premature stop codon). This functional mutation may significantly reduce the fatty acid desaturase (FAD) activity and result in the enhanced oleate level. Arachis veigae also contained a high percentage of very long-chain (C ≥ 22) fatty acids, and their variation identified in this study is also discussed and compared with other species. The mutant with such an altered fatty acid composition may be useful for potentially improving seed or food nutrition quality. more...
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- 2019
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4. Correlation and combining ability of main chemical components in sorghum stems and leaves using cytoplasmic male sterile lines for improving biomass feedstocks
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Fan Fan, Ming Li Wang, Chaochen Tang, Guang Hui Xie, Yi Xu, Fangyuan Zhou, and Siyang He
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biology ,food and beverages ,Biomass ,Sorghum ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Lignin ,Hemicellulose ,Cellulose ,Sugar ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Sweet sorghum ,Hybrid - Abstract
A better understanding of the genetic basis that governs the inheritance of biomass quality traits may help to improve sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) varieties for energy purposes. Here, combining ability studies were conducted using three restorer lines (male) and 60 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines (female), at two locations in China, during 2017 and 2018. Both entries and environments (i.e., site) significantly affected concentrations of soluble sugar, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash of sorghum, in both stems and leaves. The coefficient of variation level was higher in stems than leaves for each chemical component investigated. The broad-sense and narrow-sense heritability indicated the predominance of an additive gene effect upon chemical components occurring in stems and leaves. This investigation is the first report to evaluate the combining ability effects on soluble sugar, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash in stems and leaves of sorghum plants. Sorghum exhibited either significantly negative or positive general combining ability (GCA) effect for all chemical components in stems and leaves. Highly significant negative correlations were found between the GCA effect on soluble sugar and that on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Significant positive correlations were found among GCA effects of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The GCA effect on ash was significantly negatively correlated with that on soluble sugar but positively so with that on hemicellulose in stems, whereas it had significant negative correlations with that on soluble sugar, cellulose, and hemicellulose in leaves. Based on these findings, 11 and 6 female lines were selected for further development of biomass sorghum hybrids and sweet sorghum hybrids, respectively. more...
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- 2021
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5. Variability for oil, protein, lignan, tocopherol, and fatty acid concentrations in eight sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes
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Ming Li Wang, J. Bradley Morris, and Brandon Tonnis
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0106 biological sciences ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Lignan ,biology ,010405 organic chemistry ,food and beverages ,Fatty acid ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Oleic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Sesamin ,Heptadecenoic Acid ,Sesamolin ,Sesamum ,Food science ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Margaric Acid - Abstract
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil seed with edible and potentially nutritional and medical uses in most countries and may show variability for bioactive concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate seed production weights, numbers, oil, protein, lignan, tocopherol, and fatty acid concentrations in seeds from 8 randomly diverse sesame genotypes with various seed coat colors over two years. Oil analysis were conducted using NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) on a Bruker mq-one minispec. Protein was measured by combustion on an Elementar Rapid N Exceed nitrogen analyzer. Lignan and tocopherol compounds were prepared and analyzed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) on an Agilent 1100. Fatty acids were separated by gas chromatography on an Agilent 7890A with a 15 m DB23 analytical column and FID (flame ionization detector). The bioactives and 1000 seed weights were significantly influenced by genotype, except for heptadecenoic acid (17:1), while total seed weight, total seed numbers, sesamolin, γ-tocopherol, and oleic acid (18:1) were influenced by year. Oil, protein, δ-tocopherol, and margaric acid (17:0) showed a year x genotype interaction. Significant 1000 seed weights ranged from 1.8 to 3.3 g while oil and protein concentrations significantly ranged from 29.43–54.69% and 13.92–21.76%, respectively. Sesamin and sesamolin ranged significantly from 0.55 to 8.98 mg/g and tocopherols ranged from 0 to 239.58 μg/g. The major unsaturated fatty acids, oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids significantly ranged from 26.60 to 54.85 % while the minor unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 0.13 to 0.89 %. The saturated fatty acids significantly ranged from 0 to 10.58 %. Several correlations were observed among the bioactives. The 8 sesame genotypes can be used in breeding programs to develop new cultivars with enhanced bioactives. more...
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- 2021
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6. Functional Vegetable Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolobaL. Taub.) Accessions for Improving Flavonoid Concentrations in Immature Pods
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Ming Li Wang and J. B. Morris
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0301 basic medicine ,Cyamopsis ,Flavonoid ,Guar ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Functional Food ,Vegetables ,Botany ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Food science ,Cultivar ,Flavonoids ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,Chemistry ,Daidzein ,biology.organism_classification ,Fruit ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Kaempferol ,Quercetin ,Luteolin ,Food Science - Abstract
Dry guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) seeds are primarily used to extract galactomannan gum for oil fracking, however, the immature pods are used as a vegetable in India and sold in ethnic grocery stores in the Atlanta, Georgia area. Nineteen guar genotypes were grown in the field at Griffin, GA, USA for two years (2010-2011). Since the determination of flavonoid concentration would add value to the guar accessions for use as a functional food vegetable, immature guar pods were evaluated for flavonoid concentration. In this study, the immature pods from these 19 guar accessions were analyzed for flavonoid concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography. Several accessions including PI 253182, PI 262152, PI 263698, and PI 288357 showed significantly greater daidzein concentration than all three controls based on seed production in 2010. However, PI 179926, PI 180434, PI 182969, PI 183400, PI 253182, PI 262152, PI 263882, and PI 263897 exhibited significantly greater genistein concentration than the second and third best controls in 2011. Both PI 180434 and PI 288359 produced significantly higher kaempferol concentration than the third best control. Daidzein concentration was significantly correlated with genistein concentration (r2 = 0.47*) for both years. Luteolin concentration showed a significant negative correlation with genistein (r2 = -0.45*). Quercetin concentration significantly correlated with kaempferol (r2 = 0.854***) and genistein (r2 = 0.455*) concentrations. The accession, PI 542608 was observed to contain high concentrations of kaempferol and quercetin in the cluster analyses. These results will help plant breeders develop guar cultivars with superior flavonoid concentrations. more...
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- 2016
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7. Variability in seed oil content and fatty acid composition, phenotypic traits and self-incompatibility among selected niger germplasm accessions
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Victoria G. Benelli, Ming Li Wang, and Fred L. Allen
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Guizotia ,Germplasm ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Linoleic acid ,Fatty acid ,02 engineering and technology ,Plant Science ,Phenotypic trait ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Crop ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Agriculture ,Pollen ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Genetics ,medicine ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Niger (Guizotia abyssinica, L.) is a desirable oilseed crop for birdseed, especially for finches (Spinusspp.) because of its high ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids and relatively high oil content. In 2012, phenotypic traits, seed oil and fatty acid content measurements were made on 14 plant introductions (PIs) from the United States Department of Agriculture germplasm collection. The PIs originated in Ethiopia (ten), India (three) and USA (one). The phenotypic traits analysed included seed/plant, branches/plant, capitula/plant1, average seed/capitulum and plant height. After initial assessments of the 14 PIs, three were selected for use as parents to produce two one-way and two two-wayF1crosses for the purpose of evaluating self-incompatibility (SI). Parent andF1progeny seeds were planted in a greenhouse and transplanted to a field site at the East Tennessee Research and Education Center (2012, 2013 and 2014). Comparisons from 2012 showed seed oil of the 14 PIs ranging from 32.9 to 37.9% (PI 508076 (Ethiopia) and PI 509436 (India), respectively). Major fatty acids included stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic; with linoleic acid in highest amount. PI508079 (Ethiopia) had the best combination of seed yield, seed oil and linoleic acid content. Over 2013 and 2014, SI ranged from 91.1 to 100.0%. W6 18860 (USA) had the most self-compatibility, and theF1plants generated from crosses between W6 18860 and other plants tended to be self-compatible when the former was used as a pollen recipient. The results obtained from this study should be useful for niger breeding and production purposes. more...
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- 2016
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8. Identification of potential QTLs and genes associated with seed composition traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using GWAS and RNA-Seq analysis
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Marshall C. Lamb, Ming Li Wang, Hui Zhang, Shuzhen Zhao, Charles Chen, Tao Jiang, and Phat M. Dang
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0301 basic medicine ,Arachis ,Linoleic acid ,Quantitative Trait Loci ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Biology ,Quantitative trait locus ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Linkage Disequilibrium ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Genetics ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Fatty acid metabolism ,Sequence Analysis, RNA ,Fatty Acids ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,food and beverages ,Fatty acid ,General Medicine ,Arachis hypogaea ,Oleic acid ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Seeds ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major oilseed crop providing edible oil and protein. Oil quality is determined by fatty acid composition including the ratio of oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2). A genome-wide association study with 13,382 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was conducted to investigate the genetics basis of oil, protein, eight fatty acid concentrations, and O/L ratio (ratio of oleic and linoleic acid) using a diverse panel of 120 genotypes mainly selected from the U.S. peanut mini core collection grown in two years. A total of 178 significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with those seed composition traits were identified with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) from 18.35% to 27.56%. RNA-Seq analysis identified 282 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) within the 1 Mb of the significant QTLs for seed composition traits. Among those 282 genes, sixteen candidate genes for seed fatty acid metabolism and protein synthesis were screened according to the gene functions. more...
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- 2021
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9. Dragonfly wing decorated by gold nanoislands as flexible and stable substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
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Yuhong Wang, Ruifeng Li, Guo Chao Shi, Yan Ying Zhu, Wanli Ma, Ming Li Wang, and Lin Shen
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Materials science ,Nanostructure ,Science ,Analytical chemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Rhodamine ,symbols.namesake ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Sputtering ,Detection limit ,Multidisciplinary ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Sputter deposition ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,symbols ,Medicine ,0210 nano-technology ,Raman spectroscopy ,Raman scattering - Abstract
A flexible and stable biomimetic SERS substrate was successfully fabricated by depositing gold (Au) nanoislands on the dragonfly wings (DW) via a simple DC magnetron sputtering system. Characterizations of the Au/DW nanostructure indicated that the optimum Au/DW-45 (sputtering time was 45 min) substrate owns high sensitivity, good stability and outstanding reproducibility. The limit of detection (LOD) for Rhodamine 6 G (R6G) was as low as 10−7 M and enhancement factor (EF) was calculated to be 2.8 × 106. 70-day-duration stability tests showed that Raman intensity of R6G reduced only by 12.9% after aging for 70 days. The maximum relative standard deviations (RSD) of SERS intensities from 100 positions of Au/DW-45 substrate were less than 8.3%, revealing outstanding uniformity and reproducibility. Moreover, the flexible Au/DW-45 bioscaffold arrays were employed to solve the vital problem of pesticide residues. By directly sampling from tomato peels via a “press and peel off” approach, cypermethrin has been rapidly and reliably determined with a LOD centered at 10−3 ng/cm2 and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.987. The positive results demonstrated that the Au-based DW biomimetic arrays may offer an efficient SERS platform for the identification of various pesticide residues on real samples. more...
