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The rapid development of China's economy has led to a sharp increase in the municipal solid waste (MSW). China has promulgated the MSW mandatory classification policy. The implementation effect of such mandatory policy is an important concern to the government, scholars, and the public, but has not been extensively studied. This paper explores the implementation effect of such policy through assessing the waste classification behavior of residents based on the Cellular Automata model. The simulation results show that the residents will not adjust their MSW classification behavior during the time period when the mandatory classification policy is not implemented. But when the mandatory classification policy is imposed, the residents will adjust their classification behavior over time from t = 100 to t = 300. The results indicate that the extent of residents' participation in waste classification varies by different enforcement intensities. The higher the intensity is, the more rapidly the residents' MSW classification behavior improves. The results also indicate that the extent of residents' participation in waste classification varies by different urban population size. The larger the urban population size is, the higher the proportion of classification participation is. Implications: The implementation effect of the municipal solid waste mandatory classification policy is an important concern to the government, scholars, and the public, but has not been extensively studied. This paper explores the implementation effect of such policy through assessing the waste classification behavior of residents based on the Cellular Automata model. The simulation results show that the residents will not adjust their municipal solid waste classification behavior during the time period when the mandatory classification policy is not implemented. But when the mandatory classification policy is imposed, the residents will adjust their classification behavior over time. The results also indicate that the extent of residents' participation in waste classification varies by different enforcement intensities and different urban population sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the deterioration of the environment has become a top concern in China. This paper investigates the factors that influence the satisfaction of urban residents with the local air and water quality in Chinese cities by using a unique dataset collected through an interview survey with about 25,000 participants. The study shows that a respondent's true rating could be systematically different from her stated choice in the survey. Empirical results reveal that respondents have a tendency to underreport their level of satisfaction. In addition, a respondent's true level of satisfaction is more likely to be lower if the individual is male and younger. Educational attainment is also correlated with a respondent's level of satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is an important way to provide solutions for social employment problems. Using data from the 2016 China Labor Force Dynamic Survey (CLDS), we explore the influence of farming experience on urban residents' entrepreneurial decisions at the theoretical and empirical levels. A Probit model with instrumental variables method was used to analyze the influence of farming experience on urban residents' entrepreneurial decisions, while a mediating effect model was used to test its channels of action. The results show that: (1) farming experience can contribute to the entrepreneurial decision of urban residents relative to those without experience in farming. To overcome possible endogeneity issues, an Eprobit model based on the estimation of instrumental variables was used for testing. (2) Heterogeneity tests based on age, city type, and physical capital found that this effect was more significant in urban residents with non-capital cities, middle-aged groups, and high-material capital. (3) Farming experience indirectly drives entrepreneurial decisions through the mediating role of promoting positive personality traits, such as "optimism" and "mutual aid consciousness." Therefore, the farming experience has a positive effect on urban residents' entrepreneurial decisions and helps to understand the deeper influence of micro-individual characteristics on entrepreneurial decisions in the urbanization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The situation of the COVID-19 outbreak in the border areas of China and Vietnam is complex, and its progress may affect the willingness of urban and rural residents to receive the vaccine. Objective: This study aims to understand the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic situation on the willingness of urban and rural residents in China-Vietnam border areas to get vaccinated and the factors that affect the vaccinations. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Hani-Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Honghe, a border area between China and Vietnam, using online and paper questionnaires from April 1 to June 4, 2021. A total of 8849 valid questionnaires were surveyed to compare the differences in the willingness of urban and rural residents to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Single factor analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore the influence of the epidemic situation on the willingness to be vaccinated. Results: In the border areas between China and Vietnam in Yunnan Province, both urban and rural residents had a high willingness (> 90%) to receive the COVID-19 vaccination, with a higher level of willingness in urban than in rural areas and a higher willingness among residents aged ≥ 56 years. Rural residents mainly concerned about the vaccination were different from urban residents (p< 0.05). About 54.8% of urban respondents and 59.2% of rural respondents indicated that their willingness to get COVID-19 vaccine would be affected by new COVID-19 cases. Respondents who were divorced, had an occupation other than farming, had contraindications to vaccination, were concerned about the safety of vaccines and worried about virus mutation, thought that the epidemic situation would not affect their willingness to get vaccinated (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The prevention and control of epidemics in border areas is of considerable importance. It is necessary to conduct targeted health education and vaccine knowledge popularization among urban and rural residents to increase the vaccination rate and consolidate the epidemic prevention and control at the border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban Studies (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Industrial and economic development in China are both advancing at a rapid rate. China is currently the world's second-largest economy. The immediate result of China's continuous economic development is a steady improvement in people's living standards, the great improvement of living environment compared to the past, the deepening of the national urbanization level, and cities becoming the first choice for people's living and life. Nonetheless, as the number of city dwellers continues to rise, the management and control of China's urban regional environment face increasingly difficult challenges. The constant production of domestic waste by urban residents has a significant impact on the urban environment. Therefore, government departments have issued corresponding urban regional environmental control measures to improve the appearance of the urban environment at the government level. Due to the enormous size of the city, however, urban regional environmental control affects every aspect of residents' lives. It has become extremely challenging to objectively, effectively, and precisely evaluate the impact of urban regional environmental control. On the basis of this issue, this