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Teaching-learning of the Arabic language has emerged as vital in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. However, a lack of studies exists on measuring the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) of Arabic language teachers. Thus, this study explores Indonesian Arabic teachers’ TPACK and provides a conceptualization that the elements of TPACK are not separate; rather, each element facilitates the sustenance of other elements. To achieve this objective, a quantitative research approach is undertaken using a validated and reliable questionnaire. Data is collected from 320 teachers (snowball sampling) using Google forms. The data analysis reflects the inter-relation of the elements of TPACK, with a satisfactory TPACK of the Indonesian Arabic teachers. Additional findings suggest that teachers use technology minimally in designing tasks or even assessments despite their strong technological background. Further studies are recommended to explore teachers’ roles, teacher development programs, and religious motivation in achieving higher TPACK of Arabic language teaching.

The current paper aims to examine the influencing factors in sustaining psychological wellbeing amongst married career women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Hence, this paper plans to propose ways of increasing and sustaining psychological wellbeing amongst married career women in Ibadan, Nigeria. The paper espoused a quantitative research approach based on a survey research design. The results showed that psychological distress, social support, domestic violence, and family conflict resolution significantly jointly and independently influence the sustenance of psychological wellbeing amongst married career women in Ibadan, Nigeria. The results show that family conflict resolution is a noteworthy moderator of the negative influence of psychological distress and domestic violence in sustaining psychological wellbeing amongst married career women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Besides, the outcomes indicate that religion significantly influences psychological wellbeing amongst married career women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Therefore, developmental psychologists, organizational managers, human resources practitioners, counselors, and religious organizations should encourage ways of reducing psychological distress, by increasing social support, reducing domestic violence, and achieving consistent conflict resolution within families, as a way to sustain psychological wellbeing amongst married career women in Nigeria. Thus, this paper has recognized psychological distress, social support, domestic violence, family conflict resolution, and demographic factors (for instance, religion) as significant influencers in sustaining psychological wellbeing amongst married career women in Ibadan, Nigeria.

In this article, I suggest four key principles that are foundational for guiding the design and implementation of teacher education programs that prepare teachers who are culturally multidimensiona...

In the study reported on here we investigated factors impeding the stimulation and sustenance of students’ interest in the acquisition of psycho-productive skills in senior secondary school agricultural science. We used the classical design for change experiments or before-after measures as the research design. Two methods of teaching, namely demonstration and conventional teaching were used with the experimental and control groups (87 subjects) from 2 schools in the Ijebu-East Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. A self-reporting scale exposed the students’ perceptions of limiting factors such as seeing agriculture as a dirty job, a school subject meant for never-to-do-well, dull students, and as punishment for erring students. Of the 12 factors listed as stimulating and sustaining students’ interest, the subjects identified 8 as limiting ones. The results from the mean, standard deviation and t-test indicate that there was significant difference between the factors identified by the experimental and control groups. The results also reveal that there was a significant difference in the factors identified by male and female subjects. This could have been as a result of gender stereotyping regarding agricultural practices in some parts of the study area. It was suggested, among others, that the agricultural science teacher should make efforts to incorporate innovative teaching approaches like demonstration methods in classroom practice coupled with infusion of practical periods to enhance psycho-productive skills acquisition. The vocational agriculture curriculum should include an approach to easily measure a combination of psycho-productive, affective and cognitive skills rather than mere cognitive skills.

Background: Recommendations and policies, regarding the use of face coverings, have been instituted to control transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding of psychosocial factors related to the use of face coverings within the context of COVID-19 is needed. This study aimed to conceptualize mask-wearing behavior among students using the Multi-theory Model (MTM) of behavior change. Methods: In October 2020, students (n = 595) enrolled in a large public southeastern US university were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional survey, using a valid and reliable instrument. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques described mask-wearing behavior and differentiated theoretical drivers of mask-wearing between individuals compliant and non-compliant with guidelines. Results: Compliant individuals reported significantly higher scores (P

The venture presents a programmed approach for early illness and nourishment insufficiency identification in plant leaf. A great many dollars are being spent to shield the harvests every year. Creepy crawlies, sustenance lack, plant illness and vermin harm the harvests and, in this way, are hazardous for the general development of the yield. One strategy to ensure the harvest is early illness identification and nourishment lack so the yield can be secured. The most ideal approach to think about the soundness of the yield is the convenient assessment of the harvest. On the off chance that sickness or sustenance inadequacy are identified, fitting measures can be taken to shield the harvest from a major creation misfortune toward the end. Early recognition would be useful for limiting the use of the pesticides and would give direction to the determination of the pesticides. It has become a wide territory for research now a days and a great deal of examination has been completed worldwide for programmed location of illnesses. Conventional technique for assessment of the fields is unaided eye assessment however it is exceptionally hard to have a point by point assessment in enormous fields. To inspect the entire field, numerous human specialists are required which is over the top expensive and tedious. Thus a programmed framework is required which can inspect the harvests to distinguish invasion as well as can characterize the kind of sickness on crops. PC vision procedures give viable approaches to breaking down the pictures of leaves. CNN is utilized for order of pictures with and without ailment dependent on the picture highlights. This procedure is less difficult when contrasted with the other mechanized strategies and gives better outcomes

BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic is raging through continents and creating disturbances in almost all the activities of the human life sustenance. The worst disease outbreak is being faced by the humanity and containment is the need of the hour. SUMMARY Community based mitigation can prove game changer as current efforts are totally centralized and are hardly decentralized. Community participation under the supervision of the competent community health or medicine officer or equivalent authority can be ensured to effectively contain the coronavirus and thereby reducing the burden on the health care facilities. CONCLUSION More study needs to be done to target the efforts of containing the virus.People’s participation along with medical fraternity is the key to successfully defeating the menace of the pandemic of COVID-19.