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- 2018
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10. Changes of Seed Weight, Fatty Acid Composition, and Oil and Protein Contents from Different Peanut FAD2 Genotypes at Different Seed Developmental and Maturation Stages
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Brandon Tonnis, Jerry W. Davis, Ming Li Wang, Phat M. Dang, D. L. Pinnow, Charles Chen, and Yong-Qiang Charles An
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0106 biological sciences ,Arachis ,Genotype ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,law ,Oil content ,Food science ,Gene ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Fatty Acids ,food and beverages ,Fatty acid ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Chemistry ,Arachis hypogaea ,Oleic acid ,Phenotype ,chemistry ,Seeds ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Fatty acid composition ,Peanut Oil ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The level of oleic acid in peanut seed is one of the most important factors in determining seed quality and is controlled by two pairs of homeologous genes (FAD2A and FAD2B). The genotypes of eight F8 breeding lines were determined as AABB, aaBB, AAbb, and aabb by real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Fresh seeds were collected from five seed developmental stages and, after drying, were used for chemical analysis. Our results showed that (1) as seeds developed, seed weight, oil content, and oleic acid level significantly increased, whereas four other fatty acid levels decreased, but protein content and another four fatty acid levels did not significantly change, (2) FAD2A/FAD2B significantly affected fatty acid profiles but not oil and protein contents, and (3) the data were consistent across 2 years. The variability of seed quality traits revealed here will be useful for peanut breeders, farmers, processers, and consumers. more...
- Published
- 2018
11. Variation in Seed Fatty Acid Composition and Sequence Divergence in the FAD2 Gene Coding Region between Wild and Cultivated Sesame
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Brad Morris, Ming Li Wang, Richard B. Wang, D. L. Pinnow, Zhenbang Chen, Amy L. Zhang, and Brandon Tonnis
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Fatty Acid Desaturases ,Germplasm ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Sesamum ,Nucleotide diversity ,Evolution, Molecular ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Genetic variation ,Botany ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Phylogeny ,Plant Proteins ,Molecular breeding ,Genetic diversity ,biology ,Fatty Acids ,Genetic Variation ,food and beverages ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Oleic acid ,Fatty acid desaturase ,chemistry ,Seeds ,biology.protein ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Sesame germplasm harbors genetic diversity which can be useful for sesame improvement in breeding programs. Seven accessions with different levels of oleic acid were selected from the entire USDA sesame germplasm collection (1232 accessions) and planted for morphological observation and re-examination of fatty acid composition. The coding region of the FAD2 gene for fatty acid desaturase (FAD) in these accessions was also sequenced. Cultivated sesame accessions flowered and matured earlier than the wild species. The cultivated sesame seeds contained a significantly higher percentage of oleic acid (40.4%) than the seeds of the wild species (26.1%). Nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the FAD2 gene coding region between wild and cultivated species. Some nucleotide polymorphisms led to amino acid changes, one of which was located in the enzyme active site and may contribute to the altered fatty acid composition. Based on the morphology observation, chemical analysis, and sequence analysis, it was determined that two accessions were misnamed and need to be reclassified. The results obtained from this study are useful for sesame improvement in molecular breeding programs. more...
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- 2014
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12. Flavonol Content, Oil%, and Fatty Acid Composition Variability in Seeds ofTeramnus LabialisandT. UncinatusAccessions with Nutraceutical Potential
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J. B. Morris, Brandon Tonnis, and Ming Li Wang
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Flavonols ,Teramnus ,India ,Pasture ,Linoleic Acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Species Specificity ,Botany ,Humans ,Plant Oils ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Kaempferols ,Isorhamnetin ,Legume ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,geography ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,Fatty Acids ,alpha-Linolenic Acid ,Fatty acid ,Fabaceae ,biology.organism_classification ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Dietary Supplements ,Seeds ,Quercetin ,Kaempferol ,Oleic Acid ,Food Science - Abstract
Teramnus labialis and T. uncinatus are both underutilized legume species. Teramnus labialis is used as food in India while T. uncinatus has potential use in pasture mixes. Photoperiod-sensitive Teramnus accessions were grown in the greenhouse from 2010 to 2011 and evaluated for flavonol content, oil%, and fatty acid compositions. Significant variations for seed numbers produced, flavonol content, oil%, and fatty acid compositions were detected. Seed numbers ranged from 16 to 3,792 in both species. Teramnus accessions produced more quercetin (ranging from 0.615 to 2.228 mg/g) in their seeds than the other flavonols. However kaempferol and isorhamnetin content ranged from 0 to 0.066 and 0 to 0.086 mg/g (dry seed weight basis), respectively among all accessions. Oil% ranged from 2.65 to 5.64% and more oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids ranging from 6.69 to 25.97, 31.82 to 41.44, and 17.7 to 32.66%, respectively, were produced among all Teramnus accessions. The seeds from all Teramnus accessions also produced the least saturated fatty acid compositions (ranging from 0.08 to 15.36%). Several significant correlations were also detected for these traits among the accessions. Quercetin showed highly significant positive correlations with kaempferol (r = 0.59, p.0001), oil% (r = 0.58, p.0001), and oleic acid (r = 0.31, p.001). Quercetin also showed a significant negative correlation with linoleic acid (r = -0.49, p.0001). These correlations are important because useful breeding procedures could be conducted on improving flavonol, oil%, and fatty acid compositions in Teramnus labialis and T. uncinatus accessions. more...
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- 2014
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13. Comparison of Stem Damage and Carbohydrate Composition in the Stem Juice between Sugarcane and Sweet Sorghum Harvested before and after Late Fall Frost
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Marsha R. Cole, Gillian Eggleston, Jianming Yu, Jerry W. Davis, Ming Li Wang, G. A. Pederson, Yen-Con Hung, Zhanguo Xin, D. L. Pinnow, and Brandon Tonnis
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food and beverages ,Fructose ,Biology ,eye diseases ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Biofuel ,Yield (wine) ,Frost ,Cultivar ,Carbohydrate composition ,Sugar ,Sweet sorghum - Abstract
A late fall frost may significantly affect sugar crops’ stem sugar composition, yield and juice quality for biofuel and bioproduct manufacture. Research on the effects of late fall frost in sugarcane is well documented, but information is lacking for sweet sorghum. Three and six commercial cultivars of sugarcane and sweet sorghum, respectively, were selected and evaluated for exposure to a late fall frost (-2.8°C) in Griffin, Georgia, USA. Under the same controlled environmental conditions in a screen house, the late fall frost induced more damage to sugarcane than sweet sorghum stems. The frost caused damage to sugarcane tissue and for juice to exude from stems, whereas similar behavior was not observed for sweet sorghum. In both sugarcane and sweet sorghum, the glucose/fructose ratio was significantly reduced, but this change may not be totally directly related to the frost effect. Overall, these initial results suggest that sweet sorghum may have a better tolerance to fall frost than sugarcane. Two sweet sorghum cultivars, Grassl and M81E, responded well to the late fall frost, and they can possibly be used as feedstocks for biofuel/bioproduct manufacture in areas susceptible to frosts including northern regions of the Southeastern US. more...
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- 2014
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14. Desmodium genetic resources for improving flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions
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Brandon Tonnis, Ming Li Wang, and J. B. Morris
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Linolenic acid ,Desmodium ,Flavonoid ,Fatty acid ,Lignoceric acid ,Plant Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Palmitic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Botany ,Genetics ,Food science ,Kaempferol ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Isorhamnetin - Abstract
Several Desmodium species are adapted to the environment of Griffin, Georgia, USA. The determination of flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions of 25 Desmodium accessions representing five species (D. discolor Vogel, D. incanum (G.Mey.) DC., D. intortum (Mill.) Urb., D. sandwicense E. Mey. and D. tortuosum (Sw.) DC.) would add value to the members of the genus Desmodium for possible use as livestock health supplements. In this study, the seeds of these 25 accessions were evaluated for flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions using high-performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography, respectively. Several accessions exhibited significantly greater values for all the traits than the controls. The Desmodium accessions produced significantly greater concentrations of quercetin and kaempferol than the best control accession (D. incanum, PI 477072). However, all the Desmodium accessions produced significantly greater concentrations of isorhamnetin and luteolin than the control accessions. All the Desmodium accessions had greater linoleic (18:2) and behenic (22:0) acid content than a couple of D. incanum control accessions in 2010 and 2011. Significant correlations were observed between several traits. The concentration of quercetin was significantly correlated with that of kaempferol (r2= 0.69***); however, the concentration of quercetin exhibited a significantly negative correlation (r2= − 0.41*) with that of isorhamnetin. Oil content was significantly correlated with palmitic acid (r2= 0.61**), stearic acid (r2= 0.81***), linolenic acid (r2= 0.58**) and lignoceric acid (r2= 0.80***) content. This information will assist breeders and other scientists in developing superior cultivars with optimum levels of flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions for many of these Desmodium species. more...
