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Introduction: The Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model (PSDM) posits that perfectionism confers risk for depression by promoting social disconnection. However, the specific indirect effect of social disconnection on the prospective relation of perfectionism dimensions with depression severity is not well understood. The aim of the current study was to provide the first comprehensive examination of the PSDM. Methods: A diverse community sample of 447 completed measures of trait perfectionism, perfectionistic self-presentation styles, and depressive symptoms at baseline. Six months later, participants completed measures of perfectionistic self-presentation styles, social disconnection, and depressive symptoms. Indirect effects models were analyzed to examine the impact of each facet of perfectionism on social disconnection and subsequent depression severity. Results: Consistent with the PSDM, all perfectionism traits and self-presentation styles resulted in greater depression severity via one or more facets of social disconnection, with social hopelessness and loneliness demonstrating the most widespread effects. Furthermore, perfectionistic self-presentation styles and social disconnection demonstrated sequential indirect effects on the relation of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism with depressive symptoms at follow-up. Discussion: This study is the first to demonstrate the depressogenic effects of all perfectionism dimensions. Findings delineate the interpersonal mechanisms underlying the perfectionism-depression link.

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality trait whose facets differentially relate to indicators of psychological functioning, such as global self-esteem. There has been some theoretical disagreement whether perfectionism affects global self-esteem, or vice versa. This question merits renewed attention due to increasing efforts to prevent the development of maladaptive perfectionism facets in adolescents. In addition, recent research has indicated a role of self-esteem for predicting personality development. This study aimed to clarify the longitudinal relations of multidimensional perfectionism and global self-esteem. A sample of 707 early adolescents participated in two measurement points two years apart. Global self-esteem positively predicted personal standards, negatively predicted doubts about actions, and did not predict concern over mistakes beyond baseline. Perfectionism facets did not longitudinally predict global self-esteem. These findings provide the first evidence for a role of global self-esteem in perfectionism development. Addressing early adolescents’ self-esteem may aid in preventing the development of maladaptive perfectionism facets.

Este estudio transversal verificó la asociación entre el perfeccionismo y la ansiedad precompetitiva entre los jóvenes atletas. Los participantes fueron 177 niños y niñas, que respondieron a la Escala Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo Deportivo-2 (SMPS-2) y a la Escala de Ansiedad Deportiva-2 (SAS-2). El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo a través de la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, la "U" de Mann-Whitney, la correlación de Spearman y el análisis de la trayectoria (p This cross-sectional study verified the association between perfectionism and pre-competitive anxiety among young athletes. Participants were 177 boys and girls, who responded the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 (SMPS-2) and Sports Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2). Data analysis was conducted through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, “U” of Mann-Whitney, Spearman’s correlation and Path Analysis (p Este estudo transversal verificou a associação entre o perfeccionismo e a ansiedade pré-competitiva entre jovens atletas. Os participantes foram 177 meninos e meninas, que responderam à Escala de Perfeccionismo Multidimensional Esportivo 2 (SMPS-2) e à Escala de Ansiedade Esportiva 2 (SAS-2). A análise dos dados foi realizada através do teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, "U" de Mann-Whitney, correlação de Spearman e Análise de Caminhos (p

The objective of the research was to find out whether it is possible to identify the perfectionist typology according to Parker (1997), with three groups namely functional perfectionists, dysfunctional perfectionists and non-perfectionists. The research group was composed of full-time university students of single-subject psychology (N = 172) with age range of 18 to 25 years. We used the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (F-MPS) to measure perfectionism. Based on the non-hierarchical cluster analysis (k-means) of the items in the F-MPS questionnaire, we identified three types of perfectionists, with the first cluster of students identified as functional perfectionists (N=51.74%), second as dysfunctional perfectionists (N=17,44%) and third cluster of non- perfectionists (N=30.81%). Identification of dysfunctional perfectionists (N=17.44%) among psychology students accentuates the need to focus on the issue. Dysfunctional perfectionism adversely affects the quality of the study and also the performance of the future profession itself.

One of the most used instruments to assess perfectionism is Hewitt and Flett's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HFMPS). This article reports result of two studies aimed at evaluating and comparing two short HFMPS versions provided by literature in Italian samples. In Study 1, two previously proposed short forms-Cox and colleagues' and Hewitt and colleagues'-were compared in terms of factor structure and concurrent validity in a community sample of 324 participants. In Study 2, validity and reliability of the two short scales in 102 university students and 58 patients with a primary diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder were examined. Results revealed mixed findings concerning which of the two short form should be preferred.