Vulnerability theory stresses the role of an active state that is responsive to our common human needs: health, safety, sustenance, shelter, education, and fulfilling work. This article studies ins...

Covid-19 has changed the world for good. With people having reinvented their lives subject to the advent of the Coronavirus, humanity has taken a sharp turn. Educational delivery has been one of the primary areas that has practically witnessed an overnight transformation. From offline classroom-centric education, educational institutes suddenly turned towards online education for the sustenance of the teaching-learning process. As it is, online education was largely untested when it was introduced towards the beginning of the pandemic and both teachers and learners were all at sea. However, with time, like everything else, things were normalized and newer mechanisms were invented to make online classes more interactive and educative. It needs to be understood here that the technology that was used for the conduction of online classes existed even before the pandemic. However, most of these technologies were only sparingly used. However, Covid-19 hastened up the pace at which these technologies were internalized by educational institutions across the globe. In short, these technologies acted as the game changers in the field of education. Teachers, who initially found it difficult to cope with the sudden infusion of technologies, eventually made peace with the reformation. However, as online blended education is still a novel concept, teachers are experimenting with the medium and mode of communication in order to make the teaching-learning process more fruitful. The researcher in the given scenario has made an honest attempt to deconstruct this change and find out the pulse of the learners vis-à-vis the desirable communicating medium when it comes to online classroom communication. The current study is based on a survey conducted among undergraduate and postgraduate learners of a certain university.

This article traces the 75-year history of ELT Journal, using this as a means to cast light on trends in ELT over the same period and to acknowledge various sources of thought and practice. In the first part (1946–1971), the focus is on how the journal contributed to the establishment of a methodological orthodoxy which was relatively unaffected by academic applied linguistics but which drew sustenance, rather, from a tradition of theorized experience and practical linguistics dating back to pre-war times. In the second part (1971–1996), the focus is on tensions between this orthodoxy and newer ‘communicative’ ideas—still, though, with an emphasis on practical experience as well as academic insight, while the final phase (1996–2021) is viewed as being characterized, above all, by attempts to ‘decentre’ away from mainly UK-based expertise and towards an opening-up of professional discourse to previously neglected voices. Viewing the history of the journal in this manner reveals continuities as well as shifts in perception of how English should be defined, whose voices ‘count’ in the field, and of the value or otherwise of research and theory in relation to practical concerns.

O presente artigo se propõe a realizar algumas reflexões críticas acerca da atuação do Poder Público no âmbito da política de Assistência Social no município do Rio de Janeiro com a população em situação de rua, em tempos de Covid-19, explicitando em termos práticos as ações que estão sendo desenvolvidas com estas pessoas e os seus impactos em suas vidas, dando ênfase no como se operacionaliza o “fique em casa” para quem tem a rua como seu lugar de moradia e sustento. Dessa forma, esse artigo almeja dialogar como o Estado capitalista, no caso, no município supracitado, está atuando frente a esta faceta da questão social, tomando por base o espraiamento da sua dimensão coercitiva acentuada no cenário de complexificação de crise estrutural do capital. O trabalho em questão se subdividirá em uma breve introdução sobre quem são estas pessoas e como estão sendo atendidas durante a pandemia do novo coronavírus pela Política de Assistência Social; discorrerá acerca das suas principais demandas neste contexto e sobre os pontos nevrálgicos a serem enfrentados para terem acesso a seus direitos, finalizando propondo algumas estratégias coletivas para um atendimento mais efetivo, qualificado e propiciador de direitos a esta população.

This paper discussed Socio Demographic Profile of Respondents in Gajapati district. Gajapati district is tribal dominated district of Odisha i.e., 53 percent population of the state average. The Saoras is a vulnerable primitive group in Gajapati district as well as Odisha. The Saoras are plains depend on their wet cultivation, wage earning and selling firewood for their survivable and The Saoras are also depend Hill or forest. The Hill Saoras are practice shifting cultivation, mixed farming cultivation; terraced cultivation on the hill slopes and collection firewood is the main occupation of the Sabara or Saura women which provides them minimum sustenance throughout the year. Both men and women are collect firewood but the collection of Mahua flowers is done exclusively by women and children. Keyword: Saora tribal, Agriculture, Sex Ratio, Literacy.

Oman is a high-income Middle Eastern country. Over the past 50 years, the country's health care system has undergone revolutionary changes to meet the health care needs of its population, driven by high oil and gas revenues. It currently has a very efficient universal health care system. There are 2 linear accelerators in the country and 6 radiation oncologists. A new cancer research center is currently under construction. The major challenge that could affect the delivery of radiation therapy in the future is sustenance of the health care achievements in view of a growing population and the reliance on public funding for health care delivery.

Covid 19 is an unfortunate situation that nevertheless could be said to have produced environmentally beneficial results. It has forced Africans and humanity in general to change attitudes and lifestyles that were hitherto inimical to the environment to ones that could restore the environment. For the sake of survival, consumerism which is one of the greatest hallmarks of Africans and a source of depletion of earth resources has given way to frugality; transportation activities that is one of the greatest sources of global warming have significantly reduced and most importantly human population which has terrifically posed as a threat to the survival of the environment is being forcefully checked. These and many other life changes in human beings, though accidental, are healing the environment, and the paper argues that if they are sustained, the environment will totally be restored to sound health. Most of these changes will naturally be sustained even after the Covid 19 pandemic, for as Aristotle acknowledged, actions perpetrated for a long time become habituated. However, I believe that if conscious efforts are also made to sustain these changed attitudes, then the environmental crisis currently enveloping the globe will be halted. The paper using philosophical methods of criticality and argumentation concludes that Covid 19 though tragic for humans, nevertheless has lessons that could be useful for the present drive to sustain the environment and by that prevent future pandemic that could be environmentally related. The paper argues vehemently that African governments must steer their developmental agenda towards environmental sustenance in line with Covid 19 seeming directives to humanity.

