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This essay proposes that the intricate but sprawling evolution of diagrams might be looked at through a single graphic system. It is further proposed that this system might reconcile diverse defini...

Clear and effective figures are central to successfully communicating scientific data. Here, we present ggpubfigs, an R package with colorblind-friendly color palettes and extensions of the ggplot2 graphic system, which helps make publication-quality scientific figures from quantitative data; ggpubfigs is an open-source and user-friendly tool that is available from https://github.com/JLSteenwyk/ggpubfigs .

In the second part of this series of papers the author investigates the way how the Khitan Small Script rendered the vowels of the Khitan language. The graphic system was tailored to the contemporary Chinese language, nevertheless, it is possible to make conclusions concerning the system of vowels. Three illabial vowels /a/, /e/ and /i/ can be identified, the back vocalic /i/ can only be supposed. The vowel /o/ is dominant, for traces of /o/ no sure data can be given. The phoneme /u/ can be clearly detected, the phoneme /u/ can be supposed. The former opinion that the Khitan had a front:back vowel harmony can be confirmed. The paper presents a few newly deciphered Khitan words. The system of the Khitan word formation is emerging and a few earlier readings have been corrected.

Blind people can access visual information through tactile graphics. But, tactile graphics have some problems so that blind people need rich experience to understand tactile graphics. Therefore, systems that are implemented audio guidance capabilities to tactile graphics have been studied. However, because of the limitations of the current audio-tactile graphics systems, few of blind people use the audio-tactile graphics systems. Some of the reasons are as follows: (1) the systems use special devices which are often expensive; (2) the systems require users to produce dedicated graphics because existing tactile graphics are not available to the current systems; (3) since the special devices are large, this degrades the portability of the systems. Focusing on the above three problems, we are developing an audio-tactile graphics system executable on smartphones. In this paper, we show our current prototype system, and discuss the effectiveness of our prototype system.

Blind people can access visual information by touching tactile graphics. Tactile graphics is a diagram expressed by raised points and irregularities. But, tactile graphics have problems. The sentences in the tactile graphic are often omitted and description of tactile graphic are showed separate sheet. So, blind people have to touch both of the tactile graphics and the separated braille sheet. Therefore, a systems that loads audio guidance function in tactile graphics is being developed or studied. However, because of the limitations of the existing audio-tactile graphics, few of blind people use the audio-tactile graphics. So, we developed audio-tactile graphic system which is easy to use for blind people. In addition, we conducted experiments using three types of tactile graphics to determine whether audio guidance is effective for understanding tactile graphic. As a result, the audio guidance was effective in understanding the tactile graphics, but it turned out that improvement of the system is necessary. This paper shows the prototype system for audio-tactile graphics, and describes the experimental results for the effectiveness of our system in detail.

New applications of smart devices interacting with other computing devices are recently providing interesting and feasible solutions in ubiquitous computing environments. In this study, we propose an interactive virtual aquarium system that interacts with a smart device as a user interface. We developed a virtual aquarium graphic system and a remote interaction application of a smart device for building an interactive virtual aquarium system. We performed an experiment that demonstrates the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed system as an example of a new type of interactive application of a smart display, where a smart device serves as a remote user interface.

One of the common usages of a captured human body motion in automotive application is creating swept volumes of the body surfaces based on the trajectories of its motion. Recent development of depth sensors enables fast and natural motion capture without attaching markers on subjects’ bodies. Microsoft Kinect is one of widely used depth sensors. It can track a whole body motion and output a skeleton model. A new method is developed to create the swept volumes from the motion captured by Kinect using an open source graphic system. The skeleton motion is recorded in a file format that is flexible to retain the skeleton’s structure and acceptable to various graphic systems. The motion is then bound with a surface manikin model in the graphic system, where the swept volumes are generated. This method is more flexible and portable than utilizing a commercial digital manikin, and potentially provides more accurate result.

