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Strains M29 T and ASUV-10-1 T , which are aerobic, non-flagellated, and Gram-stain-negative, were isolated from soil samples collected in Inje (37°57'49.1"N 128°19'53.7"E) and Cheonan City (36°48'47.1"N 127°05'22.4"E), South Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains M29 T and ASUV-10-1 T form a distinct branch within the family Hymenobacter (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). Strain M29 T is most closely related to Hymenobacter rubidus DG7B T with a 16 S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.05%. Strain ASUV-10-1 T shows closest genetic similarity to Hymenobacter frigidus B1789 T (96.42%), Hymenobacter jeongseonensis BT683 T (95.97%), and Hymenobacter terricola 3F2T T (95.65%). The optimal growth conditions for these strains are pH 7.0, no NaCl, and a temperature of 25 °C. The dominant cellular fatty acids identified in these strains are iso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 15:0 , and Summed Feature 3 (C 16:1 ω 7c / C 16:1 ω 6c). Both strains predominantly contain MK-7 as the respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids in strains M29 T and ASUV-10-1 T are phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, and aminolipid. Based on biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic data, it is evident that M29 T and ASUV-10-1 T represent new species within the genus Hymenobacter. The new species were classified based on biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics. The taxonomic classification of these species was conducted following the guidelines and protocols outlined in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. We followed the methods for determining physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as chemotaxonomic markers such as fatty acid profiles, quinone types, and polar lipid compositions. We also compared with the results of carbohydrate utilization and enzyme activities results [Bergey 1994]. Therefore, we propose the names Hymenobacter mellowenesis for strain M29 T (= KCTC 102056 T  = NBRC 116578 T ) and Hymenobacter aranciens for strain ASUV-10-1 T (= KCTC 92969 T  = NBRC 116575 T )., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

To respond to the external environmental changes for survival, bacteria regulates expression of a number of genes including transcription factors (TFs). To characterize complex biological phenomena, a biological system-level approach is necessary. Here we utilized six computational biology methods to infer regulatory network and to characterize underlying biologically mechanisms relevant to radiation-resistance. In particular, we inferred gene regulatory network (GRN) and operons of radiation-resistance bacterium Spirosoma montaniterrae DY10[Formula: see text] and identified the major regulators for radiation-resistance. Our results showed that DNA repair and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms are key processes and Crp/Fnr family transcriptional regulator works as a master regulatory TF in early response to radiation., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Two novel bacterial strains BT178 T and BT635 T were isolated from soil collected in Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea. Both strains were Gram-negative, rod-shaped circular, and had convex, glistening, pink-colored colonies. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that each of the strains BT178 T and BT635 T formed an individual lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two strains BT178 T and BT635 T were 97.7%. Both strains had Q-7 as the major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as the major polar lipids. The main cellular fatty acids of strain BT178 T were iso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 15:0 , and those of strain BT635 T were iso-C 15:0 and Summed Feature 4 (iso-C 17:1 I / anteiso-C 17:1 B). Based on the result of polyphasic taxonomic analysis, two novel species, Hymenobacter lucidus BT178 T (= KCTC 72333 T  = NBRC 115442 T ) and Hymenobacter nitidus BT635 T (= KACC 21904 T  = NBRC 115443 T ) were proposed., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Two novel bacterial strains BT175 T and BT728 T were isolated from soil collected in the Republic of Korea. Both strains were Gram stain negative, rod shaped, and had circular, convex, and pink-colored colonies. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the strains BT175 T and BT728 T was 93.6%, indicating that they represent a distinct species. 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that strains BT175 T and BT728 T belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes). Strain BT175 T was closely related to Hymenobacter persicinus 1-3-3-3 T (97.2%, 16S rRNA gene similarity), Hymenobacter knuensis 16F7C-2 T (96.6%), and Hymenobacter daejeonensis PB105 T (96.1%). Strain BT728 T was closely related to Hymenobacter rigui KCTC 12533 T (98.4%), Hymenobacter metallilatus 9PBR-2 T (97.6%), and Hymenobacter perfusus LMG26000 T (97.4%). Strain BT175 T and BT728 T were found to have the MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The DNA G + C content of strain BT175 T was 61.6 mol% and BT728 T was 59.6 mol%, respectively. Characterization based on polyphasic analysis indicated that strains BT175 T and BT728 T represent novel species of the genus Hymenobacter and the names Hymenobacter translucens sp. nov. and Hymenobacter pini sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of Hymenobacter translucens is BT175 T (= KCTC 72330 T  = NBRC 115441 T ) and Hymenobacter pini is BT728 T (= KACC 22629 T  = NBRC 115444 T )., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Two bacterial strains, designated BT189 T and BT664 T , were isolated from soil sampled in the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains BT189 T and BT664 T belonged to the genus Hymenobacter , family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales ). The 16S rRNA genes of the two strains shared a sequence similarity of 93.7 %. The closely related species of strain BT189 T were Hymenobacter rubidus DG7B T (97.1 % 16S rRNA similarity) and Hymenobacter terrae DG7A T (96.7 %). The closest related species to strain BT664 T were Hymenobacter sedentarius DG5B T (95.3 %) and Hymenobacter terrenus MIMtkLc17 T (95.2 %). The genome sizes of strains BT189 T and BT664 T were 5 285 287 and 5 475 357 bp, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains BT189 T and BT664 T were 63.2 and 59.3 mol%, respectively. The main fatty acids of strain BT189 T were iso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 6 c /C 16 : 1  ω 7 c ), and those of strain BT664 T were iso-C 15 : 0 , C 16 : 1  ω 5 c and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 6 c /C 16 : 1   ω 7 c ). The main polar lipid in both strains was phosphatidylethanolamine and the predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7, supporting the affiliation of these strains with the genus Hymenobacter . Based on the results of biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, two novel species, Hymenobacter armeniacus BT189 T (=KCTC 72341 T =NBRC 114843 T ) and Hymenobacter montanus BT664 T (KACC 21967 T =NBRC 114856 T ), are proposed.

