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Ligand coupling on hypervalent main group elements has emerged as a pivotal methodology for the synthesis of functionalized N‐heteroaromatic compounds in recent years due to the avoidance of transition metals and the mildness of the reaction conditions. In this direction, the reaction of N‐heteroaryl sulfur(IV) and N‐heteroaryl phosphorus(V) compounds has been well studied. However, the ligand coupling of sulfur(VI) is still underdeveloped and the reaction of alkyl N‐heteroarylsulfones is still elusive, which does not match the high status of sulfones as the chemical chameleons in organic synthesis. Here we present a ligand coupling‐enabled formal SO2 extrusion of fluoroalkyl 2‐azaheteroarylsulfones under the promotion of Grignard reagents, which not only enriches the chemistry of sulfones, but also provides a novel and practical synthetic tool towards N‐heteroaromatic fluoroalkylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ligand coupling on hypervalent main group elements has emerged as a pivotal methodology for the synthesis of functionalized N‐heteroaromatic compounds in recent years due to the avoidance of transition metals and the mildness of the reaction conditions. In this direction, the reaction of N‐heteroaryl sulfur(IV) and N‐heteroaryl phosphorus(V) compounds has been well studied. However, the ligand coupling of sulfur(VI) is still underdeveloped and the reaction of alkyl N‐heteroarylsulfones is still elusive, which does not match the high status of sulfones as the chemical chameleons in organic synthesis. Here we present a ligand coupling‐enabled formal SO2 extrusion of fluoroalkyl 2‐azaheteroarylsulfones under the promotion of Grignard reagents, which not only enriches the chemistry of sulfones, but also provides a novel and practical synthetic tool towards N‐heteroaromatic fluoroalkylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkaline‐earth metals Mg and Ca are too inert for the direct metalation of primary and secondary amines. Consequently, activation prior to use is required. Alternatively, the Grignard reagents RMgX (R=alkyl, aryl, X=halide) can be applied in metalation of amines. However, such a straightforward procedure for the synthesis of alkylcalcium reagents is disadvantageous due to diverse side reactions, including Wurtz‐type C−C coupling and ether degradation reactions. Therefore, suspensions of magnesium or calcium with amine can be treated in a smooth reaction with ethyl bromide in an ethereal solvent at room temperature. Intermediately formed RAeX (Ae=alkaline‐earth metal, i. e. Mg, Ca) either metalates amines yielding the corresponding amides in an in situ Grignard metalation method (iGMM) or adds across C=N bonds of imines in an in situ Grignard addition method (iGAM). The amides R'2N‐AeX (Ae=Mg: Hauser bases) undergo Schlenk‐type ligand exchange reactions yielding homoleptic Ae(NR'2)2 and potentially sparingly soluble AeX2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we expand the current molecular‐level understanding of one of the most important and effective additives in iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA). Focusing on relevant phenyl and ethyl Grignard reagents and slow nucleophile addition protocols commonly used in effective catalytic systems, TMEDA‐iron(II)‐aryl intermediates are identified via in situ spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and detailed reaction studies to be a part of an iron(II)/(III)/(I) reaction cycle where radical recombination with FePhBr(TMEDA) (2Ph) results in selective product formation in high yield. These results differ from prior studies with mesityl Grignard reagent, where poor product selectivity and low catalytic performance can be attributed to homoleptic iron–ate species. Overall, this study represents a critical advance in how amine additives such as TMEDA can modulate selectivity and reactivity of organoiron species in cross‐coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we expand the current molecular‐level understanding of one of the most important and effective additives in iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA). Focusing on relevant phenyl and ethyl Grignard reagents and slow nucleophile addition protocols commonly used in effective catalytic systems, TMEDA‐iron(II)‐aryl intermediates are identified via in situ spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and detailed reaction studies to be a part of an iron(II)/(III)/(I) reaction cycle where radical recombination with FePhBr(TMEDA) (2Ph) results in selective product formation in high yield. These results differ from prior studies with mesityl Grignard reagent, where poor product selectivity and low catalytic performance can be attributed to homoleptic iron–ate species. Overall, this study represents a critical advance in how amine additives