Background: As a personality trait, perfectionism has shown a close association with psychological disorders, such as depression. The protective effect of grit on depression has been confirmed by a series of recent studies. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the buffering role of grit in the above relationship and the possible underlying mechanism.Objective: Based on the multidimensional theory of perfectionism, we differentiated two dimensions of perfectionism as positive and negative and further examined the relationships between these two dimensions of perfectionism and depression. We also aimed to examine the possible moderating effect of grit on the above two relationships.Methods: Us a questionnaire survey approach, a total of 2,602 college students (1,608 females and 994 males) were assessed using the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale the Short Grit Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to investigate the direct effect of two dimensions of perfectionism on depression as well as the moderating role of grit in these associations.Results: After controlling for gender, age, family income, and academic performance, both positive and negative perfectionism had positive predictive effects on depression, and grit negatively moderated these two relationships. Specifically, grit completely counteracted the effect of positive perfectionism on depression yet partly counteracted the effect of negative perfectionism on depression.Conclusion: Grit prevents the depressive symptoms raised by positive and negative perfectionism.

Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic process which may be implicated in the onset and maintenance of non-suicidal self-injury. No study has evaluated whether reported differences in perfectionism between individuals with and without a history of self-injury represent genuine group differences or measurement artefacts. The present study reports an investigation of the measurement invariance of two common scales of perfectionism, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Brief (FMPS-Brief) and the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ), among university students (Mage = 20.48, SDage = 2.22, 75.3% female, 22.8% male) with and without a history of self-injury (total n = 711). Results revealed full residual error invariance for the two-factor model of FMPS-Brief, while the bifactor model of the FMPS-Brief and the two-factor model of the CPQ demonstrated partial metric invariance. Accounting for partial metric invariance, the bifactor model of the FMPS-Brief also demonstrated partial residual error invariance. The current findings suggest that observed differences using the FMPS-Brief reflect genuine differences in perfectionism between individuals with and without a history of self-injury. Further, while researchers using the bi-factor model can have confidence that the general factor can adequately assess group differences, differential item functioning should be considered if using the strivings and concerns factors. Finally, in the current data, the CPQ did not perform as expected in baseline model fit and future research should replicate assessments of measurement invariance in this measure.

Perfectionism is a risk and maintaining factor for anorexia nervosa (AN) but studies on its classification are lacking. This study aimed to classify patients with AN and healthy controls (HCs) according to their perfectionism; to evaluate the association between perfectionism clusters and severity of general and eating psychopathology for both groups; to investigate the relationship between baseline perfectionism and hospitalization outcome for patients. A sample of 207 inpatients with AN and 292 HCs completed: Eating Disorders Inventory-2, Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and State- Trait Anxiety Inventory. Cluster analyses were run to classify participants according to their perfectionism scores. Three clusters (i.e., high, medium, low perfectionism) emerged for both patients with AN and HCs. The high perfectionism cluster was over-represented among patients. Both groups reported significant differences across clusters in eating-related difficulties. In AN, anxiety and depression severity varied across clusters according to perfectionism, but patients' baseline perfectionism was unrelated to hospitalization outcome. Inpatients with AN and HCs could be grouped in clusters of high, medium, and low perfectionism which also mirrored their eating psychopathology severity. Finally, hospitalization outcome was unrelated to inpatients' baseline perfectionism.

In this article, we introduce this second special issue on the assessment of perfectionism along with an overview of developments in the perfectionism field over the past 30 years following the shift to studying perfectionism as a multidimensional construct. We examine some key contributions over the past decade, including the proliferation of meta-analyses and apparent rise over time in the prevalence of self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism. We also outline what we consider to be seven definitive truths about the perfectionism construct and how these themes are reflected in the articles that follow. This special issue includes papers that describe abbreviated measures of existing perfectionism scales as well as new measures. Other papers in this special issue demonstrate the need to supplement a trait approach with a focus on cognitive perfectionism and to evaluate key mediators of the association between perfectionism and depression. Other research illustrates the usefulness of supplementing the predominant variable-focused approach with a person-centered approach. Collectively, the papers address several significant issues and outline key directions for future research in the next decade of research on multidimensional perfectionism.