Two novel Gram-negative bacterial strains BT190 T and BT191 were isolated from soil collected in Uijeongbu city (37°44'55″N, 127°02'20″E), Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT190 T and BT191 belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the strains BT190 T and BT190 was 99.5%. The strains BT190 T and BT191 were closely related to Hymenobacter swuensis DY53 T (97.0% 16S rRNA gene similarity), Hymenobacter metallilatus 9PBR-2  T (96.8%), Hymenobacter tibetensis XTM003 T (96.8%) and Hymenobacter yonginensis HMD1010 T (96.6%). The genome size of strain BT190 T was 4,859,864 bp. The DNA G+C content of strain BT190 T was 55.3 mol%. Bacterial growth was observed at 4-30 °C (optimum 25 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0) on R2A agar. Colonies of strains BT190 T and BT191 were raised, smooth, circular and red-pink colored. The sole respiratory quinone of strain BT190 T was MK-7 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 , C 16:1 ω5c, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c / C 16:1 ω7c) and summed feature 4 (iso-C 17:1 I / anteiso-C 17:1 B). The major polar lipids of strain BT190 T were aminophospholipid (APL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Based on the chemotaxonomic, biochemical, and phylogenetic analysis, strains BT190 T and BT191 can be suggested as a novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter puniceus sp. nov is proposed. The type strain of Hymenobacter puniceus is BT190 T (= KCTC 72342  T  = NBRC 114860  T )., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Two novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, rod-shaped, circular, convex, red-colored and UV-tolerant strains BT594 T and BT646 T were isolated from soil collected in Guri city (37° 36' 0″ N, 127° 9' 0″ E) and Gwangju city (37° 22' 0″ N, 127° 17' 0″ E), respectively, South Korea. 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that strains BT594 T and BT646 T belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes, kingdom Bacteria). The 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity between the two strains BT594 T and BT646 T was 96.2%. The strain BT594 T was closely related to Hymenobacter psychrotolerans Tibet-IIU11 T (97.0% 16S rDNA gene similarity) and Hymenobacter tibetensis XTM003 T (96.3%). The strain BT646 T was closely related to Hymenobacter psychrotolerans Tibet-IIU11 T (98.6%), Hymenobacter kanuolensis T-3  T (96.8%) and Hymenobacter perfusus LMG 26000  T (96.7%). The two strains were found to have the same quinone system, with MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strains BT594 T and BT646 T were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and aminophospholipids (APL). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT594 T were anteiso-C 15:0 (17.9%), iso-C 15:0 (16.1%) and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c / C 16:1 ω7c) (10.0%). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT646 T were summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c / C 16:1 ω7c) (18.3%), C 16:0 (17.2%) and summed feature 4 (iso-C 17:1 I / anteiso-C 17:1 B) (14.5%). Based on the polyphasic analysis, strains BT594 T and BT646 T can be suggested as two novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter and the proposed names are Hymenobacter guriensis and Hymenobacter duratus, respectively. The type strain of Hymenobacter guriensis is BT594 T (= KCTC 21863  T  = NBRC 114853  T ) and the type strain of Hymenobacter duratus is BT646 T (= KCTC 21915  T  = NBRC 114854  T )., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Two novel Gram-negative bacterial strains BT442 T and BT584 were isolated from dry soil collected in mountains Busan and Guri, Korea during wintertime. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT442 T and BT584 both belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). Strain BT442 T was closely related to Hymenobacter soli PB17 T (98.0% 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Hymenobacter terrae POA9 T (97.6%). No other recognized bacterial species showed more than 97% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strains BT442 T . The genome size of strain BT442 T was 5,143,362 bp. Bacterial growth was observed at 10-30 °C (optimum 25 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 6.0) in R2A agar and in the presence up to 1% NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids of strains BT442 T and BT584 were iso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 15:0 and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c / C 16:1 ω7c). In addition, their predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids of strains BT442 T and BT584 were identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, and aminolipid. Based on the biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses, strains BT442 T and BT584 are novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter, and the proposed name is Hymenobacter negativus. The strain type of Hymenobacter negativus is BT442 T (= KCTC 72902 T  = NBRC XXXX T ).

Two novel Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains BT702 T and BT704 T were isolated from soil collected in Jeongseon (37° 22' 45″ N, 128° 39' 53″ E), Gangwon province, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT702 T and BT704 T belong to distinct lineage within the genus Spirosoma (family Cytophagaceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia and phylum Bacteroidetes). The strain BT702 T was closely related to Spirosoma flavus 15J11-2 T (96.7% 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Spirosoma metallilatum TX0405 T (93.3%). The strain BT704 T was closely related to Spirosoma koreense 15J8-5 T (94.6%), Spirosoma endophyticum DSM 26130 T (93.8%) and Spirosoma humi S7-4-1 T (93.8%). The genome sizes of type strains BT702 T and BT704 T are 8,731,341 bp and 8,221,062 bp, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strains BT702 T and BT704 T were C 16:1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c). The strains were found to have the same quinone system, with MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strain BT702 T was identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), aminophospholipid (APL) and aminolipid (AL), while that of strain BT704 T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and aminophospholipid (APL). Based on the polyphasic analysis (phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and biochemical), strains BT702 T and BT704 T can be suggested as two new bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and the proposed names are Spirosoma profusum and Spirosoma validum, respectively. The type strain of Spirosoma profusum is BT702 T (= KCTC 82115 T  = NBRC 114859 T ) and type strain of Spirosoma validum is BT704 T (= KCTC 82114 T  = NBRC 114966 T ).

Three Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, circular, convex, red-colored and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated BT439 T , BT662 T and BT683 T were obtained from soil collected in South Korea. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains revealed a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter. The complete genome sequence of strains BT439 T , BT662 T and BT683 T is 5,542,738 bp, 5,964,541 bp, and 5,192,601 bp size, respectively. All three strains were found to have MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strains BT439 T and BT662 T were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipids and amino lipids. Strain BT683 T contained phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT439 T were iso-C 15:0 , summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c) and anteiso-C 15:0 ; strain BT662 T possessed iso-C 15:0 and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c); strain BT683 T were summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c), C 16:1 ω5c, iso-C 15:0 and anteiso-C 15:0 . Based on the polyphasic analysis, strains BT439 T , BT662 T and BT683 T can be suggested as three novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter and the proposed names are Hymenobacter properus sp. nov., Hymenobacter ruricola sp. nov. and Hymenobacter jeongseonensis sp. nov., respectively. The type strain of Hymenobacter properus is BT439 T (= KCTC 72900 T  = NBRC 114849 T ), Hymenobacter ruricola is BT662 T (= KACC 21966 T  = NBRC 114855 T ) and the type strain of Hymenobacter jeongseonensis is BT683 T (= KACC 22013 T  = NBRC xxxxx T ).