such as TMEDA can modulate selectivity and reactivity of organoiron species in cross‐coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protocols have been developed that allow easy access to 4‐alkynylquinazolines under transition‐metal‐free conditions. The ring opening reaction of 4‐(benzofuran‐2‐yl)quinazolines obtained from the arylation of quinazolines with benzofuran is the first way to achieve 4‐alkynylquinazolines. Direct alkynylation of quinazolines with terminal alkynes in the presence of n‐BuLi and iodine or with alkynyl Grignard reagents is another strategy. Desilylation of 4‐((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)quinazolines obtained by direct alkynation is the third approach to give 4‐alkynylquinazolines. It has also been shown that the protocols are applicable for scale‐up synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal–catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are some of the most widely used methods in chemical synthesis. However, despite notable advantages of iron (Fe) as a potentially cheaper, more abundant, and less toxic transition metal catalyst, its practical application in multicomponent cross-couplings remains largely unsuccessful. We demonstrate 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane Fe–catalyzed coupling of a-boryl radicals (generated from selective radical addition to vinyl boronates) with Grignard reagents. Then, we extended the scope of these radical cascades by developing a general and broadly applicable Fe-catalyzed multicomponent annulation–cross-coupling protocol that engages a wide range of p-systems and permits the practical synthesis of cyclic fluorous compounds. Mechanistic studies are consistent with a bisarylated Fe(II) species being responsible for alkyl radical generation to initiate catalysis, while carbon-carbon bond formation proceeds between a monoarylated Fe(II) center and a transient alkyl radical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of in situ generated arynes with stannylated imines to provide ortho‐stannyl‐aniline derivatives is reported. The readily prepared trimethylstannyl benzophenone imine is introduced as an efficient reagent to realize the aryne σ‐insertion reaction. The imine functionality is an established N‐protecting group and insertions proceed with good yields and good to excellent regioselectivities. The product anilines are valuable starting materials for follow‐up chemistry thanks to the rich chemistry offered by the trimethylstannyl moiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,3‐Disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) are important motifs in drug design as surrogates for p‐substituted arenes and alkynes. Access to all‐carbon disubstituted BCPs via cross‐coupling has to date been limited to use of the BCP as the organometallic component, which restricts scope due to the harsh conditions typically required for the synthesis of metallated BCPs. Here we report a general method to access 1,3‐C‐disubstituted BCPs from 1‐iodo‐bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (iodo‐BCPs) by direct iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling with aryl and heteroaryl Grignard reagents. This chemistry represents the first general use of iodo‐BCPs as electrophiles in cross‐coupling, and the first Kumada coupling of tertiary iodides. Benefiting from short reaction times, mild conditions, and broad scope of the coupling partners, it enables the synthesis of a wide range of 1,3‐C‐disubstituted BCPs including various drug analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,3‐Disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) are important motifs in drug design as surrogates for p‐substituted arenes and alkynes. Access to all‐carbon disubstituted BCPs via cross‐coupling has to date been limited to use of the BCP as the organometallic component, which restricts scope due to the harsh conditions typically required for the synthesis of metallated BCPs. Here we report a general method to access 1,3‐C‐disubstituted BCPs from 1‐iodo‐bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (iodo‐BCPs) by direct iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling with aryl and heteroaryl Grignard reagents. This chemistry represents the first general use of iodo‐BCPs as electrophiles in cross‐coupling, and the first Kumada coupling of tertiary iodides. Benefiting from short reaction times, mild conditions, and broad scope of the coupling partners, it enables the synthesis of a wide range of 1,3‐C‐disubstituted BCPs including various drug analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanistic platform for a novel nickel0‐catalyzed anionic cross‐coupling reaction (ACCR) of lithium sulfonimidoyl alkylidene carbenoids (metalloalkenyl sulfoximines) with organometallic reagents is reported herein, affording substituted alkenylmetals