paper seeks to develop an evaluation system employing data deep mining technology and computer and artificial intelligence-related technologies in order to achieve an objective evaluation of the effect of environmental management and control in urban areas and to provide a scientific foundation for the subsequent decision-making by government departments. Moreover, the model is highly robust and compatible with different levels of management and control regulations, even when the control effect of the corresponding control deployment is evaluated objectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residents in arid regions of northwest China, where dust storms are more common, are continually exposed to air pollution particularly fine particles of PM2.5 and PM10, causing health hazards to residents. Urban greening species have a strong dust retention capacity which is also available in arid conditions and should be chosen to reduce the impact of air pollution on people and the urban environment. In this paper, three common tree species in four different functional areas: Transportation area (TA), Residential area (RA), Industrial area (IA), and Clean area (CA) of Aksu City were selected to measure their foliar dust to select the matching trees for appropriate sites. The dust particle size distribution for PM2.5 and PM10 was analyzed to explore the particle size difference between foliar dust and natural landing dust. The largest particle size was recorded in IA (168.56 µm), while the smallest was found in CA (43.25 µm). Furthermore, Salix babylonica (S. babylonica) absorbed the highest PM2.5 and PM10, 0.15% and 1.39% respectively; while Ulmus densa (U. densa) absorbed the least PM2.5 and PM10, 0.08% and 0.37%. Platanus acerifolia (P. acerifolia) foliar dust particle density was the highest, and has stable dust retention capacity, while, S. babylonica foliar dust particulate density is the lowest under the same conditions (height/location, pollution exposition, weather). Our findings concluded that the average values of dust diameters in the four areas differed significantly. It is concluded that P. acerifolia is the best performer in removing dust in different functional urban areas and S. babylonica was more suitable for CA because of having the capacity to remove fine particle matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to ask whether or not social networks can compensate for the disadvantages of being part of an unprivileged group in the job attainment process in urban China, using the 2008 China General Social Survey. Design/methodology/approach: The author compares the network effects on monthly income of local urban residents and rural migrants. Findings: First, the results show that social capital exerts no significant effect on monthly income for local residents and rural migrants. Second, having network members who work in state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises helps female rural migrants to obtain higher monthly incomes, compared to those whose network members work only in either state-owned enterprises or non-state-owned enterprises. The same is not true of male rural migrants or local residents. Originality/value: It can be concluded that a more diversified network may compensate for female rural migrants' disadvantages, caused by being part of an unprivileged group, in their occupational attainment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic has had a significant impact on the travel behavior of urban residents and has caused changes in the intercity travel network of urban agglomerations. However, few existing studies have explored the spatio-temporal changes of the intercity travel network of urban agglomerations under the pandemic. This paper took seven urban agglomerations in China as the study area, and conducted a comparative study on the hierarchy, scale, and spatial pattern of the intercity travel flow during China's National Day holiday before (i. e., 2019) and after (i. e., 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic based on Baidu migration data. The results are shown as follows. 1 The pandemic has changed the scale and temporal pattern of intercity travel flow in urban agglomerations. The total intercity travel flow of the seven urban agglomerations during the National Day holiday in 2021 is 64% lower than that in 2019. There are two main types of travel evolution pattern over time, that is, "C" shape and decreasing to stable with the time. 2 The external and internal travel networks of urban agglomerations have three modes: multi-core development, dual-core drive and single-core radiation. After the pandemic, travel flows become more low-value and provincial, and administrative boundaries have increased restrictions on the resident travel of urban agglomerations. 3 The number of external dominant flow in urban agglomerations is higher than the number of internal dominant flow, and the intensity of travel flow is vice versa, indicating that the "proximity effect" of internal and external dominant flow after the pandemic is increasingly enhanced, and the pattern of external dominant flow is largely contracted to the province or neighboring provinces. 4 Both GDP per capita and employees have a significant impact on the spatio-temporal changes of the travel network, indicating higher economic resilience and larger travel flow scat in the core cities of the urban agglomeration after the pandemic. The effect of administrative hierarchy and tourism resource abundance are not significant to the scale of urban inflows due to the impact of prevention and control of the pandemic. The passenger volumes of high-speed rail and highway contribute positively to the scale of city inflows, mainly due to choice preferences for short/middle distance travel under the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The income gap between regions and its expansion are the main manifestations of the imbalanced and inadequate economic development in China. High-speed railway (HSR) construction is regarded as an important method to drive domestic demand, drive the pulse of the economy, and promote the coordinated development of regions. Based on the opening of HSR and the acceleration of ordinary railways, we used the weighted average travel time model and accessibility coefficient to estimate the changes on accessibility in 286 cities at prefecture-level and above from 2000 to 2018. Then, the influence mechanisms of improving regional accessibility on urban residents' income were estimated by using the bidirectional-fixed effects panel model and the recursive model respectively. We found that: (1) The accessibility of urban areas has been greatly improved due to the opening of HSR and the acceleration of ordinary railway, among which the improvement of HSR cities is greater. (2) The improvement of regional accessibility significantly promoted the income growth of urban residents, and the increase of the regional accessibility coefficient by 1 unit led to an average increase of 2140 yuan in the per capita disposable income of urban residents. (3) There is regional heterogeneity in the impact of improving regional accessibility on urban residents' income, and it has a significant effect on the eastern and northeastern regions. It has a greater positive effect on improving the income of residents in central cities compared with peripheral cities. (4) Regional accessibility can promote urban income growth through regional employment and fixed asset investment. In the future, the transportation network should be further improved to facilitate the regional economic cycle, strengthen the coordination and complementarity of regional economies, and promote regional economic integration so as to promote the improvement of resident income level and the common prosperity of the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Yangtze Normal University is the property of Journal of Yangtze Normal