Two novel strains, BT213 T and BT327 T , were isolated from the soil collected in Uijeongbu city, Korea. Cells of strains were Gram negative, aerobic, and non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains BT213 T and BT327 T formed two distinct lineages within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BT213 T and BT327 T belonged to the genus Pontibacter. Strain BT213 T showed the highest similarities of 97.8% with Pontibacter deserti JC215 T . Strain BT327 T showed the highest sequence similarity of 96.5% with Pontibacter mucosus PB3 T . Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7, and in the absence of NaCl. The major cellular fatty acid of strains BT213 T and BT327 T were iso-C 15:0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C 17:1 I/anteiso-C 17:1 B). Strains BT213 T and BT327 T had MK-7 as major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. The genome size of strains BT213 T and BT327 T were 4,072,018 bp and 4,314,171 bp, respectively. The genomic G + C mol% of strains BT213 T and BT327 T are 45.6% and 46.1%, respectively. Based on biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analysis, two novel species Pontibacter fetidus BT213 T (KCTC 72345 T  = NBRC 114379 T ) and Pontibacter burrus BT327 T (KCTC 72412 T  = NBRC 114376 T ) are proposed as type strains.

A bacterial strain, designated 17J36-26 T , was isolated from the UV-irradiated soil from Jeju Island, South Korea. Cells are Gram negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming, rod shaped, and catalase and oxidase positive. The major fatty acids of strain 17J36-26 T were summed feature 4 (17:1 iso I/17:1 anteiso B), summed feature 3 (16:1 ω6c/16:1 ω7c), C 16:1 ω5c and iso-C 15:0 . The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipid, phospholipids and four unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the strain 17J36-26 T was 62.6 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 17J36-26 T was phylogenetically related to Hymenobacter qilianensis DK6-37 T and Hymenobacter roseosalivarius AA718 T (97.5% and 96.8% sequence similarity, respectively). Strain 17J36-26 T showed resistance to UV radiation. Both average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) values between strains 17J36-26 T and type strains of Hymenobacter species were lower than the cut-off (≥ 95-96% for ANI and ≥ 70% for isDDH) to define a bacterial new species. The polyphasic approach using genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data showed that strain 17J36-26 T could be distinguished from its phylogenetically related species, and thus, the strain representative of a novel species within the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter radiodurans sp. nov. (type strain 17J36-26 T  = KCTC 62269 T  = JCM 33185 T ) is proposed.

Two bacterial strains designated as MA3 T and BT182 were isolated from a soil sample in South Korea. Cells of the two strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed red colonies on R2A agar at 25 °C. The 16S rRNA genes of the two strains shared a sequence similarity of 99.8%. Both strains shared the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity of 96.8% with Hymenobacter edaphi NL T , followed by Hymenobacter paludis KBP-30 T (96.3%), Hymenobacter coalescens WW84 T (96.3%) and Hymenobacter gummosus ANT-18 T (96.3%). Growth was observed at 15-37 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 6-8 (optimum pH 7) and in the presence up to 1% NaCl. The genome size of strains MA3 T and BT182 is 4.9 Mb and 4.8 Mb, respectively. The genomic G + C content of both strains is 62.0 mol%. The main polar lipid of the strains was phosphatidylethanolamine, the only respiratory quinone detected was menaquinone-7 and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:0 , summed feature 4 (iso-C 17:1 I/anteiso-C 17:1 B) and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c), supporting the affiliation of these strains with the genus Hymenobacter. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strains MA3 T and BT182 represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter busanensis is proposed. The type strain is MA3 T (= KCTC 72631 T  = NBRC 114193 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, nonmotile, yellow-colored strain BT328 T and Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, red-colored strain BT18 T were isolated from the soil collected in Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain BT328 T formed a distinct lineage within the family Spirosomaceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia) and was most closely related to a member of the genus Spirosoma, Spirosoma terrae 15J9-4 T (95.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c) and C 16:1 ω5c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BT18 T formed a distinct lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes) and was most closely related to members of the genus Hymenobacter, Hymenobacter knuensis 16F7C-2 T (97.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. The major fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 and anteiso-C 15:0 . The major menaquinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strains BT328 T and BT18 T represents a novel bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and Hymenobacter, respectively. For which the name Spirosoma aureum and Hymenobacter russus is proposed. The type strain of S. aureum is BT328 T (=KCTC 72365 T  = NBRC 114506 T ) and the type strain of H. russus is BT18 T (=KCTC 62610 T  = NBRC 114380 T ).

Two bacterial strains, 172606-1 T and BT10 T , were isolated from soil, Korea. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 172606-1 T formed a distinct lineage within the family Cytophagaceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes). Strain 172606-1 T was most closely related to a member of the genus Rhodocytophaga (93.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Rhodocytophaga aerolata 5416T-29 T ). The complete genome sequence of strain 172606-1 T is 8,983,451 bp size. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C 15:0 and C 16:1 ω5c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BT10 T belongs to the genus Nibribacter and is closely related to Nibribacter koreensis GSR 3061 T (96.5%), Rufibacter glacialis MDT1-10-3 T (95.7%), Rufibacter sediminis H-1 T (95.1%) and Rufibacter quisquiliarum CAI-18b T (94.9%). The complete genome sequence of strain BT10 T is 4,374,810 bp size. The predominant (> 10%) cellular fatty acids of strain BT10 T were iso-C 15:0 and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C 17:1 B/iso-C 17:1 I) and a predominant quinone was MK-7. In addition, strain BT10 T has phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as the major polar lipid. On the basis of biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain 172606-1 T represents a novel bacterial species of the genus Rhodocytophaga, for which the name Rhodocytophaga rosea is proposed and strain BT10 T represents a novel species of the genus Nibribacter, for which the name Nibribacter ruber is proposed. The type strains of Rhodocytophaga rosea and Nibribacter ruber are 172606-1 T (= KCTC 62096 T  = NBRC 114410 T ) and BT10 T (= KCTC 62607 T  = NBRC 114383 T ), respectively.

Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, red-colored strains BT214 T and BT326 T were isolated from soil collected in Uijeongbu city, Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT214 T and BT326 T formed a distinct lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Chitinophagales, class Chitinophagia) and were most closely related to members of the genus Pontibacter, Pontibacter populi HLY7-15 T (96.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Pontibacter amylolyticus 9-2 T (96.1%), respectively. Optimal growth of two strains occurred at 25 °C, pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 4 (iso-C 17:1 I/anteiso-C 17:1 B) and iso-C 15:0 . The major respiratory quinone of two strains was MK-7. The major polar lipid of two strains was phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strains BT214 T and BT326 T represent novel bacterial species within the genus Pontibacter, for which the names Pontibacter pudoricolor and Pontibacter russatus are proposed. The type strains of Pontibacter pudoricolor and Pontibacter russatus are BT214 T and BT326 T , respectively.

A bacterial strain, 17J42-9 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative and rod-shaped. Colonies were observed to be orange in colour on R2A agar. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that high levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity were shared between 17J42-9 T and Emticicia fontis IMCC1731 T (98.2 %), Emticicia ginsengisoli Gsoil 085 T (98.2 %) and Emticicia soli ZZ-4 T (97.8 %). Growth of strain 17J42-9 T was observed at 10-37 °C, pH 6.0-8.5 and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl. The genomic G+C content was calculated to be 38.6 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was found to be MK-7; the major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1 ω 6 c ) (34.1 %), C 15 : 0 iso (23.4 %) and C 17 : 0 iso 3-OH (10.8 %). The major polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and an unidentified lipid. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain 17J42-9 T with the genus Emticicia . However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was lower than 46 %. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization analysis and the observed differentiating phenotypic properties from other closely related taxa clearly indicate that strain 17J42-9 T represents a novel species in the genus Emticicia , for which the name Emticiciaagri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17J42-9 T (=KCTC 62270 T =JCM 33056 T ).

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, salmon-pink, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain 15J11-1 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from the university garden in Nowongu, South Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 15J11-1 T is phylogenetically related to Runella slithyformis DSM 19594 T and Runella palustris HMF3829 T (96.9% and 95.4% sequence similarity, respectively). The major fatty acids of strain 15J11-1 T were identified as iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, C 16:1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7c and/or C 16:1 ω6c). The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-7. The polar lipids were found to comprise of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, five unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified aminoglycolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified polar lipid. The G + C content in the genomic DNA of the strain 15J11-1 T was determined to be 49.9 mol%. Based on the results of genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain 15J11-1 T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Runella, for which the name Runella soli sp. nov. (type strain 15J11-1 T  = KCTC 52021 T  = NBRC 112817 T ) is proposed.

A bacterial strain, 1-3-3-3 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected in Jeollabuk-do province, South Korea. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative, short rod-shaped and colonies to be red-pink in colour. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified this strain as a member of the genus Hymenobacter in the family Hymenobacteraceae, with high levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity with Hymenobacter algoricola VUG-A23a T (98.0%), Hymenobacter knuensis 16F7C-2 (97.9%), Hymenobacter fastidiosus VUG-A124 T (97.1%), Hymenobacter elongatus VUG-A112 T (97.0%), Hymenobacter chitinivorans Txc1 T (97.0%) and Hymenobacter aquaticus 16F3P T (96.7%). Growth of strain 1-3-3-3 T was observed at 10-30 °C, pH 6-8 and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. The genomic G + C content was determined to be 61.6 mol %. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was found to be MK-7; the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C 15:0 (19.9%), summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7c/C 16:1 ω6c, 19.7%), summed feature 4 (iso-C 17:1 I/anteiso-C 17:1 B, 17.8%), C 16:1 ω5c (12.5%) and anteiso-C 15:0 (11.2%), and the major polar lipid was found to be phosphatidylethanolamine. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain 1-3-3-3 T with the genus Hymenobacter. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was lower than 34%. The DNA-DNA hybridization result and the differentiating phenotypic properties clearly indicate that strain 1-3-3-3 T represents a novel species in the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter persicinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-3-3-3 T (= KCTC 52742 T  = JCM 32191 T ).

A bacterial strain, designated 17SD1-15 T , was isolated from soil. Cells of this strain were Gram-stain-negative and aerobic rods. The major fatty acids of strain 17SD1-15 T were iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I). The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one phospholipid and five unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain 17SD1-15 T was 49.0 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 17SD1-15 T was phylogenetically related to Pontibacter saemangeumensis GCM0142 T , Pontibacter korlensis X14-1 T , Pontibacter yuliensis H9X T , Pontibacter diazotrophicus H4X T and Pontibacter humi SWU8 T (98.3, 96.4, 96.4, 96.4 and 96.0 % sequence similarity, respectively). DNA-DNA relatedness between 17SD1-15 T and the most closely related type strain of Pontibacter species was 42.9±0.8 %. The low level of DNA-DNA relatedness identified strain 17SD1-15 T as a member of a novel species in the genus Pontibacter. The results of genotypic and phenotypic data, including chemotaxonomic traits, showed that strain 17SD1-15 T could be distinguished from its phylogenetically related species. Therefore, strain 17SD1-15 T represents a novel species within the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter terrae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 17SD1-15 T (=KCTC 52915 T =NBRC 113057 T ).

The taxonomic position of bacterial strain, designated 15J9-4 T , recovered from a beach soil sample on Jeju Island, South Korea, was established using a polyphasic approach. Strain 15J9-4 T was assigned to phylum Bacteroidetes within the family Cytophagaceae based on 16S rRNA gene similarities. The closest phylogenetic relatives with validly published names were Spirosoma panaciterrae Gsoil 1519 T (94.2% similarity) and Spirosoma luteolum 16F6E T (94.1%). Cells were rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, and non-motile. The isolate grew on NA, R2A, TSA, and LB agar. The temperature limits for growth were 10 and 30 °C with an optimum at 25 °C and the pH range was 7-8. Menaquinone MK-7 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids comprised summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c, 30.2%), C 16:1 ω5c (22.2%), iso C 15:0 (12.9%), and C 16:0 (8.8%). Phosphatidylethanolamine was identified as the major polar lipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 48.4 mol%. The results obtained from the polyphasic analyses allowed for the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 15J9-4 T from recognized Spirosoma species. Therefore, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J9-4 T (= KCTC 52035 T  = JCM 31994 T ).