This research proposes the graphic system based on the computer vision technology using fingertips. It is the integrated system of graphic to the part that tracked the fingertips after reading the images of hands combined with artistic concept. This work of art being introduced is a graphic expression based on the screen and interactive media art for modern people who experience absence of communication and personal relationships that became estranged socially. Upon putting hand on the manufacture interactive table, it extracts the fingertips as feature points through adaptively suitable oval extraction method considering geometric features of hands. To project the graphic in the input image of camera, precise extraction and tracking technology of feature points of fingertips are important, and this thesis is about the explanation of that technology.

Today, we can say that the graphic system of visual variables established and developed by Bertin represents an indispensable and universally recognized theory of the cartographic transcription of geographic information. Various cartographers have used and improved on Bertin’s System. In the age of automation, GIS and multimedia, initial results in adapting Bertin’s graphic system to the dynamic and also non-visual representation of information are now available. Today one can say that despite its fundamental character, Bertin’s theory has proven to be very adaptable and open towards innovation.

Installation effects were considered with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The information obtained by numerical simulation was much more extensive than in experimental data investigations. Using standard turbulence models, reasonable agreement with experimental data was achieved. The use of advanced turbulence models improves the agreement drastically but needs far more computer resources. Visualization of calculated flows was performed with the aid of an advanced graphic system. The assessment of the validation procedure was found to be dependent on various aspects which are discussed in detail. The influence of flow disturbances on various ultrasonic flow meters was numerically investigated.

An Interactive Graphic System for three-dimensional (3D) gravity modeling is presented. The system uses a highly flexible algorithm for the calculation of theoretical anomalies, which permits accurate 3D simulation of most types of geological bodies, and the simultaneous introduction of several bodies. This ability to combine several objects, together with features such as topographic relief, faults, and erosional process, adds a higher degree of realism to the model.

Natural language processing is showing more interest in the Amazigh language in recent years. Suitable resources for Amazighe are becoming a vital necessity for the progress of this research. Corpora are an important resource but Amazighe lacks sufficient resources in this field, therefore we have been conducted to build an Amazighe corpus. In this paper, we present preliminary result experiments with a corpus for Standard Amazighe. We selected samples of published data from different Amazighe varieties. The selection was driven mainly by the amount of data available. We still demonstrate the completeness and representativeness of this corpus using metrics and show its suitability for language engineering experiments.

With the development of Tablet PC, especially the rapid development of tablet PC based on android platform, more and more people started using the Tablet PC as an entertainment tool, while web browsing and reading text is a very important function of tablet PCs. Skia is a complete 2D graphic library for drawing Text, Geometries, and Images and is the engine of android graphic system. Most users like read in the case of the page resizing, so the optimization of skia library can let web browsing and text reading more fluently. The main purpose of this article is to measure the hot function through oprofile and optimize some certain ones, in the case of amplification of the page or text reading. Results show that the optimization can improve reading effectively.

New applications of smart devices interacting with other computing devices are recently providing interesting and feasible solutions in ubiquitous computing environments. In this study, we propose an interactive virtual aquarium system that interacts with a smart device as a user interface. We developed a virtual aquarium graphic system and a remote interaction application of a smart device for building an interactive virtual aquarium system. We performed an experiment that demonstrates the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed system as an example of a new type of interactive application of smart display, where a smart device serves as a remote user interface.

PsyScope is an integrated environment for designing and running psychology experiments on Macintosh computers. The primary goal of PsyScope is to give both psychology students and trained researchers a tool that allows them to design experiments without the need for programming. PsyScope relies on the interactive graphic environment provided by Macintosh computers to accomplish this goal. The standard components of a psychology experiment—groups, blocks, trials, and factors—are all represented graphically, and experiments are constructed by working with these elements in interactive windows and dialogs. In this article, we describe the overall organization of the program, provide an example of how a simple experiment can be constructed within its graphic environment, and discuss some of its technical features (such as its underlying scripting language, timing characteristics, etc.). PsyScope is available for noncommercial purposes free of charge and unsupported to the general research community. Information about how to obtain the program and its documentation is provided.