University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focusing on the housing issue which segregates city dwellers and marginalises the migrants, this paper proposes an architectural transformation of a dominant type in Chinese cities, in search of a sustainable regeneration strategy which encourages social integration. This paper is concerned with two main issues: how to transform a dominant type of high-rise residential living – i.e. tower-podium residential – in China to promote a sustainable city, architecture and community; and how to integrate migrant-working class with the middle-income class to form a hybrid cohabitation place. The paper uses a design project to put forward a hypothesis, focusing on modifying the spaces of the podium in a tower-podium residential building in Xiaowen Street, Ningbo to provide a cohabitation living space for both migrant-working class and middle-income class group. The design creates spaces for living, co-working and community interaction, etc. to cultivate hybrid programme and spaces aided by informal spatial design strategies. Besides providing a case study of typological transformation with a tower-podium housing type of Ningbo, the study also contributes to the literature of informal cities and design strategies in seeing architectural design as an active agent for social changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, cities meet numerous sustainable development challenges in facing growing urban populations and expanding urban areas. The monitoring and simulation of land use and land-cover change have become essential tools for understanding and managing urbanization. This paper interprets and predicts the expansion of seven different land use types in the study area, using the PLUS model, which combines the Land use Expansion Analysis Strategy (LEAS) and the CA model, based on the multi-class random patch seed (CARS) model. By choosing a variety of driving factors, the PLUS model simulates urban expansion in the metropolitan area of Hangzhou. The accuracy of the simulation, manifested as the kappa coefficient of urban land, increased to more than 84%, and the kappa coefficient of other land use types was more than 90%. To a certain extent, the PLUS model used in this study solves the CA model's deficiencies in conversion rule mining strategy and landscape dynamic change simulation strategy. The results show that various types of land use changes obtained using this method have a high degree of accuracy and can be used to simulate urban expansion, especially over short periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To collect and sort out key measures in the process of disposing SARS pathogen in China in 2003 and afterward. Based on the perspective of public crisis management, analyze the main factors that may cause a public crisis in a sudden and important epidemic situation. This paper explores the possible factors that induced public crises during the handling of epidemic events, and then combs the path from public events to public crisis events. We find that urban residents are more sensitive than rural residents, and are prone to cause multiple public crises, which last longer and have greater intensity. Although the duration of public crisis is relatively short and the intensity is relatively low, the importance and urgency of public crisis incident handling and emergency countermeasures formulating cannot be ignored. At the same time, as all levels and departments are pursuing the goal of maximizing their own interests, the contradiction between the individual rationality of each level and each department and the collective rationality of the entire society will inevitably arise. Accelerating the establishment of social contradictions and emergency evolution models and coping mechanisms of the multi-layered and multi-sectoral dynamic gambling, so as to better build a warning and emergency management system of social contradiction and emergency public emergency. Finally, there is a gap in the education of citizens' crisis awareness and response ability. The public generally has poor social alertness, lack of crisis knowledge, low level of public participation in early warning, and inadequate ability of government officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the promulgation and implementation of China's 'carbon peak' and 'carbon neutrality' policies, the evaluation of the carbon footprint of the domestic catering industry is particularly important. Currently, comparative studies on the life-cycle carbon footprint of different common dining styles, such as home cooking, restaurant dining and takeaway, are scarce. Focused on three dining methods, this paper involved in-depth research on carbon footprint of the whole life cycle from the perspectives of whole industry and specific dish. The carbon footprint contribution of each stage of three different dining ways is obtained from the four stages, namely, the stage of upstream raw materials and manufactures, the stage of platform empowerment, the stage of consumer dining and the stage of waste treatment. The study found that the carbon emissions of the three dining ways in the overall industry analysis were canteen (2.9564 kgCO2e/per person) > takeaway (2.4821 kgCO2e/per person) > home cooking (2.2778 kgCO2e/per person); and the carbon emissions of honey sauce fork-fired were canteen (6.5843 kgCO2e/per person) > home cooking (6.4721 kgCO2e/per person) > takeaway (5.6718 kgCO2e/per person). The production of raw materials and products is the largest stage of carbon emissions among the three dining ways. Besides the carbon emissions of raw materials, the storage and cooking of food products are the unit processes with large carbon emissions. According to the results of sensitivity analysis, traffic travel mode is an important factor affecting the carbon footprint of canteen food. The above research can provide effective basis and data support for policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, urban resettlement as a specific form of urbanisation has gained its momentum in planning practices to accommodate newcomers of cities, in line with the macro policy reforms of urban-rural integration. This paper synthesises literature related to the proposed term 'urban resettlement with Chinese characteristics' to shed light on the distinctive and unparalleled socio-economic and spatial transformation entailed by the ongoing urban resettlement in China. Mindful of China's socialist ideology and authoritarian regime, we argue that urban resettlement has become a potent tool for the Chinese government to fuel economic development and urbanisation. The longstanding issues such as involuntary resettlement have been alleviated with the gradualist institutional changes, but emerging predicaments concerning social mismatch, space mismatch, and spatial mismatch still linger. This paper calls for researchers to draw lessons and implications from the discourse of 'urban resettlement with Chinese characteristics' to expand the knowledge of sustainable urban-rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban residents' travel is an important component of carbon emissions and is becoming a hot topic in discussions on how to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Existing studies mainly focus on low-carbon travel behaviours and intentions independently, ignoring the inconsistency between the two. This paper uses a bivariate probit model based on questionnaire survey data to explore the consistency between urban residents' intentions and behaviour. The results show that sociodemographic factors, TPB (theory of planned behaviour) factors, and situational factors all significantly impact the inconsistency. This paper provides careful analysis, and based on the results and analysis, proposes targeted suggestions to enhance the public intention of low-carbon travel and proper policies to improve low-carbon travel