A Gram-stain negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J8-8 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected on Jeju Island, South Korea, and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 15J8-8 T belongs to the family Cytophagaceae and is related to Larkinella bovis M2TB15 T (95.0%), 'Larkinella harenae' 15J9-9 (94.5%), Larkinella arboricola Z0532 T (93.2%), and Larkinella insperata LMG 22510 T (93.0%). The DNA G+C content of strain 15J8-8 T was 50.5 mol%. The detection of phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified polar lipids as major polar lipids; menaquinone-7 as the predominant quinone; and C 16:1 ω5c, C 16:0 N alcohol, and iso-C 15:0 as the major fatty acids also supported the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Larkinella. Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J8-8 T should be classified in the genus Larkinella as representative of a novel species, for which the name Larkinella terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J8-8 T (= KCTC 52001 T  = JCM 31990 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, motile by gliding, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J6-3T6 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from Jeju Island, South Korea, and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 15J6-3T6 T belongs to the family Cytophagaceae and is related to Larkinella harenae 15J9-9 T (93.9 % similarity), Larkinella arboricola Z0532 T (93.6 %), Larkinella bovis M2TB15 T (93.3 %), and Larkinella insperata LMG 22510 T (93.3 %). The DNA G+C content of strain 15J6-3T6 T was 50.6 mol%. The detection of phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified polar lipid as major polar lipids, menaquinone-7 as the predominant quinone, and C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C15 : 0, and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids also supports the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Larkinella. Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, we propose that strain 15J6-3T6 T should be classified in the genus Larkinella as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Larkinella knui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J6-3T6 T (=KCTC 42998 T =JCM 31989 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J8-9 T , was isolated from a sandy beach in Jeju Island, South Korea. The isolate was able to grow between 10 and 30 °C, pH 5-8, and in presence of 0-1% (w/v) NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis, the novel strain was closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma (96.1-90.9% similarities) and showed highest sequence similarity to Spirosoma panaciterrae DSM 21099 T (96.1%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA of strain 15J8-9 T was 45.1 mol%. The isolate contained menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid, and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c; 28.0%), C 16:1 ω5c (23.4%), iso-C 15:0 (13.5%), and C 16:0 (11.5%) as the major fatty acids that supported the affiliation of strain 15J8-9 T to the genus Spirosoma. The isolate could be differentiated clearly from recognized Spirosoma species on the basis of several phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain 15J8-9 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma harenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J8-9 T (= KCTC 52030 T  = JCM 31993 T ).

The taxonomic position of bacterial strain, designated 15J16-1T3A T , recovered from a soil sample was established using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain 15J16-1T3A T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae, phylum Bacteroidetes, and was most closely related to 'Larkinella harenae' 15J9-9 (95.9% similarity), Larkinella ripae 15J11-11 T (95.6%), Larkinella bovis M2TB15 T (94.7%), Larkinella arboricola Z0532 T (93.9%), and Larkinella insperata LMG 22510 T (93.5%). Cells were rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, and nonmotile. The isolate grew on NA, R2A, TSA, but not on LB agar. The strain was able to grow at temperature range from 10°C to 30°C with an optimum at 25°C and pH 6-8. Menaquinone MK-7 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids comprised C 16:1 ω5c (48.6%) and C 15:0 iso (24.1%). Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and an unidentified lipid were the major polar lipids. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 49.5 mol%. Strain 15J16-1T3A T could be distinguished from its closest phylogenetic neighbors based on its phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Larkinella, for which the name Larkinella roseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J16-1T3A T (= KCTC 52004 T = JCM 31991 T ).

A Gram-reaction-negative, nonmotile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated 15J10-9T5 T , was isolated from beach soil on Jeju Island, South Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate belonged to the family Cytophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes, and was most closely related to Spirosoma aerolatum PR1012k T (96.1%) and Spirosoma panaciterrae DSM 21099 T (95.7%). The detection of menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, a fatty acid profile with summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7c/C 16:1 ω6c), C 16:1 ω5c, and iso-C 15:0 as the major components, and a polar lipid profile with phosphatidylethanolamine as the major component also supported the affiliation of strain 15J10-9T5 T in the genus Spirosoma. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.7 mol %. The isolate could be clearly differentiated from its closest neighbors based on its phenotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic features. Therefore, strain 15J10-9T5 T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma gilvum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J10-9T5 T (=KCTC 52033 T  = JCM 31997 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J16-2T3A T , was isolated from beach soil on Jeju Island, South Korea. Strain 15J16-2T3A T grew at 10-37 °C (optimum growth at 25 °C) and pH 6.5-8.5 (optimum growth at pH 7). Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis, the novel strain was closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma(94.8-89.9 % similarities) and formed a separate branch within the genus together with Spirosoma luteolum 16F6E T in neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain 15J16-2T3A T was 47.6 mol%. The detection of menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, a fatty acid profile with summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c; 35.5 %), C16 : 1ω5c (26.6 %), and iso C15 : 0 (10.1 %) as the major components, phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified aminophospholipid as the major polar lipids also support the affiliation of strain 15J16-2T3A T with the genus Spirosoma. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 15J16-2T3A T from members the genus Spirosoma. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J16-2T3A T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma litoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J16-2T3A T (=KCTC 52029 T =JCM 31999 T ).

A novel, Gram-staining negative, yellow pigmented bacterial strain, designated 15J11-2 T , was isolated from soil sample on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The strain was subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. The strain was able to grow at temperature range from 10°C to 30°C, pH 7-8, and in presence of 0-1% (w/v) NaCl. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 15J11-2 T belongs to the genus Spirosoma and levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity ranged from 91.5% to 89.8%. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain 15J11-2 T was 46.0 mol%. The isolate contained phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminophospholipid as the main polar lipids, menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c; 39.4%), C 16:1 ω5c (27.1%), and C 16:0 (13.0%) as the major fatty acids, which supported the affiliation of strain 15J11-2 T to the genus Spirosoma. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 15J11-2 T from recognized Spirosoma species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, chemotaxonomic features, strain 15J11-2 T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma flavus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J11-2 T (= KCTC 52026 T = JCM 31998 T ).

