42 results
Search Results
2. How does environmental accounting information influence attention and investment?
- Author
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Alewine, Hank C. and Stone, Dan N.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Resistance to medical artificial intelligence is an attribute in a compensatory decision process: response to Pezzo and Beckstead (2020).
- Author
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Longoni, Chiara, Bonezzi, Andrea, and Morewedge, Carey K.
- Subjects
ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,DECISION making ,MEDICAL personnel ,AVERSION - Abstract
In Longoni et al. (2019), we examine how algorithm aversion influences utilization of healthcare delivered by human and artificial intelligence providers. Pezzo and Beckstead's (2020) commentary asks whether resistance to medical AI takes the form of a noncompensatory decision strategy, in which a single attribute determines provider choice, or whether resistance to medical AI is one of several attributes considered in a compensatory decision strategy. We clarify that our paper both claims and finds that, all else equal, resistance to medical AI is one of several attributes (e.g., cost and performance) influencing healthcare utilization decisions. In other words, resistance to medical AI is a consequential input to compensatory decisions regarding healthcare utilization and provider choice decisions, not a noncompensatory decision strategy. People do not always reject healthcare provided by AI, and our article makes no claim that they do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Bibliometrics-based heuristics: What is their definition and how can they be studied? - Research note.
- Author
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Bornmann, Lutz and Hug, Sven
- Subjects
DEFINITIONS ,HEURISTIC ,BIBLIOTHERAPY ,DECISION making ,CITATION indexes ,RESEARCH evaluation - Abstract
When scientists study the phenomena they are interested in, they apply sound methods and base their work on theoretical considerations. In contrast, when the fruits of their research are being evaluated, basic scientific standards do not seem to matter. Instead, simplistic bibliometric indicators (i.e., publication and citation counts) are, paradoxically, both widely used and criticized without any methodological and theoretical framework that would serve to ground both use and critique. Recently, however Bornmann and Marewski (2019) proposed such a framework. They developed bibliometrics- based heuristics (BBHs) based on the fast-and-frugal heuristics approach (Gigerenzer; Todd; ABC Research Group, 1999) to decision making, in order to conceptually understand and empirically investigate the quantitative evaluation of research as well as to effectively train end-users of bibliometrics (e.g., science managers, scientists). Heuristics are decision strategies that use part of the available information and ignore the rest. By exploiting the statistical structure of task environments, they can aid to make accurate, fast, effortless, and cost-efficient decisions without that trade-offs are incurred. Because of their simplicity, heuristics are easy to understand and communicate, enhancing the transparency of decision processes. In this commentary, we explain several BBHs and discuss how such heuristics can be employed in practice (using the evaluation of applicants for funding programs as one example). Furthermore, we outline why heuristics can perform well, and how they and their fit to task environments can be studied. In pointing to the potential of research on BBHs and to the risks that come with an under-researched, mindless usage of bibliometrics, this commentary contributes to make research evaluation more scientific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Interaction Effects of Consumers' Product Class Knowledge and Agent Search Strategy on Consumer Decision Making in Electronic Commerce.
- Author
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Rathnam, Gene
- Subjects
ELECTRONIC commerce ,INTERNET ,COMPUTER software ,FACTORIAL experiment designs ,CONSUMERS ,DECISION making - Abstract
This paper investigates the interaction effects between the search strategy of software agents and consumers' product class knowledge in the context of consumers seeking to purchase cars on the Internet. The research design used was a 2 × 4, between-groups, completely randomized, two-factor, factorial design. The independent variables that were manipulated were product class knowledge (HIGH KNOWLEDGE, LOW KNOWLEDGE) and agent search strategy [elimination by aspects (EBA STRATEGY), weighted average method (WAD STRATEGY), profile building (PROFILE STRATEGY), simple hypertext (HY- PERTEXT STRATEGY)]. The dependent variables that were measured were satisfaction with the decision process (SATISFACTION), confidence in the decision (CONFIDENCE), trust in the agent's recommendations (TRUST), propensity to purchase (PURCHASE), perceived cost savings (SAVINGS), and cognitive decision effort (EFFORT). Significant differences were found in the affective reactions of the subjects toward the agent/application depending on the level of product class knowledge possessed by the subjects. Subjects with high product class knowledge had more positive affective reactions toward agents/applications that used the WAD and EBA strategies as compared to the PROFILE strategy. Subjects with low product class knowledge had more positive affective reactions to agents/applications that used the PROFILE strategy as compared to the EBA and WAD strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Cool Decision-Making in Adolescents with Behavior Disorder and/or Mild-to-Borderline Intellectual Disability.
