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Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Law 7/2021 on climate change and energy transition, required municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants to create low-emission zones by 2023, but some cities (such as Barcelona in 2019) had already introduced them before the law was enacted. In 2022, the High Court of Justice of Catalonia annulled this zone in Barcelona, but the decision was appealed to the Supreme Court. At the end of 2023, the Supreme Court rejected the appeal and confirmed the annulment of the low-emission zone in Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Políticos is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Políticos is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Derecho y Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Law 7/2022 on waste and contaminated soils for a circular economy, has altered how by-products and the end-of-waste status are regulated, with a view to giving them more importance and achieving the EU's climate objectives. This article briefly describes the concepts of waste, by-product and end-of-waste status before analysing how the new law has changed the latter two concepts, which are already apparent in the Spanish legal system, in relation to how they were regulated in Law 22/2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights university education in environmental law in various Spanish universities. Programs such as the Master's Degree in Environmental Law at the Complutense University of Madrid and the Master's Degree in Environmental Law and Sustainability at the University of Alicante are mentioned, among others. The author, Blanca Muyo Redondo, presents a monthly compilation of the training options available in October 2024. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Latin American Law Review is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Públic is the property of Revista Catalana de Dret Public and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research is to carry out a multidisciplinary study on the crime of forest fires at both the legal and operational levels, bringing together and highlighting the actions of the State Security Forces and Corps. As is well known, the burning of forest areas throughout the national territory is a constant and, often, the ways that the State has to combat this illegal behavior are insufficient, causing huge losses and deep damage to our biodiversity. At the same time, the criminal legal response - especially by aggravating the criminal type - seems to be inadequate by leaving a certain margin of discretion to the judge who must resort, in a marked way, to the reports made by the judicial police and experts who, being experts in the field, offer light when assessing the specific harmful effects of forest fires on our environment and preventing the proliferation of fires, especially during the summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wayuu Indigenous Territory is considered the ideal setting for renewable energy projects. However, the relationship between the sector companies and the wayuu people goes through a series of disconnections that complicate their interaction. Therefore, it is proposed to classify these disconnections between ontological and intercultural. Ontological disconnection is presented by conceptual discrepancies between the various ways of understanding and acting in the territory, while intercultural ones respond to the difficulties that prevent interaction between diverse cultures being mediated by genuine dialogue. Consequently, the most relevant disconnections are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the book "Environmental Principles - From Political Slogans to Legal Rules" written by Nicolas de Sadeleer, which examines the principles of prevention, precaution, and polluter pays in the field of Environmental Law. The author explores the evolution and application of these principles in different legal systems, including the jurisprudence of the European Union and cases of national legislation. Conflicts between the United States and Europe regarding the precautionary principle are also addressed. The author argues that there has been a paradigm shift in Environmental Law, moving from a curative approach to a preventive and anticipatory one. [Extracted from the article]

The new Law 7/2022, on Waste and Contaminated Soils, introduces important changes in terms of textile waste, a sector that has traditionally received less attention in terms of the volume and management of waste produced. The textile industry is, in fact, the fourth most polluting in terms of waste volume and, in addition, it has been increased by the social practice of fast fashion employment. Due to the aforementioned, the European Directive ((EU) 2018/851) which modifies Directive 2008/98/EC on waste is of particular importance. This new Directive obliges the Member States to the selective collection of textile waste before January 1st, 2025, and to establish objectives related to the preparation for reuse and recycling of this waste. This will have an impact on the entire textile value chain as it will be necessary for companies to start designing and preparing their products to contain recycled material and to allow its recycling. The new tendencies in the management of textile disposables promote an increase in public awareness about consumption practices as well as the co-responsibility of producers and users. The management of textile waste, whose main destination is the social economy, will have to promote technologies for the recovery of surpluses to reintroduce these materials into the consumption process, thus favoring the circular economy and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in intensive agriculture and livestock farms is causing serious social and environmental impacts in a large part of the Spanish territory. The socioecological systems on which the agri-food industry depends need an effective legal response aimed at managing risks and providing a material response to the model of exploitation of so-called "extra-human nature" (water, soil and animals), aimed, in most cases, at generating large-scale "cheap food" for international markets to the detriment of local socio-ecosystems such as the Mar Menor. The lack of effective application of the legal system and of the principles of prevention, precaution and non-regression of environmental regulations (e.g. codes of good agricultural practice and declaration of areas vulnerable to nitrate pollution), puts the territory at risk and contributes directly to the deterioration and mistreatment of the environment due, among other things, to the pollution of bodies of water (especially groundwater, coastal and transitional waters), as a result of constant non-compliance with regulations on