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Abstract: The industrial sector is the biggest electricity consumer in Malaysia. Electric motors account for more than 45% of the electricity consumption in the industrial sector in the country. Therefore, it is very important to implement energy efficiency standards for electric motors to reduce energy consumption growth in this sector. This paper attempts to calculate the cost efficiency analysis and emission reduction by implementing energy efficiency standards for electric motor in Malaysia. The energy efficiency standards are proposed based on the efficiency of electric motors from survey data. The study examines the potential energy, economical and environmental impacts of the implementation of energy efficiency standards for electric motors in three scenarios i.e. 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of standards efficiency improvement. Standards also enable consumers to reduce their electricity bill and contribute to a positive environmental impact. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study analyzes the relationship between bank efficiency and liquidity risks of 16 Islamic banks and 27 conventional banks in Malaysia for the period covering year 1994-2014. Bank efficiency is based on cost efficiency, while liquidity risk is measured based on the guidelines of Basel III using Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), which is short term (30 days) and Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR), which is long term (one year) in nature. This analysis involves two phases: 1) the cost efficiency scores is estimated using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and 2) the relationship between the estimated cost efficiency and liquidity risk is tested using static panel regression method. The results show that cost efficiency of both banking systems have no significant relationship with LCR, but significant negative relationships with NSFR for both Islamic and conventional banks. This means that the higher the cost inefficiency, the lower is the liquidity, and the higher the liquidity risk in long term. In short, cost saving can reduce bank liquidity risk in long-term. Hence, bank cost efficiency must be taken into account by policymakers in formulating liquidity risk management to ensure sustainability of the banking system in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a multi-centre study to determine cost efficiency and cost effectiveness of the Ministry of Health centre haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) programme.Forty-four haemodialysis and 11 CAPD centres were enrolled in this study in 2001. Sixty patients, 30 from each modality, were evaluated. Micro-costing was used to determine costs.The number of haemodialyses conducted ranged from 402 to 23 000 procedures per year, while for CAPD, output ranged from 70 to 2300 patient months/year. Cost ranged from RM79.61 to RM475.79 per haemodialysis treatment, with a mean cost of RM169 per HD (USD 1 = RM 3.80). The cost of CAPD treatment ranged from RM1400 to RM3200 per patient month, with a mean of RM2186. Both modalities incurred similar outpatient costs. The cost of erythropoeitin per year is RM4500 and RM2500 for haemodialysis and CAPD, respectively. The number of life years saved is 10.96 years for haemodialysis and 5.21 years for CAPD. Cost per life year saved is RM33 642 for haemodialysis and RM31 635 for CAPD. The cost for land, building, equipment, overheads, and staff were higher for haemodialysis, while consumables and hospitalization cost more for CAPD. Sensitivity analysis was performed for two discount rates (3 and 5%), varying erythropoietin doses and maximum and minimum overheads. Relative cost effectiveness of haemodialysis and CAPD was unchanged in all sensitivity scenarios, except for overhead costs, which influenced the cost effectiveness of HD.It is economically viable to promote the use of both CAPD and haemodialysis because the cost effectiveness of both are nearly equal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]