- Published
- 2013
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15. Fatty Acid, Flavonol, and Mineral Composition Variability among Seven Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Accessions
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J. B. Morris, Brandon Tonnis, Ming Li Wang, and Michael A. Grusak
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flavonol ,Linolenic acid ,Linoleic acid ,Plant Science ,Macrotyloma ,mineral composition ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Botany ,Food science ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,Macrotyloma uniflorum ,horse gram ,fatty acid ,variability ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Chemistry ,Fatty acid ,jel:Q1 ,biology.organism_classification ,lcsh:S1-972 ,Oleic acid ,jel:Q11 ,jel:Q10 ,jel:Q15 ,jel:Q14 ,Myricetin ,jel:Q13 ,jel:Q12 ,Kaempferol ,Quercetin ,jel:Q18 ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,jel:Q17 ,jel:Q16 ,Food Science - Abstract
Horse gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.] seeds containing high concentrations of fatty acids, flavonols and minerals should provide government, public and private organizations with a nutritious and healthy food for use by malnourished and food deprived people worldwide. Seeds from seven horse gram accessions, geographically adapted to Griffin, GA, USA were analyzed for fatty acid, flavonol, and mineral concentrations using gas chromatography, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, respectively. Significant year effects occurred for stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic, gadoleic, and lignoceric acids. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid ranged from 8.9%–16.8%, 40.3%–45.6%, and 11.6%–14.3%, respectively, as percent of total fatty acids measured (total oil ranged from 2.32% to 2.87%). Seed concentrations of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol ranged from 0–36 μg/g DW, 0–27 μg/g DW, and 240–316 μg/g DW, respectively and the only year effect was observed for kaempferol among the horse gram accessions. Year effects were found for Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, and S. Mean concentrations of macrominerals (Ca, K, Mg, P, and S) and microminerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn) ranged from 1.3–14 mg/g DW, and 1.0–95.0 μg/g DW, respectively. Several correlations were observed among several fatty acids, flavonols, and minerals. The mono-unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid correlated significantly with linoleic acid (r = −0.64), arachidic acid (r = −0.61), Ca (r = 0.50) and Zn (r = 0.51, all at P < 0.01). The flavonol, myricetin correlated significantly with quercetin (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001), while quercetin correlated with Ca (r = 0.82, P < 0.0001) and kaempferol correlated with Mg (r = 0.61, P < 0.01). Several mineral correlations were found including Fe with K (r = 0.66) and Mg (r = 0.56, both at P < 0.01). These seven horse gram accessions can be used in breeding programs to facilitate the production of superior cultivars with favorable fatty acid profiles, flavonol content, and mineral compositions. more...
- Published
- 2013
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16. Effects of Chitosan/TiO2 Composite Coating on Keeping-Fresh of Stauntonvine
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Ming Li Wang, Xia Li, and Zhi Yuan
- Subjects
Materials science ,Chitosan coating ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,General Engineering ,Composite film ,macromolecular substances ,Ascorbic acid ,Chitosan ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Composite coating ,chemistry ,Postharvest ,Composite material ,Respiration rate ,Sugar ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The effects of Chitosan/Nano-TiO2 composite coating in extending postharvest life of stauntonvine and maintaining their qualities were investigated. Stauntonvine were treated by chitosan/nano-TiO2 composite coating and chitosan coating respectively. Changes in respiration rate, ascorbic acid content, titrable acidity, soluble total sugar were measured and compared. Compared with chitosan coating, the application of Chitosan/Nano-TiO2 composite coating could reduce the respiration rate and the loss of ascorbic acid, and also could increase the titrable acidity, soluble total sugar, and partially inhibited decay of fruit during storage. more...
- Published
- 2012
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17. Screening of the USDA peanut germplasm for oil content and fatty acid composition
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Paul L. Raymer, Roy N. Pittman, Ming Li Wang, and Manjeet S. Chinnan
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food.ingredient ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Linolenic acid ,Linoleic acid ,food and beverages ,Forestry ,Soybean oil ,Palmitic acid ,Oleic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,chemistry ,Botany ,Peanut oil ,Behenic acid ,Stearic acid ,Food science ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Biodiesel can be produced by transesterification of plant oils. The oil content and fatty acid composition of fifty peanut accessions and two soybean accessions were analyzed and compared. In comparison of the oil content, peanut seeds contain a much higher proportion of oil (51.9% of the total seed mass) than soybean seeds (23.3%). Significant variability in oil content (45.9%–55.4%) was detected among peanut accessions. In comparison of the fatty acid composition, peanut seeds contain much higher proportions of oleic acid (43.2%) and behenic acid (3.2%) than soybean seeds (28.8% and 0.3%), and much lower proportions of linoleic acid (35.0%) and linolenic acid (0.1%) than soybean seeds (49.1% and 6.3%). The major differences in fatty acid composition imply fewer double bonds present in peanut oil than in soybean oil. In other words, peanut oil is less susceptible to oxidation than soybean oil. Significant variability in oleic acid (37.0%–55.6%), linoleic acid (25.2%–39.7%), palmitic acid (8.2%–13.8%), and stearic acid (1.7%–6.5%) was detected among peanut accessions. Significant negative correlations of oleic acid with other major fatty acids were detected. Our results indicated that higher oil content and better fatty acid composition of peanut seeds make it a better oilseed crop for biodiesel production. Moreover, based on the variability detected in oil content and fatty acid composition among peanut accessions, there is potential to increase oil content and alter fatty acid composition through peanut breeding. more...
- Published
- 2012
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18. Seed Dormancy Variability in the U.S. Peanut Mini-Core Collection
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Ming Li Wang, Roy N. Pittman, Noelle A. Barkley, G. A. Pederson, Charles Chen, D. L. Pinnow, and Marshall C. Lamb
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Core (optical fiber) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Germination ,Seed dormancy ,Plant Science ,Cultivar ,Biology ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Ethephon ,Sprouting - Published
- 2012
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19. Screening of the Entire USDA Castor Germplasm Collection for Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition for Optimum Biodiesel Production
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G. A. Pederson, J. Bradley Morris, Brandon Tonnis, Ming Li Wang, Paul Raymer, Jerry W. Davis, and D. L. Pinnow
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Castor Oil ,Chromatography, Gas ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Gadoleic acid ,Linolenic acid ,Linoleic acid ,Ricinoleic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Botany ,medicine ,Food science ,United States Department of Agriculture ,Biodiesel ,Fatty Acids ,food and beverages ,General Chemistry ,Castor Bean ,United States ,Oleic acid ,chemistry ,Biofuels ,Castor oil ,Biodiesel production ,Seeds ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Ricinoleic Acids ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Castor has tremendous potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The oil content and fatty acid composition in castor seed are important factors determining the price for production and affecting the key fuel properties of biodiesel. There are 1033 available castor accessions collected or donated from 48 countries worldwide in the USDA germplasm collection. The entire castor collection was screened for oil content and fatty acid composition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Castor seeds on the average contain 48.2% oil with significant variability ranging from 37.2 to 60.6%. Methyl esters were prepared from castor seed by alkaline transmethylation. GC analysis of methyl esters confirmed that castor oil was composed primarily of eight fatty acids: 1.48% palmitic (C16:0), 1.58% stearic (C18:0), 4.41% oleic (C18:1), 6.42% linoleic (C18:2), 0.68% linolenic (C18:3), 0.45% gadoleic (C20:1), 84.51% ricinoleic (C18:1-1OH), and 0.47% dihydroxystearic (C18:0-2OH) acids. Significant variability in fatty acid composition was detected among castor accessions. Ricinoleic acid (RA) was positively correlated with dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) but highly negatively correlated with the five other fatty acids except linolenic acid. The results for oil content and fatty acid composition obtained from this study will be useful for end-users to explore castor germplasm for biodiesel production. more...
- Published
- 2011
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20. FAD2 Gene Mutations Significantly Alter Fatty Acid Profiles in Cultivated Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
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Noelle A. Barkley, Roy N. Pittman, Ming Li Wang, and Zhenbang Chen
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Fatty Acid Desaturases ,Arachis ,Genotype ,Linoleic acid ,Gene mutation ,Biology ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Biochemistry ,Genetic analysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Genetics ,medicine ,Molecular Biology ,Gene ,Alleles ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Mutation ,Fatty Acids ,Fatty acid ,General Medicine ,Oleic acid ,chemistry - Abstract
A panel of 55 peanut lines was analyzed for fatty acid composition with gas chromatography and also genotyped with SNP markers from the FAD2 genes by real-time PCR. Significant variation in fatty acid composition was identified, and the ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid (O/L) ranged from 1.23 to 56.45. In terms of the FAD2 gene mutation, the assayed lines were classified into four genotypes: wild type (Ol(1)Ol(1)Ol(2)Ol(2)), single functional homozygous mutation on the A genome (ol(1)ol(1)Ol(2)Ol(2)), single functional homozygous mutation on the B genome (Ol(1)Ol(1)ol(2)ol(2)), and a double mutation on both A and B genomes (ol(1)ol(1)ol(2)ol(2)). Each genotype has a significantly different fatty acid profile. Both FAD2A and FAD2B are involved in the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid in peanuts. Overall, these results demonstrate the combined power of genetic analysis with biochemical analysis on peanut fatty acid research. more...
- Published
- 2011
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21. Genotyping and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis in Segregating Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Populations
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Noelle A. Barkley, Ming Li Wang, K. D. Chamberlin, and Roy N. Pittman
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,education.field_of_study ,Linoleic acid ,Population ,food and beverages ,Fatty acid ,Biology ,Shelf life ,Arachis hypogaea ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Oleic acid ,chemistry ,Genotype ,Botany ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Food science ,education ,Flavor - Abstract
Oleic acid (C18∶1), a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid, is an important seed quality trait in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) because it provides enhanced fatty acid composition, a beneficial effect on human health, improved flavor, and increased shelf life for stored food products by delaying rancidity. Consequently, an emphasis has been placed on breeding peanuts with high levels of oleic acid and low levels of linoleic acid (C18∶2), a polyunsaturated, omega-6 fatty acid. Therefore, crosses were prepared between high oleic and normal peanut lines to develop segregating F2 populations. Total fatty acid composition and the ahFAD2B genotype were determined in the parents and progeny. The oleic to linoleic (O/L) ratio varied from 0.85 to 30.30 in the F2 progeny. Comparing the mean oleic acid values from the three genotypic classes (Ol2Ol2, Ol2ol2, and ol2ol2) in each population confirmed that the means were significantly different. Statistical analysis demonstrated that oleic acid was negatively correlated with linoleic (C18∶2) and palmitic acid (C16∶0), but was positively correlated with gadoleic (C20∶1) and lignoceric (C24∶0) fatty acids. This suggests that modifier genes may influence fatty acid composition. Principally, integration of genotyping and phenotyping data from segregating populations provided valuable insights on the genetic factors controlling total fatty acid composition. more...