- Author
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Bexkens, Anika, Jansen, Brenda, Van der Molen, Maurits, Huizenga, Hilde, Jansen, Brenda R J, Van der Molen, Maurits W, and Huizenga, Hilde M
- Subjects
BEHAVIOR disorders in adolescence ,ADOLESCENT psychology ,DECISION making ,TEENAGER attitudes ,ADOLESCENT health ,BEHAVIOR disorders in children ,COMPARATIVE studies ,NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,PEOPLE with intellectual disabilities ,RESEARCH ,RISK-taking behavior ,COMORBIDITY ,TASK performance ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
Adolescents with Behavior Disorders (BD), Mild-to-Borderline Intellectual Disability (MBID), and with both BD and MBID (BD + MBID) are known to take more risks than normal controls. To examine the processes underlying this increased risk-taking, the present study investigated cool decision-making strategies in 479 adolescents (12-18 years, 55.9 % male) from these four groups. Cool decision-making was assessed with the paper-and-pencil Gambling Machine Task. This task, in combination with advanced latent group analysis, allows for an assessment of decision strategies. Results indicated that adolescents with BD and controls were almost equivalent in their decision-making strategies, whereas adolescents with MBID and adolescents with BD + MBID were characterized by suboptimal decision-making strategies, with only minor differences between these two clinical groups. These findings may have important clinical implications, as they suggest that risk taking in adolescents with MBID and in adolescents with BD + MBID can be (partly) attributed to the strategies that these adolescents use to make their decisions. Interventions may therefore focus on an improvement of these strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. An Optimized Design of Choice Experiments: A New Approach for Studying Decision Behavior in Choice Task Experiments.
- Author
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Pfeiffer, Jella, Duzevik, Dejan, Rothlauf, Franz, Bonabeau, Eric, and Yamamoto, Koichi
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CHOICE (Psychology) ,DECISION making & psychology ,CONSUMER behavior ,GENETIC algorithms ,EXPERIMENTAL design - Abstract
In this paper, we present a new approach for the optimal experimental design problem of generating diagnostic choice tasks, where the respondent's decision strategy can be unambiguously deduced from the observed choice. In this new approach, we applied a genetic algorithm that creates a one-to-one correspondence between a set of predefined decision strategies and the alternatives of the choice task; it also manipulates the characteristics of the choice tasks. In addition, this new approach takes into account the measurement errors that can occur when the preferences of the decision makers are being measured. The proposed genetic algorithm is capable of generating diagnostic choice tasks even when the search space of possible choice tasks is very large. As proof-of-concept, we used this novel approach to generate respondent-specific choice tasks with either low or high context-based complexity that we operationalize by the similarity of alternatives and the conflict between alternatives. We find in an experiment that an increase in the similarity of the alternatives and an increase in the number of conflicts within the choice task lead to an increased use of non-compensatory strategies and a decreased use of compensatory decision strategies. In contrast, the size of the choice tasks, measured by the number of attributes and alternatives, only weakly influences the strategy selection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. A long-term or a short-term decision when planning the decarbonisation transition pathway of power systems? A case study of China.
- Author
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Li, Chenxi, Tian, Guang, Chen, Chunsheng, Liu, Pei, and Li, Zheng
- Subjects
CARBON dioxide mitigation ,CHINA studies ,ELECTRICAL load - Abstract
Achieving ambitious climate goals would require enormous structural modifications in fossil energy-dominated power systems. Unpredictability of the future makes a cautious decision necessary in the low-carbon transition in power systems. Choosing a proper decision method when planning could reduce cost losses when unpredictable emergencies have a disruptive impact on a power system. This is extremely crucial for countries whose power system is still expanding rapidly because their development costs are already high enough and the decarbonisation pathway is uncertain and influenced a lot by the way of decision. Therefore, in this paper, we present a multi-region load despatch transition pathway planning model for power systems with huge demand growth, which can be used for both short-term and long-term decision methods. By comparing the transition costs of various decision-making methods, the decision with lower costs can be obtained. China is taken as a case study. Results show that in order to minimise the cost loss caused by inestimable incidents, China's power system adopts long-term or short-term decisions based on expectations before 2036 or 2041. The cost loss of up to 500 billion CNY can be reduced by selecting a decision method with lower costs according to the rough expectation. • A low-carbon transition optimisation model for rapidly expanding power systems is proposed. • Decision-making strategies that can reduce cost losses are found quantitatively. • Planning strategy of China's power system relates to the forecast before 2036 or 2041. • Up to 500 billion CNY cost loss can be reduced by selecting a suitable decision. • Overly positive renewable power generation construction has little benefit in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. E-COMMERCE WEBSITES SERVICES VERSUS BUYERS EXPECTATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ONLINE MARKETPLACE.
- Author
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D'AVANZO, ERNESTO and KUFLIK, TSVI
- Subjects
ONLINE shopping ,ELECTRONIC commerce ,WEBSITES ,EXPECTATION (Psychology) ,CONSUMER behavior ,EMPIRICAL research - Abstract
With the growth of online shopping, the buyers are faced with information and cognitive overload, entailing worse buyers' decisions. Various decision aids, more and more implemented as web services, aim at reducing this overload. Often they implement compensatory strategies that enable desirable and undesirable values of a product attribute to compensate each other. However, increasing the number of options beyond a handful can lead to poor choices, decreasing satisfaction (i.e., paradox of choice). In such a situation, that involves uncertainty, people relies more on heuristics than rationality to arrive at decisions and purchases. Heuristics, or noncompensatory strategies, do not consider a buyer's preference for multiple attributes, such as the satisficing heuristic that compares each attribute value with a predetermined cut-off level, rejecting alternatives that do not meet it. This paper presents a study combining an E-Commerce literature survey, an E-Commerce websites' analysis, and a survey of online buyers opinions. It is pointing to a gap that exists between sellers' services and buyers' expectations. Empirical evidence suggests that it can be bridged turning to noncompensatory strategies implemented as web services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The effect of context variables on cognitive effort in multiattribute binary choice.
