Search

This study explores how researchers' analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers' expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each team's workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers' results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings. ispartof: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA vol:119 issue:44 ispartof: location:United States status: published

In der BAMF-Kurzanalyse 1|2019 werden erste Erkenntnisse aus der zweiten Erhebung der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten aus dem Jahr 2017 vorgestellt. Dabei geht es um Schutzsuchende, die zwischen 1. Januar 2013 und 31. Dezember 2016 zugezogen sind, und deren Haushaltsmitglieder. Die Gesamtstichprobe umfasst 7.430 erwachsene Personen, die mindestens einmal befragt wurden. In allen untersuchten Bereichen zeichnet sich eine Verbesserung der Integration und Teilhabe von Geflüchteten im Vergleich zum Vorjahr ab. BAMF Brief Analysis 1|2019 presents first findings based on the second wave of the IAB-BAMF-SOEP survey of refugees in 2017. The survey is a longitudinal study of refugees and their household members, who came to Germany between January, 1 2013, and December, 31 2016. The total sample included 7,430 adults who were surveyed at least once. In comparison to the previous year, an improvement in the integration and inclusion of refugees is evident in all the examined areas.

In der BAMF-Kurzanalyse 1|2019 werden erste Erkenntnisse aus der zweiten Erhebung der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten aus dem Jahr 2017 vorgestellt. Dabei geht es um Schutzsuchende, die zwischen 1. Januar 2013 und 31. Dezember 2016 zugezogen sind, und deren Haushaltsmitglieder. Die Gesamtstichprobe umfasst 7.430 erwachsene Personen, die mindestens einmal befragt wurden. In allen untersuchten Bereichen zeichnet sich eine Verbesserung der Integration und Teilhabe von Geflüchteten im Vergleich zum Vorjahr ab. BAMF Brief Analysis 1|2019 presents first findings based on the second wave of the IAB-BAMF-SOEP survey of refugees in 2017. The survey is a longitudinal study of refugees and their household members, who came to Germany between January, 1 2013, and December, 31 2016. The total sample included 7,430 adults who were surveyed at least once. In comparison to the previous year, an improvement in the integration and inclusion of refugees is evident in all the examined areas.

Steffen Mau: Lütten Klein - Leben in der ostdeutschen Transformationsgesellschaft. Berlin: Suhrkamp 2019. 978-3-518-42894-8

Im Jahr 2006 haben etwa 155 000 Deutsche ihr Land verlassen - mehr als je zuvor, sieht man einmal von der Auswanderungswelle der Nachkriegszeit in den 50er Jahren ab. Allerdings kehren auch viele Deutsche in ihre Heimat zurück. Obwohl die Frage nach den Ursachen für diesen Anstieg mittlerweile in das Blickfeld einer breiten Öffentlichkeit sowie der Wissenschaft gerückt ist, scheiterten umfassende Analysen bislang an der fehlenden Datenbasis. Im Rahmen zweier Sondererhebungen für die Langzeitstudie Sozio-oekonomisches Panel (SOEP) wurden im ersten Halbjahr 2007 über 2 000 Personen im Alter von über 16 Jahren zum Thema Auswanderung und Leben im Ausland befragt. Zwar haben viele Deutsche schon einmal ernsthaft über einen Umzug ins Ausland nachgedacht, aber nur sehr wenige hegen konkrete Auswanderungspläne, und von diesen würde gut die Hälfte nur eine gewisse Zeit im Ausland leben wollen. Eine genauere Betrachtung der Charakteristika auswanderungsbereiter Deutscher zeigt, dass bestehende Kontakte ins Ausland und in der Vergangenheit gesammelte Auslandserfahrungen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Entstehung von Auswanderungsgedanken spielen. Selbständige erwägen besonders häufig, Deutschland für immer zu verlassen, Hochschulabsolventen dagegen besonders selten.