- Published
- 2011
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22. A Simple Allele-Specific PCR Assay for Detecting FAD2 Alleles in Both A and B Genomes of the Cultivated Peanut for High-Oleate Trait Selection
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Roy N. Pittman, Zhenbang Chen, Ming Li Wang, and Noelle A. Barkley
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Linoleic acid ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Gene mutation ,Genome ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fatty acid desaturase ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence ,Genotype ,biology.protein ,Variants of PCR ,Molecular Biology ,Gene - Abstract
In cultivated tetraploid peanut (2n = 4x = 40, AABB), the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid is mainly catalyzed by the Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD). Two homoeologous genes (FAD2A and FAD2B) encoding for the desaturase are located on the A and B genomes, respectively. Abolishing or reducing the desaturase activity by gene mutation can significantly increase the oleic acid/linoleic acid ratio. F435-derived high-oleate peanut cultivars contain two key mutations within the Δ12 fatty acid desaturase gene which include a 1-bp substitution of G:C→A:T in the A genome and a 1-bp insertion of A:T in the B genome. Both of these mutations contribute to abolishing or reducing the desaturase activity, leading to accumulation of oleate versus linoleate. Currently, detection of FAD2 alleles can be achieved by a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker for the A genome and a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker for the B genome; however, detection of these key mutations has to use different assay platforms. Therefore, a simple PCR assay for detection of FAD2 alleles on both genomes was developed by designing allele-specific primers and altering PCR annealing temperatures. This assay was successfully used for detecting FAD2 alleles in peanut. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine fatty acid composition of PCR-assayed genotypes. The results from the PCR assay and GC analysis were consistent. This PCR assay is quick, reliable, economical, and easy to use. Implementation of this PCR assay will greatly enhance the efficiency of germplasm characterization and marker-assisted selection of high oleate in peanut. more...
- Published
- 2010
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23. Development of a real-time PCR genotyping assay to identify high oleic acid peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)
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Ming Li Wang, Roy N. Pittman, Noelle A. Barkley, and K. D. Chamberlin
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Linoleic acid ,Mutant ,Wild type ,food and beverages ,Fatty acid ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Arachis hypogaea ,Oleic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Genetics ,Indel ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Molecular Biology ,Genotyping ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Oleic acid, a monounsaturated, omega-9 fatty acid found in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) oil is an important seed quality trait because it provides increased shelf life, improved flavor, enhanced fatty acid composition, and has a beneficial effect on human health. Hence, a concentrated effort has been put forth on developing peanut cultivars that have high oleic acid (>74%) and a low amount ( more...
- Published
- 2009
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24. Resveratrol content in seeds of peanut germplasm quantified by HPLC
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Roy N. Pittman and Ming Li Wang
- Subjects
Germplasm ,Plant Science ,Resveratrol ,Biology ,Body weight ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Arachis hypogaea ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,Human health ,chemistry ,Polyphenol ,Botany ,Genetics ,Cultivar ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
trans-Resveratrol (trans-3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenolic compound uniquely identified in plants, is believed to greatly contribute to human health. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds of 20 germplasm accessions were harvested from the same field and used for resveratrol analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. trans-Resveratrol content in air-dried peanut seeds was on average about 0.5 μg/g and a statistically significant variation (from 0.125 to 1.626 μg/g, at least a ten-fold difference) was detected among the accessions analysed. The average weight for 100 seeds was 52.84 g. A statistically significant variation in seed weight (from 22.30 to 87.94 g, at least a four-fold difference) was observed. There was no significant correlation between trans-resveratrol content and seed weight. The information about the levels of trans-resveratrol in peanut seeds will be useful for peanut cultivar development and peanut product processing. Breeders could use germplasm accessions containing a high amount of resveratrol to develop new nutritionally improved peanut cultivars and food processors could use these new cultivars to manufacture high resveratrol peanut products. more...
- Published
- 2009
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25. Plant Resistance to TSWV and Seed Accumulation of Resveratrol within Peanut Germplasm and its Wild Relatives in the US Collection
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Ming Li Wang, Noelle A. Barkley, Roy N. Pittman, and D. L. Pinnow
- Subjects
Germplasm ,Resistance (ecology) ,Abiotic stress ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Biotic stress ,Plant disease resistance ,Biology ,Resveratrol ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Plant virus ,Genotype ,Botany ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stress may induce peanut plants to produce a high amount of resveratrol. The relationship between an individual plant's response to biotic stress caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and the accumulation of resveratrol in the seed was investigated. Twenty peanut accessions and six wild relatives were selected from the US peanut germplasm collection and planted with two replicates. Individual plant response to natural-TSWV infection was observed and recorded in the field. Leaf tissues from each individual plant were collected and tested by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using specific antiserum for TSWV. Seeds harvested from individual plants were used for quantification of resveratrol by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Extensive resveratrol variation in the seeds was detected among TSWV negative and positive plants. Among the accessions evaluated in this study, the specific genotype of each individual definitely played a major role on the capability for synthesis and accumulation of resveratrol. However, the synthesis and accumulation of resveratrol within an accession may not only be affected by a plant's response to TSWV, but also by other biotic and abotic stress that an individual plant encounters in its environment. more...
- Published
- 2009
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26. Biosynthesis of Chlorogenic Acids in Growing and Ripening Fruits of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora Plants
- Author
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Yukiko Koshiro, Chifumi Nagai, Ming-Li Wang, Hiroshi Ashihara, Mel C. Jackson, and Riko Katahira
- Subjects
biology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Chemistry ,Phenylalanine ,Canephora ,Coffea arabica ,Quinic Acid ,food and beverages ,Coffea ,Ripening ,Quinic acid ,biology.organism_classification ,Coffea canephora ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Endosperm ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Caffeoylquinic acid ,Species Specificity ,Chlorogenic acid ,Fruit ,Seeds ,Botany ,Chlorogenic Acid - Abstract
Chlorogenic acids are major secondary metabolites found in coffee seeds. The accumulation of chlorogenic acids and free quinic acids was studied in Coffea arabica cv. Tall Mokka and Coffea canephora seeds. Growth stages are specified from I to V, corresponding to rapid expansion and pericarp growth (I), endosperm formation (II), mature (green) (III), ripening (pink) (IV), and fully ripened (red) (V) stages. We detected monocaffeoylquinic acids (3CQA, 4CQA and 5CQA), dicaffeoylquinic acids (3,4diCQA, 3,5diCQA and 4,5diCQA) and a monoferuloylquinic acid (5FQA) in whole fruits (stage I), pericarps and seeds. The most abundant chlorogenic acid was 5CQA, which comprised 50-60% of the total of C. arabica and 45-50% of C. canephora seeds. The content of dicaffeoylquinic acid, mainly 3,5d diCQA, was high in C. canephora. A high content of 5FQA was found in seeds of stages III to V, especially in C. canephora. Total chlorogenic acids were accumulated up to 14 mg per fruit in C. arabica and 17 mg in C. canephora, respectively. In contrast, free quinic acid varied from 0.4-2.0 mg (C. arabica) and 0.2-4.0 mg (C. canephora) per fruit during growth. High biosynthetic activity of 5CQA, which was estimated via the incorporation of [U-14C]phenylalanine into chlorogenic acids, was found in young fruits (perisperm and pericarp) in stage I, and in developing seeds (endosperm) in stages II and III. The biosynthetic activity of chlorogenic acids was clearly reduced in ripening and ripe seeds, especially in C. canephora. Transcripts of PAL1, C3′H and CCoAMT, three genes related to the chlorogenic acid biosynthesis, were detected in every stage of growth, although the amounts were significantly less in stage V. Of these genes, CCoAMT, a gene for FQA biosynthesis, was expressed more weakly in stage I. The transcript level of CCoAMT was higher in seeds than in pericarp, but the reverse was found in PAL1. The pattern of expression of genes for the CQA and FQA synthesis is roughly related to the estimated biosynthetic activity, and to the accumulation pattern of chlorogenic acids. more...
- Published
- 2007
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27. Flavonoid content in seeds of guar germplasm using HPLC
- Author
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Ming Li Wang and J. B. Morris
- Subjects
Germplasm ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Cyamopsis ,Flavonoid ,Daidzein ,Guar ,Genistein ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Botany ,Genetics ,Food science ,Quercetin ,Kaempferol ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Legume flavonoids have received considerable attention due to their beneficial effects on human health. Flavonoid content in the seeds of 36 germplasm accessions of guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(L.) Taub.] was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). On a per 100 g basis, the seed contained, on average, 1.114 mg (0–2.355) daidzein, 0.700 mg (0–1.685) genistein, 0.553 mg (0–1.250) quercetin and 14.460 mg (10.70–19.82) kaempferol. A significant positive correlation was observed between the content of daidzein and genistein; however, significant negative correlations existed between the content of kaempferol and daidzein and of kaempferol and genistein. Compared to soybean seeds, guar seeds contained very low amounts of daidzein and genistein, but a high amount of kaempferol. The information about the levels of flavonoids in guar seeds will be useful to breeding programmes for improving guar seed quality. Furthermore, the high kaempferol content of guar seeds may expand its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical utilization. more...
- Published
- 2007
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28. Structure-reactivity relationships between the fluorescent chromophores and antioxidant activity of grain and sweet sorghum seeds
- Author
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Ming Li Wang, Minori Uchimiya, and Xinzhi Ni
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,colorimetric method ,DPPH ,Flavonoid ,01 natural sciences ,transition metal ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Botany ,Tannin ,Cereal ,Food science ,proanthocyanidin ,Original Research ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,sweet sorghum ,biology ,Vanillin ,010401 analytical chemistry ,food and beverages ,Sorghum ,biology.organism_classification ,0104 chemical sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Proanthocyanidin ,Polyphenol ,Sweet sorghum ,Food Science - Abstract
Polyphenolic structures are the putative cause of a variety of seed functions including bird/insect resistance and antioxidant activity. Structure‐reactivity relationships are necessary to understand the influence of polyphenolic chromophore structures on the tannin content and free radical quenching ability determined by the traditional calorimetric methods. This study investigated the relationships between the structural attributes of fluorescent chromophore and the following seed characterization methods: procyanidin (by acid‐butanol assay) and flavonoid (by vanillin assay) contents, radical quenching (by DPPH assay), electron‐donating capacity (by FeIII reduction), and λ max (by UV/visible spectrophotometry). Distinctively different response was observed for different seed categories: U.S. grain sorghum hybrids, African grain sorghum, and sweet sorghum. The U.S. grain sorghum varieties (low‐tannin to maximize the livestock digestion) responded only to the DPPH assay. For sweet sorghum and African grain sorghum, linear correlation was observed between (1) the antioxidant activity (2) the amounts of procyanidins and flavonoids, and (2) the aromaticity of fingerprint fluorescent structures. more...
