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Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current work seeks to offer a general reflection on the phenomenon of misinformation in the digital age in order to raise awareness about the risks it poses to the normal development of democratic processes. Furthermore, it aims to emphasize the need to approach misinformation from various perspectives, in harmony with full respect for freedom of expression. The study intends to provide tools that allow the clear identification of misinformation, to point out some thoughts regarding the purposes that underlie the act of misinforming and to review the main stages of the misinformation process. It also strives to offer a more comprehensive understanding of the concept of misinformation, by proposing a distinction and identifying the connections between this activity and the communicative phenomenon of fake news. Later on, the analysis concentrates on the effects that misinformation has on democracy and the respect for human rights, particularly within the context of modern societies characterized by the use of ICTs. Lastly, a brief overview is presented of some of the tools that could be considered to confront misinformation, although the study will not delve into each of these remedies due to its length constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IDP: Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica is the property of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This is a writing/invitation, especially for those involved with Education. In it we present some theoretical analyzes regarding practices evidenced in Digital Culture that reflect o the ways in which we have apprehended things in the world. We seek to bring to the scene some concepts specific to this Culture with the aim of making the reader aware of issues that can contribute to teaching that restores the "Right to Look" to our children and young people. To thisend, we used scientific articles and classic authors as sources so that, when placed in dialogue, they provided a reading experience that promotes countervisualities to the hegemonic visualities of our time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the extensive attention that information disorders have received in the academic field, the intersections between this phenomenon and film marketing have not yet been examined. To fill this gap, this research analyzes the campaign based on five fake newspapers and fake news orchestrated by 20th Century Fox and Regency Enterprises to promote A Cure for Wellness of Verbinski, 2016. Starting from this case, our main objective is to analyze the promotional campaign of a film based on information disorders. At a methodological level, initially, virtual archeology work was carried out using the Way back Machine to recover the websites that constituted the fake media and identify all the fake news used in the aforementioned campaign. Thereupon, using the content analysis technique, we examined the 140 fake news identified by applying an analysis template designed specifically for this study. The results reveal that the fake news barely established connections with the film, although these were usually consistent with its subject matter. Likewise, the fake news, which were essentially cloned in the various fake media, are surrounded by advertising of the film and include images from Shutterstock, fake and real quotes and sources, as well as hashtags related to the film and politics. This unprecedented marketing application of information disorders generates a new type of reception that we have called “disruptive”, which uses disinformation to replace the user's reality with a false reality that is largely disconnected from the cultural artifact to be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has ignited a debate about its effects on the mis‐ and disinformation landscape. The doomsday scenarios of epistemic and information apocalypse presented for many years are recently being questioned, and the previous fears are called "overblown." These phenomena are analyzed mostly through the factors of quantity and quality of AI‐powered content and the potential for personalization possessed by AI. We argue that using quantitative arguments carries a high risk of underestimating the threat, especially in the context of the so‐called detection challenge. We point out that this discourse is affected by the narrow conceptualization of how we understand quantity, quality, and personalization with regard to AI. In our opinion, apocalyptic visions are speculative in nature, difficult to quantify, and carry signs of a self‐fulfilling prophecy, but disregarding risks hinders appropriate countermeasures against AI‐powered dis‐ and misinformation, which adversely affects policy‐making activities. We propose a paradigm shift to focus more on social reactions to technology rather than technological attributes. By expanding the understanding of the analyzed phenomena, we indicate that the potential of AI is both overestimated and underestimated and above all—still misunderstood. Related Articles: Norman, Emma R., and Rafael Delfin. 2012. "Wizards under Uncertainty: Cognitive Biases, Threat Assessment, and Misjudgments in Policy Making." Politics & Policy 40(3): 369–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00356.x. Robles, Pedro, and Daniel J. Mallinson. 2023. "Catching Up with AI: Pushing Toward a Cohesive Governance Framework." Politics & Policy 51(3): 355–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12529. Veloso Meireles, Adriana. 2024. "Digital Rights in Perspective: The Evolution of the Debate in the Internet Governance Forum." Politics & Policy 52(1): 12–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12571. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La desinformación, en específico las noticias falsas (fake news), constituyen un fenómeno presente en la cotidianidad de la comunicación global, un riesgo para la democracia, la estabilidad social y el conocimiento de la verdad de los hechos a nivel internacional. En el caso particular de Cuba, su circulación masiva y acelerada propagación, ha evolucionado a lo largo de su historia a la par del desarrollo de los medios de comunicación. Durante la investigación, se utilizaron métodos científicos como la Observación participante, a partir de la propia práctica laboral de los autores, el Análisis documental, combinado con la Investigación bibliográfica, el Estudio de casos y el Análisis descriptivo, mediante los cuales se logró formular una propuesta de periodización histórica y la determinación de las generalidades en cada etapa. Aunque su utilización ha sido una constante en Cuba, a partir de la masificación del uso de Internet, han pasado a desempeñar un papel protagónico en la guerra híbrida de la que es objeto el país en la actualidad.