Perfectionism is frequently noted in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and some data suggest that treatment outcomes with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are poorer for OCD patients with higher levels of perfectionism. However, this literature includes inconsistent findings and has thus far been limited to outpatient samples. Existing studies have also not utilized measures of perfectionism in-line with the multidimensional nature of this construct, which includes both adaptive and maladaptive forms of perfectionism. This study administered measures of multidimensional perfectionism and OCD severity at admission and discharge in a large sample (N = 154) of adult OCD patients undergoing intensive residential treatment (IRT). Results indicated that more perfectionistic patients had slightly longer treatment duration. Adjusting for treatment duration and baseline severity, pre-treatment perfectionism did not significantly predict OCD outcomes. However, all domains of perfectionism significantly improved following treatment, and changes in perfectionism significantly predicted OCD outcomes. In particular, greater reduction in maladaptive perfectionism uniquely predicted better OCD symptom outcomes. These results suggest that high initial levels of perfectionism may not prevent OCD patients from benefitting from IRT, and that reduction in perfectionism significantly accounts for OCD treatment gains. Limitations and avenues for future research are discussed.

Theories and research have alluded to the role of adverse childhood experiences in the origin and development of perfectionism. Yet, there is a paucity of research on the links between perfectionism and various categories of childhood adversity or maltreatment (e.g., abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction). The aim of this study was to explore the associations between experiences of childhood adversity and multidimensional perfectionism. Data was gathered from 537 undergraduate students (19.39% male; Mage = 20.25). Results indicated that exposure to childhood adversity was associated with significantly elevated socially prescribed perfectionism and nondisplay of imperfection. Moreover, childhood experience of abuse (i.e., emotional, physical, and/or sexual) was a unique predictor of socially prescribed perfectionism and perfectionistic self-presentation styles. Childhood experience of family dysfunction was also positively associated with nondisplay of imperfection. The findings support theories and growing body of research underscoring the importance of early adversity or trauma in the etiology of perfectionism.

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is a self-report instrument which has been tested in several countries with mixed support. The current research examined the factor structure, construct validity, and reliability in a sample of university students in New Zealand (n = 1028). Our findings add support for a five-factor structure with two recommended cross-loadings, adequate internal consistency, and strong measurement invariance between male and female students. Significant correlations were found between most FMPS subscales, wellbeing, and semester GPA. Regression-based results indicated that several FMPS factors were predictors of wellbeing and semester GPA, respectively. An interaction effect was found between gender and the Parental Expectations subscale when predicting wellbeing. Overall, these results indicate that the FMPS is a reliable, valid instrument for New Zealand university students with a five-factor model which shows relevance to gender, wellbeing, and performance.

This study aimed to examine the effects of socially prescribed perfectionism, sleep duration, and sleep quality on suicidal ideation in Korean high school students and to investigate if sleep duration and quality moderated the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and suicidal ideation. The participants of this study were 840 students (544 boys and 296 girls) from six high schools located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (Reynolds, 1988) was used to measure suicidal ideation. And the socially prescribed perfectionism was assessed by the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt & Flett, 1991). The students were asked to respond to a question regarding how long they slept a day as well as the Sleep Quality Scale (Yi, 2005). The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and hierarchical regressions. The moderating effect of sleep duration and quality were investigated using the analysis procedures proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986). The results showed that the level of socially prescribed perfectionism and sleep quality increased the level of suicidal ideation. In addition, sleep quality moderated the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and suicidal ideation. The effect of socially prescribed perfectionism on suicidal ideation was greater when sleep quality was poor, compared to when it was good.

Introduction: Perfectionism is a capacity belonging with high action criteria and critical self-appraisals. It is necessary to check its psychometric properties in Iranian samples to use Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) as perfectionism assessing tool. Aim: The aim of current research has been the determination of FMPS psychometric properties in Iranian non-clinical samples. Method: In this descriptive study, 304 B. A. and M. D. students of Shahed University completed FMPS. The methods internal consistency and splitting were utilized to investigate reliability of FMPS. The tools Experiences in Close Relationship-Revised and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Short Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 item were applied to investigate convergent validity of FMPS. FMPS factorial structure was checked with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Results: Data analysis showed acceptable reliability and validity of FMPS in Iranian non-clinical samples. Six-factor structure of FMPS was also confirmed. Conclusion: Findings of the current research confirmed the usage of FMPS in psychological research and clinical Trails.