Health research remains a vital activity of Indigenous health workforces. This paper reports on the main findings of yarning interviews with 14 Indigenous researchers, that was central to a project analysing the role of research training infrastructures in strengthening the Indigenous health research workforce in Australia. The findings highlighted Indigenous researcher peers as core sources of inspiration, moral support and sustenance in academia and in life. Peer generative power arising from peer groups provide a unique enriching to the educational and research experience. Indigenous researcher peers have a strong shared aspiration to champion change to health research and higher education as a key pathway to widespread positive impacting on health and well-being. We suggest the (revived) development at a collective level of a strategic and planned approach to capitalising on the positive outcomes of peer generated leadership and support.

The Ghana 2007 educational policy aims to improve performance in the education sector. The current study is interested in investigating the provisions made for free and compulsory education in the Ghana 2007 educational policy regarding the Wa Municipality. The researcher believes that there is a gap between the provisions made and the extent to which the policy provisions has impacted on free and compulsory education in the Wa Municipality. Four research questions guided the research. A sample size of 350 members consisting of stakeholders of education in the Municipality was selected using purposive and simple random sampling. A questionnaire and an interview guide were designed and used to collect data over a period of eight weeks. Qualitative analysis was employed to analyze the data with an emphasis on thematic analysis and a little descriptive statistic. The findings showed that the provisions are implemented resulting in increased enrolment figures but not without significant challenges that are threatening the sustenance of the success so far achieved in the Municipality. Thus, members demonstrated that education at the basic level is free but not compulsory in the Wa Municipality.

Background India contributes the highest share of under-five and neonatal deaths and stillbirths globally. Diagnostic autopsy, although useful for cause of death identification, have limited acceptance. Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) is an alternative to autopsy for identification of the cause of death (CoD). A formative research linked to pilot MITS implementation was conducted to document the perceptions and attitudes of the healthcare professionals and the barriers for implementation. Methods This exploratory qualitative study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India included the hospital staffs. In-depth interviews were conducted with the doctors, nurses and support staffs from pediatrics, neonatology, obstetrics and forensic medicine departments. Inductive data analysis was done to identify the emerging themes and codes. Results A total of 26 interviews (doctors, n = 10; nurses, n = 9 and support staffs, n = 7) were conducted. Almost all professional and support staffs were positive about the MITS and its advantage for CoD identification including co-existing and underlying illnesses. Some opined conduct of MITS for the cases without clear diagnosis. All participants perceived that MITS would be acceptable for parents due to the non-disfigurement and preferred by those who had unexplained child deaths or stillbirths in past. The key factors for MITS acceptance were appropriate communication, trust building, involvement of senior doctors, and engagement of the counselor prior to deaths and training of the personnel. For implementation and sustenance of MITS, involvement of the institute authority and government stakeholders would be essential. Conclusions MITS was acceptable for the doctors, nurses and support staffs and critical for better identification of the causes of death and stillbirths. The key facilitating factors and challenges for implementing MITS at the hospital in Indian context were identified. It emphasized on appropriate skill building, counseling, system organization and buy-in from institution and health authorities for sustenance of MITS.

The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) covers the mountain ranges from Afghanistan in the West to Myanmar in the East, including regions of Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and China. The HKH is one of the most vulnerable ecosystems in the world, with a large proportion of the population dependent on natural resources for basic sustenance. As a result of climate change, the HKH has been facing irregularities in climate and the ecology, which has adversely impacted the economic wellbeing of the population. Policy makers, to relieve the pressure from the natural resources as well as addressing the needs of the population that are heavily dependent on those resources, are developing appropriate measures at local, national and regional levels. REDD+ as a concept for payment for emission reductions has come a long way since its inception in 2007. The pace of REDD+ has been slow in the HKH, where a holistic approach towards financing emission reductions is lacking. A major development in the HKH has been the increase of community forest user groups in improving forest conditions. Coalescing the benefit sharing mechanisms of community forest management with REDD+ financing would help countries in HKH achieve various environmental and non-environmental benefits. Given the transboundary nature of the HKH, disparate policies among countries and lack of awareness about ongoing activities has created a gap in achieving regional cooperation and knowledge sharing. South-south learning and building effective policies that encourage coordination among countries would help to bridge the gap in the HKH.

