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In order to study the metabolomic responses of rapeseed meal on grass carp and the role that tannin plays in those responses, grass carp were fed four diets for an eight week trial. Two were practical diets: FM diet contained 10% fishmeal without rapeseed meal, RM diet contained 50% rapeseed meal without fishmeal; the other two were semi-purified diets without (T0) or with 1.25% (T1) of supplemental hydrolysable tannin. The tannin content in the RM diet was close to that of T1. The rate of weight gain for RM was significantly lower than FM, while the feed conversion ratio in the T1 was significantly higher than T0. The muscle lipid and protein content was significantly lower and glycogen higher in the RM and T1 compared to the other treatments. The percent of muscle-saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the RM and T1 groups was significantly lower than FM and T0 groups, respectively, while the mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in the RM group was significantly higher than FM. The hepatic activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were lower and the hepatic glycogen and malonaldehyde were higher in the T1 and RM than the other treatments. The total serum protein, globulin, and triglycerides were significantly higher in T1 and RM; the alanine aminotransferase in the T1 was significantly higher than T0; and the aspartate aminotransferase in the RM and T0 groups were significantly higher than the other treatments. In a metabolomic assay, 29 differential metabolites were identified between T0 and T1, 23 metabolites were downregulated, and 6 metabolites were upregulated in T1 compared to T0. Ninety-two differential metabolites were identified between FM and RM, 31 metabolites were downregulated, and 61 metabolites were upregulated in RM compared to FM. These indicated that lipid utilization and carbohydrate metabolism might be improved, while the protein metabolism was suppressed by rapeseed meal. The abnormal protein and lipid metabolism may be partly caused by tannin in the rapeseed meal, as the tannin contained within the rapeseed meal seemed to bring different effects that the tannin additive.

Seeking out fish meal (FM) alternatives is an important requirement for aquaculture all over the world. And most practitioners believe that the plant protein is most potential for FM surrenal. While high plant protein feed caused some common problems in aquatic livestock: the absorption rate and growth rate are decreased, and even caused digestive tract inflammation. In present study, the inflence of high plant protien feed in Trachinotus ovatus was investigated using illumina HiSeqTM2000 based RNA-Seq. By comparing the two groups of cDNA libraries developed from high plant protien based diet or FM based diet fed T. ovatus livers, 836 unigenes were significantly upregulated, and 345 were significantly down regulated. KEGG analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are mainly metabolic-related genes. It was found that more than 28 DGEs beloned to the protein metabolism and absorption, lipid biosynthesis or other metabolic pathways. It indicated that high plant protein based diet had broad effects on metabolism on T. ovatus. There were also more DEGs belong to immune-related signaling pathways, include genes were involved in pathpathogen resistance and genes related to immunity system. These DEGs provided useful clues to explore the mechanisms that high plant protein based diet caused side effects on T. ovatus. These results improved our current understanding of the response of high plant protein based diet in T. ovatus, and outstanding the reasons of the side effect caused by high protein based diet.

The obesity rate in the United States is 42.4% and has become a national epidemic. Obesity is a complex condition that is influenced by socioeconomic status, ethnicity, genetics, age, and diet. Increased consumption of a Western diet, one that is high in processed foods, red meat, and sugar content, is associated with elevated obesity rates. Factors that increase obesity risk, such as socioeconomic status, also increase consumption of a Western diet because of a limited access to healthier options and greater affordability of processed foods. Obesity is a public health threat because it increases the risk of several pathologies, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. The molecular mechanisms linking obesity to disease onset and progression are not well understood, but a proposed mechanism is physiological changes caused by altered lipid peroxidation, glycolysis, and protein metabolism. These metabolic pathways give rise to reactive molecules such as the abundant electrophile methylglyoxal (MG), which covalently modifies nucleic acids and proteins. MG-adducts are associated with obesity-linked pathologies and may have potential for biomonitoring to determine the risk of disease onset and progression. MG-adducts may also play a role in disease progression because they are mutagenic and directly impact protein stability and function. In this review, we discuss how obesity drives metabolic alterations, how these alterations lead to MG production, the association of MG-adducts with disease, and the potential impact of MG-adducts on cellular function.

This study was conducted to investigate whether the combination of garlic oil and cooked chilli oil is worth using for pigeon production in the context of a total ban on antibiotics in feed additives in China. Two hundred female white king pigeons aged 23 days were randomly divided into five groups with ten replicates (four birds each). In the 47 days trial, the control group was fed with a basal diet, treatment groups were given a basal diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg neomycin sulphate or 2 g/kg corresponding oil (garlic oil or cooked chilli oil or their mixture) respectively. The mixed oil showed obvious antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacterium and its minimal bactericidal concentration against St. aureus, Salmonella and Escherichia coli were all no more than 1.0 mg/ml. In the feeding experiment, pigeons feed with garlic oil with strong bacteriostatic activity had lower FCR and better protein metabolism, and chilli oil showed strong effects of promoting feed intake and weight gain on pigeons but increased serum glucose and lipid content. Compared with the control and the antibiotic group, the mixed oil got increased growth performance, less drip loss of meat, better protein metabolism promoting, and more complete intestinal structure of pigeon. In addition, the breast meat in the mixed oil group had higher total points in the sensory test. The mixed oil combined the strong bacteriostasis of garlic oil with the feeding promotion effect of cooked chilli oil, it improved the comprehensive performance of pigeons and had the feasibility to be popularized as a non-antibiotic strategy in pigeon production.

Postnatal metabolism depends on maturation of key metabolic pathways around birth. In this regard, endogenous glucose production is impaired in calves born preterm. Concerning protein metabolism, the rates of protein turnover are greater during the neonatal period than at any other period of postnatal life. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are considered as the major regulators of cellular protein turnover. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the changes in plasma AA profiles, (2) the mRNA abundance of mTOR signaling and UPS-related genes in skeletal muscle, and (3) the mRNA abundance of branched-chain AA (BCAA) catabolic enzymes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in neonatal calves with different degree of maturation during the transition to extrauterine life. Calves (n = 7/treatment) were born either preterm (PT; delivered by cesarean section 9 d before term) or at term (T; spontaneous vaginal delivery) and were left unfed for 1 d. Calves in treatment TC were also spontaneously born but were fed colostrum and transition milk for 4 d. Blood samples were collected from all calves at birth and at 24 h of life. Additional blood samples were taken 2 h after feeding (26 h of life) for PT and T calves, and on d 4 of life for TC, to determine plasma glucose, urea, and AA. Tissue samples from 3 muscles [M. longissimus dorsi (MLD), M. semitendinosus (MST), and M. masseter (MM)], and kidney fat were collected following euthanasia at 26 h after birth (PT, T) or on d 4 of life (TC) at 2 h after feeding. The concentrations of the majority of plasma AA (Ala, Gln, Asn, Cit, Lys, Orn, Thr, and Tyr), nonessential AA, and total AA were greater during the first 24 h and also before and 2 h after feeding in PT than in T. The ratio of plasma BCAA to the aromatic AA (Tyr and Phe) was greatest in TC, followed by T, and least in PT. The mRNA abundance of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in MLD and MM was greater in PT and T than in TC. The mRNA abundance of muscle-specific ligases FBXO32 (F-box only protein 32) in the 3 different skeletal muscles and TRIM63 (tripartite motif containing 63) in MLD was greater in PT and T than in TC; in MM, TRIM63 mRNA was greatest in PT. The mRNA for BCKDHA and BCKDHB (the α and β polypeptide of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase) in kidney fat was elevated in PT and T compared with TC, suggesting a possible enhancement of BCAA oxidation as energy source to cover the energetic and nutritional postnatal demands in PT and T in a starved state. The increased abundances of mTOR-associated signaling factors and muscle-specific ligase mRNA indicate a greater rate of protein turnover in muscles of PT and T in a starved state. Elevated plasma concentrations of several AA may result from enhanced muscle proteolysis and impaired conversion to glucose in the liver of PT calves.