and lithium sulfinamides. The Ni0‐catalyzed ACCR of three different types of metalloalkenyl sulfoximines, including acyclic, axially chiral and exocyclic derivatives, with sp2 organolithiums and sp2 and sp3 Grignard reagents has been studied. The ACCR of metalloalkenyl sulfoximines with PhLi in the presence of the Ni0‐catalyst and precatalyst Ni(PPh3)2Cl2 afforded alkenyllithiums, under inversion of configuration at the C atom and complete retention at the S atom. In a combination of experimental and DFT studies, we propose a catalytic cycle of the Ni0‐catalyzed ACCR of lithioalkenyl sulfoximines. Computational studies reveal two distinctive pathways of the ACCR, depending on whether a phosphine or 1,5‐cyclooctadiene (COD) is the ligand of the Ni atom. They rectify the underlying importance of forming the key Ni0‐vinylidene intermediate through an indispensable electron‐rich Ni0‐center coordinated by phosphine ligands. Fundamentally, we present a mechanistic study in controlling the diastereoselectivity of the alkenyllithium formation via the key lithium sulfinamide coordinated Ni0‐vinylidene complex, which consequently avoids an unselective formation of an alkylidene carbene Ni‐complex and ultimately racemic alkenyllithium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An iron‐catalysed Kumada‐type cross‐coupling reaction between aryl substituted propargylic bromides and arylmagnesium reagents has been developed. Propargylic coupling products were the main or only outcome, and propargyl/allene regioselectivity was shown to depend on the electronic nature of the substituents on the triple bond of the substrate and on the arylmagnesium halide. Best selectivities were observed when electron donating substituents were present in either reagent. The process is stereoespecific, occurs with configuration inversion and no carbon‐based radicals seem to be involved in the mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report a room temperature Fe‐catalyzed coupling reaction of various bromophenols with aryl Grignard reagents, which exhibits a wide substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. For the first time, the combination of simple Fe(acac)3/PBu3/Ti(OEt)4 has been used as an effective catalyst for the biaryl couplings of bromophenols or their Na or K salts with debromination and etherification side reactions being well suppressed. Various biphenols including natural product garcibiphenyl C as well as pharmaceutical diflunisal and its ethyl ester were facilely synthesized using the present protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mild coupling reaction catalyzed by Ni(acac)2-L4 has been studied. The catalyst acts efficiently in the reaction of biaryl coupling between various electrophiles and common or functionalized aryl Grignard reagents with high functional group tolerance. The study demonstrates that LiCl acts as an essential component in efficient cross-coupling by accelerating reduction of Ni(II) to Ni(0). The new catalytic system for selective couplings of aryl tosylates with aryl chlorides has been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling chemistry can be regarded as one of the most powerful protocols to construct carbon–carbon bonds. While the field is still dominated by palladium catalysis, there is an increasing interest to develop protocols that utilize cheaper and more sustainable metal sources. Herein, we report a selective, practical, and fast iron‐based cross‐coupling reaction that enables the formation of Csp−Csp3 and Csp2−Csp3 bonds. In a telescoped flow process, the reaction can be combined with the Grignard reagent synthesis. Moreover, flow allows the use of a supporting ligand to be avoided without eroding the reaction selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their considerable practical value, palladium/1,3‐diene‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions between Grignard reagents RMgCl and alkyl halides AlkylX remain mechanistically poorly understood. Herein, we probe the intermediates formed in these reactions by a combination of electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. According to our results and in line with previous hypotheses, the first step of the catalytic cycle brings about transmetalation to afford organopalladate anions. These organopalladate anions apparently undergo SN2‐type reactions with the AlkylX coupling partner. The resulting neutral complexes then release the cross‐coupling products by reductive elimination. In gas‐phase fragmentation experiments, the occurrence of reductive eliminations was observed for anionic analogues of the neutral complexes. Although the actual catalytic cycle is supposed to involve chiefly mononuclear palladium species, anionic palladium nanoclusters [PdnR(DE)n]−, (n=2, 4, 6; DE=diene) were also observed. At short reaction times, the dinuclear complexes usually predominated, whereas at longer times the tetra‐ and hexanuclear clusters became relatively more abundant. In parallel, the formation of palladium black pointed to continued aggregation processes. Thus, the present study directly shows dynamic behavior of the palladium/diene catalyst system and degradation of the active catalyst with increasing reaction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium tetrachloroferrate, (PPN)[FeCl4] (1), was evaluated as a catalyst for cross‐coupling reactions. 