in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, urbanization has been rapidly developing since the country began its economic reform in 1978. With the expansion of the urban population size and the corresponding urbanization and industrialization, the rapid increase in CO2 emissions has become a major restraint on China's economic growth. However, current studies have not paid sufficient attention to the impact of the urban population size on CO2 emissions in China due to poor data availability. In this paper, we apply index decomposition analysis (IDA) to decompose CO2 emissions into five elements, and we investigate both the direct and indirect impacts of the urban population size on total CO2 emissions and per capita CO2 emissions in China. Additionally, we empirically study the impact on 175 Chinese cities at the prefecture level and above for the first time. The results show that the urban population size significantly promotes total CO2 emissions but curbs per capita CO2 emissions in cities in China. A 1% increase in the urban population size will lead to a nearly 1% increase in total CO2 emissions and a 0.3% decrease in per capita CO2 emissions. Regarding heterogeneity, the expansion of the urban population size in the large city group drives a greater increase in CO2 emissions than the expansion of the urban population size in other city groups. The main transmission pathways are through population density, economic agglomeration and energy intensity. Regarding the mechanism variables, high economic agglomeration leads to more CO2 emissions, while an increase in population density and energy efficiency results in carbon mitigation. Moreover, public green areas, foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology innovation are conducive to reducing CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat consumption elasticity coefficient can reflect the processing traces of living standard. This paper analyzes these coefficients of urban and rural residents in China with the AIDS (Almost Ideal Demand System Model). Meat consumption structure of residents has begun to show signs of adjustment following their respective trajectories, which has been discussing in academic but lacks theoretical proof for decade years. Based on elastic theory, we have provided favorable evidence for this fact, and we found: (1) Elasticity coefficients show both urban and rural residents have been all sensitive to price, especially the city dwellers. The Urban residents is more sensitive to poultry than others. Rural residents have long been more interested in pork, though the mutton has been the trustiest. (2) Income and meat price are two main causes affect meat consumption, but there is no significant positive correlation between meat consumption and disposable income in Urban, different from Rural. With the income increasing, the kinds and quality of meat in basket of different residents are changing. (3) Furthermore, meat consumptions between urban and rural residents are not synchronized, and even sometimes the trends show the opposite directions because of income, habits, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National urban planning, construction, and management levels have undergone qualitative changes in China since 2000. Nonetheless, problems caused by rapid urbanization are becoming increasingly prominent. The concept of the city health examination appears to tackle these problems and is being gradually implemented, starting from the implementation of a national strategy and leading to the concrete practice of high-quality urban development. This paper elaborates on the basic philosophy and theory of the city health examination, briefly explains indicator selection and aims, and comprehensively illustrates examination methods. It then describes the empirical research that operationalized the dataset collected from a satisfaction survey administered during the 2020 city health examination. It aims to provide a reference for the standardization, specialization, analysis, and application of the results of the city health examination in China; this may help promote a smooth elimination of 'urban diseases' and allow for the development of high-quality livable cities. This research shows that city residents are generally more satisfied with the landscape features, ecological livability, and security resilience; it also shows that residents are generally more dissatisfied with traffic issues. Residents with different characteristics showed different satisfaction levels toward different indicators. Residents were also shown to be more sensitive to innovation vitality, ecological livability, and health and comfort in considering whether to stay in their current city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the built environment and physical activity has become a hot topic in the field of urban planning. When discussing the relationship between the built environment and physical activity, how to measure physical activity reasonably and effectively is an important technical link that determines whether the research is accurate and reliable. At present, the measurement methods of physical activity in domestic and foreign research lack a systematic analysis. Based on the analysis of 27 empirical studies on the relationship between the built environment and physical activity, this paper explores the scope of application of different measurement methods of physical activity from the perspectives of economic cost, observation unit, and information collection. The research shows that: ① Self-report questionnaires can provide information of built environment, but may overestimate the intensity of physical activity; ② a single motion sensor can record the duration, intensity and frequency of physical activity objectively and precisely, but cannot reflect the environment information and the types of physical activity; ③ the combination of two methods provide more possibilities for measuring physical activity. Currently, the relationship between the built environment and physical activity in urban China has not yet been clarified. In the future research of healthy cities, it is recommended to consider the status quo of China’s high-density urban built environment, select appropriate measurement methods and recording tools, and comprehensively record the physical activity characteristics of urban residents, so as to better reveal the influence mechanism of the built environment on physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Resources / Ziran Ziyuan Xuebao is the property of Journal of Natural Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Urbanization in developing countries is usually accompanied by migration to cities, making it a challenge to unpack the independent relationships between migration, urbanization and health, particularly in the presence of health-selective migration. Since 1978, unprecedented planned urbanization has taken place in China and further increases to the urban population are expected. This paper explored the impacts of urbanization in China through a comparative study of in situ urbanized population.Methods: Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a nationally representative dataset for people aged 45 years or older, we compared self-assessed general health, depressive symptoms and waist circumference among three groups: (i) in situ urbanized-rural residents; (ii) rural residents; and (iii) urban residents. Using a model informed by the literature on the social determinants of health in later life, we investigated the patterning and drivers of differences in health outcomes between these three groups, in order to explore the impact of urbanization independent of the impact of migration.Results: There are consistent advantages in health and less depression among urbanized-rural residents compared with the rural group; and this group has even better health outcomes than the urban group after adjusting for early life