A yellow-colored Gram-negative strain, Arct 1-12 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected in Seoul Women's University, South Korea, and grown on R2A agar at 25 °C. Growth of strain Arct 1-12 T was observed at a temperature range of 15-30 °C (optimal 25 °C), but not at 4 or 42 °C. The strain tolerated up to 1% NaCl (w/v) and displayed optimal growth in the absence of NaCl. Growth occurred at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimally at pH 7). According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain is moderately related to Spirosoma spitsbergense DSM 19989 T (93.54%), S. endophyticum EX36 T (93.25%), S. linguale LMG 10896 T (92%), S. luteum DSM 19990 T (93.16%), S. panaciterrae DSM 21099 T (91.09%), S. oryzae RHs22 T (90.37%), and S. rigui WPCB118 T (91.54%). Chemotaxonomic analyses revealed that strain Arct 1-12 T possesses MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone, a polar lipid profile consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminolipid, an unknown aminophospholipid, and an unknown lipid, and iso-C 15:0 , C 16:1 ω5c and Summed Feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c and/or C 16:1 ω7c) as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content is 52.3 mol %. Based on polyphasic evidence, strain Arct 1-12 T (=JCM 31025 T  = KCTC 42814 T ) is classified as the type strain of a novel Spirosoma species for which the name Spirosoma areae sp. nov. is proposed.

Strain 15J11-11 T was isolated from soil collected at the seashore and was Gram-staining-negative, short-rod-shaped, gliding and pale-pink pigmented. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. The isolate grew at a temperature range of 15 to 30 °C and a pH range of 7 to 8. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed that strain 15J11-11 T belonged to the genus Larkinella within the phylum Bacteroidetes and was most closely related to Larkinella arboricola Z0532 T (95.6 %), Larkinella bovis M2TB15 T (95.4 %), and Larkinella insperata LMG 22510 T (95.2 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 15J11-11 T was 53.2 mol%. The strain contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, an unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified polar lipids as the major polar lipids; menaquinone-7 as the predominant quinone and C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids which supported the affiliation of strain 15J11-11 T to the genus Larkinella. Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J11-11 T represents a novel species of the genus Larkinella, for which the name Larkinella ripae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J11-11 T (=KCTC 42996 T =JCM 31657 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J9-6 T , was isolated from beach soil on Jeju Island, South Korea. Strain 15J9-6 T , grew at 10-30°C (optimum growth at 25°C) and pH 7-8 (optimum growth at pH 7) on R2A, NA, and TSA agar. Phylogenetically, the strain was closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma (92.3-90.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities) and showed highest sequence similarity to Spirosoma panaciterrae DSM 21099 T (92.3%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain 15J9-6 T was 45.7 mol%. The strain contained phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids, an unidentified phospholipid, and an unidentified lipid as the major polar lipids; menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c/C 16:1 ω7c; 30.1%), C 16:1 ω5c (23.1%), iso C 15:0 (13.3%), and C 16:0 (8.4%) as the major fatty acids which supported the affiliation of strain 15J9-6 T to the genus Spirosoma. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 15J9-6 T from recognized Spirosoma species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J9-6 T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma daeguensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J9-6 T (=KCTC 52036 T =JCM 31995T).

A Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, gliding motile, and pale pink-pigmented bacterial strain, designated 15J9-9 T , was isolated from the soil of Iho Tewoo Beach, Jeju Island, Korea, and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 15J9-9 T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae and was related to Larkinella bovis M2T2B15 T (96.5% similarity), Larkinella arboricola Z0532 T (95.3% similarity), and Larkinella insperata LMG 22510 T (95.2% similarity). The DNA G+C content of strain 15J9-9 T was 48 mol%. The detection of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, two unknown aminophospholipids (APL 1 and APL 2 ), and two unknown polar lipids (L 1 and L 2 ) in polar lipid profile, menaquinone-7 as the predominant quinone, and a fatty acid profile of C 16:1 ω5c, iso-C 15:0 , and iso-C 17:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids supported the affiliation of strain 15J9-9 T to the genus Larkinella. Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J9-9 T should be classified in the genus Larkinella as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Larkinella harenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J9-9 T (=KCTC 42999 T  = JCM 31656 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J8-12T, was isolated from a water sample after exposure to 3 kGy of gamma radiation. The strain showed resistance to gamma radiation with a dose required to reduce the bacterial population 10 fold (D10) value of 4.7 kGy. The results of comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain 15J8-12T represented a member of the family Cytophagaceae, phylum Bacteroidetes, and was most closely related to 'Spirosomafluminis' 15J17 (97.92 %) and Spirosoma arcticum R2-35T (92.22 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of 15J8-12T was 51.3 mol%. The detection of menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, a fatty acid profile with summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c; 40.5 %), C16 : 1ω5c (35.3 %), C15 : 0 iso (6.9 %) and C16 : 0 (6.8 %) as the major components and phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid also supported the affiliation of 15J8-12T with the genus Spirosoma. The DNA-DNA relatedness between 15J8-12T and 'Spirosoma fluminis' 15J17 was 27.8 %. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic distinctiveness, 15J8-12T should be considered to be a representative of a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma knui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J8-12T (=KCTC 52510T=JCM 31407T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and pink-pigmented bacterial strain, designated 16F7GT, was isolated from river water. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 16F7GT belongs to the genus Hymenobacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to members of the genus Hymenobacter ranged from 90.5 to 97.4 %, and the most closely related strains were Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131T (97.4 %) and Hymenobacter xinjiangensis X2-1gT (97.3 %). Strain 16F7GT had <70 % DNA-DNA relatedness with H. rigui (32.8±7.8 %) and H. xinjiangensis (30.2±6.2 %), indicating that it represents a novel genospecies. Cells were catalase- and oxidase-positive. The genomic DNA G+C content was 56.6 mol%. The major fatty acids were summed feature 4 (C17 : 1iso I/C17 : 1 anteiso B; 19.8 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c; 18.4 %), C15 : 0 iso (17.0 %), C16 : 1ω5c (11.8 %) and C15 : 0 anteiso (9.8 %). The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine and the predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, it is concluded that strain 16F7GT represents a novel species within the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter seoulensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 16F7GT (=KCTC 52197T=JCM 31655T).