1 exhibits high stability toward air and moisture and is an effective catalyst for the reaction of secondary alkyl halides with aryl Grignard reagents. The PPN cation is considered as an innocent counterpart to the iron center. We have developed an easy‐to‐handle iron catalyst for "ligand‐free" cross‐coupling reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a cross‐coupling reaction protocol between aryl ethers and Grignard reagents catalyzed by carbodicarbene (CDC) nickel complexes to afford biaryl compounds through C–O cleavage is reported. Aromatic substrates featuring a broad range of electron neutral, donating, or withdrawing groups are introduced at the desired position. The method has proven effective over a wide range of naphthyl methyl ethers, anisoles, and Grignard reagents. The robustness of the protocol is validated by performing multiple cleavage reactions, gram scale synthesis, and arylation of a dimethoxy esterdiol derivative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient access to 2-hydroxycyclopentenones was designed from acylcyanohydrins, by using titanacyclopropane complexes as nucleophilic partners and an intramolecular aldol condensation in basic conditions. The development of a one-pot procedure allows a step- and atom-economic process, and the use of Grignard reagents other than ethylmagnesium bromide provided valuable 3,4-disubstituted 2-hydroxycyclopentenones. The utility of the hydroxy group was illustrated by further functionalization of the α-position using palladium-mediated cross-coupling reactions. Image 1 • Original substituted 2-hydroxycyclopentenones.. • Titanacyclopropane complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented synthesis of regioregular head‐to‐tail‐type poly(1,4‐arylene)s bearing different substituents at the 2‐ and 5‐positions is described. They were prepared by the polymerization of 2,5‐disubstituted bromo(chloro)arylenes by selective halogen–metal exchange with a Grignard reagent and subsequent cross‐coupling polymerization with a nickel catalyst [NiCl2(dppp)]. Formation of the regioregular poly(1,4‐arylene)s were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, and showed remarkable differences to those polymers having uncontrolled regioregularity. Polymerization of bromo(chloro)arylenes with a chiral alkoxy substituent also led to the regioregular head‐to‐tail‐type polyarylene, which demonstrated circular dichroism, thus suggesting formation of a structure with higher‐order regularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aryl tosylates are an attractive class of electrophiles for cross‐coupling reactions due to ease of synthesis, low price, and the employment of C−O electrophiles, however, the reactivity of aryl tosylates is low. Herein, we report the Ni‐catalyzed C(sp2)−C(sp3) Kumada cross‐coupling of aryl tosylates with primary and secondary alkyl Grignard reagents. The method delivers valuable alkyl arenes by cross‐coupling with challenging alkyl organometallics possessing β‐hydrogens that are prone to β‐hydride elimination and homo‐coupling. The reaction is catalyzed by an air‐ and moisture stable‐Ni(II) precatalyst. A broad range of electronically‐varied aryl tosylates, including bis‐tosylates, underwent this transformation, and many examples are suitable at mild room temperature conditions. The combination of Ar−X cross‐coupling with the facile Ar−OH activation/cross‐coupling strategy permits for orthogonal cross‐coupling with challenging alkyl organometallics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the method operates with TON reaching 2000, which is one of the highest turnovers observed to date in Ni‐catalyzed cross‐couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct preparation of alkylated amide‐derivatives by cross‐coupling chemistry using sustainable protocols is challenging due to sensitivity of the amide functional group to reaction conditions. Herein, we report the synthesis of alkyl‐substituted amides by iron‐catalyzed C(sp2)−C(sp3) cross‐coupling of Grignard reagents with aryl chlorides. The products of these reactions are broadly used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and other biologically‐active molecules. Furthermore, amides are used as versatile intermediates that can participate in the synthesis of valuable ketones and amines, providing access to