differences. However, this relationship is reversed for waist circumference. Socioeconomic circumstances and factors related to a planned urbanization partly explain these effects.Conclusions: Urbanization in China has, on average, had an independent and positive effect on health and well-being. Planned urbanization could benefit people's health in developing countries. It is likely that improved infrastructure is a key driver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban Studies (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hand, foot and mouth (HFM) disease is a common childhood illness. The paper aims to capture the spatiotemporal characters, and investigate the influence factors of the HFM epidemic in 15 regions of Xinjiang province from 2008 to 2017, China. Descriptive statistical analysis shows that the children aged 0-5 years have a higher HFM incidence, mostly boys. The male-female ratio is 1.5:1. Through the scanning method, we obtain the first cluster high-risk areas. The cluster time is usually from May to August every year. A spatiotemporal model is proposed to analyze the impact of meteorological factors on HFM disease. Comparing with the spatial model, the model is more effective in terms of R2, AIC, deviation, and mean-square error. Among meteorological factors, the number of HFM cases generally increases with the intensity of rainfall. As the temperature increases, there are more HFM patients. Some regions are mostly influenced by wind speed. Further, another spatiotemporal model is introduced to investigate the relationship between HFM disease and socioeconomic factors. The results show that socioeconomic factors have significant influence on the disease. In most areas, the risk of HFM disease tends to rise with the increase of the gross domestic product, the ratios of urban population and tertiary industry. The incidence is closely related to the number of beds and population density in some regions. The higher the ratio of primary school, the lower the number of HFM cases. Based on the above analysis, it is the key measure to prevent and control the spread of the HFM epidemic in high-risk areas, and influence factors should not be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's announcement of its goal of carbon neutrality has increased the practical significance of research on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that result from urbanization. With a comprehensive consideration of population migration in China, this study examines the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions based on provincial panel data from 2000 to 2012. Two indicators (resident population and household registration population) are used to measure urbanization rate. The results reveal that the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in China is closely correlated with the structure of urban resident population and interregional population migration. The estimation results are still robust by using generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator and two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator. The proportion of temporary residents is introduced as a proxy variable for population migration. The panel threshold model regression results show that the proportion of temporary residents has a marginal effect on the relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions. In regions with a higher proportion of temporary residents, the positive effects of resident population urbanization on CO2 emissions tend to be weaker. These findings are consistent with the theories of ecological modernization and urban environmental transition. This paper makes suggestions on China's urbanization development model and countermeasures are proposed to minimize the CO2 emissions caused by urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic and social transformation of China during the past 40 years is without precedent in human history. While the economic transformation was extensively studied, social transformation was not. In this paper, we use for the first time harmonized household surveys covering the period 1988–2013 to study the changes in the characteristics of the richest 5 percent of China's urban population. We find that it changed from being composed of high government officials, clerical staff, and workers in 1988 to professionals and small and large business owners in 2013. The educational level of the top group increased substantially. Membership in CCP has a positive (albeit small) effect on one's income but is particularly valuable to large business owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that there exists a positive correlation between marriage and good health, but the reasons for this association are disputed. Scholars acknowledge that the key to answering these questions lies in understanding the role of marriage in specific social contexts. This paper utilizes marital protection, marital selection, and life course perspectives to investigate the relationship between marriage and health in China, a society characterized by nearly universal marriage, strong societal pressure to marry, especially for women, and a distinct rural and urban divide in family life. I analyze the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) with lagged dependent variable models and fixed-effects linear regression models, to predict self-rated health and control for baseline health status and time-invariant omitted variable bias. The health status difference between those who are single and those who are married is primarily explained by marital selection, while marital protection explains the health differences between married and widowed rural women. The health differences between widowed and married rural women vary over age, consistent with the prediction of the life course perspective. Health differences associated with marriage are found mainly among the rural population and less among the urban population. The selection, protection, and life course perspectives each contribute to understanding different pieces of the marriage–health relationship in China. Marriage, gender, and age intertwine with the rural–urban divide to shape self-rated health in different ways and directions for different groups. Most notably, marriage effects on health are mainly a rural phenomenon in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to investigate dynamic food demand in urban China, with use of a complete dynamic demand system -- dynamic linear expenditure system-linear approximate dynamic almost ideal demand system (DLES-LA/DAIDS), which pushes forward the techniques of demand analysis. Design/methodology/approach -- The authors employ a transitionary demand process and develop a new approach of complete demand system with a two-stage dynamic budgeting: a strongly separable DLES in the first stage and a LA/DAIDS in the second stage. Employing provincial aggregate data (1995-2010) from the China urban household surveys, The authors estimated the demand elasticities for primary food products in urban China. Findings -- The results indicate that most primary food products are necessities and price inelastic for urban households in China. The authors also found that the dynamic model tends to yield relatively smaller expenditure elasticities in magnitude than the static models do due to the friction effect of dynamic adjusting costs, such as habit formation, switching costs, and learning process. However, the dynamic effects on own price elasticities are inconclusive due to the add-up restriction. Practical implications -- The research contributes to the demand analysis methodologically, and can be used for better projections in policy simulation models. Originality/value -- This paper methodologically relaxes the restrictive assumption of instant adjustment in static models and allows consumers to make a dynamic decision in food consumption. Empirically, the authors introduce a new complete dynamic demand model and carry out a case study with the use of urban household data in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Mary-Françoise Renard, University Clermont Auvergne: b The topic of this paper is the impact of low-skilled immigrants on local labor outcome and how low-skilled immigrants affect local labor participation and wages. The author exploits intercity variations to investigate low-skilled immigrants' effect on the labor outcomes of native city dwellers. They may make up a large number of migrants in some provinces and their impact on residents' wages may be quite different from those of male migrants who do not work in the same sectors. [Extracted from the article]