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is one of the most popular questionnaires for measuring perfectionism. Although this scale is in common use, its psychometric parameters still remain in dispute. The aim of this article is to present the Polish adaptation of the FMPS in a non-clinical sample. 696 university students aged 18 to 42 (M = 26.74, SD = 7.56) took part in the study. Confirmatory Factor Analyses suggested that the most appropriate factor structure of the adapted version of the FMPS contains 5 correlated factors: CM (concerns over mistakes), DAA (doubts about actions), PE (parental expectations), PC (parental criticism), and PS (personal standards). The ORG (organization) subscale was removed after evaluation. The evaluation of the specific relationships of each dimension of the adapted version of the FMPS with shame, guilt, worry, rumination, and indecisiveness revealed that when controlling for the variances of the remaining dimensions, significant relationships occurred almost only in the case of the CM, DAA and PS scales, suggesting that they constitute the three core facets of perfectionism as measured by the FMPS.

This study examined the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism, social support, and two outcomes (depression and anxiety) in a sample of 1785 undergraduate students. Perfectionistic concerns had a negative relationship with social support, and perfectionistic strivings had a positive relationship with social support. The relationships between both dimensions of perfectionism and both outcomes were mediated by social support.

Perfectionism is considered to be an important personality factor within the dance context given the high number of dancers whose psychological health is influenced by its consequences. The relationship between perfectionism and dancers&rsquo, well- and ill-being can be mediated by a range of variables. The present study explores the role of forms of motivation (i.e., autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation) as mediators in the relationship between perfectionism (i.e., self-oriented and socially prescribed) and an indicator of well-being (i.e., subjective vitality) and ill-being (i.e., burnout). Participants of the study were 146 male and female Spanish vocational dancers aged between 12 and 26 years old (Mean age = 15.40 &plusmn, 2.96) who completed questionnaires measuring the variables of interest. Results of multiple mediator regression analyses showed that amotivation mediated the relationships between self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism with burnout and subjective vitality. Self-oriented perfectionism was negatively correlated, and socially prescribed perfectionism positively associated with amotivation. Amotivation of dancers was a positive predictor of burnout and a negative predictor of subjective vitality. Overall, the findings corroborate the importance of amotivation in the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and well-being and ill-being in dancers.

The clinical significance of two major aspects of perfectionism, perfectionistic strivings (PS) and perfectionistic concerns (PC), in eating disorders (EDs) symptoms was well-established among adults. However, no systematic review has assessed evidence examining associations between both unidimensional and multidimensional perfectionism and EDs in early and middle adolescence. For this aim, three online databases (PsycINFO, Medline and PsycArticle) were searched for articles published until January 2019, and observational studies were considered. Study quality was systematically appraised, and results were summarized using a narrative synthesis approach. Fifty-one cross-sectional and 28 longitudinal studies were included. Most studies supported the relationship between perfectionism and EDs, with the majority adopting a unidimensional approach for assessing perfectionism. Among studies that employed multidimensional measures of perfectionism, the majority (n = 11) of evidence supported the relationship between eating symptoms and PC, while fewer (n = 5) studies provided significant unique associations with PS. These findings are consistent with the body of research suggesting the strength of the relationship between PC and EDs was greater than between PS and EDs. It was recommended that preventive interventions should be primarily focused on reducing self-critical perfectionism, since it resulted to be the most relevant perfectionistic dimension in the development of eating symptoms in adolescents.

Introduction: The DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) and the ICD-11 classification of personality disorders (PD) are largely commensurate and, when combined, they delineate 6 trait domains: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism/dissociality, disinhibition, anankastia, and psychoticism. Objective: The present study evaluated the international validity of a brief 36-item patient-report measure that portrays all 6 domains simultaneously including 18 primary subfacets. Methods: We developed and employed a modified version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 – Brief Form Plus (PID5BF+). A total of 16,327 individuals were included, 2,347 of whom were patients. The expected 6-factor structure of facets was initially investigated in samples from Denmark (n = 584), Germany (n = 1,271), and the USA (n = 605) and subsequently replicated in both patient- and community samples from Italy, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Poland, Czech Republic, the USA, and Brazil. Associations with interview-rated DSM-5 PD categories were also investigated. Results: Findings generally supported the empirical soundness and international robustness of the 6 domains including meaningful associations with familiar interview-rated PD types. Conclusions: The modified PID5BF+ may be employed internationally by clinicians and researchers for brief and reliable assessment of the 6 combined DSM-5 and ICD-11 domains, including 18 primary subfacets. This 6-domain framework may inform a future nosology for DSM-5.1 that is more reasonably aligned with the authoritative ICD-11 codes than the current DSM-5 AMPD model. The 36-item modified PID5BF+ scoring key is provided in online supplementary Appendix A see www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/000507589 (for all online suppl. material).