- Author
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IGLESIAS-PARRO, S., DE LA FUENTE, E. I., and ORTEGA, A. R.
- Subjects
DECISION making ,MATHEMATICAL variables ,MILITARY strategy ,STATISTICAL correlation ,DECISION theory - Abstract
This article reports an empirical investigation of the cognitive effort required to decide in multiattribute binary choice using a variation of the Additive Difference strategy. In contrast with other studies, this paper focuses on the effect of various context variables (rather than task variables) on cognitive effort. In order to select the context variables to be manipulated, we used the model proposed by Shugan (1980; J. Consumer Res. 75 (1980) 99). Our results indicate that there is a positive relationship between the cognitive effort required to decide and the mean of the differences between the dimensions of the choice alternatives. We have also found an inverse relationship between cognitive effort and the variance of the differences between the dimensions of the choice alternatives. Finally, we have found that in negative correlation contexts the effort needed to decide is greater than in positive and null correlation contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Context Variables as Cognitive Effort Modulators in Decision Making Using an Alternative-Based Processing Strategy.
- Author
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Iglesias-Parro, S., Ortega, A. R., De La Fuente, E. I., and Martín, I.
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MATHEMATICAL variables ,DECISION making ,PROBLEM solving ,ANALYSIS of variance ,VARIANCES ,STATISTICAL correlation - Abstract
This paper examines how a number of decision context variables affect the cognitive effort required for decision making on dichotomical choice tasks. Subjects are trained in the use of a strategy in which information processing is alternative-based. The correlation between the attributes of the alternatives and the mean and variance of the difference between the attributes is manipulated. The results show that the effort needed for decision making increases as the mean of the differences decreases. Yet, neither the variance of the differences nor the correlation context affect the decision making effort in this type of strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Geovisualisierung zur räumlichen Entscheidungsunterstützung
- Author
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Rinner, Claus
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. COGNITIVE HEURISTICS AND FEEDBACK IN A DYNAMIC DECISION ENVIRONMENT.
- Author
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Kleinmuntz, Don N.
- Subjects
DECISION making ,COGNITIVE analysis ,HEURISTIC ,COGNITION ,COMPUTER simulation ,MATHEMATICAL models ,PERFORMANCES ,DECISION theory ,BENCHMARKING (Management) ,DECISION support systems ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Research on cognitive processes in decision making has identified heuristics that often work well but sometimes lead to serious errors. This paper presents an investigation of the performance of heuristics in a complex dynamic setting, characterized by repeated decisions with feedback. There are three components: (1) A simulated task resembling medical decision problems (diagnosis and treatment) is described. (2) Computer models of decision strategies are developed. These include models based on cognitive heuristics as well as benchmark strategies that indicate the limit of the heuristic strategies' performance. The upper benchmark is based on statistical decision theory, the lower one on random trial and error. (3) Selected task characteristics are systematically varied and their influence on performance evaluated in simulation experiments. Results indicate that task characteristics often studied in past research (e.g., symptom diagonosticity, disease base-rates) have less influence on performance relative to feedback-related aspects of the task. These dynamic characteristics are a major determinant of when heuristics perform well or badly. The results also provide insights about the costs and benefits of various cognitive heuristics. In addition, the possible contribution of this research to the design and evaluation of decision aids is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Decision-making styles during stressful scenarios: The role of anxiety in COVID-19 pandemic.
- Author
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Marques da Rocha, Mariana Castro, Fernandes Malloy-Diniz, Leandro, Aurélio Romano-Silva, Marco, Joaquim, Rui Mateus, de Oliveira Serpa, Alexandre Luiz, Paim Diaz, Alexandre, Jardim de Paula, Jonas, Souza Costa, Danielle, Geraldo da Silva, Antônio, de Carvalho Braule Pinto, André Luiz, and Marques de Miranda, Débora
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,IMPACT of Event Scale ,POST-traumatic stress ,STATE-Trait Anxiety Inventory ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress - Abstract
Introduction: Decision-making is not purely rational but highlighted by the influence of intuitive and emotional processes. Recently, researchers have focused more attention on understanding which environmental and personal features influence decision-making processes, and how. Objective and methods: On this study, we investigate whether Trait Anxiety moderates the impact of Post-Traumatic Stress (PTS) symptoms reported during COVID-19 pandemic on decision-making styles. Results: The study included 1,358 Brazilian participants (80% women) aged between 20 and 74 (M = 41.11; SD = 11.23) who responded to an online survey between May and August of the year 2021 of COVID-19 pandemic to The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Decisions Styles Scale, The Impact of Event Scale - Revised and questions related to COVID-19. Through moderation analysis, we observed that experiencing PTS is associated with a higher tendency to biased/heuristic decision-making processes. Discussion: Trait Anxiety seems to influence how people respond to PTS symptoms on decision-making related processes. Subjects with higher Trait Anxiety reported lower tendency to appeal to rationality, especially under higher reported levels of PTS. Meanwhile, lower Trait Anxiety subjects exhibited more reason-based decision-making under higher rates of PTS. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay among environmental and individual differences on decision-making styles and helps to identify factors of vulnerability for poorer cognitive functioning on stressful scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Machine learning strategy identification: A paradigm to uncover decision strategies with high fidelity.