motifs of broad synthetic interest. The reaction is characterized by its good substrate scope, tolerating a range of amide substitution, including sterically‐bulky, sensitive and readily modifiable amides. The reaction is compatible with challenging organometallics possessing β‐hydrogens, and proceeds under very mild, operationally‐simple conditions. Optimization of the catalyst system demonstrated the beneficial effect of O‐coordinating ligands on the cross‐coupling. The reaction was found to be fully chemoselective for the mono‐substitution at the less sterically‐hindered position. Mechanistic studies establish the order of reactivity and provide insight into the role of amide to control mono‐selectivity of the alkylation. The protocol provides the possibility for convenient access to alkyl‐amide structural building blocks using sustainable cross‐coupling conditions with high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Es wird über eine widerstandsfähige Reaktionsvorschrift zur Herstellung von siliciumbasierten Magnesiumreagenzien berichtet. Das im Lithium‐auf‐Magnesium‐Ummetallierungsschritt eingesetzte MgBr2 wird in situ aus 1,2‐Dibromethan und elementarem Magnesium in heißem THF erzeugt. In der Wärme bildet sich kein Niederschlag an MgBr2, und die Ummetallierung bei erhöhter Temperatur führt zu homogenen Stammlösungen an Silicium‐Grignard‐Reagenzien, die sich zersetzungsfrei im Kühlschrank lagern lassen. Diese Methode umgeht die Herstellung von Siliciumpronukleophilen wie etwa Si‐Si‐ und Si‐B‐Reagenzien. Die neuen Grignard‐Reagenzien werden in bisher unbekannten eisen‐ und cobaltkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen von nichtaktivierten Alkylbromiden zur Anwendung gebracht. Die Verträglichkeit dieser Magnesiumreagenzien mit funktionellen Gruppen ist exzellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient organocatalytic route has been developed to synthesize novel substituted thioxanthenes (2a-2v) starting from diaryl thioether alcohols (1a-1v) using the intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction. The starting materials were obtained in two stages via a coupling reaction followed by the Grignard reaction. In this study, we tried for the first time to use some organic Brønsted acids as organocatalysts (3a-3h) in the intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclization reaction of thioether alcohols. The synthesis of original substituted thioxanthenes was achieved within 15 minutes by using N-triflylphosphoramide (3h) with quantitative yields in THF at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The scarcity of precious metals has led to the development of sustainable strategies for metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. The establishment of new catalytic methods using iron is attractive owing to the low cost, abundance, ready availability, and very low toxicity of iron. In the last few years, sustainable methods for iron‐catalyzed cross‐couplings have entered the critical area of pharmaceutical research. Most notably, iron is one of the very few metals that have been successfully field‐tested as highly effective base‐metal catalysts in practical, kilogram‐scale industrial cross‐couplings. In this Minireview, we critically discuss the strategic benefits of using iron catalysts as green and sustainable alternatives to precious metals in cross‐coupling applications for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. The Minireview provides an essential introduction to the fundamental aspects of practical iron catalysis, highlights areas for improvement, and identifies new fields to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Although iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of Grignard reagents with alkyl halides has been well established, the adoption of the reaction for fluoroalkylations has not been reported because traditional catalytic systems often lead to defluorination reactions. Described herein is the investigation of an iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling between arylmagnesium bromides and difluoroalkyl bromides with modified N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐ethane‐1,2‐diamine (TMEDA) as a ligand. The use of this bulky diamine, in which a butylene is substituted at one carbon atom of the ethylene backbone in TMEDA, enables the iron‐catalyzed difluoroalkylation under mild reaction conditions with a wide range of difluoroalkyl bromides, including vulnerable bromodifluoromethane, thus providing a general and cost‐efficient route for applications in medicinal chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have found that cross-coupling between aryl Grignard reagents and allylic methyl ethers proceeded well in the presence of a catalytic amounts of Fe(acac)3 to afford the corresponding allylic substitution products in good yields. Under the