nitrate pollution from agricultural and livestock sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the research was to analyze, at the theoretical level, the state policy of organizational and legal nature on strategic issues of ensuring fire safety in Ukrainian forests. To achieve this goal, general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition were used, in particular, dialectical, logical-formal, analysis and synthesis, structural-systemic, legal-comparative, legal-formal, prognostic. The study emphasizes that the lack of approved strategic documents for the development of the forestry sector prevents the formation of a projected public policy and, therefore, creates an unresolved organizational and legal structure of governance in forestry relations in general and reduces the effectiveness of fire safety in forests. It is concluded that among the priorities for achieving the task of effective fire safety in forests are identified factors that are primarily the formation of a single interagency consensus vision of the development of the forestry sector, reflected in the Strategy for Sustainable Development of Forest Resources and, consequently, a system of rules and principles basis of the national forest policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this comment is the systematization of the environmental regulations of the Chilean constitutional project and to raise some problems in its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Uruguay, environmental protection regulations associated with soil and subsurface conservation are being implemented. These regulations cover topics such as Environmental Impact Assessment, land use planning, and waste management. The main cause of soil degradation in Uruguay is erosion, mainly due to poor agricultural and livestock practices. There are regulations that promote and regulate the use and conservation of soil and surface waters for agricultural purposes. In addition, agricultural producers are required to submit a Soil Use and Responsible Management Plan. As for the subsurface, it is mainly regulated by Mining Law, specifically the Mining Code. The article presents the consequences of mining activity on the environment, economy, and society, and the need to regulate it properly. The regulations and rules that protect the environment in mining activity are mentioned, such as obtaining environmental authorizations and waste management. The article concludes that there is a trend towards the implementation of environmental protection regulations related to soil and subsurface conservation, including Environmental Impact Assessment and land use planning. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Dixi is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Luna Azul is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Law Studies Journal / Revista Novos Estudos Juridicos is the property of Novos Estudos Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Royal Decree 47/2022, on the protection of waters against diffuse pollution produced by nitrates from agricultural sources, aims to provide a more forceful response to this type of diffuse pollution, given the demonstrated insufficiency of those adopted up to now to achieve the objectives set by Directive 91/676/CEE (which has led the Commission to denounce Spain before the Court of Justice). The new criterion applied by this standard to identify water contaminated by nitrates is going to lead to a very significant increase - around 50% - of the surface area of protected areas identified as vulnerable to this contamination. Another relevant novelty lies in the possibility that the Administrations adopt additional and reinforced protection measures that are considered necessary when the measures adopted within the framework of the action programs are insufficient to achieve the preventive purpose of the fight against pollution by nitrates. of agrarian origin. Among them, the Royal Decree provides for the adoption of limitations on new concessions and other activities subject to its authorization when the applicants cannot demonstrate the innocuousness of the activity on the hydraulic or maritime-terrestrial public domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the relationship between the environment, human rights, and the judicial process in Uruguay. It highlights the existence of a legally and constitutionally supported human right to a healthy environment. Relevant cases of comparative law are mentioned, emphasizing the importance of having trained judges to protect this right. The principles of environmental law, such as prevention and citizen participation, as well as environmental impact assessment and sustainable development, are also discussed. The protection of the environment in the Uruguayan Constitution is mentioned, and Article 47, which establishes the protection of the environment as a general interest and creates a mixed legal situation for inhabitants in relation to environmental protection, is analyzed. The article discusses the importance of international cooperation in the field of the environment, mentioning the existence of non-binding and binding legal instruments in international environmental law. The conferences and resolutions of the UN related to the environment are also highlighted, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals established in the 2030 Agenda. The importance of conferences on climate change, such as COP1997 in Kyoto and the Paris Agreement, is mentioned. Additionally, the protection of the environment in Uruguay, the responsibility of the State in its preservation, and the existence of an environmental public order are addressed. Judicial cases related to activities causing negative environmental impacts and the need to demonstrate the damage caused to take legal action are mentioned. A lawsuit filed by the company SALUS against the State of Uruguay for authorizing mining activities that could harm its natural water source is also mentioned. The article highlights the importance of environmental law, the relationship between human rights and the environment, and the need for adequate legislation for collective processes in environmental matters. Additionally, a list of bibliographic references related to the topic is provided. [Extracted from the article]