- Author
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Fang, Jun, Schooler, Lael, and Shenghua, Luan
- Subjects
MACHINE learning ,LEARNING strategies ,ELECTRONIC data processing - Abstract
We propose a novel approach, which we call machine learning strategy identification (MLSI), to uncovering hidden decision strategies. In this approach, we first train machine learning models on choice and process data of one set of participants who are instructed to use particular strategies, and then use the trained models to identify the strategies employed by a new set of participants. Unlike most modeling approaches that need many trials to identify a participant's strategy, MLSI can distinguish strategies on a trial-by-trial basis. We examined MLSI's performance in three experiments. In Experiment I, we taught participants three different strategies in a paired-comparison decision task. The best machine learning model identified the strategies used by participants with an accuracy rate above 90%. In Experiment II, we compared MLSI with the multiple-measure maximum likelihood (MM-ML) method that is also capable of integrating multiple types of data in strategy identification, and found that MLSI had higher identification accuracy than MM-ML. In Experiment III, we provided feedback to participants who made decisions freely in a task environment that favors the non-compensatory strategy take-the-best. The trial-by-trial results of MLSI show that during the course of the experiment, most participants explored a range of strategies at the beginning, but eventually learned to use take-the-best. Overall, the results of our study demonstrate that MLSI can identify hidden strategies on a trial-by-trial basis and with a high level of accuracy that rivals the performance of other methods that require multiple trials for strategy identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Drafting strategies in fantasy football: A study of competitive sequential human decision making.
- Author
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Lee, Michael D. and Liu, Siqi
- Subjects
DECISION making ,INTERNET forums ,HUMAN resource planning ,FANTASY (Psychology) ,CONSUMER behavior ,BASEBALL injuries - Published
- 2022
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17. Toward a Procedurally Plausible Model of the Vote Choice: Decision Strategies, Information Processing, and Correct Voting.
- Author
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Lau, Richard R. and Redlawsk, David P.
- Subjects
- *
DECISION making , *VOTING , *POLITICAL science , *POLITICAL participation , *POLITICAL psychology - Abstract
The article discusses the establishment of a decision making framework for citizens' vote choice in the U.S. It analyzed the decision making strategies applied by voters and categorized them as either rational, confirmatory, fast and frugal or intuitive. It discovered that voters consciously establish their information search in response to election campaign. It then highlighted the implications of such framework for political psychology and the society.
- Published
- 2005
18. Inferring decision strategies from clickstreams in decision support systems: a new process-tracing approach using state machines
- Author
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Pfeiffer, Jella, Probst, Malte, Steitz, Wolfgang, and Rothlauf, Franz
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Resistance to medical artificial intelligence is an attribute in a compensatory decision process: response to Pezzo and Beckstead (2020)
- Author
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Chiara Longoni, Andrea Bonezzi, and Carey K. Morewedge
- Subjects
artificial intelligence ,medicine ,decision strategies ,Social Sciences ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
In Longoni et al. (2019), we examine how algorithm aversion influences utilization of healthcare delivered by human and artificial intelligence providers. Pezzo and Beckstead’s (2020) commentary asks whether resistance to medical AI takes the form of a noncompensatory decision strategy, in which a single attribute determines provider choice, or whether resistance to medical AI is one of several attributes considered in a compensatory decision strategy. We clarify that our paper both claims and finds that, all else equal, resistance to medical AI is one of several attributes (e.g., cost and performance) influencing healthcare utilization decisions. In other words, resistance to medical AI is a consequential input to compensatory decisions regarding healthcare utilization and provider choice decisions, not a noncompensatory decision strategy. People do not always reject healthcare provided by AI, and our article makes no claim that they do.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. A Correct-by-Decision Solution for Simultaneous Place and Route
- Author
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Nadel, Alexander, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Majumdar, Rupak, editor, and Kunčak, Viktor, editor
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Eye Gaze Patterns of Decision Process in Prosocial Behavior.