This article explores the problem of aesthetic education and focuses on issues related to its implementation in the educational process of a modern educational institution. The content and features of modern aesthetic education in the system of professional training of future specialists are covered. The study was conducted during the 2018/2019 academic year. The experimental group consisted of 105 students aged between 17-19 years, while the control group consisted of 155 students of the same ages. As part of this summative assessment, a survey was conducted with the help of a questionnaire, which involved a total of 260 students from both universities, who answered the questions specifying the main shortcomings of modern educational activities. It is known that one of the conditions that interferes with aesthetic development of future specialists is the lack of free time, due to the fact that most students work in their free time after classes and the lack of motivation to participate in classroom discussions. In the process of conducting summative assessment with the help of psychological methods, the main attention was focused on communicative and organizational abilities, empathy, creativity and reflection. It is noted that among the priorities of educational activities at the faculty, it is important to create appropriate aesthetic conditions for the active development of students. Based on the survey, it was found that the main methods in aesthetic education are training, creative meetings with experts, artists and writers; practicals (method of assignments, setting of practical tasks - involvement in creative activity); preparation of excursions to museums, theatres, cinemas and the creation of thematic exhibitions. It is determined that studying at the university is not only preparation for future professional activities, but also the formation of character, inculcation of aesthetic and moral values, sustenance of culture and the development of creative thinking. The use of relevant international experience in the processes of creative preparation of young people plays an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of training and aesthetic education of students. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.5.14

The encapsulation of genetic material inside compartments together with the creation and sustenance of functionally diverse internal components are likely to have been key steps in the formation of ‘live’, replicating protocells in an RNA world. Several experiments have shown that RNA encapsulated inside lipid vesicles can lead to vesicular growth and division through physical processes alone. Replication of RNA inside such vesicles can produce a large number of RNA strands. Yet, the impact of such replication processes on the emergence of the first ribozymes inside such protocells and on the subsequent evolution of the protocell population remains an open question. In this paper, we present a model for the evolution of protocells with functionally diverse ribozymes. Distinct ribozymes can be created with small probabilities during the error-prone RNA replication process via the rolling circle mechanism. We identify the conditions that can synergistically enhance the number of different ribozymes inside a protocell and allow functionally diverse protocells containing multiple ribozymes to dominate the population. Our work demonstrates the existence of an effective pathway towards increasing complexity of protocells that might have eventually led to the origin of life in an RNA world.

In present world, it is highly observed that there is a steep decline in the agricultural sector of India. This decline is mainly due to loss of soil fertility and Depletion of ground Water table as a result of excessive use of fertilizers & pesticides, drought conditions arised as a result of failure of monsoon and unavailability of agricultural lands due to increased population and demand for food. To overcome these conditions a new form of cultivation technique called hydroponics can be used. The way toward developing plants in water without soil is alluded to as aquaculture. Required plant sustenance is given by water and supplement arrangements. The principle maxim of this paper is to develop various harvests whose ideal qualities are put away in cloud, if any of the boundaries goes sudden or low it is constrained by node mcu which is interfaced with IOT. The need of IOT is to send the recovered information to the web (mass stockpiling) and PC is accustomed to imparting the current status to the client through web with the goal that checking and support will get simpler. Asset the board in a tank-farming hardware would turn out to be not so much convoluted but rather more productive dependent on the investigation results.

[Extract] Why do sea turtles garner such intense interest? The answer is visceral: they are widely loved! A cryptic life cycle spent mostly out of view lends a sense of mystery that makes them special. Yet, these large animals are highly accessible at an extremely vulnerable time, when females emerge on sandy beaches at night to lay eggs, before disappearing again into the oceans. Being nocturnal, they provide us the adventure of going out in the dark on secluded beaches to find them. Plus, the hatchlings are cute, and releasing them into the sea must be one of the most engaging activities that people can do with a protected species. To mark World Sea Turtle Day on 16 June, we—conservation scientists working across the oceans on this small yet well-studied group of seven species—reflect on their conservation. Sea turtles have lived in the oceans, largely unchanged, for millions of years. They play important roles in their ecosystems, possibly even as ecosystem engineers, and serve as prey for other protected species (Verissimo et al., 2012). They have been a source of sustenance and useful products for people for millennia, and these needs persist (Hancock et al., 2017; Humber et al., 2017; Delisle et al., 2018; Sardeshpande & MacMillan, 2019). Consequently, sea turtles are culturally important and the subject of myths and lore. They have also become economically important to many coastal communities through tourism (Waylen et al., 2009), although this can affect turtles or their habitats, if not correctly managed (Katselidis et al., 2013).

The state of internal metabolism constitutes the major regulatingfactor for growth sustenance and yield of crops under harshenvironments. In this study, we examined the relative significanceof cert...

It does not need to be said that we live in extraordinary times. The majority of the world's population are living under some form of movement restrictions, and our daily work, sustenance and sociability have been almost entirely mediatized. As scholars of media and communication, there are critical developments in play that deserve our attention and our voice, and Media International Australia is pleased to offer this first selection of articles and commentaries from our Extraordinary Issue on Coronavirus, Crisis and Communication.

The water crisis is not a new issue, but new is the quantum of crisis. Cities are the centres of civilisation and so are the largest consumers of water. Water had always played a significant role in deciding the location as well as in sustenance of cities. Before the technological innovation of the central pipe water network, people developed different indigenous means to ensure access to water. Those are collectively called ‘traditional community-managed water system’. However, along with the technological advancement and consequent ease of water supply, these traditional systems were forgotten. This article, without getting into ‘romanticising the past’, claims that each city has a water history and explains why we need to understand that. Those systems can never be an alternative but can supplement the modern centralised system to a certain degree.

