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Aspects of parenting including overprotection explain individual differences in child adjustment. This review and meta-analysis summarizes studies on parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems. To ensure that findings could be compared as systematically as possible, the focus was on studies that used the overprotection scale of the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (“Memories of my Parents’ Upbringing”) (EMBU) questionnaire, a popular instrument to measure parental overprotection. In total, we extracted 176 effects from 29 studies. A modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to perform quality assessments for the included studies. Parental overprotection was associated positively with offspring internalizing and externalizing problems, with overall estimates ranging from r =.14 to.18. Moderator analyses suggested that effects of maternal were larger than effects of paternal overprotection. Other factors that moderated the strength of the association between overprotection and maladjustment included whether outcomes were self-reported or parent-reported, the design was cross-sectional or longitudinal, and publication year. Cultural context, age at exposure, and child sex did not explain differences between effect sizes. Most findings were based on cross-sectional studies and therefore do not constitute proof of causal relations. Many studies were of less-than-satisfactory quality regarding representativeness of the sample, descriptions of the data collection, and statistical analyses. There is a clear need for well-powered longitudinal studies to strengthen inferences about associations between parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 13, 4, 13A4O: 1-13

Knowledge Management (KM) is a relatively new and dynamic branch of management within the domain of knowledge. Its objective is to achieve breakthroughs in business performance using thesynergy of people, processes, and technology. It is meant to utilize individual expertise to getmaximum returns for an organization. Researchers and practitioners have already stated that KMshould be an integral part of business strategy in order to out-manage the competition. The generalobjective of this study was to examine how KM practices can reduce knowledge loss in the CountyGovernment of Embu. Its specific objective was to examine whether records management reducesknowledge loss risk. The study used a descriptive survey which is a method of collecting informationby interviewing or administering questionnaires to a sample of individuals. The questionnaires wereadministered to a sample of 42 staff drawn from all the 10 departments based at the Countyheadquarters. Stratified random sampling procedures were applied for this study to overcome theproblem of skewed sampling associated with purposive methods where employees from somedepartments are overrepresented while others are underrepresented. The study concluded that good record management practices can help in reducing knowledge loss risk in the County. The studyrecommends that the County Government should avail enough resources for the purchase of modernequipment for the storage and management of records.

Aspects of parenting including overprotection explain individual differences in child adjustment. This review and meta-analysis summarizes studies on parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems. To ensure that findings could be compared as systematically as possible, the focus is on studies that used the overprotection scale of the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (“Memories of my Parents’ Upbringing”) (EMBU) questionnaire, a popular instrument to measure parental overprotection. In total, we extracted 176 effects from 29 studies. A modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to perform quality assessments for the included studies. Parental overprotection was positively associated with offspring internalizing and externalizing problems, with overall estimates ranging from r = .14 to .18. Moderator analyses suggested that effects of maternal were larger than effects of paternal overprotection. Other factors that moderated the strength of the association between overprotection and maladjustment included whether outcomes were self-reported or parent-reported, the design was cross-sectional or longitudinal, and publication year. Cultural context, age at exposure, and child sex did not explain differences between effect sizes. Most findings were based on cross-sectional studies and therefore do not constitute proof of causal relations. Many studies were of less-than-satisfactory quality regarding representativeness of the sample, descriptions of the data collection, and statistical analyses. There is a clear need for well-powered longitudinal studies to strengthen inferences about associations between parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems.

Globally, food is the most basic of all human needs. However, FAO fears that global progress inreducing hunger has slowed and leveled off. In Africa, causes of food insecurity and malnutritionare multi-factorial and interlinked. World health organization asserts that the global food price crisisthreatens public health and jeopardizes the health of the most disadvantaged groups. Over 80 percentof the households in the county depend on rain-fed agriculture and related activities to achievefood security. Only about 60% of the Kenyan population can be said to be currently food secure. EmbuWest Sub County has experienced a fall in food production which is a risk of hunger and malnutrition.Therefore, the study was interested in investigating how the socio-cultural factors affect foodsecurity and nutrition in Embu West Sub County. This will inform policy formulation in Embu Countyand Kenya as a whole. The study used a qualitative research design. A purposive sampling techniquewas used to select the study subjects. Interview schedules were used to collect data. The study foundthat Khat chewing, alcohol uptake, and FGM had a negative impact on food security and nutrition.The study recommends awareness creation on the effects of chewing Khat, alcohol uptake, and FGM inEmbu West Sub County.