same conditions, allylic trimethylsilyl ethers also reacted with Grignard reagents to give the corresponding cross-coupling products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a cosolvent in ferric salt catalyzed cross-coupling reactions is crucial for achieving the highly selective, preparative scale formation of cross-coupled product in reactions utilizing alkyl Grignard reagents. Despite the critical importance of NMP, the molecular level effect of NMP on in situ formed and reactive iron species that enables effective catalysis remains undefined. Herein, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel trimethyliron(II) ferrate species, [Mg(NMP)6][FeMe3]2 (1), which forms as the major iron species in situ in reactions of Fe(acac)3 and MeMgBr under catalytically relevant conditions where NMP is employed as a co-solvent. Importantly, combined GC analysis and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic studies identified 1 as a highly reactive iron species for the selective formation generating cross-coupled product. These studies demonstrate that NMP does not directly interact with iron as a ligand in catalysis but, alternatively, interacts with the magnesium cations to preferentially stabilize the formation of 1 over [Fe8Me12]- cluster generation, which occurs in the absence of NMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds [2-(Et 2 NCH 2 )C 6 H 4 ] 2 SbX [X = Cl ( 1 ), Br ( 2 )] and [2-( i -Pr 2 NCH 2 )C 6 H 4 ] 2 EBr [E = Sb ( 3 ), Bi ( 4 )] were prepared by coupling reactions between organolithium derivatives or Grignard reagents and the corresponding metal halides. Compounds 1 – 4 were characterized in solution by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and their molecular structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The coordination geometry around the metal centers is square pyramidal in 1 and 2 , and see-saw in 3 and 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The combination of CoCl2 and 1,3‐dienes is known to catalyze challenging alkyl–alkyl cross‐coupling reactions between Grignard reagents and alkyl halides, but the mechanism of these valuable transformations remains speculative. Herein, electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry is used to identify and characterize the elusive intermediates of these and related reactions. The vast majority of detected species contain low‐valent cobalt(I) centers and diene molecules. Charge tagging, deuterium labeling, and gas‐phase fragmentation experiments elucidate the likely origin of these species and show that the diene not only binds to Co as a π ligand, but also undergoes migratory insertion reactions into Co−H and Co−R bonds. The resulting species have a strong tendency to form anionic cobalt(I) ate complexes, the superior nucleophilicity of which should render them highly reactive toward electrophilic substrates and, thus, presumably is the key to the high catalytic efficiency of the system under investigation. Upon the reaction of the in situ formed cobalt(I) ate complexes with organyl halides, only the final cross‐coupling product could be detected, but no cobalt(III) species. This finding implies that this reaction step proceeds in a direct manner without any intermediate or, alternatively, that it involves an intermediate with a very short lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling between α-bromo amides and Grignard reagents is disclosed. The reaction is general and allows access to a large variety of α-aryl and β,γ-unsaturated amides. Some mechanistic investigations have been undertaken to determine the nature of the intermediate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of the full catalytic cycle for Fe-chiral-bisphosphine-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between alkyl halides and Grignard reagents (Nakamura and co-workers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 7128) was rationalized by using density functional theory (DFT) and multicomponent artificial force-induced reaction (MC-AFIR) methods. The computed mechanism consists of (a) C-Cl activation, (b) transmetalation, (c) C-Fe bond formation, and (d) C-C bond formation through reductive elimination. Our survey on the prereactant complexes suggested that formation of FeII(BenzP*)Ph2 and FeI(BenzP*)Ph complexes are thermodynamically feasible. FeI(BenzP*)Cl complex is the active intermediate for C-Cl activation. FeII(BenzP*)Ph2 complex can be formed if the concentration of Grignard reagent is high. However, it leads to biphenyl (byproduct) instead of the cross-coupling product. This explains why slow addition of Grignard reagent is critical for the cross-coupling reaction. The MC-AFIR method was used for systematic determination of transition states for C-Fe bond formation and C-C bond formation starting from the key intermediate FeII(BenzP*)PhCl. According