This study analyzed the psychometric properties of the Italian translation of both the Short Almost Perfect Scale (SAPS) and the Short Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (SMPS), and the academic implications of perfectionism on 414 Italian college students aged between 18 and 58 years. Results revealed some limitations with the SAPS factor structure that, once addressed, yielded scores with good internal consistency and convergent validity. The SMPS had adequate psychometric properties. Higher perfectionistic strivings scores were associated with better academic performance and with higher rates of studying. This study provides support for the usefulness of both the SAPS and the SMPS in understanding relationships between different perfectionism dimensions and academic outcomes for Italian students.

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is widely used to measure the construct of perfectionism. Previous studies evaluating the factor structure of the FMPS have reported inconsiste...

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms focusing on interpersonal relationships may include obsessive doubts and preoccupation centered on the relationship (i.e., relationship-centered) or the relationship partner (i.e. partner-focused). Although general obsessive beliefs have been associated with relationship obsessive-compulsive disorder (ROCD), perfectionism and catastrophic relationship beliefs may particularly relevant to the maintenance and development of such symptoms. We assessed the unique contributions of specific perfectionism dimensions and catastrophic relationship beliefs to relationship-centered and partner-focused ROCD symptoms. Participants included 124 individuals recruited online reporting that they had received a diagnosis of ROCD by a qualified clinician completed a battery of questionnaire tapping maladaptive beliefs previously associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), multidimensional perfectionism and catastrophic relationship beliefs. Perfectionistic concern over mistakes and doubts about actions, catastrophic beliefs regarding being in the wrong relationship and of being alone were found to be unique predictors of relationship-centered ROCD symptoms over and above mood symptoms. Only catastrophic fears of being in the wrong relationships predicted partner-focused ROCD symptoms. Perfectionistic tendencies as well as specific relationship-related beliefs may be more strongly implicated than OCD-related maladaptive beliefs in the development and maintenance of relationship-centered ROCD symptom. More research is needed to identify more specific beliefs associated with partner-focused ROCD symptoms.

Despite experiencing higher levels of psychological distress, individuals with high levels of perfectionism are more reluctant to seek treatment for psychological issues and they are often treatment resistant when in treatment. Mental illness stigma has been shown to be a significant barrier to treatment seeking in other populations and it stands to reason that it may play a key role for individuals with high levels of perfectionism as well. As such, the primary goal of this study was to discern whether individuals who differ along the continuum of various types of perfectionism also differ in terms of mental illness beliefs in ways that suggest awareness of and concern about being stigmatized. In addition, we examined links between perfectionism and attitudes towards seeking help and self-stigma for seeking help. A sample of 140 university students completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale and separate measures of mental illness beliefs, help-seeking attitudes, and self-stigma for seeking help. Analyses found that perfectionistic self-presentation was associated with unfavorable mental illness attitudes overall. Our results suggest that targeted interventions to reduce mental illness stigma should be tailored to address the beliefs and concerns of perfectionistic people who are vulnerable to distress.

Objectives This study investigated the incidence of lived experience of mental health problems amongst UK-based trainee clinical psychologists and factors associated with anticipated disclosure for trainees both with and without lived experience. Methods A web-based survey comprising the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, an adapted version of the Perceived Devaluation and Discrimination Scale, and questions about lived experience and anticipated likelihood of disclosure. Results The survey was completed by 348 trainees across 19 UK training institutions. Sixty-seven percent reported lived experience of a mental health problem. For these trainees, there was no difference in anticipated likelihood of disclosing to different recipient types after controlling for maladaptive perfectionism. However, across all participants, anticipated disclosure was associated with maladaptive perfectionism, temporal proximity, anticipated stigma (past), and recipient type. Anticipated stigma (present) was not associated with anticipated disclosure. Conclusions Results support an approach to communicating about mental health disclosure that incorporates responsibility, interdependency, and transparency. Suggestions for further research are discussed.