As a result of the increasing constraint in the availability of fresh water for irrigation, wastewater especially sewage effluent is being used for irrigation of agriculture fields, particularly in urban and peri-urban centers. However, there is increasing concern over the associated potential health risks due to the dietary intake of contaminated vegetables. This study was conducted to analyze the levels of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead in sewage effluent, and in the vegetables and soil irrigated using this sewage effluent. Sewage effluent, soil and plant samples were collected and subjected to acid digestion to extract the heavy metals from the samples. Thereafter, concentration levels of the heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean concentrations of 0.484 mg/L-1.834 mg/L, 1.432 mg/L-4.612 mg/L, 0.015 mg/L-0.353mg/L, 0.011 mg/L-2.123 mg/L for copper, zinc, cadmium and lead, respectively, were obtained in the sewage effluent which were above the WHO permissible levels in wastewater for irrigation. Due to continuous use of sewage effluent for irrigation, gradual accumulation of heavy metals in the soil could occur which could eventually lead to increased uptake of the heavy metals by the growing vegetables. Therefore, to ensure food safety and the use of sewage effluent for irrigation, we suggest that it is important to conduct continuous monitoring and pollution control.

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Economy

Dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde (Psicologia Forense), apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra As Práticas Educativas Parentais consistem em estratégias e ações a que os pais recorrem com o objetivo de eliminar os comportamentos indesejáveis e de promover os comportamentos desejáveis nas crianças. O presente estudo pretende avaliar as Práticas Educativas Parentais numa amostra forense com famílias envolvidas em processos judiciais de Promoção e Proteção e processos de Regulação do Exercício das Responsabilidades Parentais. A amostra total é constituída por 134 indivíduos que responderam ao inventário Egna Minnen Bertraffande Uppfostran – EMBU no âmbito da consulta de Avaliação Psicológica solicitada pelos Tribunais ao Centro de Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade da Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra. Consoante a idade dos participantes, foram utilizadas as versões EMBU-Memórias de Infância, EMBU-Pais e EMBU-Crianças, tendo os adultos respondido ainda à escala de avaliação da Desejabilidade Social – DESCA. Os resultados obtidos parecem indicar que as crianças percecionam significativamente mais Suporte Emocional por parte da mãe do que do pai, conforme avaliado pelo EMBU-Crianças. No EMBU-Memórias de Infância, os adultos não recordam de forma substancialmente diferente os comportamentos de ambos os seus pais ao nível do Suporte Emocional, mas na subescala Rejeição já identificam diferenças estatisticamente significativas, recordando mais atitudes de tentativa de modificação do comportamento da vontade dos filhos por parte das mães do que dos pais. Quando se comparou as famílias envolvidas em Processos de Promoção e Proteção com as de Regulação de Exercício das Responsabilidades Parentais, apenas se encontrou resultados significativamente diferentes na subescala Tentativa de Controlo do EMBU-Pais, em que os pais envolvidos em processos de Promoção e Proteção se percecionam como mais controladores com vista à modificação do comportamento dos filhos consoante os seus desejos. Parenting Practices are defined as specific strategies and actions that parents use to minimize their children misbehaviours and to promote desired behaviours. The present study aims to assess Parenting Practices in forensic settings with families involved in child protection and in child custody legal processes. This study is based on a sample of 134 participants that answered Egna Minnen Bertraffande Uppfostran – EMBU (The perception’s evaluation questionnaire of Parental Practices) in the Psychological Evaluation Service for Court Consulting from Faculty of Psychology and Education Science’s Community Service Centre. Depending on participants’ age, we used EMBU-own memories of childrearing experiences version, EMBU-parents version and EMBU-children version, with adults replying to a Social Desirability Scale (DESCA) as well. The results suggest that children perceived significantly more emotional warmth from their mothers than from their fathers as assessed with EMBU-children version. In EMBU-own memories of childrearing experiences version, adults don’t seem to recall significant differences between their parents in providing emotional warmth, but they do in the rejection factor, remembering more attempts to change their will and behaviour from their mothers than from their fathers. When comparing families in child protection legal cases and families in child custody legal cases, we only found statistically significant differences at Control Attempts scale from EMBU-Parents version, with parents involved in child protection cases viewing themselves as more controlling towards their children’s behaviour modification. Besides this, we found no statistically significant differences between these two groups.