In der fünften Ausgabe der BAMF-Kurzanalysen werden Erkenntnisse aus der Befragung von 2.349 Geflüchteten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten berichtet. Interviewt wurden erwachsene Geflüchtete, die vom 1. Januar 2013 bis zum 31. Januar 2016 in Deutschland eingereist sind und einen Asylantrag gestellt haben, sowie ihre Haushaltsmitglieder. The fifth edition of the BAMF's Brief Analyses reports information from the survey carried out among 2,349 respondents from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Survey. Respondents aged 18 and older who entered Germany between 1 January 2013 and 31 January 2016 and who filed an asylum application (regardless of their current legal status) were interviewed as well as the members of their households.

In der fünften Ausgabe der BAMF-Kurzanalysen werden Erkenntnisse aus der Befragung von 2.349 Geflüchteten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten berichtet. Interviewt wurden erwachsene Geflüchtete, die vom 1. Januar 2013 bis zum 31. Januar 2016 in Deutschland eingereist sind und einen Asylantrag gestellt haben, sowie ihre Haushaltsmitglieder. The fifth edition of the BAMF's Brief Analyses reports information from the survey carried out among 2,349 respondents from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Survey. Respondents aged 18 and older who entered Germany between 1 January 2013 and 31 January 2016 and who filed an asylum application (regardless of their current legal status) were interviewed as well as the members of their households.

Im Forschungsbericht 29 werden Erkenntnisse aus der Befragung von 2.349 Geflüchteten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten berichtet. Interviewt wurden erwachsene Geflüchtete, die vom 1. Januar 2013 bis zum 31. Januar 2016 in Deutschland eingereist sind und einen Asylantrag gestellt haben, sowie ihre Haushaltsmitglieder. Research Report 29 reports information from the survey carried out among 2,349 respondents from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Survey. Respondents aged 18 and older who entered Germany between 1 January 2013 and 31 January 2016 and who filed an asylum application (regardless of their current legal status) were interviewed as well as the members of their households.

Since its establishment in 2004, the German Data Forum (RatSWD), which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Science and Research (BMBF), has been advising the federal government and the governments of the federal states (Länder) on issues relating to the expansion and improvement of the research infrastructure for the empirical social, behavioral, and economic sciences (SBE). In late 2010, the RatSWD addressed the question of how the quality of survey instruments in the social and economic sciences, and especially in social and economic survey research, could be controlled and assured. At a meeting on November 9, 2012, the RatSWD therefore decided to set up a Quality Assurance of Survey Instruments Working Group under the leadership of Professor Beatrice Rammstedt. The establishment of the working group was prompted in particular by the desire to define quality standards in order to assure and optimize the quality of survey instruments. Hence, the working group made the formulation of these standards its primary objective. They are presented in this paper.

Background: The National Cohort (Nationale Kohorte = NaKo ) will be one of the largest cohort studies in Europe to include intensive physical examinations and extensive information about the socio-demographic background and behavior of the subjects. However, regional selectivity of the study and potential learning effects due to the panel structure of the data present challenges for researchers using it. Methods: We discuss the two problems and show how they might lead to potential biases when trying to obtain result s from the National Cohort that are representative for the total population of Germany. We suggest that the long-running German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) should be used as a reference data set for population means and as a control sample for detection of learning effects (panel effects) induced by information about the results of individual medical examinations. Results : We present a wide range of topics and indicators which are available in both the German Socio - Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and the National Cohort ( NaKo ). These items can be harmonized to make the datasets comparable. The range of topics that overlap between SOEP and NaKo include socio-demographic variables, general indicators, socio-psychological environment, and to a limited extent biomarkers. Conclusion: Harmonizing certain survey item batteries from the NaKo to the SOEP standard can yield a great deal of additional research potential. This holds true both for researchers mainly interested in the NaKo data and for those mainly interested in the SOEP. Key points: Regional selectivity and learning effects in the National Cohort can be analyzed by using a reference data set: the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Study. Conclusions for healthy policy based on the National Cohort can more easily be generalized to the total population of Germany living in private households. Harmonizing survey items between SOEP and NaKo would make it possible to validate and improve health-related survey questions in the SOEP.