Based on ethnographic research during 2013–2015, this study describes an alternative form of gentrification in a traditional urban neighbourhood in Shanghai, unpacking how the notion architectural uniqueness of an urban heritage neighbourhood has imbued itself with cultural capital in the eyes of the new residents. By understanding how the original residents mobilise their knowledge of this particular selling point to benefit themselves economically by becoming renters, this study presents a case exemplifying a process of social change in which the ‘original residents’ themselves are active actors. The results of this process are the socioeconomic and ethic diversification of the neighbourhood as well as upward social mobility without any intervention by the local government or real estate developers. By suggesting an alternative process of gentrification in which not all residents are displaced unwillingly, this paper shows that the idea of gentrification demands more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban Studies (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The household expired drugs disposal has been a huge public issue in many countries, including China, which may affect various side and toxic effects on human health and environment, water resources, and soil too. This paper explores the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Guangzhou city residents regarding household expired drugs and their effect on human health and provided the scientific pieces of evidence to carry out the long-term recovery mechanism for expired medicines. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, including univariate and unconditional logistic regression models, was carried out to analyze the data. Results: A total of 613 community residents with a 99.4% response rate enrolled for the study. More than half 60.2% of residents stated that expired drugs pollute the environment, soil, and water resources, where 81.2% of respondents knew that it would produce side effects or toxic effects. However, still, 71.6% of respondents disposed of directly into the trash bin or sink, and, only 24.8% had good practice that they use a designed recycling bin. Likewise, only 8.3% of respondents placed expired drugs into collection points nearly 3– 5 times in a year, while 65.1% of participants never disposed of in the collection point, which found a worse practice. Conclusion: Overall, the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Guangzhou residents regarding household expired drugs disposal were not ideal. To improve the resident's awareness about family expired drugs disposal, ensure the financial support for the recycling process, establish an accessible and acceptable recycling point, and introduce relevant laws and regulations for the long-term mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's total floating population is more than 200 million. It will be beneficial for the improvement of urban management and urbanization quality to let more floating population settle down. Based on this, this paper uses the data of 270 cities from China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) and China Urban Statistical Yearbook to analyze the settlement desire of the floating population, and finds that the settlement desire of the floating population in the shrinking cities is significantly stronger than that in the growing cities. Why is the settlement desire of the floating population in the shrinking cities with a decreasing population size significantly stronger than that of the growing cities? In this paper, the Logit model, Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) and Spatial Durbin Error Model (SDEM) are constructed to analyze the resettlement desire of floating population at the individual level and the urban level respectively. The results show that: (1) The proportion of the floating population family members in the shrinking cities is higher than that in the growing cities, family reunion and the concentration of interpersonal networks are the reasons for the stronger settlement desire of the floating population in the shrinking cities. (2) The high proportion of women in the floating population in shrinking cities is another reason for the strong settlement desire of the floating population in shrinking cities. At the same time, the characteristics of individuals' agricultural household registration and lower education level limit the flow of the floating population from the shrinking cities to the growing ones. (3) The costs of housing and other settlement conditions are relatively low in the shrinking cities, and it is easier for the floating population to cross the threshold of settlement and realize the settlement in the destination cities, resulting in a stronger settlement desire of the floating population in the shrinking cities. (4) Some characteristics of the surrounding cities have a significant impact on the settlement desire of the floating population in the shrinking cities, such as the ratio of housing price to income, the proportion of the floating population with agricultural household registration and the number of years of education of the floating population in the surrounding cities. In view of this, this study puts forward the following policy recommendations: Too much policy intervention is not needed against the shrinking cities, for the settlement desire of the floating population in shrinking cities remains strong, and the shrinking process remains relatively stable. The obstacles of household registration and other related systems and mechanisms should be further removed, the education level of the floating population should be improved and appropriate regulation of the housing market should be introduced to ensure a reasonable price income ratio to promote the free flow of labor elements and improve the desire of the floating population to settle down in the cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health improvement is an important social development goal for every country. By using a geographical weighted regression (GWR) model on the 5th and 6th censuses data, this paper analyzes the spatially varied influencing factors of the change in life expectancy of residents in Chinses cities. The results indicate that: (1) The initial level of life expectancy may have a negative correlation with its increase, indicating that life expectancy in different areas may eventually converge to a higher level; moreover, the degree of convergence of life expectancy in cities with different economic development levels is variant. (2) Results of geographically weighted regression model demonstrate significant spatial heterogeneity in the effects of the level of economic development, medical conditions, demographic structure, and natural environment on health improvement. Natural conditions, such as topography, dictate the change in life expectancy in most cities in the middle eastern region of China. Change of educational level is the leading factor in the vast western region while the change in birth rate is the most critical in Xinjiang. Thus, local-based strategies are critical for solving health problems, especially with a focus on promoting health conditions in middle-income and