Strain JBM2-3T, a pale-yellow-coloured, aerobic, catalase-negative, oxidase-positive and Gram-stain-negative bacterium, was isolated from wet soil. The isolate grew aerobically at 25-30 °C (optimum 25 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain JBM2-3T belonged to the genus Spirosoma, with a sequence similarity of 96.2 % with Spirosoma panaciterrae Gsoil 1519T. The strain showed the typical chemotaxonomic characteristics of the genus Spirosoma, with the presence of menaquinone 7 as the respiratory quinone; the major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (composed of C16: 1ω6c/ω7c), C16: 1ω5c and iso-C15: 0. The DNA G+C content of strain JBM2-3T was 47.4 mol%. The polar lipid profile contained major amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and aminophospholipids. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic properties, and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain JBM2-3T should be classified as a representative of a novel species in the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma swuense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JBM2-3T (=KCTC 52176T=JCM 31298T).

A novel Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated as 16F6E T , was isolated from a water sample. Cells were yellowish in color and catalase- and oxidase-positive. The strain grew at 10-37°C (optimum at 25°C) but not at 4 and 42°C, and pH 5-7 (optimum at pH 7). It showed moderate resistance to gamma-ray irradiation. Comparative phylogenetic analysis showed that strain 16F6E T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae of the class Cytophagia. Furthermore, this isolate showed relatively low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (90.7-93.1%) to the members of the genus Spirosoma. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7c/C 16:1 ω6c), C 16:1 ω5c, C 16:0 N alcohol, and C 16:0 . The polar lipid profile indicated presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminophospholipids, an unknown amino lipid, unknown phospholipids, and unknown polar lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 16F6E T was 56.5 mol%. Phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic properties indicated that isolate 16F6E T represents a novel species within the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma luteolum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 16F6E T (=KCTC 52199 T =JCM 31411 T ).

A Gram-negative, long rod-shaped, and yellowish bacterium, designated as strain 15J17T(T), was isolated from sediment of the Han River in South Korea after exposure to 3 kGy of gamma radiation. The strain was catalase- and oxidase-positive and showed resistance to gamma radiation-D10 value (i.e., the dose required to reduce the bacterial population by 10-fold) of >4 kGy. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain belonged to the genus Spirosoma and showed moderate degrees of sequence similarity with related species (90.6-93.5 %). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that the strain contained summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c), C16:1 ω5c, C16:0, C18:0, and C15:0 iso as the major fatty acids; phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, and an unidentified polar lipid as the major polar lipids; and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the major quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content of the new strain was 48.3 mol%. Based on these data, type strain 15J17T(T) (=KCTC 52198(T) = JCM 31409(T)) should be classified as representing a new species, for which we propose the name Spirosoma fluminis sp. nov.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, gamma and UV radiation resistant bacterium Hymenobacter radioresistens DG25B was isolated from a soil sample collected in South Korea. The complete genome sequence of H. radioresistens DG25B consists of one circular chromosome (3,874,646 bp). The bacterium was isolated from gamma ray irradiated soil and contains the genomic features of enzymes involved in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway that protect the damaged DNA. The genome also contains other genes involved in the efficient removal of double-strand breaks (DSB) caused by the ionizing radiations., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Strain JSH 5-14(T), a Gram-negative, non-motile, and curved rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from a dust sample collected at Nonsan, Chungnam province, South Korea, and was characterized to determine its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JSH 5-14(T) revealed that it belongs to the genus Spirosoma, family Cytophagaceae, class Cytophagia. The highest degree of sequence similarities of strain JSH 5-14(T) were found with Spirosoma liguale DSM 74(T) (97.8%) and Spirosoma endophyticum EX 36(T) (96.2%). The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (composed of C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c) and C16:1 ω5c. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine, and the predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic data, we propose the strain JSH 5-14(T) (=KCTC 42550(T) =JCM 30688(T) =KEMB 9004-165(T)) should be classified as a type strain of a novel species, for which the name Spirosoma pulveris sp. nov., is proposed.

Spirosoma radiotolerans is a Gram-negative, short rod-shaped and gamma-radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from rice field in South Korea (GPS; 37°34'30″N, 127°00'30″E). The complete genome of S. radiotolerans consists of a chromosome (7,029,352bp). From the genome sequence database, we have identified the cluster of genes responsible for DNA recovery from ionizing radiation. The key enzymes for the nucleotide excision repair (NER) were investigated and were identified, suggesting that S. radiotolerans DG5A use (NER) pathways for efficient removal of pyrimidine dimers which are the most abundant type of UV-induced damage. Complete genome information enables further studies on the DNA repair mechanisms during the ionizing radiation., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, long-rod shaped bacterial strain designated DY10(T) was isolated from a soil sample collected at Mt. Deogyusan, Jeonbuk province, South Korea. Optimum growth observed at 30°C and pH 7. No growth was observed above 1% (w/v) NaCl. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain DY10(T) belonged to the genus Spirosoma and was distantly related to Spirosoma arcticum R2-35(T) (91.0%), Spirosoma lingual DSM 74(T) (90.8%), Spirosoma endophyticum EX36(T) (90.7%), Spirosoma panaciterrae DSM 21099(T) (90.5%), Spirosoma rigui WPCB118(T) (90.2%), Spirosoma spitsbergense DSM 19989(T) (89.8%), Spirosoma luteum DSM 19990(T) (89.6%), Spirosoma oryzae RHs22(T) (89.6%), and Spirosoma radiotolerans DG5A(T) (89.1%). Strain DY10(T) showed resistance to gamma and ultraviolet radiation. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain DY10(T) were consistent with those of the genus Spirosoma, with the quinone system with MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone, iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω5c, and summed feature3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c), and phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 53.0 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties with the closely related type strains clearly distinguished strain DY10(T) from previously described members of the genus Spirosoma and represents a novel species in this genus, for which the name Spirosoma montaniterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DY10(T) (=KCTC 23999(T) =KEMB 9004-162(T) =JCM 18492(T)).