With the rapid development of electric technology, the embedded system is becoming increasingly humanistic and active. It requires more advanced and humanistic technology to provide a more thoughtful and comprehensive graphical user interface for customers, both triggering their desire for using and providing pleasure in further operating. This paper presents a new kind of GUI (Graphical User Interface) system applied in tiny embedded systems. Based on GMM and PDC arithmetic's optimizing, this system occupies the least hardware resources and enables any tiny device to provide the most humanized and personalized services. More over, due to the low cost and comparatively mature technology, this project is promising to be fully applied in each area, especially when the hardware resources are limited, and it will contribute more humanistic service to consumers.

This paper presents an edge-list compression scheme for the two-dimensional (2D) graphic systems. To fill a 2D graphic object described by complex curve paths, either enormous global edge-table has to be created, or a more economic line-based edge-list can be utilized. The latter approach, however, will sacrifice the rendering quality by approximating the curve using straight-lines. Therefore, this paper proposes a new edge-list structure, which first divides each path of the object into several upward and downward segments. Each segment will then be coded based on the difference vector of neighboring pixels, and the quadrant this vector belongs to. The entire path can be converted into a compact bit-stream. To decode the bit-stream, an additional link-list structure has to be built, which contains the direct access links to the entry points in the bit-stream in order to fetch the local lowest points to produce an active edge-list for each scan line. Our preliminary results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the overall edge-table size by an average factor of 15.

The paper describes a general and extensive graphic system in two or three dimensions, built in APL2 by means of the object-oriented programming paradigm. The system fully demonstrates the appropriateness of the language to develop real-life applications using the most advanced techniques of computer science.

Visual elements in the graphic system are carriers of the guiding recognition system and are bonds between practical function and aesthetic function of the guiding recognition system, which can better deal with spatial relationships between the guiding recognition system and the environment. This article analyzes the relevance of the establishment of orderly information between graphic system and the guiding recognition system through the acting force, the coincidence intensity, and perception intensity of the graphic system in the guiding recognition system.

Three-dimensional unsteady numerical flow field is visualized by using MPGS which is the multipurpose graphic system developed by CRAY research Ltd. The flow field computed by large eddy simulation (LES) is the turbulent flow over a backward facing step, The Reynolds number based on step height and main flow is 46000. Unsteady behavior of the large eddy on the computed flow field is clearly confirmed by making visual animation. Multipurpose graphic system, by which visual animation is easily produced, is available to estimate the computational unsteady flow fields.

An interactive tactile graphic display which acts by touch force has been developed as a trial. The trial model showed four usability problems through several usability experiments. Thus we re-designed three operation rules and developed a new image resampling algorithm to solve the problems. As the result, all problems shown in the previous system were solved. Furthermore a strategy of user interface design for interactive tactile graphic displays was shown through the development. In addition, an audio-tactile graphic system which can be used mainly to overcome tactile cognitive limitation was implemented as an application of the system.

The development and fabrication of VLSI circuits calls for permanent advances in the design and technology of these devices. Here important parameters are collected by process and device modelling. The incoming data are processed with the help of computer graphics. The GKS3D implementation UGRAF3, its application, and the relations to the international standardization process are described.

The development of integrated automation has dramatically changed the way of substations are managed. Moreover, the emergence of real time systems such as SCADA and DMIS, has put increasing pressure on electrical graphic platform. In this paper, a multi-agent based framework for intelligent electrical graphic system is developed for substations. This system is divided into many agents. Among them, the design and realization of topologic agent and power-flow agent are discussed in details. The topologic network is modeled by a bus model which is converted from the electrical node model. Based on full path power flow arithmetic, the subsection power flow arithmetic is proposed to optimize the current paths.

This paper reflects on the application of nets in system description, analysis and design and the role of tools herein.

The output part of a graphics system functionally identical to QuickDraw, the basic graphics package of Macintosh, is described in OBJ2. The construction process and the resultant description raise some pragmatic issues in using OBJ2 as a specification language, such as the criteria for selecting a particular construction from among several alternatives. An example of checking specifications in a systematic way is also shown.

We present plp, a proof management system and graphic interface for the “Larch Prover” (LP). The system provides additional support for interactive use of LP, by letting the user control the order in which goals are proved. We offer improved ways to investigate, compare and communicate proofs by allowing independent attempts at proving a goal, a better access to the information associated with goals and an additional script mechanism. All the features are accessible through a graphic system that makes the proof structure accessible to the user.