본 연구는 다차원적 완벽주의와 청소년 수면의 관계에서 불안과 우울의 매개효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 경기도에 거주하는 고등학생 382명을 대상으로 다차원적 완벽주의 척도, 불안척도, 우울척도, 주간졸음척도, 불면증 척도를 사용하여 설문을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 다차원적 완벽주의가 불면증에는 영향을 미치나 주간졸음에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났고 다차원적 완벽주의 하위변인 중 사회부과가 불면증에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 다차원적 완벽주의가 높을수록 불안과 우울도 높은 것으로 나타났으며 우울보다는 불안에 미치는 영향이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 불안과 우울이 높을수록 주간졸음과 불면증도 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 불안과 우울이 다차원적 완벽주의와 불면증과의 관계를 완전 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 다차원적 완벽주의가 높을수록 불면증이 심해지며, 다차원적 완벽주의로 인한 불면증을 관리하기 위해서는 정서적인 요인에 대한 개입도 필요함을 시사한다.

Given the inconclusive findings regarding the relation between perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms, it is important that we determine whether this relation is modulated by emotion dysregulation, which is a prominent risk factor for eating disorders. We sought to identify specific cognitive emotion regulatory strategies—rumination, self-blame, and catastrophizing—that interact with multidimensional perfectionism to shape eating disorder symptoms (i.e., shape, weight, eating concerns, and dietary restraint). Using latent moderated structural equation modeling, we analyzed data from 167 healthy young female adults. We found that only rumination significantly moderated the relation between socially prescribed perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms. However, this was not observed for self-oriented perfectionism or other regulatory strategies. These findings held true when a host of covariates were controlled for. Our findings underscore the crucial role of rumination, a modifiable emotion regulatory strategy, in augmenting the relation between socially prescribed perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms in young women.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism , academic burnout, and achievement emotions via a person-centered approach in a sample of 450 South Korean adolescents (64.7% female). Participants completed two perfectionism scales (i.e., the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised), the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey. The results of the latent profile analysis offered support for the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism with four classes: adaptive (high perfectionistic strivings(PS)/low perfectionistic concerns(PC)), maladaptive (low PS/high PC), mixed (high PS/high PC), and non-perfectionists (low PS/low PC). Adaptive and mixed perfectionists experienced higher levels of positive-activating achievement emotions and lower levels of negative-activating/deactivating achievement emotions than maladaptive and non-perfectionists did. Regarding academic burnout, maladaptive perfectionist was the most maladaptive profile, whereas adaptive perfectionist was the most adaptive profile. Additionally, positive-activating emotions and negative-deactivating emotions negatively and positively predicted academic burnout, respectively. Among these relationships, only the relationship between positive-activating emotions and cynicism was moderated by perfectionism profile. Overall, the present findings may offer a useful framework for understanding the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism of adolescents in academic settings.

This study examined the relationship between perfectionism and anger states of Physical Education and Sports Teacher candidates (PESTC), and whether or not perfectionism sub-dimension scores were predictive of anger scores. A total of 130 students were participated. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and The State-Trait Anger Scale were used to determine the perfectionism and anger states. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Analysis results indicated that a positive significant relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and the anger subscales state anger, anger-in and anger-out, while a negative significant relationship was found between socially prescribed perfectionism and anger-control. Additionally, Multi-Directional Regression Analysis results revealed that only socially prescribed perfectionism predicts anger subscale scores were at a significant level. Self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism were not found to be significant in the prediction of anger subscales. In conclusion, the perfectionism as a personality character for PESTC should not be result in anger behavior during physical education processes.

This study examined the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism, four types of coping (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, social diversion, distraction), and perceived stress in a sample of 323 undergraduate students. Specifically, results of the study offered support for the tripartite model of perfectionism with three classes (adaptive, maladaptive, and non-perfectionists) who differed from one another on levels of stress and coping. The relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and perceived stress was mediated by task-oriented, emotional-oriented, and distraction coping in support of the general vulnerability model of perfectionism. In regard to adaptive perfectionism, only task-oriented and emotion-oriented coping were significant mediators.