O presente estudo visa identificar as relações entre as dimensões das práticas parentais atribuídas à mãe e ao pai através da perceção retrospetiva vivenciada pelo indivíduo na infância e adolescência de forma a verificar se existe relação com as dimensões da personalidade, na atualidade em adultos. O estudo vai incidir na relação da dimensão suporte emocional com as dimensões da personalidade amabilidade e abertura à experiência. Para tal foram utilizados o questionário de práticas parentais EMBU, adaptado por Canavarro (1996) e o questionário de personalidade NEO-FFI, adaptado por Lima (2002). Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que: existe correlação positiva entre a dimensão suporte emocional e a dimensão abertura à experiência e amabilidade; existe uma correlação positiva entre a relação que os indivíduos mantêm atualmente com os pais e o Suporte Emocional por parte do pai e da mãe na infância; e que existe uma correlação positiva entre o nível socioeconómico na infância e o Suporte Emocional por parte do pai e da mãe. Concluiu-se que existem outros fatores para além das práticas parentais que auxiliam na formação da personalidade do adulto., The main purpose of this study is to identify the relations between mother´s and father´s parental rearing using a retrospective perception of the individual´s childhood and adolescence, so we can verify the relation with the personality dimensions, nowadays as an adult. The focus of this study is the relation of the emotional warmth dimension with the personality dimensions amiability and openness to experience. We used the Inventory for Assessing Memories of Parental Rearing Behavior (EMBU) adapted by Canavarro (1996) and the Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) of Personality adapted by Lima (2002). The results of this study showed that: there is a positive correlation between emotional warmth with openness to experience and amiability, there is a positive correlation between nowadays relation with the parents and the emotional warmth received by the parents in childhood, and there is a positive relation between the socioeconomic status and the emotional warmth from both parents during childhood. We have concluded that there are factors other than the parental rearing that help the development of personality as an adult., Orientação: Bárbara Gonzalez

The socio-economic status of family has an effect on the mental health. Individuals from “low-S.E.S” families are more prone to depression and anxiety disorders. This study observes the relation between perceived parenting style and depressive moods in Turkish adolescents from 3 different S.E.S levels. A total of 150 subjects representing 3 different S.E.S levels were given the “My Memories of Upbringing”, Children Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory tests. Results indicate that school guidance and psychological counseling services should develop policies addressing parents for giving insight about their parenting style which in turn might result in preventive mental healthcare.

Objective: To explore the impact of growing up with a parent with a bipolar disorder. First, we compared parental rearing behavior perceived by young adult offspring of bipolar parents with parental rearing behavior perceived by same aged young adults from the general population. Secondly, we examined the associations between perceived parental rearing behavior and parental psychopathology and psychopathology in offspring.Method: Subjects were 129 offspring of 80 bipolar parents and their spouses and 1122 young adults from the general population. In offspring the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was used to assess DSM-IV diagnoses and the EMBU was used to assess perceived parental rearing in both groups.Results: In general, offspring growing up in a family with a bipolar parent perceived their mothers as less rejecting, more emotionally warm and less overprotecting and their fathers as less emotionally warm and less overprotecting compared with young adults from the general population. Perceived rejection was related to psychopathology in offspring.Conclusion: Overall, parental rearing in families with a parent with a bipolar disorder is not more dysfunctional, as perceived by their offspring, than in families from the general population. Offspring with a bipolar disorder perceive their parents as more rejecting.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:21:57Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:21:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-22 Objective. To investigate the epidemiologic profile of elderly persons who do or do not participate in influenza vaccination campaigns and to identify the variables that bear an influence on participation. Method. A cross-sectional population-based study was performed using data on individuals aged 60 years or older who were living in the municipalities of São Paulo, Itapecerica da Serra, Embu, Taboão da Serra, Campinas and Botucatu, Brazil, in 2001 and 2002. A stratified random sample of 1 908 elderly individuals was selected by means of two-stage cluster sampling. Exploratory data analysis was performed, including bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression. Results. Sixty-six percent of the elderly subjects reported having received vaccination against influenza. After adjustment, the following factors were found to be associated with having received vaccination, based on self-report: age (OR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.99), self-reported hypertension (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.87) and educational level (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.98). The highest number of vaccinated individuals was observed in the group = 70 years of age and in the hypertension group. Individuals with 9 or more years of schooling reported less adherence to influenza vaccination. Conclusions. The results suggest the need for campaigns to make information on the benefits of influenza vaccination more easily accessible to the elderly and health professionals. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social, Campinas (SP) DMPS/FCM/UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6111, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Faculdade de Saúde Pública Departamento de Epidemiologia, São Paulo (SP) Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP) Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Departamento de Saúde Pública, Botucatu (SP) USP Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP) Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Departamento de Saúde Pública, Botucatu (SP)