low-income areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite emerging literature on the effects of cross‐border ties on international immigration's mental health, research concerning China's internal migrants' mental health remains scarce. After 40 years of China's "one‐child policy," new‐generation migrants (born after 1980) have been found to have poorer mental health status. With smaller family structures, previous studies found that new‐generation migrants are more likely to be affected by migration‐related stresses, with social ties having mixed effects on their mental health. In this paper, we examine the effects of local ties (in host cities) and trans‐local ties (in the migrants' original home location) on China's rural and urban migrants' mental health by using a national‐level survey data comprising N = 16,000 participants. We focus on whether these relationships vary among the four categories of migrants—grouped according to their place of origin and date of birth. The study results show that both local and trans‐local "kinship" ties have positive effects on migrants' mental health, whereas participation in organisation or activities have negative effects. In addition, new‐generation migrants were found to have relatively poor mental health, being more easily affected by trans‐local kinship ties. Moreover, participation in local activities had more significant adverse influence on interprovincial floating migrants, who had poorer mental health than the intraprovincial group. The study deciphered underlying negative health consequences attributed to the one‐child policy and calls for intraprovincial mobility with local urbanisation. The study concludes that social integration of new‐generation migrants can act as a protective intervention aimed at enhancing the mental capital of Chinese cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has also experienced a phenomenon of counter-urbanisation. Many urban residents have moved to suburban and even remote rural areas for living, establishing and operating businesses over the past decade. However, research is scarce on the counter-urbanisation trend in China. This paper investigates the driving forces behind the migration of China's high-and-middle-income groups to rural areas in the Yangtze River Delta region and their impacts on rural villagers and development. The paper contends that counter-urbanisation serves as an important pathway for rural revitalisation. More significantly, China's rural land ownership system facilitates the migration of urban dwellers to rural areas, thereby promoting rural revitalisation while avoiding the rural gentrification observed in Europe and the United States. In light of this, the authors propose a new term "Rural Middle-class Formation" as a Chinese type of "rural gentrification" to achieve common prosperity in both urban and rural areas and to distinguish it from "rural gentrification." • Counter-urbanisation is emerging in China within the Chinese unique land ownership system. • Urban migrants seek benefits from both the consumption and production sides. • The emergence of counter-urbanisation in China is a spontaneous inclination among high- and middle-income urban groups. • Urban-migration has a significant impact on rural businesses. • Counter-urbanisation may promote rural revitalisation and common prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Urban shrinkage is a global phenomenon, and it will coexist with urban growth for many years. At the same time, the network connection between cities continuously improved due to the construction of the transportation and information networks. However, the relationship between urban network externalities and urban population growth/shrinkage remains unclear. Therefore, based on high-speed railway (HSR) flow data, a spatial econometric model is used to explore the mechanism behind urban population growth and shrinkage from the perspective of network externalities in China. The results indicate that: 1) the urban network experiences a certain clubbing effect. Growing cities that are strongly connected are concentrated along China's main railway lines and the southeastern coastal areas, while shrinking cities that are weakly connected are distributed at the periphery of the network. 2) Moreover, the network externality disregards spatial distance and together with the agglomeration externality influences the growth and shrinking of cities. 3) Urban economic development still promotes the development of Chinese cities. However, the improvement of the urban economy has a negative cross-regional spillover effect on neighboring cities due to urban competition. 4) Lastly, Local spillovers of urban network externalities are positive, while cross-regional ones are negative. Consequently, the government needs to promote the construction of multi-dimensional network connections between cities to promote cities' sustainable development. This study reveals the relationship between urban network externalities and urban development, enriches the theories of network externalities and urban growth/shrinkage, and provides a reference for regional coordinated development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the questionnaire survey, this paper analyzes China's public perception of climate change in terms of several influence factors and some empirical findings are obtained. We find that some respondents are willing to take individual actions to address climate change, and they pay more attention to climate change or approve that climate change does harm to residents and society; meanwhile, they tend to have confidence in the government to deal with climate change or believe that fiscal and taxation policies are the effective policy measures. However, there are also other respondents unwilling to take actions and argue that climate change proves the natural consequences. Thus, in order to motivate the public to take actions, the paper suggests that the government should widespreadly disseminate relevant knowledge about climate change to the public and guide the work to address climate change and adopt proper fiscal and taxation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of fossil energy is the major cause of environmental pollution. Effectively reducing the fossil energy use has important significance for achieving China's green development targets. The premise for reducing fossil energy use is accurately measuring the amount of energy use and identifying the key sectors and links of energy use of China's economic sectors. This paper, by establishing a cross-region input-output model, measured the amount of energy use from the perspective of embodied energy, explored the changing trend of energy use between 2002 and 2015, and identified the key sectors and links of energy use. The results show that the embodied energy intensities of China's economic sectors are generally higher than the world average level, but its changing trend is declining. Although the amount of energy use shows a growth trend, the growth rate manifests a decline process. The key sectors of energy use assemble in the resource sector and heavy industry sector. The key link is intermediate use, but about 80% of embodied energy of intermediate use has been used by downstream sectors. Approximately 76% of the embodied energy of final demand has been used by gross fixed capital formation and urban residents' consumption. China has turned from a net exporter of embodied energy to a net importer since 2012. There is a resource mismatch in China's import and export structure of embodied energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing literature on happiness economics suggests that, together with absolute income, individual well-being is affected by relative income both horizontally (i.e. because of differences between an individual's income and that of others to whom she compares) and vertically (i.e. compared to changes in