The emergence of digital Game-Based Learning (GBL) has sparked interest in assessing its efficacy. This assessment needs to consider the complex mix of narrative and interactivity typical of video games, which makes it difficult to evaluate to what extent a video game achieves its stated learning objectives. This challenge is exponentially increased when gaming sessions happen spontaneously in informal contexts, without any supervision by educators or the option to assess the players' prior knowledge and skills. This work presents a methodology for analyzing GBL experiences based on data science and the data collection functionalities offered by current game development platforms. This strategy is applied to the analysis of a social media simulator designed to promote information literacy within the video game Julia: A Science Journey. The system collected data on 436 sessions from 112 unique players over six months. The records included information on replayability, identification of fake news, and reaction times. The results suggest that players become more adept and swifter at identifying fake news through repeated games. Success in identifying misinformation is also related to the topic, with hoaxes related to scientific content being more easily recognized than those associated with political controversies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a context characterized by misinformation, ideological polarization, and emerging bloc dynamics within the Spanish party system, it is of particular interest to address the tasks of verification in the realm of political communication. This study examines the fact-checking conducted by Newtral, Maldita, Efe Verifica, and Verificat during the electoral debate between Pedro Sánchez and Alberto Núñez-Feijóo. Through quantitative content analysis and descriptive statistical methods, it evaluates 66 fact-checks covering 27 candidate statements. The findings reveal a notable concentration of fact-checks in the debate's initial phase, primarily focusing on economic matters and the statements of candidate Alberto Núñez-Feijóo. The research highlights a significant level of consistency in statement selection and verification outcomes, largely influenced by the Comprobado fact-checking alliance. Additionally, the study emphasizes the provision of comprehensive explanations beyond mere checking and labelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of disinformation is characterized by being a way of telling the facts in a distorted way that modifies the perception of what is «real». In this sense, it deserves the attention of being analyzed by semiotics, since its look makes it possible to approach the problem of truth from a strategic point of view. For this discipline, the concept «truth» is not understood as a correspondence between what is said and the facts, but as an effect of meaning that is created in the discourse. In this regard, it is proposed that one way to deal with fake news is to revalue the figure of the journalist, as long as his job is to produce information that, in addition to being truthful, is credible. Likewise, the need to train the journalist to be able to master different enunciation and persuasion strategies present in any discursive configuration is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalistic routines in the current context of information overload and communicative complexity have resulted in an excessive workload for media professionals. This issue is particularly critical in wartime situations, where the conflicting parties contribute to the problem by disseminating biased information and hoaxes within the official communication under the pretext of safeguarding their military and strategic interests. Safeguarding against disinformation and fake news has become a priority in media newsrooms. This article explores how journalists at the Spanish broadcasters À Punt and Tele 5 address the problem of news coverage concerning the wars in Ukraine and Gaza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge transfer, as a "third mission" and an activity connected to research, is essential for the university social function. This paper analyses the transfer activities carried out by Spanish and international research projects with a focus on disinformation in the Iberian Peninsula. We located 46 projects with these requirements, contacted those responsible and obtained the response of 25 through an online questionnaire that includes characteristics, timing, typology, contributors and audience of the activities completed, in progress or programmed (46 in total) as well as the perception of researchers on the transfer. The results show that the vast majority of disinformation projects (84%) carry out transfer activities, although many are limited to one or two, not always formalised via OTRI or similar. The projects themselves act as leaders or promoters in almost three out of four activities, although it is common to have at least one partner (58.6%). Their typology and target groups vary according to the objectives and area of the projects. It is noteworthy training for different groups, together with training, support and guidance resources, often multimedia and online. To a lesser extent, there are technological development activities, materialised in open digital applications and tools. The crossing of these two variables (typology and recipients) shows that social transfer is the largest group (43.48%), followed by professional (23.91%), technological (17.39%) and academic (15.22%). Despite being isolated and incipient practices, there is agreement among researchers in perceiving them as an essential part of their mission. Their vision in many cases is close to the "quadruple helix" model, which is oriented towards social innovation and responding to citizen demands on misinformation through collaborative approaches between university, government, companies and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos em Comunicação is the property of Labcom / Universidade da Beira Interior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Disinformation is currently one of Europe's greatest challenges. In the past years, the European continent in general and, more precisely, the European Union have been suffering from various disinformation campaigns: such as the one that led to Brexit; the parallel health and disinformation pandemic; or the hybrid propaganda strategy following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In this context, the death of Queen Elizabeth II of England has also been marked by disinformation practices that went viral throughout Europe. Therefore, this