"Psychologische Merkmale gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Umfrageforschung. Da psychologische Instrumente vielfach einen individualdiagnostischen Entstehungshintergrund haben, sind sie meist viel zu umfangreich für einen Einsatz in Umfragen. Für solche Erhebungssituationen sind extrem kurze aber auch für die gesamte Bevölkerungsbreite validierte Verfahren angemessener. Im Rahmen dieses Sonderhefts werden sechs für diese Zwecke entwickelte und validierte Erhebungsinstrumente zur Erfassung von Merkmalen wie Persönlichkeit, Attraktivität oder Intelligenz vorgestellt. Sämtliche dieser Verfahren stehen der gesamten sozialwissenschaftlichen Profession zur Verfügung und können kostenfrei genutzt werden." (Autorenreferat) "Psychological constructs become more and more important in social surveys. Scales assessing these constructs are usually developed with the focus on an individual diagnosis. Therefore, they are in most cases much too lengthy to be assessed in surveys. For such settings extremely short measures validated for the total population are needed. In the present special issue the development and psychometric properties of six short scales are presented assessing constructs like personality, physical attractiveness and intelligence. All of the instruments presented can be used by the scientific community free of charge." (author's abstract)

"This paper concentrates on the trends in peer-reviewed longitudinal panel studies under scientific direction. Household panel studies have succeeded in broadening their disciplinary scope. Numerous innovations such as questions dealing with psychological concepts, and age-specific topical modules, physical health measures, measures of cognitive capabilities, behavioral experiments have been incorporated into various panel studies or are soon to be introduced. In the UK, the household panel study Understanding Society comprising 40,000 households was launched in 2009 and recently added an “innovation sample”; in the Netherlands, the new LISS household panel study launched in 2006 with over 5,000 households will be used for the testing of innovative measurement methods. The microdata from household panel studies like PSID (US Household Panel Study), BHPS (the predecessor of UK HLS), HILDA (Australian Panel Study), and SOEP (German Socio-Economic Panel) are in continuously high demand by the research and policy advisory community. More important than "discovering" entirely new survey areas is "tailoring" the details of existing survey content to new, more specific (theoretical) questions, and thus maintaining proven and widely used elements of survey content. In the years to come, "tailoring" survey content will be the real challenge facing surveys that are integrated into the existing research infrastructure like HILDA, LISS, PSID, SHP (Swiss Panel), SOEP, and Understanding Society. We argue that, in the future, household panel studies should be designed to take the "margins" of the life course more fully into account. Indeed, household surveys are ideally suited to gather comprehensive data on these life phases. They can be improved, on the one hand, by including specific topics about the fetal phase of life and early childhood of children born into the panel, and on the other hand, by including better information about late life and death. In the middle of the life course, improved questions on income, savings, consumption, and wealth, as well as psychological constructs will play a central role, as will specific "event-triggered" questionnaires on central life occurrences such as marriage, divorce, and entry into and exit from unemployment. In order to substantially improve the statistical power of long-term longitudinal data, we propose an absolute minimum number of observations of about 500 persons per birth and age cohort. As of now, only the British Understanding Society will meet this target. A positive side-effect of such an enlargement is a significantly improved potential for analyses of relatively small groups within the population: for example, lone parents or specific immigrant groups. Another positive side-effect would be an improved potential for regional analyses. For example, in Germany, a cohort size of about 500 persons implies a survey sample size of about 20,000 households, which is large enough for analyses in the majority of federal states. Multidisciplinary panel studies will become even more important if they are accepted as reference datasets for specialized surveys that are independent of the original panel study (e.g., observational studies such as twin studies and laboratory or intervention studies). To enhance this important function, new types of service are needed, including advice on special surveys and possibly also data preparation for special surveys." (author's abstract)