Lonicera japonica Thunb. is widely used in traditional medicine systems of East Asian and attracts a large amount of studies on the biosynthesis of its active components. Currently, there is little understanding regarding the regulatory mechanisms behind the accumulation of secondary metabolites during its developmental stages. In this study, published transcriptomic and proteomic data were mined to evaluate potential linkage between protein modification and secondary metabolism during the floral development. Stronger correlations were observed between differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their corresponding differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in the comparison of juvenile bud stage (JBS)/third green stage (TGS) vs. silver flowering stage (SFS). Seventy-five and 76 cor-rDEGs and cor-rDAPs (CDDs) showed opposite trends at both transcriptional and translational levels when comparing their levels at JBS and TGS relative to those at SFS. CDDs were mainly involved in elements belonging to the protein metabolism and the TCA cycle. Protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that the interacting proteins in the major cluster were primarily involved in TCA cycle and protein metabolism. In the simple phenylpropanoids biosynthetic pathway of SFS, both phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase (PDA) and glutamate/aspartate-prephenate aminotransferase (AAT) were decreased at the protein level, but increased at the gene level. A confirmatory experiment indicated that protein ubiquitination and succinylation were more prominent during the early floral developmental stages, in correlation with simple phenylpropanoids accumulation. Taken together, those data indicates that phenylpropanoids metabolism and floral development are putatively regulated through the ubiquitination and succinylation modifications of PDA, AAT, and TCA cycle proteins in L. japonica.

Study objectives We aim to explore the mechanism of relationship between insomnia and liver metabolism by examining the gene × insomnia interactions. Methods Individual level genotypic and phenotypic data were obtained from the UK Biobank cohort. Regression analysis was first conducted to test the association of insomnia with plasma total bilirubin (TBil; n = 186,793), direct bilirubin (DBil; n = 159,854) and total protein (TP; n = 171,574) in UK Biobank cohort. Second, genome-wide gene-environment interaction study (GWGEIS) was conducted by PLINK 2.0, and FUMA platform was used to identify enriched pathway terms. Results In UK Biobank cohort, we found that TP (P Conclusion Our study results suggested negative associations between insomnia and DBil and TBil; and a positive association between insomnia and TP.

An application of natural antioxidants remains the focus of research groups. The effect of Satureja montana L. essential oil in various doses on the main biological characteristics of Wistar rats was the main aim of the study. The intensification of protein metabolism in the blood plasma of rats on the background of the use of Satureja montana L. essential oil was noted. Total protein increases by 17.9 – 19.7%, and albumin by 27.6% in rats of the experimental group received the essential oil at a dose of 0.6 ml per kg of feed. A significant increase in the AST level in control group rats to 207.3 U.L-1 was revealed. Its one to a certain extent indicates the hepatoprotective effect of mountain savory oil and a decrease in inflammatory processes in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract in the conditions of cell maintenance of rats of the experimental groups. Gastric epithelium thickness of rats of both experimental groups was lower than the control animals. But it did not bear any signs of atrophy. The difference of this indicator in comparison with control was 12.75 μm (p ≤0.05) in the second group and it was reliable. The number of chief stomach cells increases in animals of the experimental groups, which may indicate a greater enzymatic activity. An increased dose of mountain savory oil contributes to the formation of more damage to hepatocytes on the periphery of the liver lobule. Thus, the relationship between liver enzymes and the state of peripheral hepatocytes was noted.

Introduction: Dietary protein intake and serum amino acids (AAs) are factors controlling the rate of muscle protein synthesis and catabolism. This study examined the association between serum AAs patterns and incident sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Chinese older adults in Hong Kong aged ≥65 years attended a health check at baseline and 4-year follow-up. At baseline, fasting blood was collected to measure 17 serum AAs. Serum AAs patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Dietary protein intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. A composite score was computed by summing the principal component score and sex-standardized protein intake. Six composite scores representing each AAs pattern were available for each participant. Sarcopenia was defined using the updated version of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Crude and adjusted multiple logistic regressions were performed to examine the associations between each of the 6 composite scores and sarcopenia over 4 years. Results are presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). To address multiple testing, a Bonferroni correction was applied using a corrected significance level of p < 0.008 (α 0.05/6 patterns). Results: Data of 2,610 participants (mean age 71.6 years, 45.4% men) were available. In men, serum AAs patterns characterized by high branched-chain AAs (BCAAs) (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69–0.87, p < 0.001) and tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71–0.89, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia over 4-year follow-up. After adjusting for confounders, the associations were no longer significant. In women, serum AAs patterns characterized by glutamine, glutamic acid, and methionine (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.11–1.47, p = 0.001) and arginine, taurine, and serine (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.06–1.35, p = 0.003) were associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia. After adjusting for confounders, serum AAs pattern characterized by high BCAAs (adjusted OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.25–1.86, p < 0.001) and arginine, taurine, and serine (adjusted OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.09–1.56, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia. No association between other AAs patterns with incident sarcopenia was found. Conclusions: In community-dwelling Chinese older adults, serum AAs patterns characterized by high BCAAs and nonessential AAs (arginine, taurine, and serine) were associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia in women. Findings may allow identifying new targets for interventions.

Introdução: Dietas hiperproteicas aumentam a concentração de ureia e ácidos, provenientes do metabolismo das proteínas. Portanto, o uso de altas doses de whey proteins precisa ser verificado frente aos seus efeitos sob a função renal. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do consumo de 2 g kg-1 d-1 e 4 g kg-1 d-1 whey proteins sobre marcadores bioquímicos creatinina e ureia após 12 semanas de treinamento resistido em ratos Wistar. Métodos: Amostra composta por 52 ratos Wistar machos alocados em 6 grupos. O protocolo teve duração de 12 semanas de treinamento resistido com suplementação diária de whey proteins. A determinação da concentração dos marcadores bioquímicos foi constituída de leitura em absorbância e equação específica dos parâmetros creatinina e ureia. Resultados: A relação creatinina foi significativamente maior apenas no grupo controle em relação aos grupos suplementados e ao treinado controle. A maior excreção de creatinina de 24h (mg/kg) no grupo treinamento resistido e suplementado em comparação ao treinamento controle demonstra possível efeito do treinamento resistido sobre o aumento da massa muscular associada a dose de 4 g kg-1 d-1. Conclusão: O tratamento de ratos machos Wistar suplementados com whey proteins nas doses de 2 g/kg/dia e 4 g kg-1 d-1 durante 12 semanas não resultou em prejuízo de função renal.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) failure contribute significantly to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). The proteasome subunit Rpn13 located on the regulatory (19S) subparticle play an important role in the delivery of proteins, subjected to degradation, to the proteolytic (20S) part of proteasome. We have previously found several brain mitochondrial proteins specifically bound to Rpn13 (Buneeva et al. (2020) Biochemistry (Moscow), Supplement Series B: Biomedical Chemistry, 14, 297-305). In this study we have investigated the effect of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and the neuroprotector isatin on the mitochondrial subproteome of Rpn13-binding proteins of the mouse brain. Administration of MPTP (30 mg/kg) to animals caused movement disorders typical of PD, while pretreatment with isatin (100 mg/kg, 30 min before MPTP) reduced their severity. At the same time, the injection of MPTP, isatin, or their combination (isatin + MPTP) had a significant impact on the total number and the composition of Rpn13-binding proteins. The injection of MPTP decreased the total number of Rpn13-binding proteins in comparison with control, and the injection of isatin prior to MPTP or without MPTP caused an essential increase in the number of Rpn13-binding proteins, mainly of the functional group of proteins participating in the protein metabolism regulation, gene expression, and differentiation. Selected biosensor validation confirmed the interaction of Rpn13 subunit of proteasome with some proteins (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, histones H2A and H2B) revealed while proteomic profiling. The results obtained testify that under the conditions of experimental MPTP-induced parkinsonism the neuroprotective effect of isatin may be aimed at the interaction of mitochondria with the components of UPS.Mitokhondrial'naia disfunktsiia i sboĭ v rabote ubikvitin-proteasomnoĭ sistemy (UPS) vnosiat sushchestvennyĭ vklad v razvitie bolezni Parkinsona (BP). Sub"edinitsa proteasomy Rpn13, raspolozhennaia na reguliatornoĭ subchastitse (19S), igraet vazhnuiu rol' v dostavke belkov, podlezhashchikh degradatsii, v proteoliticheskuiu chast' (20S) proteasomy. Ranee nami obnaruzhen riad mitokhondrial'nykh belkov mozga, spetsificheski sviazyvaiushchikhsia s Rpn13 (Buneeva i dr., Biomeditsinskaia khimiia, 2020, 66(2), 138-144). V dannoĭ rabote izucheno vliianie neĭrotoksina 1-metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-tetragidropiridina (MFTP) i neĭroprotektora izatina na mitokhondrial'nyĭ subproteom Rpn13-sviazyvaiushchikh belkov mozga myshi. Vvedenie MFTP (30 mg/kg) zhivotnym vyzyvalo razvitie dvigatel'nykh narusheniĭ, svoĭstvennykh dlia BP, a predvaritel'noe vvedenie izatina (100 mg/kg) oslablialo ikh vyrazhennost'. Pri étom vvedenie MFTP, izatina ili ikh kombinatsii (izatin + MFTP) privodilo k izmeneniiu obshchego chisla i sostava Rpn13-sviazyvaiushchikh belkov. Vvedenie MFTP snizhalo obshchee chislo Rpn13-sviazyvaiushchikh belkov po sravneniiu s kontrolem, a vvedenie izatina pered vvedeniem MFTP ili bez MFTP privodilo k sushchestvennomu uvelicheniiu chisla Rpn13-sviazyvaiushchikh belkov preimushchestvenno iz funktsional'noĭ gruppy belkov, uchastvuiushchikh v reguliatsii metabolizma belkov, a takzhe ékspressii genov, kletochnogo deleniia i differentsirovki. Vyborochnaia biosensornaia validatsiia podtverdila vzaimodeĭstvie riada belkov (glitseral'degid-3-fosfatdegidrogenaza, piruvatkinaza, gistony N2A i N2V), vyiavlennykh v khode proteomnogo profilirovaniia, s sub"edinitseĭ proteasomy Rpn13. Poluchennye rezul'taty svidetel'stvuiut o tom, chto v usloviiakh éksperimental'nogo MFTP-indutsirovannogo parkinsonizma neĭroprotektornoe deĭstvie izatina mozhet byt' napravleno na vzaimodeĭstvie mitokhondriĭ s komponentami UPS.