to our detailed analysis, C-C bond formation is the selectivity-determining step. The computed enantiomeric ratio of 95:5 is in good agreement with the experimental ratio (90:10). Energy decomposition analysis suggested that the origin of the enantioselectivity is the deformation of Ph-ligand in Fe-complex, which is induced by the bulky tert-butyl group of BenzP* ligand. Our study provides important mechanistic insights for the cross-coupling reaction between alkyl halides and Grignard reagents and guides the design of efficient Fe-based catalysts for cross-coupling reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transition metal-free, direct one-pot domino allylation reaction of 2-pyridinyl Grignard reagents with polysubstituted allyl chlorides for the regioselective synthesis of pyridinyl-substituted 1,5-diene derivatives has been disclosed. The reaction presumably proceeded through the coupling of polysubstituted allyl chloride to 2-PyMgX, which wasin situgenerated from 2-bromopyridine withi-PrMgCl·LiCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present short review article highlights recent progress in the field of transition-metal catalysis. An overview on recent work involving cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and some recent advances from our laboratories are given. 1 Introduction 2 Csp²-Csp² Cobalt-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings 3 Csp²-Csp³ Cobalt-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings 4 Conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substrate scope and the mechanism have been investigated for the MnCl2-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between aryl halides and Grignard reagents. The transformation proceeds rapidly and in good yield when the aryl halide component is an aryl chloride containing a cyano or an ester group in the para position or a cyano group in the ortho position. A range of other substituents gave no conversion of the aryl halide or led to the formation of side products. A broader scope was observed for the Grignard reagents, where a variety of alkyl- and arylmagnesium chlorides participated in the coupling. Two radical-clock experiments were carried out, and in both cases an intermediate aryl radical was successfully trapped. The cross-coupling reaction is therefore believed to proceed by an SRN¹ mechanism, with a triorganomanganate complex serving as the most likely nucleophile and single-electron donor. Other mechanistic scenarios were excluded based on the substrate scope of the aryl halide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-coupling reaction of unactivated alkyl fluorides with alkyl Grignard reagents by a CoCl2/LiI/1,3-pentadiene catalytic system is described. The present reaction smoothly cleaved C-F bonds under mild conditions and achieved alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling even when sterically hindered tertiary alkyl Grignard reagents were employed. Since alkyl fluorides are inert toward many reagents and catalytic intermediates, the use of the present reaction enables a new multistep synthetic route to construct carbon frameworks by combining conventional transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved protocol has been developed for the MnCl2-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of two arylmagnesium bromides under dioxygen. The reaction was achieved by using the Grignard reagents in a 2:1 ratio and 20 % of MnCl2. Very good yields of the heterocoupling product were obtained when the limiting Grignard reagent underwent little homocoupling under the reaction conditions. Arylmagnesium bromides that contain p-methoxy, p-(dimethylamino), p-fluoro, and p-chloro substituents were shown to afford high product yields in the cross-coupling reactions with a variety of substituted aryl Grignard reagents. Heterocyclic Grignard reagents, on the other hand, were less effective substrates for this transformation because of the rapid homocoupling of these reagents under the reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of non-activated alkyl chlorides, including primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl chlorides, with phenyl Grignard reagents were achieved. Preparation of phenylmagnesium bromide in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran is critical for the success of the reaction. This protocol expands the synthetic toolbox for the construction of C C bonds of non-activated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl chlorides via copper-catalyzed cross-coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient protocol for chromium(III)-catalyzed C(sp2)–C(sp3) cross-coupling is reported. The alkylations of halo-quinoline and phenacyl derivatives proceed at room temperature within minutes using the tetrahydrofuran-soluble chromium(III) complex CrCl3·3THF. The reactions