- Published
- 2015
29. Ag@Au core-shell dendrites: a stable, reusable and sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering substrate
- Author
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Ming Yang Lv, Yong Mei Zhao, Zheng Long Wu, Zhao Yang Chen, Ming Li Wang, Haijun Xu, Xin Zhang, Hong Jun Yin, Chun An Shi, and Luo Liu
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Nanostructure ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Polymer ,Article ,Rhodamine ,Sodium borohydride ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,symbols.namesake ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,symbols ,Wafer ,Dendrite (metal) ,Raman scattering - Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on fabricated Ag@Au core-shell dendrite was achieved. Ag dendrites were grown on Si wafer by the hydrothermal corrosion method and Au nanofilm on the surface of Ag dendritic nanostructure was then fabricated by chemical reduction. With the help of sodium borohydride in water, Au surface absorbates such as thiophene, adenine, rhodamine, small anions (Br– and I–) and a polymer (PVP, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)) can be completely and rapidly removed. After four repeatable experiments, the substrate SERS function did not decrease at all, indicating that the Ag@Au dendrite should be of great significance to SERS application because it can save much resource. Six-month-duration stability tests showed that the Ag@Au core-shell dendrite substrate is much more stable than the Ag dendrite substrates. We have also experimented on fast detection of Cd2+ at 10−8 M concentration by decorating single-stranded DNA containing adenine and guanine bases on the surface of this Ag@Au dendrite. Finite-difference time-domain simulations were carried out to investigate the influence of Au nanolayer on Ag dendrites, which showed that the local electric fields and enhancement factor are hardly affected when a 4 nm Au nanolayer is coated on Ag dendrite surface. more...
- Published
- 2015
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30. Newly identified natural high-oleate mutant from Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea
- Author
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Dave Pinnow, Viktor Tishchenko, Ming Li Wang, Gary A. Pederson, Brandon Tonnis, and Yong-qiang Charles An
- Subjects
Germplasm ,Genetics ,Genetic diversity ,Hypogaea ,Linoleic acid ,Mutant ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Arachis hypogaea ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fatty acid desaturase ,chemistry ,Genetic variation ,biology.protein ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Molecular Biology ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Natural genetic variation exists in animals and plants. Mining and utilizing this variation may provide benefits for new breed/cultivar development. From screening over 4000 cultivated peanut germplasm accessions, we identified two natural mutant lines (PI 342664 and PI 342666) with 80 % oleic acid by gas chromatography analysis. It is known that FAD2A and FAD2B are the two major genes involved in the conversion of oleic to linoleic acid in peanuts by fatty acid desaturase. Functional mutations in one or both genes can alter the oleate level. By sequencing the coding region of these two genes, we identified a substitution of G448A in FAD2A and a substitution of C301G in FAD2B for both mutant lines. The substitution in FAD2A is the same as a previously identified one, resulting in a missense amino acid substitution of D150N, but the substitution in FAD2B is a new one, resulting in H101D. The new amino acid substitution on FAD2B is located in the first histidine box (one of the active sites) of the fatty acid desaturase and may significantly decrease its activity. Our mutants did not have flowers on the main stem (subspecies hypogaea), but F435 (a previously identified natural high-oleate mutant) had flowers on the main stem (subspecies fastigiata). Therefore, we identified a class of natural mutants from the subspecies hypogaea and provided new additional genetic resources for breeders to use. Our results also demonstrate a good example of the importance and usefulness for preserving natural genetic diversity and utilizing plant germplasm collections. more...
- Published
- 2015
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31. Changes in content and biosynthetic activity of caffeine and trigonelline during growth and ripening of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora fruits
- Author
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Ming-Li Wang, Hiroshi Ashihara, Yukiko Koshiro, Xin-Qiang Zheng, and Chifumi Nagai
- Subjects
biology ,Coffea arabica ,Canephora ,Coffea ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Coffea canephora ,Caffeine synthase ,Endosperm ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Adenine nucleotide ,Trigonelline ,Botany ,Genetics ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Caffeine and trigonelline are major nitrogenous alkaloids found in coffee seeds. Accumulation of these alkaloids in two cultivars of Coffea arabica and in a cultivar of Coffea canephora seeds was monitored. Growth stages are specified by letters, A to G. They correspond to the pinhead and small (A), rapid expansion and pericarp growth (B), endosperm formation (C), early dry matter accumulation (D), mature (green) (E), ripening (pink) (F) and fully ripened (red) (G) stages. Caffeine and trigonelline content increased at stages D and E. The concentrations of caffeine in ripe seeds (stage G) of the two cultivars of C. arabica and C. canephora seeds were respectively 1.0% and 1.9% dry weight. A high biosynthetic activity of caffeine, which was estimated via the incorporation of [8-14C]adenine into purine alkaloids, was found in whole fruits (perisperm and pericarp) in stages B and C, and in developing seeds (endosperm) in stages D and E. The biosynthetic activities of caffeine were reduced in both pericarp and seeds in stages F and G. In C. arabica cv. Mokka and in C. canephora, the transcripts of CmXRS1, CTS2 and CCS1, three N-methyltransferase genes for caffeine biosynthesis, and of methionine synthase gene (MS) were detected in every stage of growth, although the amounts of these transcripts were significantly less in stage G. The pattern of expression of genes for caffeine synthesis during growth is roughly related to the in situ synthesis of caffeine from adenine nucleotides, although exceptions were found in the very early and later stages of fruit growth. The amounts of the transcripts of CmXRS1, CTS2 and CCS1 were higher in seeds than in pericarp, but reverse was true for MS transcripts in developing coffee fruits. Similarly, caffeine synthase (N3-methyltransferase) activity was also higher in seeds than in pericarp. Concentrations of trigonelline in ripe seeds (stage G) of C. arabica cv. Mokka, C. arabica cv. Catimor and C. canephora were ca. 1.3%, 1.0% and 1.4% of dry weight, respectively. High biosynthetic activity of trigonelline was found in young fruits (stages A–C) and in the pericarp of developing fruits (stage E). The biosynthetic activity was reduced markedly in seeds at stages F and G. These results suggest that active trigonelline biosynthesis occurs in the pericarp of coffee fruits. Although the final concentration of caffeine and trigonelline varies in the three Coffea plants, the patterns of fluctuations of the caffeine and trigonelline biosynthetic activity in all Coffea plants are all similar. more...
- Published
- 2006
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32. Genetic mapping of QTLs controlling fatty acids provided insights into the genetic control of fatty acid synthesis pathway in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
- Author
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Suping Feng, Brandon Tonnis, Ming Li Wang, Albert K. Culbreath, Hui Wang, L X Qiao, Baozhu Guo, Noelle A. Barkley, Pawan Khera, Manish K. Pandey, D. L. Pinnow, Rajeev K. Varshney, and C. Corley Holbrook more...
- Subjects
Fatty Acid Desaturases ,food.ingredient ,Gadoleic acid ,Arachis ,Genotype ,Genetic Linkage ,Linoleic acid ,Quantitative Trait Loci ,Lignoceric acid ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,Chromosomes, Plant ,Palmitic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Food science ,lcsh:Science ,Fatty acid synthesis ,Plant Proteins ,Multidisciplinary ,Fatty Acids ,lcsh:R ,Chromosome Mapping ,food and beverages ,Oleic acid ,Phenotype ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Peanut oil ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,lcsh:Q ,Behenic acid ,Microsatellite Repeats ,Research Article - Abstract
Peanut, a high-oil crop with about 50% oil content, is either crushed for oil or used as edible products. Fatty acid composition determines the oil quality which has high relevance to consumer health, flavor, and shelf life of commercial products. In addition to the major fatty acids, oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) accounting for about 80% of peanut oil, the six other fatty acids namely palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), arachidic acid (C20:0), gadoleic acid (C20:1), behenic acid (C22:0), and lignoceric acid (C24:0) are accounted for the rest 20%. To determine the genetic basis and to improve further understanding on effect of FAD2 genes on these fatty acids, two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations namely S-population (high oleic line ‘SunOleic 97R’ × low oleic line ‘NC94022’) and T-population (normal oleic line ‘Tifrunner’ × low oleic line ‘GT-C20’) were developed. Genetic maps with 206 and 378 marker loci for the S- and the T-population, respectively were used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. As a result, a total of 164 main-effect (M-QTLs) and 27 epistatic (E-QTLs) QTLs associated with the minor fatty acids were identified with 0.16% to 40.56% phenotypic variation explained (PVE). Thirty four major QTLs (>10% of PVE) mapped on five linkage groups and 28 clusters containing more than three QTLs were also identified. These results suggest that the major QTLs with large additive effects would play an important role in controlling composition of these minor fatty acids in addition to the oleic and linoleic acids in peanut oil. The interrelationship among these fatty acids should be considered while breeding for improved peanut genotypes with good oil quality and desired fatty acid composition. more...
- Published
- 2015
33. Identification of QTLs associated with oil content and mapping FAD2 genes and their relative contribution to oil quality in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
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Noelle A. Barkley, Suping Feng, Jianping Wang, C. Corley Holbrook, L X Qiao, Manish K. Pandey, Hui Wang, Pawan Khera, Baozhu Guo, Brandon Tonnis, Rajeev K. Varshney, Ming Li Wang, and Albert K. Culbreath more...