- Author
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Peshkovskaya, Anastasia and Myagkov, Mikhail
- Subjects
PROSOCIAL behavior ,DECISION making ,HUMAN behavior ,GAZE ,VISUAL perception - Abstract
Understanding human behavior remains a grand challenge across disciplines. We used eye tracking to investigate how visual perception is associated with a strategic behavior in the decision process. Gaze activity and eye movement patterns were measured in 14 human participants with different decision strategies. We also employed a social domain to force strategic behavior. We find that social interaction significantly improves the level of cooperation, prosocial decisions, and overall cooperative strategy in experiment participants. Gaze behavior in individuals with a cooperative strategy is characterized by a greater number of fixations and frequent gaze returns to the scanned areas. On the contrary, individuals with a non-cooperative strategy approach decision-making task stimuli in a distinct way with long-duration fixations and a low number of gaze returns to the areas already scanned. Social domain, which enhances cooperation and prosocial behavior, makes participants more attentive to the task stimuli in our experiments. Moreover, prolonged gaze at the area of cooperative choice testifies in favor of the cooperative decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Modeling Optimal Stopping in Changing Environments: a Case Study in Mate Selection
- Author
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Lee, Michael D. and Courey, Karyssa A.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Decision Making Strategies for Finite-State Bi-automaton in Dialog Management
- Author
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Ghigi, Fabrizio, Torres, M. Inés, Lee, G.G., editor, Kim, H.K., editor, Jeong, M., editor, and Kim, J.-H., editor
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Modeling Between‐Subject Variability in Decision Strategies via Statistical Clustering: A <italic>p</italic>‐Median Approach.
- Author
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Brown, Nicholas, Park, Sanghyuk, Steinley, Douglas, and Davis‐Stober, Clintin P.
- Subjects
DECISION making ,HUMAN behavior ,HETEROGENEITY ,PRECIPITATION variability ,DISCRETE choice models - Abstract
Abstract: We present a statistical methodology for clustering decision makers according to similar choice behavior. We apply a
p ‐median clustering algorithm that identifies an “exemplar” for each cluster, a decision maker who best represents that cluster. We demonstrate that information about group behavior can be inferred by examining the behavior of each cluster's exemplar. The method is exploratory, providing information about the prevalence of decision strategies without researchers needing to specify candidate strategies a priori. The method is also very general and can be applied to a wide range of decision‐making data structures. We illustrate our method by re‐analyzing two existing choice data sets. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Measurements of Rationality: Individual Differences in Information Processing, the Transitivity of Preferences and Decision Strategies.
- Author
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Sleboda, Patrycja and Sokolowska, Joanna
- Subjects
REASON ,INFORMATION processing ,TRANSITIVITY (Grammar) ,BOUNDED rationality ,CORPORATE culture - Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Variability in Decision Strategies Across Description-based and Experience-based Decision Making.
- Author
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Yoon, Sangsuk, Vo, Khoi, and Venkatraman, Vinod
- Subjects
DECISION making ,DESCRIPTION logics ,PROBABILITY theory ,DIFFERENCES ,HEURISTIC ,REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
Individuals are known to make systematically different decisions when the probabilities in risky choice problems are described or experienced. This difference, known as the description-experience gap, has been reliably replicated across several studies using binary choice gambles. Yet little is known whether these differences exist in more complex gambles in the absence of rare outcomes, and whether they are associated with systematic differences in the use of decision heuristics and strategies across formats. Using three-outcome mixed gambles, we found that participants showed a strong preference for alternatives that maximized the overall probability of winning when such an option was available in the description condition, and chose more randomly otherwise. In the experience condition, preferences were more homogenous across trials types, with participants choosing the alternative with extreme values more often relative to the description condition. However, when we controlled for the experienced outcomes, both natural mean heuristic (choosing the alternative with highest sampled mean or expected value) and overall probability of winning heuristic reliably predicted choice on each trial. In fact, expected value was the strongest predictor of preferences in a conditional logistic regression model that included extreme values, expected value, and overall probability of winning variables simultaneously. Yet expected value did not predict preferences in decisions from description. Together, these findings provide evidence for an explicit dissociation in decision strategies across description and experience formats. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Decision Strategies : Something Old, Something New, and Something Borrowed
- Author
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Kerimi, Neda
- Subjects
Decision strategies ,inference ,compensatory ,Psykologi ,Psychology ,preference ,non-compensatory - Abstract
In this thesis, some old decision strategies are investigated and a new one that furthers our understanding of how decisions are made is introduced. Three studies are presented. In Study I and II, strategies are investigated in terms of inferences and in Study III, strategies are investigated in terms of preferences. Inferences refer to decisions regarding facts, e.g., whether a patient has a heart disease or not. Preferences refer to decision makers’ personal preferences between different choice alternatives, e.g., which flat out of many to choose. In all three studies, both non-compensatory strategies and compensatory strategies were investigated. In compensatory strategies, a high value in one attribute cannot compensate for a low value in another, while in non-compensatory strategies such compensation is possible. Results from Study I showed that both compensatory (logistic regression) and non-compensatory (fast and frugal) strategies make inferences equally well, but logistic regression strategies are more frugal (i.e., use fewer cues) than the fast and frugal strategies. Study II showed that the results were independent of the degree of expertise. The good inferential ability of both non-compensatory and compensatory strategies suggests there might be room for a strategy that can combine the strengths of the two. Study III introduces such a strategy, the Concordant-ranks (CR) strategy. Results from Study III showed that choices and attractiveness evaluations followed this new strategy. This strategy dictates a choice of an alternative with concordant ranks between attribute values and attribute weights when alternatives are about equally attractive. CR also serves as a proxy for finding the alternative with the shortest distance to an ideal. The CR strategy combines the computational simplicity of non-compensatory strategies with the superior information integration ability of compensatory strategies. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Submitted.