The crux of democracy is dependent on the desires of the population which such government serves. The Youths have been identified as an essential section of any country’s population because of their contribution to economic and democratic development. In the case of Nigeria, youths have participated in politics, engineer agitation for environmental protection, electoral process and civil justice which constitute aspects of the democratic experience. However, in recent times the democratic experience in the country has been threatened by violence and insecurity which have been perpetuated by youths. This study is therefore informed by the need to analyse the challenges faced in sustaining democracy in Nigeria, the impact youths have on the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria as well as solutions that can be adopted to sustain democracy in the country. The study employs a survey design approach using a structured questionnaire titled “Impact and Challenges of Youths in Sustaining Democracy” (ICYSD) for data collection and was guided by three research questions. A total of 200 youths residing in Cross rives state were sampled from 1200 youths in the Niger delta region. Data was analysed employing frequencies and percentages. The findings indicates that the primary challenge faced in sustaining democracy is illiteracy, ethnic sentiment, unemployment, poverty amongst others and that the impact of youths on the sustenance of democracy include manpower provision, voter strength, electoral violence and disruption of economic activities to mention a few. This study further reveals that through empowerment programmes, access to education, religious and ethnic tolerance and job creation, democracy can be sustained in Nigeria.

Marginalised populations, particularly the people with disabilities in Africa, constitute a continent of the poorest of poor people, yet they are regularly neglected in meaningful development structures. It is, however, agreeable that poverty reduction initiatives should be inclusive in all natures and should integrate all individuals to accomplish such objectives. It is also clear that poverty causes incapacities and can prompt secondary inabilities for those people who are already disabled, because of poor living conditions, well-being-imperilling work, lack of healthy sustenance, and poor access to human services and education. Even more imperatively, in developing nations independent finance and economic support schemes are frequently the best methods for people with disabilities to accomplish independence and achieve self-sufficiency. This is, however, faced with massive levels of illicit financial flows of different forms consequently squandering the very eminent objective of poverty reduction and inclusiveness. In most cases, the marginalised population have been exploited to the limit and this chapter makes an attempt to share perspectives.

Introduction: Chronic medical workforce shortage and maldistribution continue to be a significant challenge in rural Australia. The Rural Clinical Schools (RCSs) program helps to alleviate this problem with evidence of increased rural location in graduates of rural training programs. However, rural work intent may change during the years after completing a rural placement. This qualitative study investigated the factors involved in the change of career intention from rural to urban work location among the Australian National University Medical School (ANUMS) Rural Stream (RS) alumni. Methods: A purposive sampling method was utilised to recruit ANUMS RS 2006-2016 graduates who expressed that their work plans had changed. Data collected with the use of in-depth, semi-structured interviews were transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were interpreted using thematic analysis and a modified version of I-poems, a component of Voice-Centred Relational Method or the Listening Guide. Results: Thematic analysis produced three main themes. First, 'impacts of the working environment' highlighted some participants' views that career progression and sustenance, high-quality training and agreeable working conditions could not be achieved rurally. Second, 'ramifications of isolation' described the experienced or predicted feelings of social and professional isolation. Third, 'familial considerations' explained how the wishes and requirements of partners and families strongly influenced the participants' future work decisions. These findings were supplemented by the 'committed voice' and 'voice of uncertainty', heard through the use of I-poems. The 'committed voice' communicated the participants' dedication to their careers and partners. The 'voice of uncertainty' expressed confusion of intentions as participants attempted to balance the bidimensional needs of the 'committed voice'. Conclusion: The complex interaction between the availability of high-quality training positions, support issues and work-life balance is associated with the change of rural work intention of RCS graduates. Career and partner/family commitments are significant factors. Meanwhile, uncertainty towards future work location provides the opportunity for carefully developed and appropriate rural workforce strategies to intervene.

Sixteenth century Istanbul contained numerous imarets that fed significant population. Apart from the imarets, food was distributed through institutions such as dervish lodges, masjids, mektebs, madrasas and tombs. Of these, dervish lodges and mektebs in particular supplied food to the urban poor as well as to their own staff. Masjids had a role in meeting need for sustenance among the people living in their vicinity, while madrasas unlike other institutions, served food mostly to their staff. Among the aforementioned institutions, dervish lodges were the ones to which philanthropists allocated the most food. Dervish lodges were thus were the most important institution in food distribution after the imarets. The support of people called “muridin and muhibbin” was particularly important in the distribution of food by the dervish lodges. Holy days and nights special significance as occasions for serving food in these lodges. Based on data in Tahrir Registers of Istanbul Waqfs dated 1546, this study discusses food waqfs, other than imarets. As this data shows, the philanthropists who donated food to the needy included people of modest means as well as those possessing enormous wealth.

Internationalisation and forced migration are rarely thought about as related phenomena in higher education (HE) literature. Internationalisation is associated with movement, choice and brand recognition, and used in international rankings methodologies as a proxy for quality. Forced migration is associated not only with movement, but also with lack of choice, containment, or ‘stuckness’. Some scholars have called for a rethinking of ‘the international’ through attention to students as mobile agents, and international study as situated within broader mobile lives. Our study responded to these calls through exploring the educational biographies of 37 international and refugee-background women students based in two universities: 21 in New Zealand and 16 in Bangladesh. Ten of the women were from refugee or refugee-like backgrounds, while the remainder were international students. The women’s accounts revealed the complex ways in which circumstances shaped their educational journeys similarly and differently. One woman represented mobility in relation to autonomy and choice; but most emphasised relational webs as shaping their access to and experiences of international study, and post-study aspirations. In this paper, we draw on selected narratives to illustrate the range of ways in which family and/or community members appeared in women’s accounts of their education journeys: as a source of (1) sustenance and support; (2) inspiration and motivation; and (3) obligation, and sometimes regulation. We conclude by suggesting that attention to the affective and embodied entanglements that shape students’ international study journeys might inform new ways of thinking about both ‘the international’ and higher education more broadly.