- Subjects
Fatty Acid Desaturases ,Linoleic acid ,QTL analysis ,Arachis ,Quantitative Trait Loci ,Oil content ,Quantitative trait locus ,Biology ,Breeding ,Genes, Plant ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Genetic map ,Genetic linkage ,Genetics ,Food Quality ,Plant Oils ,Genetics(clinical) ,Food science ,Allele ,Genetics (clinical) ,Genetic Association Studies ,O/L ratio ,Molecular breeding ,food and beverages ,Chromosome Mapping ,Epistasis, Genetic ,Oleic acid ,Arachis hypogaea ,Peanut ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Epistasis ,FAD2 genes ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Peanut is one of the major source for human consumption worldwide and its seed contain approximately 50% oil. Improvement of oil content and quality traits (high oleic and low linoleic acid) in peanut could be accelerated by exploiting linked markers through molecular breeding. The objective of this study was to identify QTLs associated with oil content, and estimate relative contribution of FAD2 genes (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) to oil quality traits in two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. Results Improved genetic linkage maps were developed for S-population (SunOleic 97R × NC94022) with 206 (1780.6 cM) and T-population (Tifrunner × GT-C20) with 378 (2487.4 cM) marker loci. A total of 6 and 9 QTLs controlling oil content were identified in the S- and T-population, respectively. The contribution of each QTL towards oil content variation ranged from 3.07 to 10.23% in the S-population and from 3.93 to 14.07% in the T-population. The mapping positions for ahFAD2A (A sub-genome) and ahFAD2B (B sub-genome) genes were assigned on a09 and b09 linkage groups. The ahFAD2B gene (26.54%, 25.59% and 41.02% PVE) had higher phenotypic effect on oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and oleic/linoleic acid ratio (O/L ratio) than ahFAD2A gene (8.08%, 6.86% and 3.78% PVE). The FAD2 genes had no effect on oil content. This study identified a total of 78 main-effect QTLs (M-QTLs) with up to 42.33% phenotypic variation (PVE) and 10 epistatic QTLs (E-QTLs) up to 3.31% PVE for oil content and quality traits. Conclusions A total of 78 main-effect QTLs (M-QTLs) and 10 E-QTLs have been detected for oil content and oil quality traits. One major QTL (more than 10% PVE) was identified in both the populations for oil content with source alleles from NC94022 and GT-C20 parental genotypes. FAD2 genes showed high effect for oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and O/L ratio while no effect on total oil content. The information on phenotypic effect of FAD2 genes for oleic acid, linoleic acid and O/L ratio, and oil content will be applied in breeding selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0133-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. more...
- Published
- 2014
34. Identification and characterization of transcript polymorphisms in soybean lines varying in oil composition and content
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Yong-Qiang Charles An, Eric Xia, Wolfgang Goettel, Robert G. Upchurch, Pengyin Chen, and Ming-Li Wang
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food.ingredient ,Genotype ,Sequence analysis ,Quantitative Trait Loci ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Quantitative trait locus ,Biology ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Chromosomes, Plant ,Soybean oil ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,INDEL Mutation ,Genetics ,Cluster Analysis ,Coding region ,Gene ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Sequence Analysis, RNA ,Gene Expression Profiling ,food and beverages ,Lipid Metabolism ,Soybean Oil ,Gene expression profiling ,Oleic acid ,Phenotype ,chemistry ,Organ Specificity ,Multigene Family ,Seeds ,Soybeans ,Transcriptome ,Metabolic Networks and Pathways ,Research Article ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Background: Variation in seed oil composition and content among soybean varieties is largely attributed to differences in transcript sequences and/or transcript accumulation of oil production related genes in seeds. Discovery and analysis of sequence and expression variations in these genes will accelerate soybean oil quality improvement. Results: In an effort to identify these variations, we sequenced the transcriptomes of soybean seeds from nine lines varying in oil composition and/or total oil content. Our results showed that 69,338 distinct transcripts from 32,885 annotated genes were expressed in seeds. A total of 8,037 transcript expression polymorphisms and 50,485 transcript sequence polymorphisms (48,792 SNPs and 1,693 small Indels) were identified among the lines. Effects of the transcript polymorphisms on their encoded protein sequences and functions were predicted. The studies also provided independent evidence that the lack of FAD2-1A gene activity and a non-synonymous SNP in the coding sequence of FAB2C caused elevated oleic acid and stearic acid levels in soybean lines M23 and FAM94-41, respectively. Conclusions: As a proof-of-concept, we developed an integrated RNA-seq and bioinformatics approach to identify and functionally annotate transcript polymorphisms, and demonstrated its high effectiveness for discovery of genetic and transcript variations that result in altered oil quality traits. The collection of transcript polymorphisms coupled with their predicted functional effects will be a valuable asset for further discovery of genes, gene variants, and functional markers to improve soybean oil quality. more...
- Published
- 2014
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35. Assessment of oil content and fatty acid composition variability in different peanut subspecies and botanical varieties
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Charles Chen, H. T. Stalker, Roy N. Pittman, Baozhu Guo, Ming Li Wang, and Jerry W. Davis
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Germplasm ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Hypogaea ,Linoleic acid ,Fatty acid ,Plant Science ,Subspecies ,biology.organism_classification ,Arachis hypogaea ,Palmitic acid ,Oleic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Botany ,Genetics ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Within the cultivated peanut species (Arachis hypogaea L.), there are two subspecies comprising six botanical varieties, and the effect of botanical taxon on oil content and fatty acid composition variability is unclear. To gauge the variability, 83 peanut accessions were analyzed for oil content (expressed at 0% moisture) and fatty acid composition. We found that within the subsp. hypogaea, var. hypogaea contained a much higher amount of oil in seeds than did the var. hirsuta Köhler (520 vs. 473 g/kg, P fastigiata Waldron, the vars. aequatoriana Krapov. & W.C. Gregory and vulgaris Harz contained a similar amount of oil in seeds (491 g/kg), not significantly different from other botanical varieties, but var. fastigiata contained a higher amount of oil (500 g/kg) than the var. peruviana Krapov. & W.C. Gregory (483 g/kg). In terms of the fatty acid composition, oil from seeds of var. hypogaea contained much more oleic acid than did var. hirsuta (491 vs. 377 g/kg, P P P vulgaris contained much more oleic acid than did var. aequatoriana (437 vs. 402 g/kg, P P more...
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- 2009
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36. Interferon-α suppresses invasion and enhances cisplatin-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in human osteosarcoma cells
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Zongshen Yin, Ming-Li Wang, Jing-xian Chen, Jun Chang, Dong-Mei Gao, Zeng Li, Shi-ping Wang, and Jun Zhao
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Cancer Research ,autophagy ,medicine.medical_treatment ,cisplatin ,Biology ,Flow cytometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,interferon-α ,Interferon ,medicine ,Cisplatin ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Matrigel Invasion Assay ,Acridine orange ,apoptosis ,Articles ,medicine.disease ,Cytokine ,Oncology ,chemistry ,Apoptosis ,osteosarcoma cell ,Immunology ,Cancer research ,Osteosarcoma ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-α is generated in response to viral infections and is used clinically in the therapy of a variety of viral infections and cancers. The present study investigated whether IFN-α could inhibit the invasive ability of osteosarcoma cells using a Matrigel invasion assay. In addition, the osteosarcoma cells were treated with cisplatin and/or IFN-α. Apoptosis and autophagy were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Hoechst 33258 staining, flow cytometry assay, acridine orange staining, green fluorescent protein-LC3 dot assay and transmission electron microscopy. Further analysis revealed that the efficacy of cisplatin was enhanced by the addition of the cytokine, IFN-α. These results indicate that the combination therapy of chemotherapeutics and IFN-α is a new approach for osteosarcoma, which requires validation by experiments in vivo. more...
- Published
- 2013
37. Oil, fatty acid, flavonoid, and resveratrol content variability and FAD2A functional SNP genotypes in the U.S. peanut mini-core collection
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Ming Li Wang, Charles Chen, D. L. Pinnow, Roy N. Pittman, Noelle A. Barkley, C. Corley Holbrook, G. A. Pederson, Brandon Tonnis, Jerry W. Davis, and H. Thomas Stalker
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Fatty Acid Desaturases ,Arachis ,Genotype ,Flavonoid ,Resveratrol ,Biology ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Botany ,Stilbenes ,Plant Oils ,Food science ,Cultivar ,Chemical composition ,Genotyping ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Flavonoids ,Plant Extracts ,Fatty Acids ,food and beverages ,Fatty acid ,General Chemistry ,United States ,chemistry ,Seeds ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Quercetin - Abstract
Peanut seeds contain high amounts of oil and protein as well as some useful bioactive phytochemicals which can contribute to human health. The U.S. peanut mini-core collection is an important genetic resource for improving seed quality and developing new cultivars. Variability of seed chemical composition within the mini-core was evaluated from freshly harvested seeds for two years. Oil, fatty acid composition, and flavonoid/resveratrol content were quantified by NMR, GC, and HPLC, respectively. Significant variability was detected in seed chemical composition among accessions and botanical varieties. Accessions were further genotyped with a functional SNP marker from the FAD2A gene using real-time PCR and classified into three genotypes with significantly different O/L ratios: wild type (G/G with a low O/L ratio1.7), heterozygote (G/A with O/L ratio1.4 but1.7), and mutant (A/A with a high O/L ratio1.7). The results from real-time PCR genotyping and GC fatty acid analysis were consistent. Accessions with high amounts of oil, quercetin, high seed weight, and O/L ratio were identified. The results from this study may be useful not only for peanut breeders, food processors, and product consumers to select suitable accessions or cultivars but also for curators to potentially expand the mini-core collection. more...
- Published
- 2013
38. Fungal pretreatment of switchgrass for improved saccharification and simultaneous enzyme production
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Mussie Y. Habteselassie, Xiangru Liao, Brandon Tonnis, Ming Li Wang, Jiayang Liu, and Qingguo Huang
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Environmental Engineering ,Time Factors ,Bioengineering ,Complex Mixtures ,Poaceae ,Lignin ,Hydrolysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Enzymatic hydrolysis ,Botany ,Hemicellulose ,Food science ,Biomass ,Cellulose ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Laccase ,Xylose ,biology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Pycnoporus ,Enzymes ,Kinetics ,Glucose ,chemistry ,Solid-state fermentation ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Biotechnology - Abstract
This study investigates fungal pretreatment of switchgrass involving solid state fermentation (SSF) to improve saccharification and simultaneously produce enzymes as co-products. The results revealed that the fungus Pycnoporus sp. SYBC-L3 can significantly degrade lignin and enhance enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. After a 36-d cultivation period, nearly 30% reduction in lignin content was obtained without significant loss of cellulose and hemicellulose, while a considerable amount of laccase, as high as 6.3 U/g, was produced. After pretreatment, pores on switchgrass surface were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency for the switchgrass with 36-d pretreatment was about 50% greater than the untreated one. Our results suggest that solid state fungal cultivation may be a good method for switchgrass pretreatment, which can simultaneously achieve high efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis and production of some useful enzymes for other industrial utilization. more...