research aims to delve into the nature of disinformation regarding the death of the Queen in the timeframe between 8 and 22 September 2022, focusing in three European countries, namely Spain, the United Kingdom and France. For that purpose, the study is based on a content analysis of 76 publications published by fact-checking organisation, as well as open-ended surveys with specialised agents on disinformation. Overall, results show that social networks were the main platform through which misinformative content was disseminated, with Twitter occupying the first position- whereas other previous studies have shown the primacy of Facebook as a source of disinformation. The hoaxes, which generally included images, mainly responded to the typology of misleading and fabricated content established by Wardle (2017). Likewise, the main subject matter of the viral hoaxes was conspiracy theories, focusing on Elizabeth II as the main protagonist. Moreover, the frequency of hoax dissemination was significantly higher during the first week after the death of the monarch and responded to a transnational trend in which the spread of disinformation was adapted to national contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: COVID-19 has not only caused a pandemic of respiratory disease. An infodemic of false information has been reported these late months. These fake news are particularly relevant when concerning vaccines. In this study, we intend to describe the pro and against COVID-19 vaccination populations and find the main misconceptions about COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: To do so, we surveyed a group of Spanish population on their concerns and opinions on COVID-19 vaccines. Additionally, we asked the respondents about several false beliefs on COVID-19 vaccines. Results: The results showed that most people reluctant to get vaccinated were more likely to be female, to not have health-related studies, to have a compulsory basic level of education and to not be willing to get the general vaccines suggested by their general practitioner. These people were not found, however, to be more religious, which contradicts what many other studies have demonstrated before. It was also found that most people are worried about the distribution of vaccines and that most people also want vaccines to be compulsory. The results also showed that people less willing to get vaccinated are more likely to be worried about vaccines' safety, to believe in conspiracy theories involving vaccines and to believe in misconceptions or false beliefs. Discussion: We believe that our results show that the COVID-19 vaccination campaign faced more hesitancy than most common vaccines, and that we can affirm that the profile of those hesitant to the COVID-19 vaccination was also quite different, being less related to religiosity and much more related to misinformation spread through social media. Conclusions: We believe our study to reveal some key differences in the profiles of those hesitant to COVID-19 vaccination. We believe that this study shows that spreading a survey before any vaccine awareness campaign may provide a lot of information about the main concerns and misconceptions that the target population has, and it might allow for a much better communication strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fact checking is becoming an essential journalistic task because of the proliferation of misinformative content disseminated massively through social media and other channels. Based on this observation, the fundamental objective of the research that serves as the basis for this paper was to learn about the Spanish journalists' professional routines and training in fact-checking. The authors developed a 29-item questionnaire distributed via email to journalists nationwide between May and June 2023 to collect the information. We obtained 326 responses, resulting in several findings: a) the implementation of data verification is not uniform, being more frequent in some types of media --newspapers and verification platforms-- and in large corporations; b) workload is an obstacle that prevents most journalists from devoting as much time to verification as it would require; c) some areas generate more problems when it comes to cross-checking data --such as politics and economics--; d) the preferred sources for verification are academic and official sources --governments, state security forces-; e) the digital tools that are known or used by professionals still have low penetration rates, with only some exceptions; f) although the perception of the respondents is that they are sufficiently trained for verification work, only a minority have received specific training in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory research is framed in the context of information disorders and its main objective is to identify the perception of Communication students in Brazil, Colombia and Spain about disinformation, their information consumption practices and aspects of their university education on media literacy. In order to carry out this study, an online survey was conducted between May and July 2023 in 23 higher education centers in the three countries, answered by 231 students. The main findings indicate that university students are aware of what fake news are and most of them know how to identify disinformative content, despite the fact that the development of the necessary skills for a critical reading of the media and the fight against disinformation takes place transversally in different subjects according to the students' perception, which shows the absence of a specific subject on media literacy in the curricula of the Communication degrees in the institutions assessed in the three countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, media literacy has been proposed as one of the alternatives with the greatest potential to fight disinformation, while reducing its effects and consequences for society. In this aspect, factchecking organizations (known as fact-checkers) also play a relevant role in denying all types of hoaxes and fake news. Therefore, this article aims to know the vision of the people who work within these organizations on media literacy and their role in the face of disinformation. Using empirical research techniques that combine observation and analysis of a series of personal interviews, this study will investigate the perceptions, opinions and assessments of these organizations on media literacy as a tool to combat disinformation. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with journalists from the data verification agencies of each of the countries mentioned below: Chequeado (Argentina), Colombiacheck (Colombia), Fast Check CL (Chile) and Aos Fatos (Brazil), all of them signatories of the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). In addition, the main media literacy strategies developed by these fact-checkers and published on their websites are presented, trying to identify common patterns in their strategies. The results of the interviews indicate that media literacy is a strategy considered fundamental by fact-checkers in South America. These entities consider that, although their main task is verification, media literacy seems to be the most appropriate solution to combat disinformation and therefore carry out a variety of actions ranging from workshops and conferences to resources, guides or tools hosted on their websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of fake news has become a viral concern in social networks due to the dangers it implies for the various social actors, and the solutions proposed are varied, some focus on media education and others on the role of technology using artificial intelligence to detect this event and discriminate it, with the limitation that it is not recognized that this fact is inherent to the capitalist relations of production. From the bibliographic analysis it is clear that the predominant approach is that of the communication sciences. Based on these concerns, the purpose of this article is to offer an evaluation from the point of view of the Political Economy of Fake News, recognizing that its deepest cause is a reflection of the sharpening of the fundamental economic contradiction of this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic brought with it an excess of health information, hoaxes and false news shared by any media, especially sensitive regarding treatments or vaccines. This compromises public health and creates a social problem. The literature review shows that misinformation, driven by anonymous sources and conspiracy theories, aggravates health-related problems by questioning health solutions and public health programs. Swift action to delegitimize this information is crucial because social media, while facilitating communication, also amplifies polarization and politicization, putting social and political relationships at risk. Rigorous and transparent research on this object of study is crucial to promote evidence-based knowledge to help combat misinformation. Through research, universities can contribute to empirically solving societal challenges, such as misinformation, economic or environmental, by aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this way, institutions can help researchers understand the relationship of their work to the SDGs by guiding their efforts and being accountable for how they contribute to the 2030 Agenda. In this way, they would exercise their responsibility to educate and generate knowledge to strengthen, through their scientific work, health communication and its impact on sustainability. The aim of this study is to analyze the research carried out on health disinformation, in order to ascertain its impact on sustainable development, since its implications are usually the subject of multiple research studies. The disease and the uncertainty surrounding it make the population suffering from it more vulnerable, the most logical reaction being the search for information and solutions to their problem, especially on the Internet. Regarding the methodology applied, a literature review was conducted in the Scopus database, from 2017 to 2023, analyzing 81 articles, based on the performance analysis methodology proposed by Patra et al. (2023. The search was performed from the terms "disinformation" AND "fake news" AND "Health" with the keyword filter "disinformation", "fake news", "social media", "misinformation" and "public health". The choice of this database is justified by the prior analysis of ElSevier teams to label papers, before publication, according to their contribution to the SDGs, which connects scientific production in its contribution to sustainable development. The analysis reveals a fluctuating pattern in research productivity on misinformation, with an increase until 2022 followed by a decrease in 2023. In addition, the significant presence of articles from the field of social sciences (40%) in journals indexed in Scopus, highlighting the importance of this topic in academia. The data show a growing interest in understanding and addressing misinformation from various disciplines, reflecting the complexity of the phenomenon and its multidimensional impact. Although they come from up to 25 different geographical areas, most of the authors are concentrated in Europe and particularly in Spain, showing a leadership in disinformation research especially related to the pandemic. This points to the need for international collaboration and global approaches to address this type of worldwide problem. Although health misinformation-as an object of study in academia-is related to some of the Sustainable Development Goals, its contribution to the 2030 Agenda might be questionable. Although the labels assigned in the database are scarce and do not contemplate all the SDGs, it can be concluded that the most recurrent are those that address citizenship health (SDG 3), seeking partnerships with other institutions (SDG 17). Academia should consider the impact of research on sustainability and focus on digital health and media literacy, especially targeting specific vulnerable audiences and minorities. Another area for improvement in this regard would be to strengthen international collaboration to more effectively address health misinformation in the context of the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Esferas is the property of Esferas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Esferas is the property of Esferas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Desde que la COVID-19 llegó a Latinoamérica en el 2020, los rumores y las noticias falsas se empezaron a propagar de forma indiscriminada, creando en los ciudadanos miedo e incertidumbre. El objetivo del estudio es analizar las evidencias empíricas de las fake news sobre la COVID-19 en Latinoamérica, entre los años 2020 y 2022. Se realizó una revisión sistemática a través del método PRISMA y se recogieron 12 investigaciones publicadas en las bases científicas de EBSCO y ProQuest. La investigación reveló que las fake news en cuanto a la COVID-19 destacan en el impacto negativo en la salud colectiva, la propagación de desinformación a través de emociones y su relación con la inestabilidad social y política durante la pandemia.