The present research was designed to determine the free amino acids (FAAs) composition and electrophoretic protein patterns by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to 1/10 LC50-96 hrs of phenol and nonylphenol ethoxylate 9 (NPEO 9) under laboratory condition for 4 weeks, in an attempt to develop sensitive bio-indicators for evaluation of pollution effects. Variations of FAAs were apparent in both treated groups. Significant increases were recorded in all individual amino acids including essential and non-essential ones, except for proline for both treated groups and leucine for phenol exposed fish group where they decreased significantly. The electrophoretic analysis of protein of the skeletal muscle homogenate using SDS-PAGE indicated that the control group yielded 10 fractions of molecular masses between 166 and 23 kDa. A total number of 9 bands were separated from fish of phenol group; they were varied from 168 to 23 kDa. However, 6 bands only were separated from fish of the NPEO 9 group; they were varied from 157 to 28 kDa. The muscle protein extract from fish of the phenol group showed five unique bands (168, 96, 68, 52, and 39 kDa). Moreover, fish that were exposed to NPEO 9 group showed three unique bands (157, 92, and 72 kDa). The highest similarity index "S" value observed between phenol and control groups was 0.37, followed by 0.33 between NPEO 9 group and the control one. This could be an indicator of changes in protein metabolism due to phenol and NPEO 9 pollution.

Relevance. ZIGBIR ® feed additive, consisting of a set of plants that affect the state and recovery of hepatocytes, is unique and is of interest for research. As a result of the experiment, the feasibility and effectiveness of using the plant feed additive ZIGBIR ® in the diets of pregnant dry cows was studied. Its effect on the absorption of nutrients in the diet, biochemical parameters, the safety of young animals and gynecological diseases is shown. Methods. The experimental part of the work was carried out in the Agricultural Cooperative “Named after Ilyich” of the Novgorod region on cows of the dry period. According to the principle of analogs, three groups of animals were formed — a control group and two experimental ones ( n = 10 in each) from cows that were in the run taking into account the dates of the planned calving. The animals of the first experimental group, in addition to the main diet, received a feed additive ZIGBIR ® in the amount of 20 g/head/day, the second experimental group — 25 g/head/day. Results. As a result of scientific research, it was found that groups of cows that received a feed supplement in addition to the main diet were better able to absorb nutrients. So the coefficient of dry matter digestibility in the first experimental group increased by 0.9%, in the second — by 0.4%. A similar increase in the digestibility coefficients was observed for organic matter (by 1.7–8.3%), crude protein, crude fat, BEV and crude fiber. The introduction of the supplement into the diet did not lead to a deterioration in biochemical parameters. For example, the value of the protein index (the ratio of albumins to globulins), indicating the intensity of protein metabolism, in the control group was 0.66, and was below the physiological limit by 27%. However, in both experimental groups its indicators increased and almost returned to normal with values of 0.9 and 0.8 respectively. The reduction of postpartum pathologies and the increase in the safety of young animals suggests the therapeutic effectiveness of the ZIGBIR ® feed additive.

The tone of the autonomic nervous system, protein metabolism and enzymes in Cobb-500 crossbred chickens aged 35 and 60 days were studied. The experiment involved 24 chickens, 8 in each group. In birds, the tone of the autonomic nervous system was determined by the method of variation pulsometry. The essence of the method is to record the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on heart rate in chickens. The effect was determined by recording one hundred consecutive cardio intervals and counting the time interval between each cardiocycle. Venous blood samples were taken from each individual at the age of 35 and 60 days to determine the indicators of protein metabolism (total protein, albumin, globulins) and lipid peroxidation depending on the tone of the autonomic nervous system. It was found that the antioxidant level in chickens with a predominance of the sympathetic division prevailed in all other groups regardless of the age of the bird. At 35 days of age, plasma concentrations of diene conjugates were significantly higher in normatonics and vagotonics (P ˂ 0.05). There was a higher level of activity of ketodienes and Schiff bases in chickens with a predominance of the sympathetic division of autonomic nervous regulation compared with normotonics and vagotonics (P ˂ 0.01). The content of total protein, albumin and globulins prevailed in normotonic hens and was the lowest in vagotonic hens at the age of 35 days. The two-month-old bird with a dominant parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and normotonic hens had the highest levels of total protein, globulins, and conversely, sympathicotonic hens outnumbered the latter in albumin levels. Histidine content was highest in chickens with a balanced type of autonomic nervous system compared to sympathicotonics and vagotonics (P ˂ 0.05). The concentration of sulfur-containing amino acid methionine was highest in vagotonic chickens (P < 0.05) compared with sympathicotonics. Threonine was highest in sympathicotonics compared with other groups of animals and significantly outweighed vagotonics (P < 0.05). The level of lipid peroxidation products in 60-day-old sympathicotonic chickens was consistently higher in contrast to normotonics and vagotonics. At the same time there was the smallest increase in the activity of diene conjugates and ketodienes (P < 0.05) in chickens with a dominant sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which indicates a slowdown in the accumulation of the final products of lipid peroxidation.

The goal of this study was to see how dietary -glucan (BG) supplementation affected growth performance, blood biochemicals, and antioxidant capacity in growing NZWrabbits. 75 NZW rabbit females, 6 weeks old, with an average live body weight of 845.3735.23 g. Rabbits were distributed into five experimental groups at random (fifteen rabbits in each group). The control group (G1) received only the basal diet, while the G2, G3, G4, and G5 groups received the basal diet supplemented with BG at 0.5,1.0,1.5, and 2.0 g/kg diet, respectively. Growth performance parameters, blood biochemical, and antioxidant enzymes, and immunity markers in the hepatic tissues were determined. Results show that all BG supplements developed (P

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous signal molecule which participates in various abiotic stress responses. However, the underlying mechanism of H2S associated salt tolerance remains elusive. In this study, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, donor of H2S) was used to investigate the protective role of H2S against salt stress at the biochemical and proteomic levels. Antioxidant activity and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of rice seedlings treated by NaCl or/and exogenous H2S were investigated by the methods of biochemical approaches and comparative proteomic analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was used for understanding the interaction networks of stress responsive proteins. In addition, relative mRNA levels of eight selected identified DEPs were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The result showed that H2S alleviated oxidative damage caused by salt stress in rice seedling. The activities of some antioxidant enzymes and glutathione metabolism were mediated by H2S under salt stress. Proteomics analyses demonstrated that NaHS regulated antioxidant related proteins abundances and affected related enzyme activities under salt stress. Proteins related to light reaction system (PsbQ domain protein, plastocyanin oxidoreductase iron-sulfur protein), Calvin cycle (phosphoglycerate kinase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase precursor, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) and chlorophyll biosynthesis (glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase) are important for NaHS against salt stress. ATP synthesis related proteins, malate dehydrogenase and 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase were up-regulated by NaHS under salt stress. Protein metabolism related proteins and cell structure related proteins were recovered or up-regulated by NaHS under salt stress. The PPI analysis further unraveled a complicated regulation network among above biological processes to enhance the tolerance of rice seedling to salt stress under H2S treatment. Overall, our results demonstrated that H2S takes protective roles in salt tolerance by mitigating oxidative stress, recovering photosynthetic capacity, improving primary and energy metabolism, strengthening protein metabolism and consolidating cell structure in rice seedlings.