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is one of the most used instruments to assess perfectionism. The FMPS assesses six dimensions: Concern over Mistakes (CM), Parental Expectations (EP), Parental Criticism (PC), Doubts about Actions (DA), Organization (OR), and Personal Standards (PS). CM, PE, PC, and DA are facets of a more general dimension considered Maladaptive Perfectionism. PS is frequently considered Adaptive Perfectionism. FMPS psychometric properties have been studied in adults but scarcely in children. We adapted the FMPS for Spanish children and adolescents and studied these properties in a sample of 1,648 Spanish young people (mean age = 13.36; SD = 2.28). Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses were used to test whether the FMPS dimensions found in adults are applicable to children. Results supported this hypothesis. The FMPS dimensional structure was invariant across gender and age. FMPS subscales showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α: .71-.92) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlations: .70-.85). Moderate and high correlations with measures of dysfunctional beliefs, anxiety, and depression supported the validity of the FMPS scores. Results from regression equations showed that the relationship of perfectionism with anxiety and depression is mostly due to Maladaptive Perfectionism.

Introduction Perfectionism and rumination both seem to be involved in the development and maintenance of eating disorders (ED), but the underlying studies have been performed almost exclusively in females. The aims of this study were to examine whether rumination is a potential mediator of the link between perfectionism and ED symptoms, and whether gender is a moderator of the link between perfectionism and ED symptoms and/or between perfectionism and brooding rumination. Method 390 participants (269 women, 121 men), aged between 18 and 25, completed three questionnaires: the Ruminative Response Scale for Eating Disorders, the Eating Attitudes Test, and the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Results Results showed that maladaptive evaluative-concerns perfectionism and positive strivings perfectionism both had indirect effects on ED symptoms via brooding rumination. Gender moderated only the direct effect between maladaptive evaluative-concerns perfectionism and ED symptoms. Conclusions These results highlighted gender differences, and support the literature on the importance of including rumination and perfectionism in the treatment and the prevention of eating disorders.

This study explored the relationships between multidimensional perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive), shame (characterological, behavioral, and bodily), and trichotillomania (TTM) symptom severity in a nonclinical sample of 284 college students and a clinical sample of 125 individuals with TTM. Results suggested that the clinical sample reported significantly higher levels of maladaptive perfectionism, all three subtypes of shame, and TTM compared to the nonclinical sample. While none of the three subtypes of shame mediated the relationship between either form of perfectionism and TTM for the nonclinical sample, behavioral shame was a significant mediator between maladaptive perfectionism and TTM for the clinical sample. Implications for mental health counselors are discussed.

An internet guided self-help cognitive-behavioural treatment (ICBT) for perfectionism was recently found to be effective (see this issue). Such studies stand in need of replication. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes and predictors of change when the treatment is delivered in a UK setting. A total of 120 people (Mean = 28.9 years; 79% female) were randomised to receive ICBT or wait-list control over 12 weeks (trial registration: NCT02756871). While there were strong similarities between the current study and its Swedish counterpart, there were also important differences in procedural details. There was a significant impact of the intervention on the primary outcome measure (Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Concern over Mistakes subscale) and also on the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (between group effect sizes d = 0.98 (95% CI: 0.60-1.36) and d = 1.04 (95% CI: 0.66-1.43) respectively using intent-to-treat analyses). Unlike the Swedish study, there was significant non-engagement and non-completion of modules with 71% of participants completing fewer than half the modules. The number of modules completed moderated the rate of change in clinical perfectionism over time. In conclusion, the study indicates the intervention is effective in a UK setting but highlighted the importance of procedural details to optimise retention.

Objectives Perfectionism is recognized as a significant risk factor for psychopathology. Emerging research links attachment to perfectionism in adult and college-age samples. The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) has been used in adults and adolescents with a variety of factor structures found. This study sought to establish the factor structure in a general adolescent sample prior to testing for associations between perfectionism, attachment, and psychopathology in the same sample. Design A cross-sectional survey design was used. Confirmatory factor analysis, and correlational and regression analyses were employed. Methods A total of 290 adolescents, aged 12–18 years, were recruited from a state secondary school. All completed the FMPS along with brief measures of attachment and psychopathology. Result Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses failed to replicate previously published models, and a new six-item, 1-factor model representing perfectionism was found instead. This new variable was then used to establish a role for perfectionism and attachment anxiety in predicting internalizing problems. Perfectionism also correlated with conduct problems and hyperactivity. Conclusion This study established a novel factor structure for the FMPS, allowing proof of principle of the role of perfectionism in a relationship with attachment and psychopathology, which after replication, may inform new interventions for perfectionism. Caution is noted about the use of extant perfectionism measures that are not properly developmentally informed and which do not capture the dynamic nature of adolescence and adolescent perfectionism. Practitioner points Perfectionism is a feature of adolescent psychopathology, including internalizing and externalizing problems. Perfectionism is associated with attachment anxiety and together contributes to internalizing problems. Current conceptualizations of perfectionism may not capture the specific developmental and dynamic aspects of adolescence and should not be regarded as a stable personality trait.