In this paper we describe communication with a responsive virtual environment with the main emphasis on the processing of spatial expressions in natural language instructions. This work is part of the VIENA project in which we chose interior design as an example domain. A multi-agent system acts as an intelligent mediator between the user and a graphics system. To make the communication about spatial relations more intuitive, we developed an anthropomorphic agent, which is graphically visualised in the scene. With reference to the human-like figure we explain the use of qualitative spatial expressions, like “right of” and “there”.

We present plp, a proof management system and graphic interface for the “Larch Prover” (LP). The system provides additional support for interactive use of LP, by letting the user control the order in which goals are proved. We offer improved ways to investigate, compare and communicate proofs by allowing independent attempts at proving a goal, a better access to the information associated with goals and an additional script mechanism. All the features are accessible through a graphic system that makes the proof structure accessible to the user.

An essential procedural aim in secondary education is the learning to solve problems. Problem solving its to be seen as the most complex form of learning, it can include concept learning and rule learning. We hope and believe that the abilities and skills developed through problem solving in secondary schools can be transfered to extra school activities. In geometry teaching we can differentiate between the following typical kinds or ideal types of problems: construction problems, calculation problems, theorem finding problems, proving problems...

Object-oriented concepts are particularly applicable to Computer Graphics in its broadest sense — interaction, images synthesis, animation, and CAD. Research in Object-Oriented Graphics has lead to a critique of the object-oriented theory. The aim of the second Eurographics Workshop on Object-Oriented Graphics was to address fundamental issues arising from the use of object-oriented techniques in computer graphics, to provide a platform to state views on relevant issues, and discuss possible research programmes to address remaining unresolved problems.

We investigate the suitability of object-oriented paradigms for graphics by comparing a variety of object-oriented graphics systems and noting which of their features are readily modeled by class-instance systems and which by delegation systems. We examine how these systems establish patterns of sharing of data and behavior, and note that these patterns are established in a remarkably consistent fashion. We conclude that these patterns of sharing are more naturally modeled in a delegation system than in a class-instance system.

Algebraic specification has been widely used for the formal specification of graphic systems. Normally, specification languages use only very simple geometrical concepts as graphical theoretical support, which results in complex specifications.

This article presents a statistical and comparative analysis of four spelling conventions that represent different stages in the development of the Polish graphic system: the graphic system of a late-medieval manuscript (hand-written text), the standard spelling convention typical for the first half of the sixteenth century, the accepted and standard modern spelling of the first half of the twentieth century and the innovative set of graphic features used in electronic media. The characteristics of the statistical parameters encompasses dispersion and entropy in the first and the second row of letters, as well as in two-element sets (dyads). The analysis proves that: 1) inasmuch as the degree of differentiation of the distribution of signs, the history of Polish spelling convention prior to the solidification of the modern standard practice (accepted standard system) manifested a self-organizing tendency that was based on a reduction of letter signs and two-element letter combinations (ligatures) with the frequency of 1; 2) innovative solutions used in the set of graphic features characteristic for electronic media do not violate the statistical proportion between letters and their dyads operative and specific for modern standard graphic system 3) in respect to theory and information, the transformations of the graphic substance (graphic system) (within the analysed chronological timeframe) depended on neither progress (evolution) nor degradation.

Large and expensive supercomputers are producing an enormous amount of data at significant costs. In order to use these facilities efficiently dedicated peripheral hardware and software is necessary. Computer graphics help the researcher to prepare data for the supercomputer and to process the data produced by numerical solvers.

At the time being, there is a lot of different systems claiming to be either multimedia, hypermedia, or supporting collaborative/cooperative work. In the following paper, a first attempt to clearify the notions of these concepts is tried. Multimedia content, hyperstructure organization and cooperative access will be identified as different features of an intelligent document. These features will be discussed under formal, information technology and implementation aspects.

