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2. Forest production efficiency increases with growth temperature

Author

Alessandro Cescatti, Alessio Collalti, Andreas Ibrom, Giorgio Matteucci, Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Ramdane Alkama, Daniel S. Goll, Julia Pongratz, Philippe Ciais, Anders Stockmarr, Vanessa Haverd, Stephen Sitch, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Iain Colin Prentice, Pierre Friedlingstein, Almut Arneth, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FOE-2019 College of Natural Resources, University of California Berkeley, CNR: DTA.AD003.474, We thank R.H. Waring, S. Vicca, M. Campioli, F. Pagani and E. Grieco for early constructive comments and thoughtful suggestions, S. Noce for the map of data points. We thank efforts from all site investigators and their funding agencies. This paper contributes to the AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts and the Imperial College initiative Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment. A.C. and G.M. are partially supported by resources available from the Ministry of University and Research (FOE-2019), under the project 'Climate Change' (CNR DTA.AD003.474), M.F.-M. is a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), AXA Research Fund, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, adaptation, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Nutrient, Forest production efficiency, ddc:550, SDG 13 - Climate Action, gpp, lcsh:Science, Plant ecology, chemistry.chemical_classification, forest productivity, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, Climate-change ecology, Biogeography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Engineering sciences. Technology, primary production, biomass production efficienty, Science, carbon use efficiency, chemistry.chemical_element, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Latitude, Organic matter, Ecosystem, Precipitation, Biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Computer. Automation, npp, Primary production, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Earth sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Forest ecology, Carbon, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Forest production efficiency (FPE) metric describes how efficiently the assimilated carbon is partitioned into plants organs (biomass production, BP) or—more generally—for the production of organic matter (net primary production, NPP). We present a global analysis of the relationship of FPE to stand-age and climate, based on a large compilation of data on gross primary production and either BP or NPP. FPE is important for both forest production and atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake. We find that FPE increases with absolute latitude, precipitation and (all else equal) with temperature. Earlier findings—FPE declining with age—are also supported by this analysis. However, the temperature effect is opposite to what would be expected based on the short-term physiological response of respiration rates to temperature, implying a top-down regulation of carbon loss, perhaps reflecting the higher carbon costs of nutrient acquisition in colder climates. Current ecosystem models do not reproduce this phenomenon. They consistently predict lower FPE in warmer climates, and are therefore likely to overestimate carbon losses in a warming climate., Many models assume a universal carbon use efficiency across forest biomes, in contrast to assumptions of other process-based models. Here the authors analyse forest production efficiency across a wide range of climates to show a positive relationship with annual temperature and precipitation, indicating that ecosystem models are overestimating forest carbon losses under warming.

Published
2020

3. Integrated Analysis of Environment, Cattle and Human Serological Data: Risks and Mechanisms of Transmission of Rift Valley Fever in Madagascar