The short(s)-EMBU (Swedish acronym for Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran [My memories of upbringing]) consists of 23 items, is based on the early 81-item EMBU, and was developed out of the necessity of having a brief measure of perceived parental rearing practices when the clinical and/or research context does not adequately permit application of time-consuming test batteries. The s-EMBU comprises three subscales: Rejection., Emotional Warmth, and (Over)Protection. The factorial and/or construct validity and reliability of the s-EMBU were examined in samples comprising a total of 1950 students from Australia, Spain, and Venezuela. The data were presented for the three national groups separately. Findings confirmed the cross-national validity of the factorial structure underlying the s-EMBU. Rejection by fathers and mothers was consistently associated with high trait-neuroticism and low self-esteem in recipients of both sexes in each nation, as was high parental emotional warmth with high femininity (humility). The findings on factorial validity are in keeping with previous ones obtained in East Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, and Sweden. The s-EMBU is again recommended for use in several different countries as. a reliable, functional equivalent to the original 81-item EMBU.

A Teoria da Vinculação (Bowlby, 1990) dá a conhecer a importância do envolvimento parental (Rocha, Mota, & Matos, 2011) e como este se repercute na autoestima do sujeito adulto (Demidenko, Tasca, Kennedy, & Bissada, 2010). Como tal o principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre a vinculação, memórias de cuidados parentais e autoestima. Esta investigação permitiu reconhecer a diferenciação entre indivíduos seguros e inseguros e como estes padrões se relacionam com as variáveis enunciadas. Para tal, foi utilizada uma amostra de 200 indivíduos, 45 (22.5%) do sexo masculino e 155 (77.5%) do sexo feminino, com idades entre os 18 e os 59 anos (M = 28,74; DP = 10,00). Nesta investigação foi preparado um questionário sociodemográfico e aplicadas três medidas: Escala de Vinculação do Adulto (EVA; Canavarro., 1995), Memórias de Infância (EMBU; Canavarro., 1996; 1999) e o Questionário de Autoestima Global de Rosenberg (RSES; Faria., 2000). Os principais resultados sugerem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos Seguro e Inseguro para as memórias dos cuidados parentais e autoestima e observa-se uma relação entre as variáveis vinculação, memórias de cuidados parentais e autoestima. Reconhece-se desta forma a influência da vinculação sobre a dimensão parental e consequente desenvolvimento da autoestima., The Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1990) sets forth the importance of parental involvement (Rock, Mota, & Matos, 2011) and how it affects the self-esteem of the adult subject (Demidenko, Tasca, Kennedy, & Bissada, 2010).The main purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between attachment, memories of parental care and self-esteem. This research allowed us to recognize the distinction between secure and insecure individuals and how these patterns relate to the presented variables. For this aim a sample of 200 individuals were used, 45 (22.5%) were male and 155 (77.5%) females, ranging in age from 18 to 59 years (SD=10.00). For this investigation a socio-demographic questionnaire was prepared and also applied three measures: Escala de Vinculação do Adulto (EVA; Canavarro., 1995), Memórias de Infância (EMBU; Canavarro., 1996; 1999) and Questionário de Autoestima Global de Rosenberg (RSES; Faria., 2000). The results suggest statistically significant differences between Secure and Insecure subjects in the parental rearing behaviour and self-esteem. A relationship among the variables attachment, parental rearing behavior and self-esteem were also found. This work recognized the influence and importance of attachment in the parental care and consequent development of self-esteem in the adult subject., Orientação: Fernanda Salvaterra

The factorial stability and reliability of the 23-item s(hort)-EMBU previously demonstrated to be satisfactory in samples of students from Greece, Guatemala. Hungary and Italy, were extended with 791 students from East-Germany and Sweden. Previous findings on factorial validity, internal reliability and correlations among scales were replicated. The 23-item form thus continues to be recommended as a reliable functional equivalent to the early 81-item EMBU, when the clinical and/or research context does nor adequately permit application of time-consuming test batteries.