According to the UN, in the next 20 years, most of the world’s population will live in urban areas. Cities consume a high amount of resources, between this water, for their sustenance, hence the greatest necessity of sustainable development plans. What viable options or strategies can we consider in Latin America such that it can resist the economic, political, and social changes that it is facing? Through prospective studies, in case of Guadalajara, it is possible to determinate how water can generate clean energy, and which are the other strategic areas to empower the city through decarbonization with an interoperative and smart loop system of co-benefits. This study can help in public policy decisions of medium-sized cities in Latin America.

Agriculture plays an outstanding role in Romania, since there are nearly three and a half million small farms operating in the country, accounting for almost 90% of the total number of farms, and scarcely more than 32% of the available farm land is cultivated by 35% of the population. In the settlements found in the catchment area of Csíkszereda, the majority of farms consist of family farms smaller than 5 hectares. The marketing of good quality products made from local raw material by traditional methods contributes to the sustenance of the family farms. Researches show that as a result of the education of the farmers on a local level more and more processed products appear in the markets of Csíkszereda town. Farmers involved in the local market intend to expand their farms on the long run. The respondents consider that “a piece of land can be sold only once”, that is why the sustenance of the farm became the main goal of multi-generational effort. Younger farmers are usually more educated and more open to innovation. The vast majority of farmers under 45 find it important to market their products through rural tourism and they are also more eager to join producer groups. Young farmers need to merge traditional methods and knowledge inherited from previous generations with modern opportunities and methods that facilitate production and marketing. Knowledge gained this way makes it possible for small farms to market their products through short supply chains. JEL code: Q12,Q13 ARTICLE IN PRESS!

Indigenous knowledge systems, including traditional medicines, are an important part of the livelihood of many communities around the globe. In sub-Saharan Africa, the use of modern medicines has never fully replaced the indigenous system, and it is estimated that a great majority of the population relies on traditional medicine not only as its primary healthcare option but also as a significant source of income. Despite their wealth of knowledge and practices, indigenous cultures are not exempt from the threat of environmental change. Over the past 10 years, sub-Saharan Africa has experienced more frequent and extreme climate events such as Cyclone Idai and Cyclone Kenneth. There is evidence to show that these extreme weather events are causing noticeable effects not just on human and animal life but also on the life cycles and distribution of plant species, including medicinal plants. This chapter outlines the role of traditional medicines and indigenous/traditional medicinal knowledge systems in public healthcare in Chimanimani, especially during the 2019 Cyclone Idai event, and the impact that the cyclone-induced floods and landslides had on the availability of medicinal plants. Data was collected from in-depth interviews with medicinal practitioners and a questionnaire-based survey of local community members. The study found that, as a result of the tropical cyclone, medicinal plant species mainly along riverine areas were lost, and also some of the traditional medical practitioners were deceased. The effect of the loss of vital medicinal species cannot be overstated as it is likely to have major consequences on the livelihoods of large numbers of vulnerable people who rely on traditional medicines for their primary healthcare needs. The protection of medicinal plant sites is therefore important for the sustenance of traditional medicinal practice.

Food security and safety depend on soil quality as plants and animals rely on soils for sustenance. With increasing human population, industrialization and climate change, food insecurity remains a serious issue in African societies. Crop production, yield, and nutritional value in Nigeria have declined significantly due to poor soil quality which contributes >40% to the current food crisis. The productivity of Nigerian soils has reduced as a result of inadequate fertilizer application and soil nutrient mining. This has affected food security, quality, and safety.

The ascendancy of literacy in the education of, and the general interactions between adults is also reflected in early childhood education. The objective of this chapter is to refocus attention on the traditional role of orature in early childhood education and thereby use carefully selected illustrations to argue for sustenance of the value of orature in early childhood education, more so in these days of the Information Technology age.

The study was carried out since June, 2021. The major objective was to analyze problems facing to transgender in the world. Secondary data and primary data were used. Total 19 articles were downloaded from the net and also different program of the transgender were participated for finding the problems facing to transgender in the world. The review indicates that transgender are facing multiple problems in society. In majority countries they have not issues the National identity card because of this they do not apply for job and have no right for casting the vote in national election and their power is less than the other gender. The parents mostly kick out from the home due to shame in different area of the world. Mostly they live in hotel or in group where other transgender are also present which have also kicked out form their homes. They have no source of income to purchase food for survival of life. So they learn the dance and participated in marriage ceremony and earn the money where sexual harassment problems face to them and sometime the people raped them and kill them. They have no right in the land of parent to lack of national identity card. No medical treatment facilities are available to them. They never avail the facilities of the schooling. Majority transgender face the problem of the AIDs due to sexual harassment in the world. Now a day in some countries of the world rights have been approved by the national assembly. In recent days 15 driving licensees and national identity cards were issued to transgender in Pakistan but still the work is delay for actual operation. Similarly in US 63% population give votes for transgender rights while in all the world transgender are in the problem. In the world majority transgender are poor and below the poverty line. They are teases everywhere in the world but they protest while governments mostly do not give the due rights to them. The parents feel shame when they live there. Anywhere they live in the world people beating and kill them. So, still no country of the world gives due right to them. The number in the world is less and they have no member in the national and provincial assembly, which raise hand for them. So the discussions explain that transgender face the great problem in the world and need the help. They are the creature of God and they have equal right in the world society. Many conferences in the world were arranged for transgender problems solution while still their problems were not solved. On the basis of problems the study recommend that to help at world level of the transgender community and consider them as human being while do not classify them and treated as other human being of the world; Provide special quota to transgender in jobs in the world; Different programs should be launched for their economy uplifting; Give special security to them in the world; Give sustenance, self esteem and freedom servitude to them; Never rape and harass to them; UNO should arranged conferences for their problem solution in the world.