Numerous factors influence whether an individual is able and willing to seek professional help for psychological difficulties. One of these may be perfectionism, a multidimensional personality construct that has been linked to poor psychological adjustment. The current study investigated whether perfectionism traits and self-presentational facets were associated with negative help-seeking attitudes and concerns about psychotherapy. Samples of university (N = 299) and community (N = 77) men and women completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Help Scale, and Thoughts About Psychotherapy Survey. Various components of perfectionism were associated with both negative help-seeking attitudes and concerns about psychotherapy. The findings suggest that perfectionistic behaviour may be an important dispositional factor that interferes with seeking and obtaining help for psychological difficulties. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

This study examined the perfectionism experiences of 10 elite perfectionist athletes (5 male and 5 female). Following completion of the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 (Gotwals & Dunn, 2009), a purposeful sample of unhealthy perfectionists were interviewed in relation to the study aims. Several themes emerged from the data that related to: effects of perfectionism and its antecedents on sporting experiences, specificity and level of perfectionism, and the coping skills and techniques used to counter the potentially detrimental effects of perfectionism. The findings highlighted the multidimensional nature of perfectionism and the need for future research to further explore the efficacy of techniques athletes use to promote healthy and reduce unhealthy facets of perfectionism.

Twenty-five years ago, one of the first empirically validated measures of perfectionism, the Frost et al. Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (F-MPS) was published. Since that time, psychometric studies of the original F-MPS have provided a plethora of evidence to support the potential development of a shorter yet still psychometrically robust version of the measure. Using confirmatory factor analyses across community and clinical samples, the current study identifies an eight-item F-MPS-Brief with two dimensions (i.e., striving and evaluative concerns) that evidences good internal consistency, measurement equivalence across ethnicities, and concurrent and convergent validity. This new, short version of the F-MPS captures well the bidimensional model of perfectionism that has emerged across studies over the past two decades and is suggested for use when a short yet high-performing assessment tool for this model is desired.

This study investigated the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and anxiety sensitivity. The study group is composed by 398 (211 female; 187 male) students who were studying at the pedagogical formation certificate program at Mugla Sitki Kocman University. The data were collected by using the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-R. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was employed to study the relationships between anxiety sensitivity and dimensions of perfectionism; structural equation modeling was also used for explaining the predictive role of dimensions of perfectionism on anxiety sensitivity. Concern over mistakes, personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, doubts about actions, and organization dimensions of perfectionism were found to be significantly correlated to anxiety sensitivity. A significant impact of six dimensions of perfectionism on anxiety sensitivity was detected. The theoretical implications of the link between perfectionism and anxiety sensitivity were discussed.

The current study examined the associations among dimensions of perfectionism, facets of stress reactivity, and self-reported depressive symptoms in 191 university students. Participants completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory, the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale (PSRS), and a measure of depressive symptoms. The PSRS is a relatively new instrument that measures several distinguishable facets of stress reactivity including prolonged stress reactivity, reactivity to failure, and reactivity to social evaluation. Analyses confirmed that most of the perfectionism measures were associated with stress reactivity to failure experiences. Socially prescribed perfectionism and perfectionistic automatic thoughts were also associated with prolonged stress reactivity and reactivity to social evaluation. Moreover, all facets of stress reactivity were correlated with depressive symptoms. Finally, prolonged stress reactivity and reactivity to social evaluation mediated the links between perfectionism dimensions and depressive symptoms. The current findings provide general support for models of perfectionism and stress, and suggest that perfectionists have heightened sensitivities to stressors related to their self-definitions that are activated when threatening stressors involving these themes are experienced.

This study examined the moderating role that 2 dimensions of perfectionism (standards [adaptive] and discrepancy [maladaptive]) had on 2 dimensions of adult attachment (anxious and avoidant) and both client and supervisory alliances among 170 counselor supervisees. Anxious attachment and discrepancy were significant negative predictors of the client working alliance. A significant 3-way interaction was found between anxious attachment, standards, and discrepancy on the supervisory working alliance. Implications from these findings are discussed.