Der Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern ungleiche Bildungschancen mit dem Phänomen von Underachievement verbunden sind. Analysiert wird zudem, ob Persönlichkeitseigenschaften den Zusammenhang von sozialer Herkunft und Bildungschancen vermitteln. Underachievement bezieht sich auf die Beobachtung, dass die schulischen Ergebnisse von Kindern hinter deren kognitiven Lernpotenzialen zurückbleiben. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP). Sie zeigen, dass das Underachievement-Risiko für Kinder von Eltern ohne akademischen Abschluss deutlich höher ist als für Kinder, bei denen mindestens ein Elternteil über einen akademischen Abschluss verfügt. Ein Ergebnis unserer Analysen ist, dass Persönlichkeitsstrukturen die ungleichen Underachievement-Risiken nicht erklären können. Persönlichkeitsausprägungen haben lediglich einen stärkeren Einfluss auf den Schulerfolg bei Kindern aus Akademiker-Familien. Dies ist vor allem einem Selektionseffekt geschuldet. Dieser Befund sowie die Berücksichtigung von Schulnoten in unseren Analysen deuten darauf hin, dass nicht Leistungsunterschiede, sondern Unterschiede in Bildungsentscheidungen die höhere Underachievement-Risiken von Kindern aus nicht-akademischen Familien verursachen., This paper examines the impact of underachievement on inequality of educational opportunities. It also investigates whether personality traits are a mediating mechanism between social origin and underachievement. Underachievement is defined as achieving a school attainment that is below the individual cognitive learning potential, measured by tests of fluid intelligence. The paper develops a definition of underachievement, which takes into account the German school system with its different types of secondary schools. In the empirical analyses, we use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). The results show that children from lower socio-economic background have a higher risk of underachievement than children of a higher socio-economic background. This difference cannot be explained by compositional differences in personality traits between children of differing social backgrounds. Our analyses reveal that the influence of personality traits is stronger for children from the higher socio-economic classes. A comparison of school grades of underachievers and non-underachievers suggests that it is not differences in school performance, but differences in educational decisions that cause the higher risk of underachievement among children from the lower classes.

"Der Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern ungleiche Bildungschancen mit dem Phänomen von Underachievement verbunden sind und ob Persönlichkeitseigenschaften den Zusammenhang von sozialer Herkunft und Bildungschancen vermitteln. Underachievement ist - entsprechend dem mehrgliedrigen deutschen Bildungssystem - als Besuch eines Schultyps definiert, der unterhalb des jeweiligen individuellen kognitiven Lernpotenzials von Jugendlichen liegt. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP). Sie zeigen, dass das Risiko eines Underachievement und damit die Entdeckung vorhandener Lernpotenziale stark von der sozialen Herkunft der Kinder abhängen. Verteilungsunterschiede in Persönlichkeitsstrukturen nach sozialer Herkunft spielen dafür allerdings keine Rolle. Vielmehr haben Persönlichkeitseigenschaften einen stärkeren Einfluss auf den Schulerfolg von Kindern mit akademisch gebildeten Eltern - und nicht, wie wohl häufig eher erwartet wird, bei Kindern von Eltern ohne akademischen Abschluss. Ferner deuten die Befunde darauf hin, dass nicht Leistungs-, sondern eher Unterschiede in Bildungsentscheidungen das höhere Risiko eines Underachievement von Kindern aus nicht-akademischen Familien verursachen." (Autorenreferat) "The paper examines the impact of underachievement on inequality of educational opportunities and of personality traits as a mediating mechanism between the two. The paper develops a definition that is suitable to identify underachievement in the German school system with its different types of secondary schools. Underachievement is defined as attending a school type that is below the individual cognitive learning potential, measured by tests for fluid intelligence. The empirical analyses use the data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). They show that underachievement is dependent on social origin. This clearly violates the principle of equal opportunities. Compositional differences in personality traits between children with different social background are not responsible for differences in the risk of underachievement. Moreover, the influence of personality traits is larger for children from higher social classes, and not for children from lower social classes. A comparison of school grades of underachievers and non-underachievers reveals finally that not differences in school performance, but differences in educational decisions cause the higher risk of underachievement of children from lower classes." (author's abstract)