Background: The molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health benefits of a ketogenic diet are unknown and could be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Objective: To identify the changes in the obesity-related methylome that are mediated by the induced weight loss or are dependent on ketosis in subjects with obesity underwent a very-low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD). Methods: Twenty-one patients with obesity (n ¼ 12 women, 47.9 ± 1.02 yr, 33.0 ± 0.2 kg/m2 ) after 6 months on a VLCKD and 12 normal weight volunteers (n ¼ 6 women, 50.3 ± 6.2 yrs, 22.7 ± 1.5 kg/m2 ) were studied. Data from the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip methylomes of blood leukocytes were obtained at time points of ketotic phases (basal, maximum ketosis, and out of ketosis) during VLCKD (n ¼ 10) and at baseline in volunteers (n ¼ 12). Results were further validated by pyrosequencing in representative cohort of patients on a VLCKD (n ¼ 18) and correlated with gene expression. Results: After weight reduction by VLCKD, differences were found at 988 CpG sites (786 unique genes). The VLCKD altered methylation levels in patients with obesity had high resemblance with those from normal weight volunteers and was concomitant with a downregulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT)1, 3a and 3b. Most of the encoded genes were involved in metabolic processes, protein metabolism, and muscle, organ, and skeletal system development. Novel genes representing the top scoring associated events were identified, including ZNF331, FGFRL1 (VLCKD-induced weight loss) and CBFA2T3, C3orf38, JSRP1, and LRFN4 (VLCKD-induced ketosis). Interestingly, ZNF331 and FGFRL1 were validated in an independent cohort and inversely correlated with gene expression. Conclusions: The beneficial effects of VLCKD therapy on obesity involve a methylome more suggestive of normal weight that could be mainly mediated by the VLCKD-induced ketosis rather than weight loss. This work was supported by the PronoKal Group® and grants from the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria as well as PI17/01287, PI20/00628 and PI20/00650 research projects and CIBERobn from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)-Subdireccion General de Evaluacion y Fomento de la Investigación; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) Ana B Crujeiras is funded by a research contract “Miguel Servet” (CP17/00088) from the ISCIII, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and Xunta de Galicia-GAIN (IN607B2020). The funding source had no involvement in the study design or interpretation of the results

The clinical impact of nutrition therapy in critically ill patients has been known for years, and relevant guidelines regarding nutrition therapy have emphasized the importance of proteins. During critical illness, such as sepsis or the state following major surgery, major trauma, or major burn injury, patients suffer from a high degree of stress/inflammation, and during this time, metabolism deviates from homeostasis. The increased degradation of endogenous proteins in response to stress hormones is among the most important events in the acute phase of critical illness. Currently published evidence suggests that adequate protein supplementation might improve the clinical outcomes of critically ill patients. The role of sufficient protein supplementation may even surpass that of caloric supplementation. In this review, we focus on relevant physiological alterations in critical illness, the effects of critical illness on protein metabolism, nutrition therapy in clinical practice, and the function of specific amino acids.

Background Dogs with portosystemic shunts have an altered blood amino acid profile, with an abnormal branched-chained amino acid (BCAA)-to-aromatic amino acid (AAA) ratio being the most common abnormality. Different liver diseases have distinctive amino acid profiles. Objectives Determine the changes in plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) from diagnosis to complete closure. Animals Ten client-owned dogs with EHPSS closed after surgical attenuation. Methods Prospective cohort study. Medical treatment was instituted in dogs diagnosed with EHPSS. At least 4 weeks later, gradual surgical attenuation was performed. Three months postoperatively, EHPSS closure was confirmed by transsplenic portal scintigraphy. Clinical signs were scored and blood was taken before institution of medical treatment, at time of surgery, and 3 months postoperatively. At the end of the study, the plasma amino acid profiles were analyzed in batch. Results The median BCAA-to-AAA ratio was extremely low (0.6) at time of diagnosis and remained low (0.5) at time of surgery, despite the fact that median neurological score significantly improved from 22 to 2 after starting medical treatment (P = .04). Three months after surgical attenuation, a significantly higher BCAA-to-AAA ratio (1.5) was observed (P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Medical treatment does not improve the BCAA-to-AAA ratio in dogs with EHPSS, despite substantial clinical improvement. Although the ratio significantly increased after EHPSS closure, it was still indicative of moderate to severe hepatic dysfunction in all dogs.

Cotton bolls exhibit the lowest insecticidal efficacy among all organs of Bt cotton, which would ultimately affect the yield formation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different urea concentrations on the seed Bt protein contents, seed cotton yield and the corresponding protein metabolism mechanism. The experiments were conducted during 2017–2018 cotton growing seasons. Two cultivars, Sikang 3 (hybrid, SK3) and Sikang 1 (conventional, SK1), were treated with six urea concentrations and their seed Bt protein contents were compared during boll formation period. The urea spray concentration had a significant effect on the seed Bt toxin content and seed cotton yield. Spraying of either 5 or 6% urea led to higher insecticidal protein contents and higher seed cotton yield for both cultivars. Moreover, the highest amino acid and soluble protein contents, as well as GPT and GOT activities, and lower protease and peptidase activities were observed at the 5 to 6% urea levels. Significant positive correlations between the seed Bt toxin and amino acid contents, and between the seed Bt toxin content and GPT activities were detected. The lower boll worm number and hazard boll rate were also observed with the 5 to 6% urea treatments, which may be the reason why nitrogen spraying increased the seed cotton yield. Therefore, our results suggested that the seed Bt toxin content and insect resistance were impacted markedly by external nitrogen application, and 5 to 6% urea had the greatest effect on insect resistance.

The review summarizes the literature and our own experimental data on the features of the structure, function, and protein metabolism in skeletal muscles of teleost fish (Teleostei). Despite the conserved basic mechanisms of muscle growth (myogenesis) and degradation in vertebrates, fish are characterized by unique features related to their poikilothermy, indeterminate growth, and a special role of skeletal muscle as a depot of plastic and energy substrates. Fish skeletal muscles show high plasticity in terms of their ability to undergo substantial anabolic or catabolic changes in response to environmental variables, such as temperature, photoperiod, and food availability. Under optimal (anabolic) conditions, fish muscle tissue grows by hypertrophy and hyperplasia at an extremely high rate, while during the periods of high energy demand, including migration, starvation, and gonad maturation, catabolism of skeletal muscle proteins temporarily dominates. However, degradation of fish muscle tissue can be profound enough to exceed its regenerative capacity: both genetic programs and responses to exogenous signals of excessive strength and duration can be implemented via this scenario. An extreme and demonstrative example of the mobilization of muscle protein reserves and utilization of resulting amino acids for energy production and synthesis of stage-specific gonadal proteins are Pacific salmonids whose exhaustion during spawning is so great that results in their death. Fish myopathies and the potential of fish as objects for human disease modeling are also considered.

All human tissues are in a constant state of remodelling, regulated by the balance between tissue protein synthesis and breakdown rates. It has been well-established that protein ingestion stimulates skeletal muscle and whole-body protein synthesis. Stable isotope-labelled amino acid methodologies are commonly applied to assess the various aspects of protein metabolism in vivo in human subjects. However, to achieve a more comprehensive assessment of post-prandial protein handling in vivo in human subjects, intravenous stable isotope-labelled amino acid infusions can be combined with the ingestion of intrinsically labelled protein and the collection of blood and muscle tissue samples. The combined application of ingesting intrinsically labelled protein with continuous intravenous stable isotope-labelled amino acid infusion allows the simultaneous assessment of protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics (e.g. release of dietary protein-derived amino acids into the circulation), whole-body protein metabolism (whole-body protein synthesis, breakdown and oxidation rates and net protein balance) and skeletal muscle metabolism (muscle protein fractional synthesis rates and dietary protein-derived amino acid incorporation into muscle protein). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the various aspects of post-prandial protein handling and metabolism with a focus on insights obtained from studies that have applied intrinsically labelled protein under a variety of conditions in different populations.