individuals' own income). Moreover, the way in which individuals value their relative situation and the distribution of income will determine how inequality affects individual well-being. This paper aims to examine the relationship between these variables in the case of China, focusing mainly on how income inequality affects subjective well-being. Using data from the CGSS, the results suggest that both absolute and relative income affect subject well-being, and that an inverted-U shaped relationship between income inequality and individual well-being appears at least for urban residents, whereas this relationship tend to be negative in the case of people living in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use change is the most prominent feature of Chinese urbanisation. In China, the expansion of land consumed for urban development is inevitable given the rapid increases in the urban economy and urban population, but also in meeting the population's increasing demand for better quality of life. This paper is based on a research study of Wujiang district in Suzhou, which is considered representative of many of the rapid urbanisation areas within the nation. The objective is to develop an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of land use change and how this change contributes to environmental deterioration, as assessed by changes in the ecosystem service value (ESV). In this study, ESV is defined as the environmental products and functions provided for human well-being. Based on local planning documents, Landsat TM remote-sensing images and field surveys, the research analyses the cost to the environment when traditional land uses are transformed into urbanisation. The research demonstrates that conversion to urban land use which ignores the limit and capacity of the environment can generate significant environmental costs, as assessed by ESV, which in turn, can lead to a deterioration of quality of life for inhabitants, the exact opposite of the original intention. The research demonstrates that by mapping the spatial distribution of ecological service values, ESV can be used as a guide to urban sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literature on migrants' social integration tends to focus on neighbourhood. Few studies have explored migrants' place attachment to their host cities, which might be a better scale for social integration. Drawing on the 2014 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, this paper examines migrants' place attachment and explores how it is influenced by individual status and the factors of social and physical environment. It is found that migrants who live in commodity housing are more likely to feel attached to their cities in contrast with those who live in urban and rural villages. Although substantial evidence has shown that urban villages serve as an important venue for migrants' entry into the city and demonstrate strong neighbourly interactions, living in these neighbourhoods does not enhance migrants' place attachment to their cities. This claim is further supported by another finding that migrants who live in local resident‐dominated neighbourhoods tend to feel more attached to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Numerous studies on megacities have reported less air pollution in polycentric form urban than monocentric form urban. However, findings from these studies do not imply that increasing air pollution in region or country is accompanied by the expanding megacities. Using satellite night-light data, this study investigates the impact of polycentric urban form at the provincial level on PM2.5 concentrations in China while controlling for variables of urban population size, energy consumption, and the weather. The results reveal that the PM2.5 concentrations are reduced by 1.46% to 2.67%, with a 1% increase in polycentric urban form. The similar impact has also been observed in the South China, but larger in the Central China. Further studies show that the urban form-air pollution relationship mainly influenced by transportation distance and enhanced by rising per capita income. The findings suggest that regional planning and policies favoring polycentric urban patterns should be strengthened to alleviate air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 20 years, housing reform in China has transformed its urban housing system from housing welfare into a housing market, which has led to a unique housing stratification. Traditionally, housing status is considered an important indicator of social stratification while studies of residents' social satisfaction also consider housing status and stratification as important factors. Using national data from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences–National Institute of Social Development, this paper investigates the status of urban household housing and its impact on individuals' social satisfaction. Latent Class Analysis method was used to identify four housing strata from multiple dimensions and analyze the social satisfaction among these strata. The results show that variables such as the type of residential community, housing status, housing assets, and household income have significant impact on urban households' social satisfaction. In particular, family income and number of housing units show a clear U-shaped characteristic curve. Latent Class Analysis shows that the housing strata of urban households can be divided into top, middle, sandwiched, and poor classes. Analyses of variance show that different housing strata have different attitudes about those social dimensions, and the sandwiched housing class's social satisfaction is relatively low compared with other housing strata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online shopping has becomes more and more popular in China largely due to the convenience and competitive prices of online products and services. This paper discusses fours issues related to online shopping. Using data from the Chinese Household Financial Survey 2013 and 2015, we find that online shopping is a more common practice for higher income earners, youngsters, women, married couples, better educated citizens, urban residents, and smartphone users. Online consumption is affected by similar factors. We observe the concavity of income on household total consumption and money savings due to online shopping. We conclude that online shopping improves the income efficiency on household total consumption. Using smartphones does not promote total consumption, although it increases online consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the popularity of the sharing economy, ride-hailing services have greatly affected people's travel and become a new travel mode for urban residents. However, the lack of effective industry regulation has resulted in serious operational problems and growing difficulties in the furthering development of ride-hailing services in China. Therefore, it is necessary to study the regulation strategies of multiple subjects involved in ride-hailing industry. Based on evolutionary game theory, the paper establishes the tripartite evolution game model about regulation strategies of ride-hailing industry. The theoretical research and simulation results show that the evolutionarily stable strategy of a single subject (Transportation Network Company, driver or passenger) is affected by the strategies of other two subjects together. Moreover, when making the decision, the Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) need to consider the difference between benefits and costs, user scale, incentives and penalties from the government. Drivers need to consider their benefits and costs, travel user scale and penalties from the government and the TNCs. Besides, the benefits and costs, and the harmony of ride-hailing industry need to be considered for passengers. Potential policy implications are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]