A red-pink coloured, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium designated as strain DG31A(T) was isolated from soil collected in Seoul, South Korea. The isolate was found to grow optimally at 25 °C on R2A agar. The highest degrees of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of the strain were found with Hymenobacter arizonensis JCM 13504(T) (98.0 %), Hymenobacter glaciei VUG-A130(T) (96.1 %), Hymenobacter soli PB17(T) (95.2 %), Hymenobacter antarcticus VUG-A42aa(T) (94.7 %) and Hymenobacter chitinivorans Txc1(T) (92.8 %). The DNA G+C content of the novel strain, DG31A(T), was determined to be 60.8 mol%. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that the major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c; 26.7 %), C16:1 ω5c (18.9 %) and anteiso-C15:0 (12.9 %); the major polar lipid was identified as phosphatidylethanolamine; the polyamine pattern was found to contain sym-homospermidine; and the major quinone was identified as MK-7. The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain DG31A(T) with respect to H. arizonensis JCM 13504(T) was 19.5 ± 2.9 % (reciprocal, 19.3 ± 0.6 %). Based on these data, strain DG31A(T) should be classified within the genus Hymenobacter as a novel species for which the name Hymenobacter humi sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DG31A(T) (=KCTC 32523(T) = JCM 19635(T)).

A Gram-negative, UV tolerant bacterial strain, DG7A(T), was isolated from soil samples collected in Seoul city, South Korea. The cells were grown on R2A agar at 25 °C and were pink to red in color. The DNA G+C content of the novel strain DG7A was 63.5 mol%. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that the strains contain the major fatty acids iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, and summed feature 3 (16:1 ω7c/16:1 ω6c), with phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DG7A(T) formed a distinct phylogenetic line along with Hymenobacter soli PB17(T), and they shared approximately 98.35 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. However, these two strains shared only 5.3 % pairwise similarity (reciprocal analysis, 36.3 %) in their genomic DNA. The next highest degree of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity after H. soli PB17(T) was found with H. glaciei VUG-A130(T) (96.78 %), H. antarcticus VUG-A42aa(T) (96.66 %), and H. saemangeumensis GSR0100(T) (96.57 %). Based on the phylogenetic analysis and analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics, this isolate was considered to represent a novel species, for which we propose the name Hymenobacter terrae sp. nov., with type strain DG7A(T) (= KCTC 32554(T) = KEMB 9004-164(T )= JCM 30007(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated as SWU8(T), was isolated from a mountain soil collected in Seoul Women's University campus at South Korea. Phylogenic analysis, using 16S rRNA gene sequence of the new isolate, showed that strain SWU8(T) belongs to the genus Pontibacter. The highest sequence similarities were 96.2 % with Pontibacter saemangeumensis GCM0142(T), 95.5 % with Pontibacter toksunensis ZLD-7(T), 95.3 % with Pontibacter roseus DSM 17521(T), and 95.1 % with Pontibacter odishensis JC130(T). Chemotaxonomic data showed that the most abundant fatty acids were summed feature 4 (comprising iso-C(17:1) I/anteiso-C(17:1) B; 26.9 %), iso-C(15:0) (25.6 %), and iso-C(17:0) 3OH (10.6 %), and major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain SWU8(T) was 48.5 mol%. Together, the phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic data supported that strain SWU8(T) presents a novel species of the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter humi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SWU8(T) (=KEMC 9004-131(T) = JCM 19178(T)).

A Gram-negative, short-rod-shaped bacterial strain with gliding motility, designated as DG5A(T), was isolated from a rice field soil in South Korea. Phylogenic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequence of the new isolate showed that strain DG5A(T) belong to the genus Spirosoma in the family Spirosomaceae, and the highest sequence similarities were 95.5 % with Spirosoma linguale DSM 74(T), 93.4 % with Spirosoma rigui WPCB118(T), 92.8 % with Spirosoma luteum SPM-10(T), 92.7 % with Spirosoma spitsbergense SPM-9(T), and 91.9 % with Spirosoma panaciterrae Gsoil 1519(T). Strain DG5A(T) revealed resistance to gamma and UV radiation. Chemotaxonomic data showed that the most abundant fatty acids were summed feature C(16:1) ω7c/C(16:1) ω6c (36.90 %), C(16:1) ω5c (29.55 %), and iso-C(15:0) (14.78 %), and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The DNA G+C content of strain DG5A(T) was 49.1 mol%. Together, the phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic data supported that strain DG5A(T) presents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma radiotolerans sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is DG5A(T) (=KCTC 32455(T) = JCM19447(T)).

Hymenobacter swuensis is a gamma-radiation resistant bacterium isolated from mountain soil in South Korea (N 35°51'38″, E 127°44'47″; altitude 1500m). The complete genome of H. swuensis consists of one chromosome (4,904,241bp) with three plasmids. The genomic sequence indicated that H. swuensis includes a series of genes involved in 2'-hydroxy-carotenoid biosynthesis. This is the first report describing the Hymenobacter genome and key enzymes in the 2'-hydroxy-carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. These data may provide opportunities for genetic engineering and antioxidant 2'-hydroxy-carotenoid production., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Gram stain-negative and non-motile bacteria, designated as DY53(T) and DY43, were isolated from mountain soil in South Korea prior exposure with 5 kGy gamma radiation. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strains belonged to the family Cytophagaceae in the class Cytophagia. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of strains DY53(T) and DY43 was 100 %. The highest degrees of sequence similarities of strains DY53(T) and DY43 were found with Hymenobacter perfusus A1-12(T) (98.8 %), Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131(T) (98.5 %), H. yonginensis HMD1010(T) (97.9 %), H. xinjiangensis X2-1g(T) (96.6 %), and H. gelipurpurascens Txg1(T) (96.5 %). The DNA G+C content of the novel strains DY53(T) and DY43 were 59.5 mol%. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strains possessed major fatty acids such as C₁₅:₀ iso, C₁₅:₀ anteiso, C₁₆:₁ ω5c, summed feature 3 (16:1 ω7c/ω6c), summed feature 4 (17:1 anteiso B/iso I) and C₁₇:₀ iso, and major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The novel strains showed resistance to gamma radiation, with a D10 value (i.e., the dose required to reduce the bacterial population by tenfold) in excess of 5 kGy. Based on these data, strains DY53(T) and DY43 should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Hymenobacter swuensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DY53(T) (=KCTC 32018(T) = JCM 18582(T)) and DY43 (=KCTC 32010).