In the 2008 Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) Pretest, the factorial survey method was tested for the first time for use in the SOEP longitudinal study. In this paper, we describe the construction and application of the vignette module, which has its origins in the field of justice research and is used in particular in the measurement of income justice. We show that the factorial survey method is applicable in large-scale survey research when taking certain constraints into account, and that respondents of varying ages and educational groups are able to deal sufficiently well with answering the questions. The results obtained suggest that older respondents tend to take fewer dimensions into consideration in forming their opinions. Further studies will be needed to determine whether this is evidence that the evaluation tasks were too complex for these respondents and should thus be interpreted as a method effect, or whether it represents a valid substantive result. The results of the study demonstrate convincingly that alongside occupation, education, and performance – factors relating directly to employment – familial aspects such as civil status, the partner’s employment status, and number of children constitute important criteria for determining what constitutes a “fair” income. The factor survey in the 2008 SOEP Pretest offers diverse analytical potential, both from a methodological point of view and in terms of the empirical results obtained. The positive experience with the 2008 SOEP Pretest suggests that the SOEP vignette module can be used effectively in a future wave of the main SOEP survey.

In the 2008 Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) Pretest, the factorial survey method was tested for the first time for use in the SOEP longitudinal study. In this paper, we describe the construction and application of the vignette module, which has its origins in the field of justice research and is used in particular in the measurement of income justice. We show that the factorial survey method is applicable in large-scale survey research when taking certain constraints into account, and that respondents of varying ages and educational groups are able to deal sufficiently well with answering the questions. The results obtained suggest that older respondents tend to take fewer dimensions into consideration in forming their opinions. Further studies will be needed to determine whether this is evidence that the evaluation tasks were too complex for these respondents and should thus be interpreted as a method effect, or whether it represents a valid substantive result. The results of the study demonstrate convincingly that alongside occupation, education, and performance-factors relating directly to employment-familial aspects such as civil status, the partner's employment status, and number of children constitute important criteria for determining what constitutes a "fair" income. The factor survey in the 2008 SOEP Pretest offers diverse analytical potential, both from a methodological point of view and in terms of the empirical results obtained. The positive experience with the 2008 SOEP Pretest suggests that the SOEP vignette module can be used effectively in a future wave of the main SOEP survey. Im Pretest 2008 wurde erstmals für die Längsschnittstudie Sozio-oekonomisches Panel (SOEP) die Erhebungsmethode des Faktoriellen Surveys erprobt. Es werden Aufbau und die Umsetzung des Vignettenmoduls beschrieben, das inhaltlich auf dem Gebiet der empirischen Gerechtigkeitsforschung, speziell Messung von Einkommensgerechtigkeit, angesiedeltist. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Faktorielle Survey bei Beachtung einiger Randbedingungen auch in der großflächigen Umfrageforschung einsetzbar ist und Befragte verschiedener Alters- und Bildungsgruppen mit der Beantwortung hinreichend gut zurecht kommen. Die erzielten Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass vor allem ältere Befragte weniger Dimensionenzu Beurteilung heranziehen. Ob dies als Hinweis für eine für diese Befragten zu komplexe Urteilsaufgabe und damit einen methodischer Effekt zu deuten ist, oder aber ein inhaltlich valides Ergebnis darstellt, wäre in künftigen Studien zu klären. Die inhaltlichen Ergebnisse zeigen beispielhaft, dass neben dem Beruf, der Ausbildung und der Leistung - also Faktoren die im direkten Bezug zur Erwerbstätigkeit stehen - ebenso familiäre Aspekte, wie der Familienstand, die Erwerbstätigkeit des Partners und die Anzahl der Kinder relevante Kriterien für die Einkommensgerechtigkeit darstellen. Der Faktorielle Survey im SOEP Pretest 2008 bietet sowohl in methodischer als auch inhaltlicher Hinsicht vielzählige Analysemöglichkeiten. Die positiven Erfahrungen des SOEP-Pretest 2008 ermutigen dazu, auch in einer künftigen Haupterhebung des SOEP Vignettenmodule einzusetzen.