The present study describes the first psychometric findings obtained in The Netherlands with the Dutch version of the Family Assessment Device (FAD) which was originally developed in the Anglo-American cultural context. In a sample of community volunteers, confirmatory analysis (multiple-group method) provided evidence of factorial validity of the FAD measuring constructs. Only 3 out of 60 items were found to be biased and had to be deleted from their a priori defined scales. Reliability and homogeneity indices pertaining to each FAD dimension were good. Despite (very) high correlations among FAD factors/scales, further analyses were focused on determining their convergent and divergent validity which offered good support for such. A higher-order analysis which incorporated reliable scales of the FAD and the Family Environment Scale yielded a two-factor composition: General Family Functioning and Family Influence/Power and Integration. There was evidence to support the viewpoint that a general measure of family functioning may be utilized which is broader in terms of content than the already existing subscale measure termed General Functioning. In line with findings pointing to the ability of the FAD to distinguish between families of psychiatric patients and nonclinical families, the great majority of the FAD subscales, especially Problem Solving and General Functioning, were found to correlate with psychological symptom states as assessed with the Symptom Checklist-90-R. Specific subscales were found to be affected by educational level, while none were affected by sex, age, or religious affiliation. All in all, the findings confirm the further use of the FAD in the Dutch national context.

The relationship consistently found between adult depression and recalled parental rearing styles cannot, as yet, confirm that early parenting plays a role in the etiology of depression. Memories of adverse childhood experiences may be epiphenomena of depression. The connotative meaning of questionnaire items assessing recalled parenting may be an important moderator variable in this respect. In the present study the connotation of the items of two frequently used questionnaires measuring memories of parental rearing styles (i.e. the Parental Bonding Instrument and the EMBU) were evaluated by independent raters. With high interrater-agreement, it was shown that most items and subscales have a very clear positive or negative connotation. Comparisons across the two instruments revealed that homologous subscales do not differ from one another in terms of connotative meaning. Implications and suggestions for future research in this area are discussed.

La crianza se define como la responsabilidad asumida por los padres respecto al crecimiento físico y desarrollo emocional y social de un hijo. Existen datos científicos sólidos que sugieren que los ambientes de crianza ejercen efectos importantes sobre una variedad de desenlaces, que incluyen desde variaciones en el contexto del funcionamiento adaptativo, el desarrollo psicológico saludable y el éxito en la escuela, hasta desenlaces psicopatológicos como el uso y abuso de drogas, el comportamiento agresivo y problemas de ansiedad en niños y adolescentes. La adolescencia implica la transformación de las relaciones padre-hijo que caracterizaron a la niñez. Es por ello que la adolescencia, como transición crítica que entraña demandas sociales emergentes, es de por sí un periodo del ciclo vital de especial vulnerabilidad. Aunado a estos cambios, durante la adolescencia el desajuste psicológico constituye una amenaza seria a la salud psicológica de la persona a mediano y largo plazos. Se sugiere que el conflicto, la falta de cohesión, la distancia emocional y el rechazo se relacionan con el uso y abuso de alcohol y drogas y conductas de riesgo tales como violencia y embarazo temprano en los adolescentes. De ahí la necesidad de contar con instrumentos que midan la percepción adolescente de la crianza que predice mejor el funcionamiento ulterior. El EMBU-I es un instrumento desarrollado inicialmente en Europa, adaptado y evaluado psicométricamente en más de 25 países, cuya validez, confiabilidad y ventaja transcultural se han establecido plenamente. La crítica respecto a que informa retrospectivamente de la crianza en los adultos ha sido subsanada por las investigaciones que evalúan la percepción actual en sujetos jóvenes, niños y adolescentes. Por todas las razones mencionadas, el propósito de este estudio fue aportar datos de este instrumento respecto a la consistencia interna y congruencia de sus dimensiones, así como de la validez de tipo convergente y divergente de sus escalas (dado que el instrumento tiene escalas que miden cosas distintas), para lo cual se utilizaron las escalas del FES (Family Environment Scale) que resultaron con coeficientes alfa de Cronbach superiores a .50, como la cohesión, la organización y el conflicto, así como el Cuestionario de Interés de los Padres en los Estudios.

Whether the warmth and rejection dimensions of parenting represent universal entities should be empirically examined rather than assumed. Previous studies carried out in Australia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Venezuela have shown that the lower-order dimensions of Emotional warmth, Rejection, and Protection-control are cross-nationally stable/invariant. Using the short 23-item version of the EMBU (s-EMBU), the present study attempts to extend these findings to three non-Western countries/regions, namely Arab countries (Egypt, Lebanon, and Syria), Croatia, and Turkey. The data are presented for separate student samples from the respective countries/regions. The s-EMBU dimensions of Emotional warmth, Rejection, and Protection-control are also correlated with two major Eysenckian dimensions of personality (Neuroticism and Extraversion) and with gender roles (Bem’ s Masculinity and Femininity) in order to study if evidence can be obtained of their construct validity.