- Published
- 2012
39. A Review on the Challenges for Increased Production of Castor
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C. Lavanya, D. Tan, Marco Baldanzi, M. Milani, Stephen A. Morse, Travis D. Miller, Magno José Duarte Cândido, P. Lakshmamma, Olga L.T. Machado, J. B. Morris, Valdinei Sofiatti, Ming Li Wang, Liv Soares Severino, Dick L. Auld, Thomas Mielke, Alejandro A. Navas, Xiaohua He, Dartanhã J. Soares, William L. Crosby, Grace Chen, Maurício Dutra Zanotto, Helge Zieler, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Texas Tech Univ, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Univ Pisa, ARS, Univ Windsor, Zibo Acad Agr Sci, Directorate Oilseed Res, Univ Estadual Norte Fluminense, Oil World, Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Corpo La Selva, and Synthet Genom Inc more...
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Germplasm ,business.industry ,Crop yield ,Ricinus ,Ricinoleic acid ,Life Sciences ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Biotechnology ,Crop ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Vegetable oil ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Biofuel ,Castor oil ,medicine ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T19:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:33:31Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:33:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-01 Evogene Ltd. ACME-HARDESTY Oleochemicals Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the oldest cultivated crops, but currently it represents only 0.15% of the vegetable oil produced in the world. Castor oil is of continuing importance to the global specialty chemical industry because it is the only commercial source of a hydroxylated fatty acid. Castor also has tremendous future potential as an industrial oilseed crop because of its high seed oil content (more than 480 g kg(-1)), unique fatty acid composition (900 g kg(-1) of ricinoleic acid), potentially high oil yields (1250-2500 L ha(-1)), and ability to be grown under drought and saline conditions. The scientific literature on castor has been generated by a relatively small global community of researchers over the past century. Much of this work was published in dozens of languages in journals that are not easily accessible to the scientific community. This review was conducted to provide a compilation of the most relevant historic research information and define the tremendous future potential of castor. The article was prepared by a group of 22 scientists from 16 institutions and eight countries. Topics discussed in this review include: (i) germplasm, genetics, breeding, biotic stresses, genome sequencing, and biotechnology; (ii) agronomic production practices, diseases, and abiotic stresses; (iii) management and reduction of toxins for the use of castor meal as both an animal feed and an organic fertilizer; (iv) future industrial uses of castor including renewable fuels; (v) world production, consumption, and prices; and (vi) potential and challenges for increased castor production. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Algodao, BR-58428095 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil Texas Tech Univ, Dep Plant & Soil Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Dep Zootecnia, BR-60021970 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil Univ Pisa, Pisa, Italy ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA Univ Windsor, Windsor, on N9B 3P4, Canada Zibo Acad Agr Sci, Zibo, Shandong, Peoples R China Directorate Oilseed Res, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India Univ Estadual Norte Fluminense, BR-28013600 Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil Oil World, Hamburg, Germany Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA ARS, USDA, PGRCU, Griffin, GA 30223 USA Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Corpo La Selva, Rio Negro, Antioquia, Colombia Synthet Genom Inc, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil more...
- Published
- 2012
40. Population pharmacokinetics of digoxin in elderly patients
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Zong-ling Xia, Su-lan Zou, Rong Chen, Hui Xue, Yan Jiang, Ming-li Wang, and Chun-yan Qian
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Digoxin ,Cardiotonic Agents ,Population ,Renal function ,Gastroenterology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pharmacokinetics ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,education ,Aged ,Pharmacology ,Volume of distribution ,Aged, 80 and over ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,NONMEM ,chemistry ,Anesthesia ,Heart failure ,Spironolactone ,Female ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the population pharmacokinetics of digoxin and identifying factors that explain pharmacokinetic variability in elderly patients. The data of 142 elderly patients and 448 samples were collected after repetitive oral digoxin. Blood samples were drawn at various times after administration. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modelling program (NONMEM). A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination was selected as the base model. The influence of demographic characteristics, biochemical and haematological indices as well as other commonly used co-medications were explored. The typical values with interindividual variability for apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) were 8.9 L h(-1) (43.2 %) and 420 L (65.8 %), respectively. The residual variability was 31.6 %. CL/F decreased significantly with renal function, total body weight, calcium channel blockers or spironolactone co-therapy and symptom with congestive heart failure. The median parameter estimates from a nonparametric bootstrap procedure were comparable and within 5 % of the estimates from NONMEM. These results provide important information for clinicians to optimize digoxin regimens in elderly patients. more...
- Published
- 2012
41. Population structure and marker-trait association analysis of the US peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) mini-core collection
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Roy N. Pittman, Zhenbang Chen, Jianming Yu, C. Corley Holbrook, G. A. Pederson, Charles Chen, Ming Li Wang, Noelle A. Barkley, H. Thomas Stalker, Baozhu Guo, and Sivakumar Sukumaran
- Subjects
Germplasm ,Fatty Acid Desaturases ,Genetic Markers ,Arachis ,Genotype ,Linoleic acid ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Quantitative trait locus ,Biology ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Quantitative Trait, Heritable ,Genetic variation ,Genetics ,Association mapping ,education ,Genetic Association Studies ,Genetic diversity ,education.field_of_study ,Geography ,Models, Genetic ,food and beverages ,Genetic Variation ,General Medicine ,United States ,Fatty acid desaturase ,Genetics, Population ,chemistry ,Seeds ,biology.protein ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Biotechnology ,Microsatellite Repeats - Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important oilseed and nutritional crops in the world. To efficiently utilize the germplasm collection, a peanut mini-core containing 112 accessions was established in the United States. To determine the population structure and its impact on marker-trait association, this mini-core collection was assessed by genotyping 94 accessions with 81 SSR markers and two functional SNP markers from fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2). Seed quality traits (including oil content, fatty acid composition, flavonoids, and resveratrol) were obtained through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography (GC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Genetic diversity and population structure analysis identified four major subpopulations that are related to four botanical varieties. Model comparison with different levels of population structure and kinship control was conducted for each trait and association analyses with the selected models verified that the functional SNP from the FAD2A gene is significantly associated with oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and oleic-to-linoleic (O/L) ratio across this diverse collection. Even though the allele distribution of FAD2A was structured among the four subpopulations, the effect of FAD2A gene remained significant after controlling population structure and had a likelihood-ratio-based R ( 2 ) (R ( LR ) ( 2 ) ) value of 0.05 (oleic acid), 0.09 (linoleic acid), and 0.07 (O/L ratio) because the FAD2A alleles were not completely fixed within subpopulations. Our genetic analysis demonstrated that this peanut mini-core panel is suitable for association mapping. Phenotypic characterization for seed quality traits and association testing of the functional SNP from FAD2A gene provided information for further breeding and genetic research. more...
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- 2011
42. Seed oil and fatty acid content in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and related species
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Robert L. Jarret, Ming Li Wang, and Irvin J. Levy
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,biology ,Manihot ,Linoleic acid ,Fatty Acids ,Fatty acid ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Palmitic acid ,Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Oleic acid ,Vegetable oil ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Abelmoschus ,Seeds ,Plant Oils ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Malvaceae - Abstract
Approximately 1100 genebank accessions of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and 540 additional accessions that included six of its related species-A. caillei, A. crinitis, A. esculentus, A. ficulneus, A. manihot, A. moschatus and A. tuberculatus-were evaluated for seed oil content using time domain NMR (TD-NMR). Oil content in seed of A. caillei, A. esculentus, A. ficulneus, A. manihot, A. moschatus and A. tuberculatus was in the ranges 2.51-13.61%, 12.36-21.56%, 6.62-16.7%, 16.1-22.0%, 10.3-19.8% and 10.8-23.2%, respectively. Accession PI639680 (A. tuberculatus) had the highest seed oil content (∼23%). Accessions of A. esculentus with high seed oil content included PI nos. PI274350 (21.5%), PI538082 (20.9%) and PI538097 (20.9%). Values for the three accessions of A. manihot with the highest seed oil content were PI nos. PI639673 (20.4%), PI639674 (20.9%) and PI639675 (21.9%), all representing var. tetraphyllus. Average percent seed oil in materials of A. esculentus from Turkey and Sudan (17.35% and 17.36%, respectively) exceeded the averages of materials from other locations. Ninety-eight accessions (total of six species) were also examined for fatty acid composition. Values of linoleic acid ranged from 23.6-50.65% in A. esculentus. However, mean linoleic acid concentrations were highest in A. tuberculatus and A. ficulneus. Concentrations of palmitic acid were significantly higher in A. esculentus (range of 10.3-36.35%) when compared to that of other species, and reached a maximum in PI489800 Concentrations of palmitic acid were also high in A. caillei (mean = ∼30%). Levels of oleic acid were highest in A. manihot, A. manihot var. tetraphyllus and A. moschatus. more...
- Published
- 2011
43. A real-time PCR genotyping assay to detect FAD2A SNPs in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)
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Ming Li Wang, Roy N. Pittman, and Noelle A. Barkley
- Subjects
Genetics ,Linoleic acid ,gas chromatography ,Wild type ,Biology ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Molecular biology ,SNP genotyping ,Oleic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fatty acid desaturase ,chemistry ,Genotype ,biology.protein ,fatty acid composition ,Allele ,peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ,real-time PCR ,Genotyping ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The high oleic (C18:1) phenotype in peanuts has been previously demonstrated to result from a homozygous recessive genotype (ol 1 ol 1 ol 2 ol 2 ) in two homeologous fatty acid desaturase genes ( FAD2A and FAD2B ) with two key SNPs. These mutant SNPs, specifically G448A in FAD2A and 442insA in FAD2B , significantly limit the normal function of the desaturase enzyme activity which converts oleic acid into linoleic acid by the addition of a second double bond in the hydrocarbon chain. Previously, a genotyping assay was developed to detect wild type and mutant alleles in FAD2B . A real-time PCR assay has now been developed to detect wild type and mutant alleles (G448A) in FAD2A using either seed or leaf tissue. This assay was demonstrated to be applicable for the detection of homozygous and heterozygous samples. The FAD2A genotyping assay was validated by employing gas chromatography (GC) to determine total fatty acid composition and by genotyping peanut lines that have been well characterized. Overall, development of rapid assays such as real-time PCR which can identify key genotypes associated with important agronomic traits such as oleic acid, will improve breeding efficiency by targeting desirable genotypes at early stages of development. more...