occur without the formation of homo-coupling side products, which are common for the related iron-, cobalt- or manganese-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient synthesis of diversely substituted diallylic alcohols is developed via Cu-mediated three-component coupling reaction of acetylenic sulfones, Grignard reagents and α , β -unsaturated carbonyls. Polysubstituted diallylic alcohols containing a sulfonyl group could be obtained in up to 85% yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kumada-Corriu reaction is a powerful tool for C-C bond formation, but is seldom utilized due to perceived chemoselectivity issues. Herein, we demonstrate that high-yielding couplings can occur in the presence of many electrophilic and heterocyclic functional groups. Our strategy is mechanically based, matching oxidative addition rates with the rate of syringe pump addition of the Grignard reagent. The mechanistic reason for the effectiveness of this strategy is uncovered by continuous-infusion ESI-MS studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An anionic Ni complex was isolated and its structure determined by X-ray crystallography. With such an anionic complex as a key intermediate, a regio- and stereoselective multicomponent coupling reaction of perfluoroarenes, aryl Grignard reagents, and 1,3-butadiene in a 1:1:2 ratio was achieved, resulting in the formation of 1,6-octadiene derivatives containing two aryl groups, one from the perfluoroarene and the other from the aryl Grignard reagent, at the 3- and 8-positions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly diastereoselective cross-coupling of variously substituted cycloalkyl iodides with alkynyl and (hetero)aryl Grignard reagents using cobalt(II) chloride has been successfully developed. With the THF-soluble CoCl2·LiCl and the inexpensive ortho-phenanthroline derivative, neocuproine, as a ligand, diastereomeric ratios of up to 99:1 were achieved. A range of functional groups are tolerated in the Grignard reagent (e.g., CF3, Piv, CN, OPiv, NMe2, CO2NEt2, SF5, OTBS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of 12 deuterated ceramides with either a deuteration at the last carbon atom of the amide bound fatty acid or a perdeuterated fatty acid chain is described. The ceramides were prepared starting from sphingosine or phytosphingosine and ω deuterated or perdeuterated fatty acids with PyBOP® as activating agent in high yields. For the synthesis of the specifically deuterated fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids were transformed into ω deuterated alkyl bromide, which was chain elongated with blocked ω bromo alcohols by copper catalyzed Grignard coupling. Oxidation of regenerated alcohol function yields the ω deuterated fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of readily available enynes with alkyl-Grignard reagents in the presence of catalytic amounts of Fe(acac)3 engenders a remarkably facile and efficient reaction cascade that results in the net formation of two new C−C bonds while a C−Z bond in the substrate backbone is broken. Not only does this new manifold lend itself to the extrusion of heteroelements (Z=O, NR), but it can even be used for the cleavage of activated C−C bonds. The reaction likely proceeds via metallacyclic intermediates, the iron center of which gains ate character before reductive elimination occurs. The overall transformation represents a previously unknown merger of cycloisomerization and cross-coupling chemistry. It provides ready access to highly functionalized 1,3-dienes comprising a stereodefined tetrasubstituted alkene unit, which are difficult to make by conventional means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions between arylhalides and tert -alkyl Grignard reagents were developed. Our original bicyclic NHC ligands reduced the formation of isomerized products, and we found that NMP as a co-solvent suppressed the reduction process. Under the optimal conditions we developed, the catalyst loading was lowered to 0.5 mol %, and catalyst loading using ortho -substituted aryl bromides was also applicable at the level of 2.0 mol %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical and highly stereoselective iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of stereodefined enol carbamates and Grignard reagents to yield tri- and tetrasubstituted acrylates is reported. A facile method for the stereoselective generation of these enol carbamates has also been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical and highly stereoselective iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of stereodefined enol carbamates and Grignard reagents to yield tri- and tetrasubstituted acrylates is reported. A facile method for the stereoselective generation of these enol carbamates has also been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]