- Published
- 2011
28. Revenue Maximisation; An Examination of the Influences of Heuristics and Biases on the Yield Management Decision Process in Dublin Hotels
- Author
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Kiely, Tony
- Subjects
Decision Strategies ,Revenue Management ,Hospitality Management ,Tourism - Abstract
Yield management in hotels has been described as a method of profitably managing fixed room capacity. A critical element of yield management is the decision strategy employed, as this determines the degree to which optimum financial solutions are generated. Recent research has indicated that the use of technology assisted decision optimising models, specifically the management science model of decision making, would greatly improve decision optimisation, by minimising the need to employ guesswork in achieving financial goals. However, despite this assurance, yield management remains couched in uncertainty through being inextricably associated with forecasting future demand for a perishable product in an increasingly volatile and competitive environment. The consequential pressures on decision-makers have afforded the opportunity for human idiosyncrasies to play a significant role in the decision-making process. The primary objective of this paper is, therefore, to gain an insight into how decisions are constructed in the yield management environment of Dublin hotels. The study reviews current literature on management science as a decision-making option. It also assesses heuristics and biases associated with decision-making, and their influence on rational decision protocol. The methodology employed phenomenological and hermeneutical techniques, with discourse analysis, in accessing and analysing data. The research findings reveal that within Dublin hotels, the management science model of decision-making has been sidelined in favour of decision strategies, wherein “human intervention” plays a more significant role. The findings also suggest that this “human intervention” has subconsciously facilitated an environment for decision-makers to fall into psychological traps, with the potential to make systematically biased errors, through satisfaction of ego needs and rationalising the irrational.
- Published
- 2008
29. Qualitatively Coherent Representation Makes Decision-Making Easier with Binary-Colored Multi-Attribute Tables: An Eye-Tracking Study.
- Author
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Masahiro Morii, Takashi Ideno, Kazuhisa Takemura, and Mitsuhiro Okada
- Subjects
DECISION making ,ANALYTIC hierarchy process ,CRITICAL path analysis ,CONSUMER behavior ,EYE movements - Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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30. Interaktive Informationsmanagement-Tools in Online Shops: Studienergebnisse und Gestaltungsempfehlungen
- Author
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Groissberger, Thomas and Riedl, René
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Age-Related Changes in Decision Making
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Sparrow, Erika P. and Spaniol, Julia
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
32. Cognitive automation: A new era of knowledge work?
- Author
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Richardson, Sharon
- Subjects
AUTOMATION ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,HUMAN facial recognition software ,HUMAN-machine systems ,TWENTY-first century - Abstract
There have been a number of breakthroughs in artificial intelligence since the beginning of the 21st century with machines now outperforming humans in cognitive tasks such as object detection, face recognition, language translation, and complex decision strategies. Computational advances enable machines to process and analyse information at a scale far beyond human capabilities and has led to a rise in demand for intelligent process automation (IPA) services. This article considers the potential for cognitive algorithms to disrupt knowledge work in the modern workplace. Benefits include augmenting and accelerating the intelligence-decision-action cycle that is central to knowledge work. However, there are also risks from becoming over-reliant on algorithms in ambiguous and uncertain real-world situations. The value from next-generation knowledge systems will come from bridging human and artificial intelligence for insights and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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33. Information Needs for a Purchase of Fairtrade Coffee.
- Author
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Schleenbecker, Rosa and Hamm, Ulrich
- Abstract
This research investigates what information German Fairtrade coffee consumers search for during pre-purchase information seeking and to what extent information is retrieved. Furthermore, the sequence of the information search as well as the degree of cognitive involvement is highlighted. The role of labeling, the importance of additional ethical information and its quality in terms of concreteness as well as the importance of product price and organic origin are addressed. A set of information relevant to Fairtrade consumers was tested by means of the Information Display Matrix (IDM) method with 389 Fairtrade consumers. Results show that prior to purchase, information on product packages plays an important role and is retrieved rather extensively, but search strategies that reduce the information processing effort are applied as well. Furthermore, general information is preferred over specific information. Results of two regression analyses indicate that purchase decisions are related to search behavior variables rather than to socio-demographic variables and purchase motives. In order to match product information with consumers' needs, marketers should offer information that is reduced to the central aspects of Fairtrade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