This is an article for reflection that aims to expose how the anthropocentric idea of Law has changed to the new biocentric paradigm, which according to Robert Lanza (2014) defines that death is an illusion, since it is life that creates the universe and not on the contrary, since space and time do not exist linearly, so death cannot exist in a real sense. For the above, a historical account of the normative evolution regarding the vision and the rights of the environment is made, from the Roman State to the development in the 20th century constitutions in the western hemisphere. In addition, it analyzes a case studied by the Constitutional Court on the exploration of mining in Colombia and the protection of the environment and shows the conflicts faced by the philosophy of the Social Democratic Constitutional State of Law, which seeks welfare for all by sacrificing somehow the economic development of a country. In conclusion, despite the fact that there are various constitutional norms for the protection of the environment, variables are not effective due to their cost and the interests of the capitalist system. The question then arises about how to take advantage of nature's assets without deteriorating or extinguishing them and what to do when they end? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurídicas CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Derechos en Acción is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to assess the nature of climate litigation at the international level and its role in sustainable development and nature conservation. Climate litigation has allowed claims to be made against governments regarding the climate crisis and companies, especially the largest generators of greenhouse gas emissions. They have also given way to the recognition of the impact and moral responsibility of companies and the lack of action by governments in the global environmental crisis, as well as highlighting the need for each country to establish regulations that promote truly sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the present study is to delimit the scope that, in the field of enviromental law, have the first normative instruments adopted to promote the implementation of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan. In this regard, it should be recalled that with the promulgation of Royal Decree-Law 36/2020, of 30 December, a number of important amendments have been made to some of the essential administrative legal instruments on which public administration intervention in environmental matters is built (environmental assessment, integrated pollution prevention and control, environmental authorisations, etc.). These reforms, which have gone unnoticed by the general public, raise a number of important questions from the point of view of legal certainty, the effectiveness of public intervention in safeguarding natural resources, or affecting the principle of a high level of environmental protection that is an essential component of the Recovery and Resilience Facility of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Justicia (0124-7441) is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global pandemic crisis has created a valuable opportunity to promote green recovery policies at the level of regional integration blocks that are tightly aligned to climate policies, including carbon pricing. The European Union's Green Deal is an example. We propose that the Andean Community (CAN, by its acronym in Spanish) follows that example by establishing carbon pricing policies in its community law framework, adapting it to its level of regional integration and to the needs of its member countries. We suggest five ideas of carbon pricing policies that Andean countries could adopt within the CAN: phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies, regulating a border-adjustment carbon tax, creating a regional carbon tax, defining a reference social carbon price, and establishing a regional carbon market. To achieve them, the Andean Community can choose between establishing community legislation of uniformization or harmonization. We argue that harmonization is the best option because it would allow for setting a realistic and viable goal, freeing each member country to decide how to attain it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains a comparative analysis of the principles of environmental legislation of Russia, Serbia and Slovakia. The authors argue that there is a certain conditionality of these principles, which is the result of the influence of international bodies and organisations, as well as of country-specific experience in environmental protection. Along with a number of general approaches to the interpretation of the principles of environmental protection, each of the three countries has its own set of principles of environmental law. It is noteworthy that the environmental legislation of the countries analysed does not have any provisions for countering the global threats of today - climate change, ecoterrorism among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law 21/2013 has developed in detail the legal regime on environmental assessment, putting in place legal requirements to carry out the EIA of projects and the granting of permits proceedings. Relevant case-law from the State Supreme Court, which is being followed by other judicial bodies such as the Supreme Court of Galicia in a case analysed hereby, highlights the importance of the EIA within decision-making processes aimed to granting permits for industrial activities. In this regard, Spanish courts have recognized the nullity of permitting decisions in cases of failure in compliance with the requirements on prior and independent publication and issuing of the Environmental Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the massive consumption of electronic devices, technological change and the reduction of the digital divide, a unique global problem has been generated for urban waste management frameworks, such as the socio-environmental consequences generated by electronic waste, "e-waste". In the framework of the Circular Economy, the aim of this work is to analyze national laws and regulations, which regulate the treatment of e-waste in different countries, and condition the recovery of e-waste, especially in Latin America, from where this research is built. The structure of this work, in a first instance inquires about the principles and international conventions of main reference. Then, studies the different degrees of advancement of national legislation related to e-waste from a Global North and South perspective and the role they play in the production, reception and / or treatment of technological waste. Finally, a comparative review of the alternatives used worldwide to regulate their management is carried out, in order to understand the strategies established by different countries. For the Latin American region, the need to implement legal instruments in correspondence with international guidelines and articulated with the improvement of a federal technological character and the distribution of sociocultural responsibilities involved stakeholders is concluded. And in this way, ewaste can be used as fundamental resources in the value chain of regional industries, improving their current capacities and reducing their environmental consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)