This paper discusses how household panels in general?and the German Socio- Economic Panel (SOEP) in particular?can serve as reference data for researchers collecting datasets that do not represent the full universe of the population of interest (e.g., through clinical trials, intervention studies, laboratory and behavioural experiments, and cohort studies). We first discuss potential benefits of using questions similar to those in the SOEP for studies where researchers are interested in using the SOEP as reference data. We present a comprehensive list of SOEP core questions that we recommend researchers to consider when collecting their own data. We focus on seven topics: (1) demographic and parental characteristics; (2) labour market; (3) health; (4) personality, preferences, and subjective orientations; (5) subjective wellbeing; (6) political involvement and participation, and finally, a set of core questions for young children before they enter school. Of course the selection of a minimum set of questions depends on the research question. In this paper, we offer general advice for the selection of variables to researchers interested in comparing their own data with the SOEP.

"Der Beitrag befaßt sich mit den methodischen Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung geringfügiger Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Für das Jahr 1995 wird neben dem Vergleich zwischen dem Sozio-oekonomischen Panel und dem Mikrozensus auch die zweite Welle des Europäischen Haushaltspanels für Schätzungen herangezogen. Es werden Gemeinsamkeiten wie Unterschiede der genannten Datenquellen insbesondere unter methodischen Gesichtspunkten diskutiert. Als empirisches Ergebnis wurde ermittelt, daß sowohl in der deskriptiven als auch multiplen Analyse der Mikrozensus die Zahl der geringfügig Beschäftigten in der Haupttätigkeit als zu gering ausweist. Es fällt auf, daß auch die vom Statistischen Bundesamt durchgeführte Erhebung des ECHP zu mehr als doppelt so hohen Nachweisquoten für Geringfügige führt als der Mikrozensus; ein Befund der auch bei multivariater Kontrolle bestätigt werden konnte." (Autorenreferat) "This paper deals with methodological aspects concerning the measurement of extent and structure of so-called marginal employment (geringfügige Beschäftigung) in Germany. We are comparing empirical results for 1995, based on micro-data from the German Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP), the Mikrozensus (MZ) and the second wave of the German sample in the European Community Household Panel Study (GECHP). Concentrating on the measurement of marginal employment, we start with a comprehensive discussion of methodological similarities of as well as differences between those databases. The major empirical finding is a significantly lower estimate for the extent of marginal employment in the MZ as compared to the other surveys; this results holds true in a multivariate analysis as well. In particular, it has to be noticed, that - when controlling for a variety of covariates - even the German ECHP-sample, which is a survey also carried out by the Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt), shows a share of the marginally employed twice as high as the MZ." (author's abstract)