Author

Annelise Tran, Vladimir Grosbois, Jean-Pierre Ravalohery, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Jean-Michel Heraud, Soa Fy Andriamandimby, Christophe Rogier, Seta Andriamamonjy, Véronique Chevalier, Benoit Durand, Marie-Marie Olive, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This study was supported in part by funds raised by (i) CIRAD (ii) the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, grant # 131163/00) (iii) the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar. Human field work was funded by the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar (Internal Project through the ZORA (ZOonoses, Rodent and Arboviruses) project and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, and Cooperative Agreement #U51/IP000327). Moreover, this material is based upon work supported by the U. S. Department of Homeland Security under the Center of Excellence of Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases Grant Award Number 2010-ST061-AG0001. Cattle study was supported in part by funds raised by World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) through the Central Emergency Response Fund of the United Nations. The views and conclusions contained in this paper are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either explicit or implicit, of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, Epidemiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Analyse du risque, MESH: Cattle Diseases, MESH: Animals, Neglected tropical diseases, Mammals, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Middle Aged, 000 - Autres thèmes, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, Anopheles, Ruminants, 3. Good health, Transmission (mechanics), MESH: Young Adult, Densité de population, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Enzootic, Infectious diseases, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Genre humain, Bétail, Livestock, lcsh:RC955-962, MESH: Culex, Microbiology, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Madagascar, MESH: Humans, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, Tropical diseases, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, lcsh:RA1-1270, MESH: Adult, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, 030104 developmental biology, Africa, Cattle, MESH: Female, MESH: Antibodies, Viral, 0301 basic medicine, RNA viruses, Cattle Diseases, Disease Vectors, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Mosquitoes, Serology, Geographical Locations, MESH: Madagascar, law, Zoonoses, Facteur de risque, Bunyaviruses, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: Rift Valley Fever, Comportement humain, Rift Valley fever, 2. Zero hunger, biology, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Agriculture, Facteur du milieu, Medical microbiology, Insects, MESH: Cattle, Vecteur de maladie, Vertebrates, Viruses, MESH: Rift Valley fever virus, Seasons, Pathogens, Research Article, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Zone humide, Arthropoda, Distribution géographique, Culex, 030231 tropical medicine, Viral diseases, MESH: Insect Vectors, Virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, Sérologie, Bovines, medicine, Seroprevalence, Animals, MESH: Environment, Transmission des maladies, Biology and life sciences, Viral pathogens, Morbidité, biology.organism_classification, Rift Valley fever virus, MESH: Male, Microbial pathogens, Amniotes, People and Places, Earth Sciences, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract

Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans. Madagascar was heavily affected by RVF in 2008–2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease. The identification of at-risk environments is essential to optimize the available resources by targeting RVF surveillance in Madagascar. Herein, the objectives of our study were: (i) to identify the environmental factors and areas favorable to RVF transmission to both cattle and human and (ii) to identify human behaviors favoring human infections in Malagasy contexts. Methodology/Principal Findings First, we characterized the environments of Malagasy communes using a Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA). Then, we analyzed cattle and human serological data collected at national level using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, with the individual serological status (cattle or human) as the response, and MFA factors, as well as other potential risk factors (cattle density, human behavior) as explanatory variables. Cattle and human seroprevalence rates were positively associated to humid environments (p, Author Summary Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogen that causes a vector-borne tropical disease. The disease affects ruminants and humans and severely impacts the health and economy of affected countries. Madagascar was heavily affected by Rift Valley fever (RVF) in 2008–2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease. Our study aims at identifying environmental and human-related risk factors for RVFV transmission. First, we characterized Malagasy environments according to their putative influence on RVFV mosquito density and population dynamics. Then we statistically analyzed cattle and human serological data collected at a national level with the individual serological status as response, and Malagasy environments previously characterized by climatic and landscape variables as well as other potential risk factors as explanatory variables. Our results identified humid environments of the western, north-western and eastern parts of the island as risky areas. The identification of at-risk environments is essential to focus veterinary surveillance and control of RVFV.

Published
2016

4. Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination?

Author

Marietjie Venter, Juan Yang, Simona Puzelli, Antonino Bella, Joshua A. Mott, Rodrigo Fasce, Coulibaly Daouda, Jenny Lara, Hongjie Yu, Winston Andrade, Selim Badur, Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques, François G. Schellevis, Jean-Michel Heraud, Akerke Ospanova, Sonam Wangchuk, Brechla Moreno, Herve A. Kadjo, Raymond T. P. Lin, Juan Manuel Rudi, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Gabriela Kusznierz, Joseph S. Bresee, Cheryl Cohen, Mai thi Quynh Le, Rhonda Owen, Maria Zambon, Maria Luisa Matute, Kunzang Dorji, Kate Pennington, Global Influenza B Study, Herman Kosasih, Nurhayati, Alla Mironenko, Ming Li, Angel Balmaseda, Alexey Clara, Alfredo Bruno, Richard Njouom, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Celina de Lozano, Luzhao Feng, Olha Holubka, Amal Barakat, Lyazzat Kiyanbekova, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Saverio Caini, Meral Akcay Ciblak, Raquel Guiomar, Richard Pebody, Leticia Castillo, Gideon O. Emukule, Liza Lopez, Doménica de Mora, Jeffery Cutter, Q. Sue Huang, Marie-Astrid Vernet, Abderrahman Bimohuen, John Paget, Lynnette Brammer, General practice, EMGO - Quality of care, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Istanbul University, Ministry of Health [Nicaragua] (MINSA), Ministry of Health [Morocco], Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública [Guayaquil, Ecuador] (INSPI), Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social [Guatemala] (MSPAS), US Centers for Disease Control, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Ministry of Health, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Ministry of Health [Bhoutan], US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Instituto nacional de saude, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Astana Center of Sanitary Epidemiology Expertise, US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Dr. Emilio Coni', Ministry of Health [Costa Rica], National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Ministry of Health [Honduras] (SESAL), National Influenza Center, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia (DHAISS), Public Health England [London], National Institute of Health, University of Pretoria [South Africa], The Global Influenza B Study is supported by an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur. The study sponsor had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, and and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. The study sponsor had no access to the data in the study.