Medical students are the future of sustainable health systems that are severely under pressure during COVID-19. The disruption in medical education and training has adversely impacted traditional medical education and medical students and is likely to have long-term implications beyond COVID-19. In this article, we present a comprehensive analysis of the existing structural and systemic challenges applicable to medical students and teaching/training programs and the impact of COVID-19 on medical students and education. Use of technologies such as telemedicine or remote education platforms can minimize increased mental health risks to this population. An overview of challenges during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed, and targeted recommendations to address acute and systemic issues in medical education and training are presented. During the transition from conventional in-person or classroom teaching to tele-delivery of educational programs, medical students have to navigate various social, economic and cultural factors which interfere with their personal and academic lives. This is especially relevant for those from vulnerable, underprivileged or minority backgrounds. Students from vulnerable backgrounds are influenced by environmental factors such as unemployment of themselves and family members, lack of or inequity in provision and access to educational technologies and remote delivery-platforms, and increased levels of mental health stressors due to prolonged isolation and self-quarantine measures. Technologies for remote education and training delivery as well as sustenance and increased delivery of general well-being and mental health services to medical students, especially to those at high-risk, are pivotal to our response to COVID-19 and beyond.

Marginalization is a socio-political reality and is visible amongst communities deemed marginalized according to accepted standards of social and economic exploitation. - Notwithstanding their geo-spatial and contextual differences such communities are widely spread. - Marginalization has for centuries been intimately linked to poverty, degradation and superficial superior-inferior constructs based on race, religion, status and nationality - Marginalized communities (in this case Roma and Dalits) could learn from their respective experiences with the support of their own governments, and such experience-sharing could go towards their eventual empowerment and inclusion in the society. - A positive approach in recognizing their strengths and respecting them as equal members of the society could go a long way in recognizing their value and advocating their cause for empowerment. - Inclusive community development and participatory grassroots governance are the most potent answers to develop the skills of these communities by themselves and provide them agency and advocacy. - Corruption and lack of proper management of funds disbursal are anti-growth factors. Unless suitably curbed, they could seriously hamper developmental efforts made for the marginalized communities and the status quo can never change. - An alternative knowledge path of recognising and appreciating their cultural and social capital to the previously seen historical or anecdotal approach could lay the foundation for a better understanding of the cause of the malaise and the means for redressal of the problems on the ground. - Identity is an important marker for marginalized communities though at times such communities, when they get beyond a certain threshold of marginalization and start to integrate with the mainstream population, tend to voluntarily dissociate themselves from their original ethnic identity. Notwithstanding such occasional deviational behaviour, both group and individual identity are means of sustenance and security for these groups in the face of dominance by socially powerful bodies. - While several studies have come out on the historiography of narratives about the Roma, cross-cultural references to other similarly placed marginalized communities has been seriously lacking in social science research. By assessing the ‘comparability’ of the Roma with the Dalits of India despite their geo-political differences through suitable contextualisation, a serious step has been taken in initiating comparative studies of various marginalized communities in other parts of the world. - Such an approach could foster inter-culturalism as against the rising trend of authoritarianism and the concomitant spread of radicalism from extreme-left and right forces. The best way to go forward would be for the state to initiate a dialogue of cooperation with mutual respect and understanding with such marginalized communities who otherwise have the potential of creating disturbance in the society because of sheer cul-de-sac frustration and justifiable clamour to meet their economic needs. - Integration of the needs and well-being of all sections of the society, and particularly of the most vulnerable, could work towards ushering a rules-based system ensuring overall development, security and resilience as a firewall against fissiparous and divisive factors of terrorism and forced migration which could potentially rupture the fabric of the state and disrupt inter-state relations.

The unpredictable dynamics of COVID‐19 and policies surrounding its management has triggered severe debates and discussions among every section of society. There have been similarities as well as differences in opinions regarding spread of the disease, the lockdown, its implementations and impacts. This qualitative study attempts to identify and understand the emerging pattern within the opinions of 16 social scientists from eminent institutes with rich socioeconomic and demographic research experience. Several key themes emerged from this study. While it is opined that the lockdown initially slowed down the spread of virus among Indian population, it continues to surge exponentially. Economy faced extreme hardship because of this extensive and abrupt national lockdown. State‐wise variation in the COVID‐19 scenario is noticed and the reason is attributed to the strictness of implementation of the lockdown by the respective state governments. However, a lockdown in phases is suggested that could have averted the economic crisis. Small businesses were the hardest hit. Migrant workers were not given deserved attention and support in terms of their travel to their natives, health or financial sustenance during the lockdown. The bailout has not been timely and enough thereby creating a group of new poor. From the opinions it emerges that the policy measures intended to revive back the micro, small and medium scale enterprises may not bring short‐term solution pertaining to the labor crisis. Relaxation of lockdown also calls for stringent awareness generation among general population about health and hygiene maintenance to avoid further spread of COVID‐19.

Food security is reliable provision of citizens with food, domestic high-quality agricultural products. This is a guarantee of the stability of the domestic market, independent of external circumstances, the availability of the necessary strategic stock and reserves in case of emergency. This is the availability of the acquisition of goods necessary for complete sustenance. Sustainable development of agro-industrial enterprises, which allows talking about the country's complete self-production, is directly related to the food independence of the state. Ensuring food security is not aimed at the productive activities of organizations and agro-industrial complexes, but primarily at increasing the level of vital life sustenance of the population and raising the level of the general welfare of the Russian economy. Thus, food security is considered the most important link in the national security system of Russia. The concept given by the author in the Food Security Doctrine quite fully indicates every aspect of this concept. The article discusses the main risks and threats, as well as internal factors affecting the national food security, the main aspects of state support of agriculture, ensuring the food independence of the Russian Federation are shown.