APL syntax provides a very simple and expressive way to generate and manipulate simple 3D parametric objects. APL2 nested arrays provide powerful data structures for a compact, readable and executable description of 3D layout scenes.The paper describes a user-friendly interactive graphic system for 3D layout manipulation. The user can define and modify a layout scene by graphical interaction on a 3D perspective projection. User's commands enable change of parameters, 3D transformations and friendly operations that involve position relationship between objects. Commands are translated into “messages” to graphic objects, and the result of the operations is immediately reflected in a modification of the “scene data structure”.The system includes the capability to select objects from a catalogue, to build compound objects and to edit sub-objects. The scene data structure is well suited for interface to external graphics rendering programs. Data structure can be extended to include non-geometrical information. Moreover it is possible to apply complex numerical algorithms to geometrical and numerical data.A heuristic algorithm for Satellite Systems Layout Optimization is presented as an example.

We propose the use of implementation spaces to establish a CAD based methodology for the implementation of a robot in rigidly pre-determined environments (e.g.: assembly lines). We use the three module of the McDonnell Douglas graphic system, and the proposed methodology was applied to the ASEA IRB-6 robot. The determined possible implementation area enables the robot to accomplish all assigned tasks, considering all the constraints on its location. The procedure involves three main steps: (1) constructing all necessary implementation spaces (IS); (2) obtaining the reduced implementation space(s) (RIS), which only takes into account all the tasks to be accomplished; (3) obtaining the possible implementation space(s) (PIS), which take(s) into account all additional constraints on the location of the robot. The methodology is transferable to other animation softwares such as Catia or Robcad, and is used to validate a numerical recurrent approach currently being developed.

Work towards the second generation graphics standard NewAPI has just started. This occasion is taken to compare the needs of graphics standards and the benefits of object-oriented systems. It is argued that the open demands for graphics standards can reasonably be met only by adopting an object oriented approach. Advantages of such an approach are summarized. Open issues are discussed.

When we look at the following picture, a schematic illustration of the front panel of a car radio, we intuitively understand that it is made up of parts: the radio has two switchboards, each switchboard consists of four buttons, a button consists of a square and a circle.

In this chapter we will discuss how a graphics system can be enriched with additional semantic support alongside the part hierarchy. After an introductory look into this field, farther-reaching concepts, constraints, are discussed. At the end of the chapter we ask about relations between hybrid knowledge representation concepts and computer graphics.

In this chapter we discuss some requirements for an object-oriented graphics standard. We discuss briefly the political aspects of standardization and then continue with open questions to be decided by a standardization committee.

In this chapter we will be looking at the graphics standard GKS through the object-oriented lens. Several differences between a traditional graphics kernel system as GKS and an object-oriented graphics system will be described. Simultaneously, we will introduce the goals of standardizing a graphics system. Some of the examples encompass an object-oriented modification of GKS, to aid in pointing out the differences between the traditional and object-oriented approaches. By no means do we propose a modified GKS as the graphics system of the future. It should be noted that much of what is said on the next few pages also applies to the standard PHIGS. But PHIGS will be analyzed in more detail in other chapters of the book.

I describe here a coding and retrieval system to integrate film informa tion with printed social science material. The system is based on the Outline of Cultural Materials (OCM) (Murdock et al. 1971), a topical classification scheme. I use the Human Relations Area Files and its Automated Biblio graphic System (HABS) format as the means of integration. To get a film ready for OCM coding, the video tape is divided into sections containing both visual and aural information; then HRAF File slips are prepared on the basis of the video tape divisions; an OCM video index describes each video tape section. The result, a HABS film profile, provides information about the structure of the film, funding institution, names and backgrounds of the film makers. Appendix A explains experimental modification with the OCM; Appendix B contains an OCM video tape index of the film "Kenya Boran"; Appendix C presents a HABS film profile for "Kenya Boran."

Two documents have achieved the status of full International Standards for Graphics — GKS (Graphical Kernel System) and CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile). GKS is a procedural definition of the user interface to a graphic system; CGM is the specification for a graphics file format. This paper describes the salient features of GKS and CGM and sets them in historical context and in relationship to the other standards being developed. It describes and explains the functions and features of the two standards.