Subjects
Infecções Respiratórias, Influenza Viruses, Epidemiology, Gripe, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geographical locations, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, DRIVERS, Estados de Saúde, Public and Occupational Health, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, lcsh:Science, MESH: Influenza B virus, Northern Hemisphere, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Geography, MESH: Influenza, Human, Vaccination, virus diseases, 3. Good health, Global Influenza B Study, MESH: Tropical Climate, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Immunology, Disease Surveillance, SEASONAL INFLUENZA, Microbiology, Influenza Vaccin, 03 medical and health sciences, Influenza Vaccination, SURVEILLANCE, Humans, Microbial Pathogens, Retrospective Studies, MESH: Humans, Science & Technology, lcsh:R, Organisms, Correction, Influenza a, MESH: Retrospective Studies, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, medicine.disease, Virology, Influenza, MADAGASCAR, lcsh:Q, Preventive Medicine, People and places, Demography, RNA viruses, Viral Diseases, lcsh:Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Tropical climate, Medicine and Health Sciences, Influenza A virus, 030212 general & internal medicine, Multidisciplinary, Medical microbiology, Vaccination and Immunization, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Viruses, Human mortality from H5N1, Southern Hemisphere, Seasons, Pathogens, Brazil, Research Article, Infectious Disease Control, General Science & Technology, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Influenza A virus, Healthcare improvement science Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 18], MD Multidisciplinary, Influenza, Human, Temperate climate, medicine, Tropical Climate, Biology and life sciences, business.industry, Other Research Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 0], Viral pathogens, Tropics, MESH: Vaccination, South America, Seasonality, Earth sciences, Influenza B virus, Infectious Disease Surveillance, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Geographic areas, MESH: Seasons, Orthomyxoviruses
Abstract

Erratum in - Correction: Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination? PLoS One. 2016 May 2;11(5):e0155089. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155089. Introduction: Determining the optimal time to vaccinate is important for influenza vaccination programmes. Here, we assessed the temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres and in the tropics, and discuss their implications for vaccination programmes. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of surveillance data between 2000 and 2014 from the Global Influenza B Study database. The seasonal peak of influenza was defined as the week with the most reported cases (overall, A, and B) in the season. The duration of seasonal activity was assessed using the maximum proportion of influenza cases during three consecutive months and the minimum number of months with 80% of cases in the season. We also assessed whether co-circulation of A and B virus types affected the duration of influenza epidemics. Results: 212 influenza seasons and 571,907 cases were included from 30 countries. In tropical countries, the seasonal influenza activity lasted longer and the peaks of influenza A and B coincided less frequently than in temperate countries. Temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics were heterogeneous in the tropics, with distinct seasonal epidemics observed only in some countries. Seasons with co-circulation of influenza A and B were longer than influenza A seasons, especially in the tropics. Discussion: Our findings show that influenza seasonality is less well defined in the tropics than in temperate regions. This has important implications for vaccination programmes in these countries. High-quality influenza surveillance systems are needed in the tropics to enable decisions about when to vaccinate. The Global Influenza B Study is supported by an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Published
2016