Loss of muscle mass in response to injury or immobilization impairs functional capacity and metabolic health, thus hindering rehabilitation. Stable isotope techniques are powerful in determining skeletal muscle protein fluxes. Traditional tracer incorporation methods to measure muscle protein synthesis and breakdown are cumbersome and invasive to perform in vulnerable populations such as children. To circumvent these issues, a two-bolus stable isotope amino acid method has been developed; although, measured rates of protein synthesis and breakdown have not been validated simultaneously against an accepted technique such as the arterial-venous balance method. The purpose of the current analysis was to provide preliminary data from the simultaneous determination of the arteriovenous balance and two-bolus tracer incorporation methods on muscle fractional synthesis and breakdown rates in children with burns. Five were administered a primed-constant infusion of L-[15N]Threonine for 180 minutes (Prime: 8 µmol/kg; constant: 0.1 µmol·kg-1·minute-1). At 120 and 150 minutes, bolus injections of L-[ring-13C6]Phenylalanine and L-[15N]Phenylalanine (50 µmol/kg each) were administered, respectively. Blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to assess mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown rates. The preliminary results from this study indicate that there is no difference in either fractional synthesis rate (mean ± SD; arteriovenous balance: 0.19 ± 0.17 %/h; tracer incorporation: 0.14 ± 0.08 %/h; P = .42) or fractional breakdown rate (arteriovenous balance: 0.29 ± 0.22 %/h; tracer incorporation: 0.23 ± 0.14 %/h; P = .84) between methods. These data support the validity of both methods in quantifying muscle amino acid kinetics; however, the results are limited and adequately powered research is still required.

Sulphur (S) metabolism plays a crucial role in response to heavy metal stress. It has been well demonstrated that the deficiency of S is a limiting factor to plant capability to cope with chromium (Cr) stress. However, little is known about the plant response to S-deficiency and Cr stress at the proteome level. In the present study, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to examine the role of S supply on Cr-induced proteomic alterations in the roots of maize seedlings. Maize seedlings were exposed to Cr (0 and 100 μM) and different S concentrations (0 and 1 mM) for seven days. Biomass accumulation (fresh and dry weights) was significantly decreased by Cr stress (100 μM), and this decrease was more pronounced under S-deficiency condition. Analysis of proteins on gels detected 54 proteins that exhibited differential expression patterns, out of which 38 were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/ time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. Of these, 21 proteins were up-regulated and 17 proteins were down-regulated by >1.5-fold S-deficiency and/or under Cr stress. The majority of the proteins functioned in stress defence, protein metabolism, and energy metabolism. Our results show that S supplementation enhanced the tolerance to Cr stress by increasing the abundance of stress defence-related proteins including pathogenesis-related protein 10, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase [Mn], glutathione S-transferase 3, proteasome subunit alpha type 6, IN2–1 protein, and ABA-responsive protein. This study may provide new insights into the proteomic response mechanisms of maize seedlings under Cr stress and/or S-deficiency.

Objective: Endometritis is a major disease, that causes infertility in cattle, and is usually categorized as clinical or subclinical endometritis (SCE). The nutritional condition during the dry period is important for recovery after the last stage of the lactation period, and for postpartum production and reproduction. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between nutritional and metabolic characteristics in the dry period, and the risk of postpartum SCE.Methods: Multiparous Holstein dairy cows (n = 25, raised in a tied stall) were used. Endometrial cytological analysis was performed around 30 days post-partum, with 5% to 14% polymorphonuclear (PMN) as a cut-off point to define SCE. Serum levels of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), blood urea nitrogen, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were measured in the cows at the dry period to evaluate energy status, protein metabolism, and mineral metabolism.Results: The incidence of SCE in the cows was 60.0% (n = 15/25) and the mean PMN% in postpartum cows diagnosed as SCE was 8.05%±2.6%. Overall, 17 and 8 samples were collected from the cows in the far-off and close-up periods, respectively. The serum concentration of BHBA in the far-off period and serum glucose concentration in the closeup period were correlated with postpartum PMN% (r = 0.62, p

Soil salinization is an important environmental problem affecting agricultural production worldwide. Seed germination is a critical process, and seedling establishment under saline conditions can be achieved by successful germination. In the present study, comparative proteomics combined with physiological analyses were used to investigate the protein alterations in germinating Brassica napus cultivars (Caravel and Sary) under NaCl stress. Seed germination declined with the increasing NaCl concentration. However, Caravel exhibited better performance in terms of seed germination and seedling growth under salinity stress. Therefore, Caravel was found to be more tolerant to salinity than Sary. The root proteins were extracted from B. napus cultivars germinating on a plant growth medium with or without 100 mM NaCl for seven days. After the root proteins had been separated by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis, the differentially accumulated proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. The comparative proteomics analysis revealed 12 and 27 statistically significant proteins accumulated in the NaCl-treated roots of Caravel and Sary, respectively. The identified proteins were mostly involved in protein metabolism, stress defense, cytoskeleton and cell wall metabolism, and energy metabolism. The salt-sensitive cultivar Sary displayed an elevated accumulation of proteins involved in antioxidant defense and the protein catabolic process such as superoxide dismutase [Fe], L-ascorbate peroxidase 1, and different components of the proteasome system. On the other hand, the levels of molecular chaperones including 20 kDa chaperonin, chaperonin CPN60, heat shock cognate protein HSC70, and heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 were higher in Caravel than Sary under salt stress. These findings will provide the possible mechanisms which contribute to salt tolerance and may serve as the basis for improving salinity tolerance in rapeseed.

The composition of blood proteins depends on the functional state of animals, as well as on various pathologies. The goal of the work was to establish the effect of cysticercosis invasion on the protein metabolism and cellular immunity of rabbits. Rabbits were divided into two groups after visual identification of the larval cysts presence: healthy (control) and diseased (experimental). Biochemical blood tests were performed using reagent sets produced by “Filisit-Diagnostika” (Ukraine). Spontaneous cysticercosis invasion of male rabbits caused changes in protein metabolism. The content of total protein in infected animals was higher by 8.79% (P

—Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the cascade of events leading to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Oxidative damage to proteins and nucleic acids contributes to this process. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species cause protein nitration and the formation of the stable compound 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), which characterizes the development of nitrosyl stress, as well as nucleic acids which form the product of DNA oxidation, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). Protein and DNA oxidation products are present in the biological fluids of PD patients, however, data on their quantitative content depending on the severity of the disease are contradictory. The aim of this work was to compare the level of products of oxidative damage of proteins and DNA in the blood of patients with PD at different stages. The content of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) was measured in the peripheral blood of 134 PD patients at different disease stages (1–4), according to the Hoehn-Yahr functional scale. An increase in the level of 3-NT in blood plasma was observed in all examined patients. In patients at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th stages of the disease, the increase in 3-NT relative to the control was on average 58%, and 30% in patients on the 1st stage, which is significantly different from data obtained at more advanced stages of the disease. Therefore, an increase in the product of oxidative protein metabolism 3-NT in the blood plasma of PD patients is an early PD biomarker, whose expression increases with the progression of the neurodegenerative process. An increase in the level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine relative to the norm was shown in the blood serum of all patients examined. In patients at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd stages of the disease, this increase was on average 60% and, in the most severe cases at the 4th stage of the disease, 183% relative to the control values, which is three times higher than the corresponding values in the other compared subgroups. Thus, the level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine is a biomarker of the most severe disease stages. In this study, we found a systemic increase in the content of both 3-nitrotyrosine and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in blood of patients. The data on the increase in the protein and DNA oxidation products in blood of patients at the first stage of the disease, who had not received any treatment, are of particular importance. The identification of biomarkers of oxidative damage of proteins and nucleic acids at the early stages of PD is an important step towards improving the existing diagnostic criteria, as well as identifying individuals at risk. A significant increase in the content of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in the blood serum of patients at the 4th stage of the disease reflects an association between this index and disease severity and may be important for objective evaluation of disease progression. In general, understanding the pathogenetic factors responsible for the death of dopaminergic neurons, including oxidative damage of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, may be of great importance for the development of complex neuroprotective approaches to the treatment of PD and assessment of the effectiveness of treatment.