This paper describes the implementation of a factorial survey within the SOEP-Pretest of 2008 and investigates (1) respondents' comments about the vignettes, (2) interviewers' assessments of respondents comprehension and willingness to answer, and (3) response behavior regarding response time, use of the answering scale, and consistency of evaluations by different age groups and educational background. The respondents evaluated 24 vignettes consisting of ten dimensions that described full-time employees and their gross earnings. The evaluation task was to assess whether the given earnings were just or unjust, and if they were rated as unjust, respondents had to specify the amount of injustice on an 100-point rating scale. In regard to respondents' comments, the critique mentioned most frequently by respondents referred to the content (unrealistic descriptions) and the number of the vignettes. The analysis of the interviewers' assessments of respondents' comprehension and willingness to answer revealed less comprehension and willingness to answer for older and less well educated respondents, although these differences were similar to those found for the complete questionnaire. The analysis of the response behavior revealed no differences of response time between the groups. Analyses of response consistency show that one should consider hints for simplifying heuristics: such heuristics can lead to an artificially high response consistency. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Diese Dissertation untersucht das Ausmaß der Spendenbereitschaft für Flüchtlinge und dessen individuelle sowie kontextuelle Korrelate unter einheimischen Deutschen zwischen Jahren 2015 und 2018. Die Dissertation enthält drei originäre empirische Beiträge. Im ersten empirischen Beitrag wird das Ausmaß des Spendenverhaltens für Flüchtlinge, seine regionale Variation und Veränderung im Zeitverlauf beschrieben. Das Kapitel beschreibt, wie Einstellungen und soziodemografische Merkmale mit Spenden für Flüchtlinge zusammenhängen. Ich stelle fest, dass die Spenden für Flüchtlinge besonders hoch waren bei Frauen, Menschen mit einer höheren sozioökonomischen Position und Personen mit einer positiven Einstellung zur Einwanderung. Im zweiten und dritten empirischen Beitrag werden mögliche kontextuelle korrelate für solche Spenden betrachtet. Dies wird erreicht durch die Kombination von individuellen Panelerhebungsdaten mit Sozialindikatoren auf Stadtteilebene. Die zweite empirische Studie prüft, ob das Geben an mit der Anwesenheit von Ausländern im Wohnumfeld korreliert ist. Umgebung korreliert. Es gibt keine robusten Beweise dafür, dass die Anwesenheit von verschiedenen Gruppen von Ausländern negativ mit Spenden für Flüchtlinge verbunden ist. Im letzten empirischen Kapitel wird untersucht, ob die ethnische Segregation auf Stadtebene und der Wohnsitz in den Clustern der Einheimischen negativ mit Spenden für Flüchtlinge verbunden ist. Einerseits wird manchmal eine negative Korrelation zwischen der Segregation auf Stadtebene und Spenden für Flüchtlinge festgestellt. Es gibt jedoch keine Hinweise darauf, dass Einheimische die in den Clustern der Einheimischen leben, weniger wahrscheinlich Flüchtlinge unterstützen., This doctoral thesis analyzes extent of charitable giving to refugees and its individual as well as contextual correlates among native Germans between years 2015 and 2018. Dissertation contains three original empirical contributions. In the first empirical contribution the extent of charitable giving to refugees, its regional variation and change over time is described. Chapter describes how attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics are correlated with giving to refugees. I find that giving to refugees was especially high among females, people of higher socio-economic position and those holding positive attitude towards immigration. In the second and third empirical contributions possible environmental correlates of such giving are considered. This is achieved by combining panel survey data with fine-grained neighborhood level social indicators. Second empirical study tests if giving to refugees is correlated with presence of foreigners in the residential environment. There is lack of robust evidence that presence of various foreigner groups is negatively associated with giving to refugees. Final empirical chapter investigates if city-level ethnic segregation and residing in the clusters of natives is negatively associated with donating to refugees. On the one hand, negative correlation between city-level segregation and giving to refugees is sometimes found. There is, however, no evidence that natives living in the clusters of natives are less likely to support refugees with their donations.

Mit dem Forschungsbericht 30 werden vertiefte Erkenntnisse zu Geflüchteten aus der Befragung 2016 von insgesamt rund 4.500 Befragten vorgelegt, die im Rahmen der Großstudie "IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten" von den beteiligten Kooperationspartnern erarbeitet wurden. Thematische Schwerpunkte des Berichts sind Sprachpotenziale und Bildung von Geflüchteten sowie methodische Aspekte. Research Report 30 reports detailed informationon refugees from the survey that was carried out in 2016 among a total of roughly 4,500 respondents, which was drawn up by the cooperation partners involved as part of the major study entitled "IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Survey". The topics in the report focus on refugees’ linguistic potential and schooling, as well as on methodical aspects.