Every living entity requires internal energy, derived through biological process, for survival, growth, and sustenance. Human being is an exception in the sense that they need additional energy from external sources to accomplish their quest for excellence. The availability and adequacy of external energy and reliability of its supply whether commercial or non-commercial affect economic productivity, development, and sustenance. The process of global split between energy-rich and energy-poor that started with industrial revolution continues till date and each nation is working relentlessly to ensure secure supply of energy from renewable and non-renewable sources. Energy indicators are developed, and projections are done to assess future energy scenario and an understanding of complete energy flow and bottlenecks. India has been undergoing transformative changes since independence with population, poverty, and energy as the pivotal challenge. With the passage of every day, India faces the toughest challenge of energizing its economic development through power generation that is highly dependent on imports of oil, gas, solar panel, and wind turbines. With climate-related disasters becoming too intense and frequent, India has no option but to race ahead in replacing dirty fuels with renewables.

The widespread growth of online education at higher education institutions necessitates institutional support for the development, implementation, and sustenance of online education. Faculty who teach online are at the forefront of implementation and play a critical role in online student success. In this scoping review, 13 online education quality frameworks were analyzed for the types of support needed by higher education faculty who teach online. The results are discussed in the context of implications for ensuring quality online education at higher education institutions.

This research work discusses a mathematical foundation based on probability theory and related disciplines for development of a knowledge base that would list the exhaustive ways or approaches, arising from universal diversity, by which any activity can be performed by a given user. The global challenge in this field is to address the needs associated with the constantly increasing population of the world who are diverse in multiple ways, through development of systems and frameworks that can serve as a long-term, robust, feasible, easily implementable, sustainable and economic solution for making the future of technology laden living environments ‘aware’ of the diverse ways by which users could be interacting with the environment and its components, in the context of performing Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), which are essential for their sustenance. Addressing this challenge serves as the main motivation for this work. Several case studies on different ADLs by application of the proposed framework were performed for development of the knowledge base and one study is presented here and discussed. In the context of making IoT-environments ‘Activity Aware’ for diverse users, such a knowledge base is expected to serve as a foundation to provide necessary information for various critical applications, for instance (1) user-centered activity recommendations by activity recommendation systems, (2) personalized behavior interventions for users with various forms of impairments – physical, cognitive etc. and (3) increasing the performance accuracy of the existing works in this field for adapting and responding to diverse interaction patterns exhibited by different users.

Humanity’s main societal and epistemic transitions also mirror changes in its approach to the food system. This particularly holds true for human–animal interactions and the consumption of animal source foods (red meat especially, and to a lesser degree dairy, eggs, poultry, and fish). Hunter-gathering has been by far the longest prevailing form of human sustenance, followed by a diffuse transition to crop agriculture and animal husbandry. This transition eventually stabilized as a state-controlled model based on the domestication of plants, animals, and humans. A shift to a post-domestic paradigm was initiated during the 19th century in the urbanizing populations of the Anglosphere, which was characterized by the rise of agri-food corporations, an increased meat supply, and a disconnect of most of its population from the food chain. While this has improved undernutrition, various global threats have been emerging in parallel. The latter include, among others, a public health crisis, climate change, pandemics, and societal class anxieties. This state of affairs is an unstable one, setting the conditions of possibility for a new episteme that may evolve beyond mere adjustments within the business-as-usual model. At least two disruptive scenarios have been described in current food discourses, both by scientists and mass media. Brought to its extreme, the first scenario relates to the radical abolishment of livestock, rewilding, a ‘plants-only’ diet, and vegan ideology. A second option consists of a holistic approach to animal husbandry, involving more harmonic and richer types of human–animal–land interactions. We argue that – instead of reactive pleas for less or none – future thoughtscapes should emphasize ‘more of the better.’.

The urban expansion advances on one of the most fertile plains of Latin America, modifying its territorial characteristics. The processes considered in the Bonearense region highlight how, although urban and peri-urban agriculture contributes to the food sustenance of the AMBA population, it has not yet been sufficiently recognized as a necessary practice for the recovery and conservation of green areas, of organic waste recycling and wastewater. However, it also shows that regional authorities have begun to recognize the role of urban agriculture in fighting urban poverty. Local economic development struggles to mediate between food security and the provision of recreational services to citizenship, in a territory that is highly subject to two pressures produced by the expansion of two opposing phenomena: on the one hand the urban real estate market and on the other, agro-industrial production.

As the coronavirus crisis worsened, a series of news stories documented “panic buying” on grocery staples, including bread, yeast, and flour. News outlets began reporting what I had already conclud...

Understanding the mechanisms of evolution of cooperation and its sustenance has gathered momentum since the last few decades of the twentieth century. However, the complete picture is yet to emerge. Evolutionary game theory aims to model evolutionary dynamics in a population by drawing on the principles of game theory. Spatially restricted interactions, such as in ecological systems, are rather common in nature. When interactions among the individuals in a population are structured, the outcome of the game is significantly different from that of a well-mixed population. In this mini-review, targeted towards a very broad audience of all backgrounds, we summarise some of the critical research by evolutionary biologists, computer scientists, mathematicians and physicists on evolutionary games in structured populations. We also discuss the influence of structure on evolutionary games in diverse scenarios ranging from laboratory environments to multiplex networks. Along the way, we also try to harmonise a few conflicting results in the literature.