Summary: The key to understanding the mechanisms regulating disease stems from the ability to accurately quantify the dynamic nature of the metabolism underlying the physiological and pathological changes occurring as a result of the disease. Stable isotope tracer technologies have been at the forefront of this for almost 80 years now, and through a combination of both intense theoretical and technological development over these decades, it is now possible to utilise stable isotope tracers to investigate the complexities of in vivo human metabolism from a whole body perspective, down to the regulation of sub-nanometer cellular components (i.e organelles, nucleotides and individual proteins). This review therefore aims to highlight; 1) the advances made in these stable isotope tracer approaches – with special reference given to their role in understanding the nutritional regulation of protein metabolism, 2) some considerations required for the appropriate application of these stable isotope techniques to study protein metabolism, 3) and finally how new stable isotopes approaches and instrument/technical developments will help to deliver greater clinical insight in the near future.

Summary Dietary amino acid absorption kinetics are an important determinant of protein quality. The term "amino acid digestibility" is commonly used to refer to the amount of ingested amino acids that become available following absorption. However, one should differentiate between the subsequent processes of converting protein into smaller constituents (protein digestion) and luminal amino acid uptake (amino acid absorption). Amino acid "absorbability" or "bioavailability" is assessed by quantifying the disappearance of amino acids across (part of) the gastrointestinal tract. The assessment of fecal, apparent ileal (AID), standardized ileal (SID), and true ileal disappearance (TID), reflect amino acid absorbability with increasing accuracy, due to correction for microbial metabolism in the large intestine, basal gut endogenous amino acid losses, and total gut endogenous amino acids losses, respectively. A substantial amount of absorbed amino acids undergo first-pass splanchnic extraction, but the majority is immediately released in the circulation and becomes available for peripheral tissues. The assessment of amino acid "bioavailability" or "absorbability" is used in protein quality ranking systems such as the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS). However, such scores neglect that the rate of absorption is also an important determinant of postprandial metabolism. In addition, amino acid absorption and/or its rate are highly dependent on factors such as the duration of the postprandial assessment period. Therefore, amino acid absorption kinetics should be assessed under the relevant experimental conditions. To this end, an oral-intravenous dual tracer approach can be applied to assess dietary protein derived amino acid release into the circulation and allows the assessment of the subsequent impact on postprandial whole-body protein metabolism.

At present, using ferrodextran preparations is considered the most simple and effective method of piglets’ treatment for anemia and its prevention. However, this method has a number of disadvantages. Thus, alt-hough the problem of iron deficiency has been studied for a long time, it is still relevant today. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of ferrum (IV) clatrochelate on the blood serum protein spectrum of piglets when administering the preparation to pregnant sows in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets born to them. To achieve this goal, 2 groups of newborn piglets-analogues (hybrids of Landrace and Large White breeds) were formed during the period of their keeping with nursing sows – control and exper-imental, 15 animals in each. The research and production experiment, which lasted 30 days, was based on determining the effect of iron (IV) clatrochelate on the piglets’ organism born to sows that were twice ad-ministered intramuscular with the solution of the studied preparation during their pregnancy. As a result of our research, we did not observe the birth of dead piglets and any clinical signs of anemia. The content of albumin throughout the experiment was slightly higher in the blood serum of piglets in the experimental group as compared with the control. The increase in the level of total protein and its main fraction – albu-mins in the blood serum of piglets in the experimental group indicates the activation of the anabolic way of protein metabolism and the predominance of synthesis processes. The content of β-globulins at the beginning of the experiment on the 30th day probably exceeded the control value. The level of γ-globulins on the 5th day in the blood serum of piglets in the experimental group was 1.2 times higher as compared with the control, but on the 30th day, on the contrary, it was 1.2 times lower. The studies of the blood serum protein spectrum of piglets under the influence of ferrum preparations confirm that the proposed scheme for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia was effective.

When confined in pairs, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) form dominance hierarchies in which subordinate fish exhibit characteristic physiological changes including reduced growth rates and chronically elevated plasma cortisol concentrations. We hypothesized that alterations in protein metabolism contribute to the reduced growth rate of socially stressed trout, and predicted that subordinate trout would exhibit reduced rates of protein synthesis coupled with increases in protein degradation. Protein metabolism was assessed in dominant and subordinate fish after 4 days of social interaction, and in fish that were separated after 4 days of interaction for a 4 days recovery period, to determine whether effects on protein metabolism recovered when social stress was alleviated. Protein metabolism was assessed in liver and white muscle by measuring the fractional rate of protein synthesis and markers of protein degradation. In the white muscle of subordinate fish, protein synthesis was inhibited and activities of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and the autophagy lysosomal system (ALS) were elevated. By contrast, the liver of subordinate fish exhibited increased rates of protein synthesis and activation of the ALS. When allowed to recover from chronic social stress for 4 days, differences in protein metabolism observed in white muscle of subordinate fish during the interaction period disappeared. In liver, protein synthesis returned to baseline levels during recovery from social stress, but markers of protein degradation did not. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that inhibition of muscle protein synthesis coupled with increases in muscle protein breakdown contribute to the reduced growth rates of subordinate rainbow trout. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00360-021-01340-6.

Dose-dependent changes in protein metabolism in the blood and hematological parameters of pregnant rats under the effect of vanadium citrate are presented in the article. The animals were divided into five groups: group I – non-pregnant females, II – pregnant females consuming pure water without additives, III, IV, V – females which during the mating and pregnancy period received the solution of vanadium citrate at concentrations of 0.03, 0.125 and 0.50 μg V/mL water. The research findings show that in pregnant animals of group II, the level of urea and alkaline phosphatase activity increased, meanwhile aspartate aminotransferase activity decreased, as compared to the non-pregnant females of group І. The levels of total protein and albumin decreased; however, the content of β-globulins increased in the pregnant animals of group II, as compared with that in group I. Also, in the rats of group II, there was a decrease in hemolysis time, total content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, the content of old and mature erythrocytes, while the content of young erythrocytes increased, as compared to group I. The platelet content and thrombocrit in rats of group II increased in comparison with group I. The content of leukocytes and lymphocytes in pregnant animals of group II decreased, while the content of granulocytes increased, in contrast to non-pregnant rats. Under the effect of vanadium citrate at concentrations of 0.03–0.50 μg V/mL, there was a significant increase in the maximum number of prohemolized erythrocytes, the time of maximum hemolysis was delayed by 0.4–0.6 min, as compared with the pregnant rats of group II. This did not affect the time of total hemolysis in rats of groups III and V, as compared with the pregnant animals in group II. Under the effect of vanadium citrate, an increase in the content of young erythrocytes was observed, as compared with group II. The hemoglobin content decreased at the concentration of 0.125 μg V/mL, while at the concentration of 0.50 μg V/mL it increased, as compared to the pregnant animals of group II. Also, under the effect of vanadium citrate there was a decrease in the mean hemoglobin concentration in the erythrocyte. In pregnant animals fed with vanadium citrate solutions, the platelet content and thrombocrit, the relative width of platelet distribution by volume decreased, as compared with the pregnant rats of group II. The content of leukocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes under the effect of vanadium citrate increased, as compared with the pregnant animals in group II. Under the effect of vanadium citrate at the concentration of 0.03 μg V/mL, the level of albumin, creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase activity increased in blood plasma in comparison with group II. Meanwhile, at the concentration of 0.125 μg V/mL, the relative content of γ-globulins and aspartate aminotransferase activity increased, alkaline phosphatase activity and urea level decreased in comparison with group II. However at the concentration of 0.50 μg V/mL, the relative α- and γ-globulins content and aspartate aminotransferase activity increased, at the same time, the relative β-globulins content and urea level decreased in comparison with group II. Therefore, vanadium citrate normalizes the indicators of protein metabolism during pregnancy, thus it can be considered as a potential dietary drug for the pregnant.