34. Heuristics as adaptive decision strategies in management.
- Author
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Artinger, Florian, Petersen, Malte, Gigerenzer, Gerd, and Weibler, Jürgen
- Subjects
HEURISTIC ,ADAPTABILITY (Personality) ,DECISION making ,MANAGEMENT ,MEASUREMENT errors - Abstract
In the management literature, heuristics are often conceived of as a source of systematic error, whereas logic and statistics are regarded as the sine qua non of good decision making. Yet, this view can be incorrect for decisions made under uncertainty, as opposed to risk. Research on fast and frugal heuristics shows that simple heuristics can be successful in complex, uncertain environments and also when and why this is the case. This article describes the conceptual framework of heuristics as adaptive decision strategies and connects it with the managerial literature. We review five classes of heuristics, analyze their common building blocks, and show how these are applied in managerial decision making. We conclude by highlighting some prominent opportunities for future research in the field. In the uncertain world of management, simple heuristics can lead to better and faster decisions than complex statistical procedures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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35. Preference-driven biases in decision makers' information search and evaluation.
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Chaxel, Anne-Sophie, Russo, J. Edward, and Kerimi, Neda
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INDIVIDUALS' preferences ,CHOICE (Psychology) ,PREJUDICES ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,DECISION making - Abstract
While it is well established that the search for information after a decision is biased toward supporting that decision, the case of preference-supporting search before the decision remains open. Three studies of consumer choices consistently found a complete absence of a pre-choice bias toward searching for preference-supporting information. The absence of this confirming search bias occurred for products that were both hedonic and utilitarian, both expensive and inexpensive, and both high and low in expected brand loyalty. Experiment 3 also verified the presence of the expected post-choice search bias to support the chosen alternative. Therefore the absence of a pre-choice search bias in all three studies was not likely to be due to our using a method that was so insensitive that a search bias would not be observed under any circumstances. In addition to the absence of an effect of prior preferences on information selection, subjects' self-reported search strategies exhibited a clear tendency toward a balance of positive and negative information. Across the three studies, we also tested for the presence of a preference-supporting bias in the evaluation of the information acquired in the search process. This evaluation bias was found both pre- and post-choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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36. The influence of attribute cutoffs on consumers' choices of a functional food.
- Author
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Ding, Yulian, Veeman, Michele M., and Adamowicz, Wiktor L.
- Subjects
CONSUMER preferences ,FUNCTIONAL foods ,NUTRITION ,OMEGA-3 fatty acids ,GENETICALLY modified foods ,FOOD preferences - Abstract
Non-compensatory preferences are investigated by incorporating attribute cutoffs into models of consumer choices for food with health-related attributes (omega-3 content) that may be associated with genetic modification. We find empirical evidence that some individuals tend to use attribute cutoffs in decision-making, that incorporating these into the modelling of consumer choices significantly improves model fit, that some respondents are willing to take a utility penalty rather than eliminate an alternative when a cutoff violation occurs and that there is considerable heterogeneity in willingness to violate cutoffs. The study also provides some support to the hypothesis that ignoring cutoff endogeneity in model estimation may generate biased estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
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37. The Effects of Critical Thinking Instruction on Training Complex Decision Making.
- Author
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Helsdingen, Anne S., van den Bosch, Karel, van Gog, Tamara, and van Merriënboer, Jeroen J. G.
- Abstract
Objective: Two field studies assessed the effects of critical thinking instruction on training and transfer of a complex decision-making skill.Background: Critical thinking instruction is based on studies of how experienced decision makers approach complex problems.Method: Participants conducted scenario-based exercises in both simplified (Study 1) and high-fidelity (Study 2) training environments. In both studies, half of the participants received instruction in critical thinking. The other half conducted the same exercises but without critical thinking instruction. After the training, test scenarios were administered to both groups.Results: The first study showed that critical thinking instruction enhanced decision outcomes during both training and the test. In the second study, critical thinking instruction benefited both decision outcomes and processes, specifically on the transfer to untrained problems.Conclusion:The results suggest that critical thinking instruction improves decision strategy and enhances understanding of the general principles of the domain.Application: The results of this study warrant the implementation of critical thinking instruction in training programs for professional decision makers that have to operate in complex and highly interactive, dynamic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2010
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38. E-Learning Investment Risk Management.
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Angelou, Georgios N. and Economides, Anastasios A.
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RISK management in business ,INVESTMENTS ,ONLINE information services ,ELECTRONIC commerce ,INTERNET in education ,INFORMATION & communication technologies ,TELEMATICS ,CASCADING style sheets ,REAL options (Finance) ,GOAL (Psychology) - Abstract
E-learning markets have been expanding very rapidly. As a result, the involved senior managers are increasingly being confronted with the need to make significant investment decisions related to the e-learning business activities. Real options applications to risk management and investment evaluation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have mainly focused on a single and a priori known option. However, these options are not inherent in any ICT investment. Actually, they must be carefully planned and intentionally embedded in the ICT investment in order to mitigate its risks and increase its return. Moreover, when an ICT investment involves multiple risks, by adopting different series of cascading options we may achieve risk mitigation and enhance investment performance. In this article, we apply real options to the e-learning investments evaluation. Given the investment's requirements, assumptions and risks, the goal is to maximize the investment's value by identifying a good way to structure it using carefully chosen real options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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39. Adaptive noncontact gesture-based system for augmentative communication.