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- 2011
44. Transgenic Approach to Improve Protein, Starch and Taste Quality of Food Plants
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M.K. Cheng, Wei‐Neng Zuo, Ming‐Li Wang, Samuel S. M. Sun, Helen M. Tu, and Liwen Xiong
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Methionine ,chemistry ,Taste quality ,business.industry ,Starch ,Plant protein ,Transgene ,Biology ,business ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2008
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45. 2-[6,8-Dibromo-3-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-2-yl]phenol methanol 0.25-solvate
- Author
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Rong Wang, Ming-Li Wang, Feng Zhi, and Zhi-Gang Wang
- Subjects
Crystallography ,biology ,Hydrogen bond ,General Chemistry ,Dihedral angle ,Condensed Matter Physics ,biology.organism_classification ,Bioinformatics ,Condensation reaction ,Medicinal chemistry ,Organic Papers ,Solvent ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,QD901-999 ,Tetra ,Phenol ,General Materials Science ,Methanol ,Benzene - Abstract
The title compound, C20H22Br2N2O2·0.25CH4O, was synthesized by the condensation reaction of salicylaldehyde with 4-(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzylamino)cyclohexanol in methanol. There are four independent main molecules and two half-occupied methanol solvent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the two benzene rings in the four molecules are 87.8 (6), 86.6 (6), 89.3 (6) and 83.1 (6)°. Each molecule features an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond and a short N—H...Br link. In the crystal components are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds. more...
- Published
- 2011
46. An effective surface-enhanced Raman scattering template based on gold nanoparticle/silicon nanowire arrays
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Ming-Li Wang, Chang-Xing Zhang, Haijun Xu, Zheng-Long Wu, and Xili Jing
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Detection limit ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Biomolecule ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Nanoparticle ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Nanotechnology ,Isotropic etching ,Rhodamine 6G ,symbols.namesake ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,symbols ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Raman spectroscopy ,Raman scattering - Abstract
A large-scale Si nanowire array (SiNWA) is fabricated with gold (Au) nanoparticles by simple metal-assisted chemical etching and metal reduction processes. The three-dimensional nanostructured Au/SiNWA is evaluated as an active substrate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The results show that the detection limit for rhodamine 6G is as low as 10−7 M, and the Raman enhancement factor is as large as 105 with a relative standard deviation of less than 25%. After the calibration of the Raman peak intensities of rhodamine 6G and thiram, organic molecules could be quantitatively detected. These results indicate that Au/SiNWA is a promising SERS-active substrate for the detection of biomolecules present in low concentrations. Our findings are an important advance in SERS substrates to allow fast and quantitative detection of trace organic contaminants. more...
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- 2014
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47. The Arabidopsis abscisic acid response locus ABI4 encodes an APETALA 2 domain protein
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Tim J. Lynch, Ming Li Wang, Howard M. Goodman, Shashirekha Rao, and Ruth R. Finkelstein
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Positional cloning ,HMG-box ,Apetala 2 ,Protein domain ,Mutant ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Arabidopsis ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Genes, Plant ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Abscisic acid ,Plant Proteins ,Genetics ,Homeodomain Proteins ,Recombination, Genetic ,Base Sequence ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,Genetic Complementation Test ,food and beverages ,Chromosome Mapping ,Nuclear Proteins ,Cell Biology ,DNA-binding domain ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Complementation ,chemistry ,Gamma Rays ,Mutagenesis ,Seeds ,Sequence Alignment ,Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ,Research Article ,Abscisic Acid - Abstract
Arabidopsis abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive abi4 mutants have pleiotropic defects in seed development, including decreased sensitivity to ABA inhibition of germination and altered seed-specific gene expression. This phenotype is consistent with a role for ABI4 in regulating seed responses to ABA and/or seed-specific signals. We isolated the ABI4 gene by positional cloning and confirmed its identity by complementation analysis. The predicted protein product shows homology to a plant-specific family of transcriptional regulators characterized by a conserved DNA binding domain, the APETALA 2 domain. The single mutant allele identified has a single base pair deletion, resulting in a frameshift that should disrupt the C-terminal half of the protein but leave the presumed DNA binding domain intact. Expression analyses showed that despite the seed-specific nature of the mutant phenotype, ABI4 expression is not seed specific. more...
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- 1998
48. Immobilized mixed microbial cells for wastewater treatment
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Ming-Li Wang, Tiande Cai, and P.Y. Yang
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Calcium alginate ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Treatment process ,Aerobic treatment system ,Process improvement ,Pollution ,Cellulose triacetate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Wastewater ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Phenol ,Sewage treatment ,Waste Management and Disposal ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Both mono-carrier (cellulose triacetate) and bi-carrier (combined calcium alginate and cellulose triacetate) were used to treat synthetic organic wastewater (glucose and phenol) in an aerobic system. It was found, by means of scanning electron microscopy, that the mono-carrier entrapping process offers a better treatment efficiency (based on COD removal), and more holding capacity of microbial cells. Greater than 90% of COD removal efficiency could be achieved with loading rates of less than 9·0 g COD liter −1 day −1 . Immobilized mixed microbial cells via entrapping method maintains higher SRT which is essential for the operation of a stable and effective biological treatment process. more...
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- 1988
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49. Genotypic effect of ahFAD2 on fatty acid profiles in six segregating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) populations
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Noelle A. Barkley, Thomas G. Isleib, Roy N. Pittman, and Ming Li Wang
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Fatty Acid Desaturases ,food.ingredient ,Arachis ,Genotype ,Nematoda ,Linoleic acid ,Biology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,High oleic peanuts ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Genetics ,Animals ,Genetics(clinical) ,Allele ,Genetics (clinical) ,Dominance (genetics) ,DNA Primers ,Segregation ratios ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Gas chromatography ,Base Sequence ,Fatty Acids ,Fatty acid ,food and beverages ,Marker-assisted selection ,ahFAD2 ,Arachis hypogaea ,Phenotype ,chemistry ,Peanut oil ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Research Article ,Real-time PCR - Abstract
Background Fatty acid composition of oil extracted from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is an important quality trait because it may affect the flavor and shelf life of resulting food products. In particular, a high ratio of oleic (C18:1) relative to linoleic (C18:2) fatty acid (O/L ≥ 10) results in a longer shelf life. Previous reports suggest that the high oleic (~80%) trait was controlled by recessive alleles of ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B, the former of which is thought to have a high frequency in US runner- and virginia-type cultivars. Functional mutations, G448A in ahFAD2A and 442insA in ahFAD2B eliminate or knock down desaturase activity and have been demonstrated to produce peanut oil with high O/L ratios. In order to employ marker assisted selection (MAS) to select a high oleic disease resistant peanut and to evaluate genotypic and phenotypic variation, crosses were made between high oleic (~80%) and normal oleic (~50%) peanuts to produce segregating populations. Results A total of 539 F2 progenies were randomly selected to empirically determine each ahFAD2 genotype and the resulting fatty acid composition. Five of the six crosses segregated for the high oleic trait in a digenic fashion. The remaining cross was consistent with monogenic segregation because both parental genotypes were fixed for the ahFAD2A mutation. Segregation distortion was significant in ahFAD2A in one cross; however, the remaining crosses showed no distortion. Quantitative analyses revealed that dominance was incomplete for the wild type allele of ahFAD2, and both loci showed significant additive effects. Oleic and linoleic acid displayed five unique phenotypes, based on the number of ahFAD2 mutant alleles. Further, the ahFAD2 loci did exhibit pleiotropic interactions with palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2) acids and the O/L ratio. Fatty acid levels in these progeny were affected by the parental genotype suggesting that other genes also influence fatty acid composition in peanut. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first study in which all of the nine possible ahFAD2 genotypes were quantitatively measured. Conclusions The inheritance of the high oleic trait initially was suggested to be controlled by dominant gene action from two homoeologous genes (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) exhibiting complete recessivity. Analyzing the ahFAD2 genotypes and fatty acid compositions of these segregating peanut populations clearly demonstrated that the fatty acid contents are quantitative in nature although much of the variability in the predominant fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic) is controlled by only two loci. more...
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50. Applying genotyping (TILLING) and phenotyping analyses to elucidate gene function in a chemically induced sorghum mutant population
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John J. Burke, Noelle A. Barkley, Cleve D. Franks, Ming Li Wang, Zhanguo Xin, Gloria Burow, and G. A. Pederson
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TILLING ,DNA, Plant ,Genotype ,Ethyl methanesulfonate ,Mutant ,Population ,Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) ,Plant Science ,Quantitative trait locus ,Genes, Plant ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Quantitative Trait, Heritable ,lcsh:Botany ,education ,Sorghum ,Genetics ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Methodology Article ,food and beverages ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,biology.organism_classification ,lcsh:QK1-989 ,Phenotype ,chemistry ,Mutagenesis ,Ethyl Methanesulfonate ,Mutation ,Sequence Alignment ,Sweet sorghum ,Genome, Plant ,Mutagens - Abstract
Background Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is ranked as the fifth most important grain crop and serves as a major food staple and fodder resource for much of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The recent surge in sorghum research is driven by its tolerance to drought/heat stresses and its strong potential as a bioenergy feedstock. Completion of the sorghum genome sequence has opened new avenues for sorghum functional genomics. However, the availability of genetic resources, specifically mutant lines, is limited. Chemical mutagenesis of sorghum germplasm, followed by screening for mutants altered in important agronomic traits, represents a rapid and effective means of addressing this limitation. Induced mutations in novel genes of interest can be efficiently assessed using the technique known as Targeting Induced Local Lesion IN Genomes (TILLING). Results A sorghum mutant population consisting of 1,600 lines was generated from the inbred line BTx623 by treatment with the chemical agent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Numerous phenotypes with altered morphological and agronomic traits were observed from M2 and M3 lines in the field. A subset of 768 mutant lines was analyzed by TILLING using four target genes. A total of five mutations were identified resulting in a calculated mutation density of 1/526 kb. Two of the mutations identified by TILLING and verified by sequencing were detected in the gene encoding caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) in two independent mutant lines. The two mutant lines segregated for the expected brown midrib (bmr) phenotype, a trait associated with altered lignin content and increased digestibility. Conclusion TILLING as a reverse genetic approach has been successfully applied to sorghum. The diversity of the mutant phenotypes observed in the field, and the density of induced mutations calculated from TILLING indicate that this mutant population represents a useful resource for members of the sorghum research community. Moreover, TILLING has been demonstrated to be applicable for sorghum functional genomics by evaluating a small subset of the EMS-induced mutant lines. more...
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