BACKGROUND Studies have indicated that branched amino acids play a crucial role in gene expression, protein metabolism, apoptosis, and restoration of hepatocytes and insulin resistance. This study aimed to compare the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in patients with esophageal cancer and normal individuals. METHODS Plasma levels of leucine and isoleucine of 37 patients with esophageal cancer and 37 healthy adults were investigated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 16) software, and t test was used to compare the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in the two groups. RESULTS In the patients group, the mean age ± SD was 63 ± 13.64 years, and 21 (56.8%) individuals were male. In the control group, the mean age ± SD was 64.24 ± 13.08 years, and 21 (54.1%) individuals were male. Plasma levels of leucine (37.68 ± 105) and isoleucine (22.43 ± 59.1) in patients with esophageal cancer were significantly reduced (p value of isoleucine:0.007, and leucine: 0.0001). CONCLUSION In the present study, the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in patients with esophageal cancer had changed. Evidence suggests that branched-chain amino acids are essential nutrients for cancer growth and are used by tumors in various biosynthetic pathways as energy sources. Thus, studies in this field can be useful in providing appropriate therapeutic approaches.

The purpose of the study is to study the influence of different vitamin-mineral supplement “Tekro” doses on biochemical parameters in blood plasma and liver of rabbits of New Zealand breed. The research methodology is based on research according to generally accepted research methods. Biochemical parameters were studied in rabbits’ organisms at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days of rearing with feeding of different doses of vitamin-mineral supplement “Tekro”, namely 3 %, 3.5 %, 4 %. The academic novelty is that nowadays the problem of the effect of different vitamin-mineral supplement “Tekro” doses on biochemical parameters in the blood and liver of rabbits has not been studied. Analyzing the indicators of the total protein content in the blood plasma of rabbits of the experimental groups and the control one for 90 days, it was noted that there was no significant difference in the indicators. In the liver of rabbits of the age from 45 to 90 days there was a tendency to increase the protein content due to the effects on the body of various doses of vitamin and mineral supplement “Tekro”. It has been established the positive effect of vitamin-mineral supplement “Tekro” on ALT activity of rabbits in experimental groups. At the age of 75 days, significantly higher ALT activity was recorded in rabbits of the 3rd experimental group by 35.8 % compared to animals in the control group.

New findings What is the central question of this study? The purpose of this article is to investigate whether diaphragm hypertrophy and gastrocnemius atrophy during hibernation of Daurian ground squirrels involve differential regulation of protein metabolism and regeneration. What is the main finding and its importance? We clarified the differences in protein metabolism and muscle regeneration potential in the diaphragm and gastrocnemius of hibernating ground squirrels, reflecting the different adaptability of muscles. Abstract Whether differences in regulation of protein metabolism and regeneration are involved in the different phenotypic adaptation mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and atrophy in hibernators? Two fast-type muscles (diaphragm and gastrocnemius) in summer active and hibernating Daurian ground squirrels were selected to detect changes in cross-sectional area (CSA) and protein expression indicative of protein synthesis metabolism (protein expression of P-Akt, P-mTORC1, P-S6K1, and P-4E-BP1), protein degradation metabolism (MuRF1, atrogin-1, calpain-1, calpain-2, calpastatin, desmin, troponin T, Beclin1, and LC3-II), and muscle regeneration (MyoD, myogenin, and myostatin). Results showed the CSA of the diaphragm muscle increased significantly by 26.1%, whereas the CSA of the gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly by 20.4% in the hibernation group compared with the summer active group. Our study further indicated that increased protein synthesis, decreased protein degradation, and increased muscle regeneration potential contributed to diaphragm muscle hypertrophy, whereas decreased protein synthesis, increased protein degradation, and decreased muscle regeneration potential contributed to gastrocnemius muscle atrophy. In conclusion, the differences in muscle regeneration and regulatory pattern of protein metabolism may contribute to the different adaptive changes observed in the diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles of ground squirrels. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Pyometra is a uterine infection that triggers intense catabolism, involving glutamine. We aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation with L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid for 21 days in the preoperative and postoperative outcomes of bitches that underwent ovariohysterectomy (OHE) due to pyometra. Fourteen bitches with pyometra were randomly assigned into two groups after OHE: the supplemented group (G-GLN, n = 9) and control group (G-CON, n = 5). Body score data and venous blood samples were collected. Hematological parameters, serum concentrations of glutamine (Gln), glutamate, alanine (Ala), and other energy and protein metabolism biomarkers were analyzed before and at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery. Data obtained were subjected to two-way analysis of variance, and significant (P < 0.05) means were compared using the Tukey test. Supplementation showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher serum Gln and Ala concentrations than that under control diet. Body scores under supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) improved. There were significant (P < 0.05) changes in triglycerides, fibrinogen, albumin, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations between phases. There was also a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in leukocytes with supplementation. Significant changes were also observed in platelets (P < 0.05), with an increase in G-GLN compared with G-CON. The establishment of a conventional therapy involving the supplementation of the diet of postoperative bitches with L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid promoted an increase in the serum levels of Gln and Ala and a reduction of inflammation, lipolysis, and muscle breakdown, thus favoring the improvement of the body score.

Summary Background FGF-21 is described as a powerful metabolic regulator with beneficial effects including glucose-lowering and improvement of insulin sensitivity without hypoglycaemia. On the other hand, FGF-21 is activated when muscle and other tissues are stressed by external effects or internal cellular pathogens that lead to shortcomings in metabolic balance. Previous results suggested that FGF-21 could be a promising target to develop future metabolic therapeutics. Purpose The present study was performed to gain deeper insight into the regulation of FGF-21 by protein metabolism in obese human subjects. Methods FGF-21 serum concentrations were measured in a cohort of n = 246 obese humans ± type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (median age 53.0 [46.0; 60.0] years and BMI 40.43 [35.11; 47.24] kg/m2) and related to the nutritional protein intake. In addition, the effect of a novel oligopeptide purified from a β-casein hydrolysate on FGF-21 was examined in vitro in liver cells and in vivo in a human intervention study with the main focus on metabolic inflammation including 40 mainly obese subjects (mean age 41.08 ± 9.76 years, mean BMI 38.29 ± 9.4 kg/m2) in a randomized 20 weeks double-blind cross-over design. Main findings In the cohort analysis, FGF-21 serum concentrations were significant lower with higher protein intake in obese subjects without T2DM but not in obese subjects with T2DM. Furthermore, relative methionine intake was inversely related to FGF-21. While global protein intake in obesity was inversely associated with FGF-21, incubation of HepG2 cells with a β-casein oligopeptide increased FGF-21 expression in vitro. This stimulatory effect was also present in vivo, since in the clinical intervention study treatment of obese subjects with the β-casein oligopeptide for 8 weeks significantly increased FGF-21 serum levels from W0 = 23.86 pg/mL to W8 = 30.54 pg/mL (p Conclusion While the total nutritional protein intake is inversely associated with FGF-21 serum levels, a purified and well characterised oligopeptide is able to induce FGF-21 serum levels in humans. These findings suggest a differential role of various components of protein metabolism on FGF-21, rather than this factor being solely a sensor of total nutritional protein intake.

Salinity stress is one of the main abiotic stress factors that severely affect the productivity and the geographical distribution of many plant species. Salsola crassa Bieb. is an annual xero-halophytic plant, belongs to the family Amaranthaceae, and has superior salinity tolerance. Halophytes are able to withstand extremely saline conditions, and thus, characterization of salt-responsive proteins in halophytes may provide valuable information to enhance salinity tolerance in crops. Here, we investigated the variability of salt tolerance of the halophyte S. crassa growing under different salt concentrations with a special emphasis on the physiological and proteomic changes in roots. The S. crassa’s five-day-old seedlings were grown under hydroponic system for 1 week under salt-free conditions and subsequently at three salinities (0, 100, and 300 mM NaCl) for 2 weeks. Physiological parameters (fresh and dry weights, and K+ and Na+ contents of root and leaf tissues) and root protein profiles were analysed. Indeed, seedling growth was higher in 100 mM NaCl than in control. Results also indicated that K+ content decreased and Na+ content increased under salinity. The activities of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase increased, whereas superoxide dismutase activity decreased in roots subjected to 300 mM NaCl concentration. Comparative proteomic analysis showed that the abundance of 51 proteins was changed in the roots. MALDI-TOF/TOF MS-based identification was successful for 19 proteins. The most affected metabolic pathways were related to stress defence, energy metabolism, and protein metabolism. The salinity responses of roots lie in enhanced levels of stress-protective proteins such as chaperones from heat shock protein family, and others such as S-adenosylmethionine synthetase. The up-regulated proteins involved in energy metabolism such as glycolysis and TCA cycle indicate an active acclimation to enhanced energy requirements to re-establish cellular homeostasis under salinity. This suggests that protein and energy metabolisms could be the major mechanisms for salinity tolerance in S. crassa.