- Author
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Reilly, R.B. and O'Malley, M.J.
- Abstract
An adaptive noncontact gesture-based system for augmentative communication is described. The system detects movement of any anatomical site through the analysis of reflected speckle. This movement is converted into two-dimensional (2-D) cursor coordinates and an adaptive software interface provides click actions and decision strategies. The system requires no accessory to be placed on the user. The system was developed in conjunction with user groups, who participated in the evaluation of the system. The usability results obtained illustrate the utility of the system. The system also compared favorably with other interface solutions [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1999
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40. Alphanumeric and graphic displays for dynamic process monitoring and control.
- Author
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COURY, BRUCE G. and PIETRAS, CHRISTINE M.
- Abstract
The use of high resolution graphic display technology provides the control system designer with numerous options for displaying process plant information. This research evaluated the effectiveness of alphanumeric and graphic display formats for presenting system information in a dynamic process plant environment Thirty subjects, divided equally into three groups, were tested on three separate display formats: graphical, digital and multiple representations. The operators' task was to optimize the performance of a simulated fluid processing plant and to detect system failures. Results showed that the multiple display resulted in the best optimization performance and minimized the time required to detect failures. In general, the graphic display produced the worst performance with the digital display exhibiting intermediate results. The decision strategies used by the operators were found to have the greatest impact on performance. The results are discussed in terms of the merits of different display formats for representing system information in a manner appropriate to the operator's task. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1989
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41. Decision Making in a Dynamic Situation: The Effect of False Alarms and Time Pressure.
- Author
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Kerstholt, José H.
- Subjects
FALSE alarms ,TIME pressure ,DECISION making ,UNCERTAINTY ,MATHEMATICAL models ,A priori ,PROBABILITY theory - Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a priori probability of false alarms and time pressure on decision-making behaviour in a dynamic task environment. In order to assess whether strategy selection in a dynamic task environment would be adaptive, we modelled the task mathematically, and compared actual decision strategies to the optimal ones. In addition to the selected strategy, we also studied decision-making behaviour at a lower operational level, reflecting the amount of effort subjects are willing to spend on the decision process. Subjects were required to monitor the fitness level of a simulated athlete, who was running a race, and had to provide treatments whenever the athlete's fitness level suggested a real physiological problem. When a decline of the athlete's fitness was caused by a false alarm, a spontaneous recovery would occur after some time, without any need for intervention. Time pressure was manipulated by the rate at which the athlete's fitness level declined. Overall, subjects did not select the most efficient strategy: they dominantly selected information before applying an action, even though it would have been more profitable, and less effortful, just to apply actions. At the operational level, subjects appeared to invest less effort when the probability of false alarms increased and to invest more effort when time pressure increased. However, in contrast to the outcomes of our mathematical model, subjects adjusted the amount of intervention to the a priori probability of false alarms and not to time pressure. Together, the results indicate that the selection of a decision strategy in a dynamic task is less adaptive then is generally concluded from studies with static tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1995
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42. E-COMMERCE WEBSITES SERVICES VERSUS BUYERS EXPECTATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ONLINE MARKETPLACE
- Author
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Tsvi Kuflik and Ernesto D'Avanzo
- Subjects
Noncompensatory strategies ,decision strategies ,heuristics ,satis ̄cing ,E-commerce websites analysis ,E-commerce services ,web recommender and decision support systems ,business.industry ,E-commerce ,Noncompensatory strategies, decision strategies, heuristics, satisficing, E-commerce websites analysis, E-commerce services, web recommender and decision support systems ,computer.software_genre ,Product (business) ,Computer Science (miscellaneous) ,Decision aids ,Satisficing ,Marketing ,Web service ,Heuristics ,business ,Empirical evidence ,Literature survey ,computer - Abstract
With the growth of online shopping, the buyers are faced with information and cognitive overload, entailing worse buyers' decisions. Various decision aids, more and more implemented as web services, aim at reducing this overload. Often they implement compensatory strategies that enable desirable and undesirable values of a product attribute to compensate each other. However, increasing the number of options beyond a handful can lead to poor choices, decreasing satisfaction (i.e., paradox of choice). In such a situation, that involves uncertainty, people relies more on heuristics than rationality to arrive at decisions and purchases. Heuristics, or noncompensatory strategies, do not consider a buyer's preference for multiple attributes, such as the satisficing heuristic that compares each attribute value with a predetermined cut-off level, rejecting alternatives that do not meet it. This paper presents a study combining an E-Commerce literature survey, an E-Commerce websites' analysis, and a survey of online buyers opinions. It is pointing to a gap that exists between sellers' services and buyers' expectations. Empirical evidence suggests that it can be bridged turning to noncompensatory strategies implemented as web services.
- Published
- 2013
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