Energy and protein utilization and quantitative retention of protein, fat and energy was investigated with twelve castrated West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep averaging (23.0 h 2.4 kg BW) in nitrogen and energy balance trials. Dried leaves of Leucaena leucocephala were offered as supplement at two levels 25% (diet 2) and 50% (diet 3) of dry matter intake (DM1), replacing hay in the basal hay diet. The basal hay diet without supplementation was the control. Measurements were performed by means of nitrogen and carbon balances and with the use of indirect calorimetry The digestibility and utilization of protein were influenced (P

The clathrate complex of 3- (2-phenylethyl) -2-thioxo-1,3 thiazolidin-4-one with betadex was developed for the first time. 1: 5 ratio obtained by the solid-phase synthesis method, which has a crystalline form in the form of nanoparticles with an average size of 40.5 nm. In the present work, the effect of the created nanoscale form of 3- (2-phenylethyl) -2-thioxo-1,3 thiazolidin-4-one on protein metabolism, growth and development of Wistar rats was first studied. It was shown that the administration of 3- (2-phenylethyl) -2-thioxo-1,3 thiazolidin-4-one nanosized form in rats at doses of 10.0 and 20.0 mg / kg body weight activates the biosynthetic system and promotes an increase in protein deposition in their body. Nitrogen retention in rats of the experimental groups compared with the control increased by 20.0% (P≤0.05) due to a decrease in its endogenous losses, and the urea content in the blood serum was lower by 24.1 and 26.4%, respectively, compared to control. In rats of the experimental groups, the concentration of total protein (P≤0.05), albumin (P≤0.05) and globulins in the blood was higher compared to the control. It was found that in female rats of the experimental groups, in comparison with the control and intact animals, their growth and development were statistically significantly higher. In this case, the optimal dose of the nanoscale form of 3- (2 – phenylethyl) -2-thioxo-1,3 thiazolidin-4-one is a dose of 10.0 mg / kg of rat body weight.

At present, in a number of poultry farms, urate lithiasis (uric acid diathesis) is a frequent cause of the death of young animals, the development of which is stimulated by the stresses accompanying industrial incubation, as well as the use of low-quality eggs, which leads to abnormalities in the development of the embryo, including its excretory system, causing a delay of uric acid in the body. This phenomenon is often aggravated by acidosis and a violation of the formation and functionality of thermoregulatory systems, which entails the production of nonviable young animals. The paper considers a method for preventing these negative phenomena through the transovarial use of a composition of optimal concentrations of antioxidants – sodium thioctate and citric acid. According to the results of the studies, it was revealed that the presented composition has a positive effect on the prevention of uric acid diathesis, which was expressed in a decrease in the intensity of lipoperoxidation, against the background of an increase in AOA in experimental chickens by 25,4%. This phenomenon was reflected in the intensity of the central metabolic processes, namely carbohydrate-energy and protein metabolism, which was reflected in the optimization of thermoregulation of experimental chickens. The combination of the above phenomena resulted in the absence of cases of uric acid diathesis in experimental chickens, which was a consequence of the absence of acidosis in experimental chickens (reserve blood alkalinity was 10,8% higher in experimental chickens relative to the control), which is a central aspect in the absence of this pathology. Thus, it can be argued that the composition of BAS presented by us actively levels free radical processes, which expresses the stimulation of the optimization of central metabolic processes and leads to the production of more highly viable young animals.

The review summarizes the literature and the data of own research on the traits of the structure, functions, and protein metabolism in the skeletal muscle of teleost fish (Teleostei). Despite the conservative fundamental mechanisms of muscle growth (myogenesis) and degradation in vertebrates, fish are characterized by unique features related to their poikilothermy, indeterminate growth, and a unique role of the muscle as a depot of plastic and energetic substrates. The skeletal muscle of fish reveals high plasticity defined as their ability to substantial anabolic or catabolic changes in response to environmental variables, such as temperature, photoperiod, and food availability. Under optimal (anabolic) conditions, the muscle tissue of fish grows at an extremely high rate due to both hypertrophy and hyperplasia ways, while at the periods of high energy demand, including migration, starvation, and gonad maturation, the skeletal muscle protein catabolism temporarily prevails. However, the muscle degradation could be deep enough to exceed their regenerative capacity; according to this scenario, both genetically determined programs and responses to exogenous signals of excessive strength and duration can be realized. An extreme and illustrative example of muscle protein reserve mobilization and resulting amino acid consumption in the processes of energy production and the synthesis of stage-specific gonad proteins are pacific salmonids which exhaustion at the spawning is so great to result in the death of individuals. The myopathies in fish and the potential of fish objects for modeling human diseases are also considered.

Emerging studies have shown that lipid metabolism plays an important role in aging. High resolution in situ imaging of lipid metabolic dynamics inside cells and tissues affords a novel and potent approach for understanding many biological processes such as aging. Here we established a new optical imaging platform that combines D2O-probed stimulated Raman scattering (DO-SRS) imaging microscopy and a Drosophila model to directly visualize metabolic activities in situ during aging. The sub-cellular spatial distribution of de novo lipogenesis in the fat body was quantitatively imaged and examined. We discovered a dramatic decrease in lipid turnover in 35-day-old flies. Decreases in protein turnover occurred earlier than lipids (25-day vs. 35-day), and there are many proteins localized on the cell and lipid droplet membrane. This suggests that protein metabolism may act as a prerequisite for lipid metabolism during aging. This alteration of maintenance of protein turnover indicates disrupted lipid metabolism. We further found a significantly higher lipid turnover rate in large LDs, indicating more active metabolism in large LDs, suggesting that large and small LDs play different roles in metabolism to maintain cellular homeostasis. This is the first study that directly visualizes spatiotemporal alterations of lipid (and protein) metabolism in Drosophila during the aging process. Our study not only demonstrates a new imaging platform for studying lipid metabolism, but also unravels the important interconnections between lipid metabolism and aging.

The present investigation was designed to study the effect of sublethal concentration of paper mill effluent on the total protein and amino acid contents in muscles, liver and gill of Channa punctatus after exposure to 96 hours. A significant decrease in protein content with increase in amino acids content in muscles, liver and gill of effluent exposed fishes was observed. A reduction in the protein content and enhancement of free amino acids in the muscles, liver and gill of experimental fish suggests that the tissue protein might have undergone proteolysis, during the stressful situation. Thus, the present study concludes that the protein metabolism of fish Channa punctatus affected during effluent exposure and reduces the nutritive value of fish.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can easily induce insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle, causing protein metabolism disorder and inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate whether Zanthoxylum alkylamides (ZA) could ameliorate T2DM through regulating protein metabolism disorder by using a rat model of T2DM. The predominant bioactive constituents found in ZA were hydroxyl-α-sanshool, hydroxyl-β-sanshool and hydroxyl-γ-sanshool. The results showed that ZA improved a series of biochemical indices associated with protein metabolism and inflammation in T2DM rats. Our mechanistic finding indicated that ZA promoted protein anabolism in T2DM rats by up-regulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. ZA also promoted glucose transportation in skeletal muscle to ameliorate skeletal muscle IR and energy metabolism through regulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Moreover, ZA inhibited protein degradation and improved protein catabolism disorder in T2DM rats by down-regulating the PI3K/Akt/forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling pathway, and ZA further ameliorated inflammation to inhibit protein catabolism via regulating the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway in the skeletal muscle of T2DM rats. Collectively, the ameliorating effect of ZA on protein metabolism disorder in T2DM rats was the common result of regulating multiple signaling pathways. ZA decreased skeletal muscle IR to promote protein anabolism and inhibit protein catabolism for improving protein metabolism disorder, thus ultimately ameliorating T2DM. In sum, our findings demonstrated that ZA treatment could effectively ameliorate T2DM through improving protein metabolism, providing a new treatment target for T2DM.