Se pretende en este trabajo obtener una aproximación a las percepciones de los profesionales de la comunicación corporativa y las relaciones públicas que operan en España sobre el impacto que la desinformación está teniendo en la comunicación de las organizaciones. Se busca a su vez identificar las medidas adoptadas por las organizaciones para lidiar con la desinformación y determinar si esta se ha convertido en una amenaza para la industria. Se han realizado, 9 entrevistas semiestructuradas con representantes de las principales asociaciones, directores de agencias de comunicación y relaciones públicas así como empresas de servicios digitales, normalmente subcontratados desde el sector de la comunicación. Se observa una carencia de estrategias para anticipar y neutralizar ataques de desinformación. Asimismo, los profesionales demandan más iniciativas de alfabetización mediática para ayudar a la ciudadanía a ser más crítica y resaltan la importancia de profesionalizar el sector y evitar el intrusismo laboral.

La implantación masiva de las Tecnologías de la Relación, la Información y las Comunicaciones, especialmente las redes sociales y la modificación de hábitos de consumo informativo en un sistema híbrido de medios han desencadenado la proliferación exponencial de noticias falsas. Ante esta situación, se desarrollan iniciativas dedicadas a la verificación de datos, cuya misión es desmontar los contenidos inveraces del discurso político o mediático. Se analizan estas iniciativas en Iberoamérica para conocer sus características atendiendo especialmente al papel que desempeñan las mujeres en esta nueva profesión, mediante el estudio de caso de los proyectos recogidos en el informe anual del censo del Reporters’ Lab (n=54). Los datos muestran que la mayoría se iniciaron en 2018-2019 y siguen activos, están vinculados a la sociedad civil y han creado redes para favorecer la cooperación frente a los poderes establecidos. Las mujeres representan más de la mitad de la fuerza laboral. Esta investigación cuantifica, en un contexto laboral y periodístico no paritario, el porcentaje de mujeres verificadoras, y concluye que es mayoritario, incluso en los puestos directivos. Se reflexiona sobre cómo este modelo de negocio ofrece oportunidades para la igualdad a pesar del peligroso escenario iberoamericano para el periodismo y las mujeres.

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Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mis/disinformation and post-truth discourses are part of contemporary public communication. The aim is to identify the politicians' discursive strategies and those who want to discredit them through false or inaccurate content circulating on social networks and other media. In particular, the analysis focuses on the 2022 presidential elections in Colombia. The specific objectives were: to establish the formal characteristics of the false or imprecise messages that refer to or were attributed during the campaign to the candidates Gustavo Petro, from the Pacto Histórico party, and Rodolfo Hernández, from the Movement of Anti-Corruption Governors, determine the semantic orientation of these messages and identify the types of fallacies used in their production. For this purpose, we developed content and sentiment analysis on the messages verified by fact-checkers between January and June 2022. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the post-truth strategies used by candidates and malicious agents to generate emotional responses in voters. The results revealed a prominent sentiment of negativity associated with disinformation discourse, which serves to attack, discredit, and delegitimize political contenders through especially fear-based fallacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, fact-checking journalism has become one of the dominant strategies to tackle disinformation. For these entities to be effective and gain the trust of citizens, it is essential that they carry out their work under the principles of ideological neutrality, especially when they try to verify political discourse. This paper, groundbreaking in the Spanish context, aims to analyze the verification practices and possible partisan biases of political fact-checking in Spain through a specific study applied to Newtral, the main fact-checker specialized in politics in this country. The political verification practices used by this fact-checker since the beginning of its activity (October 2018-October 2022) were analyzed through quantitative content analysis. In a second phase, the same study was replicated, applied only to the discourse of the main national political leaders. The study used inferential statistics (chi-square hypothesis tests, correlational studies, Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test). No significant differences were observed between political parties in any of the variables analyzed in the phases of execution and verdict, neither in the general sample nor in the specific sample related to political leaders. However, greater attention is paid to the statements made by politicians belonging to Partido Popular, whose discourse is more checked, which could indicate a certain selection bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If successful, disinformation operations on social media could generate false beliefs in the public and lead them to take political decisions contrary to their interests. In response to this, various actors have implemented measures, among which stand out the (self) regulation of algorithms to signal malicious information and informational literacy actions. Nevertheless, there is still not enough empirical evidence to account for the extent to which false information generates false beliefs, as well as the efficacy of the aforementioned actions to reduce citizen credulity. This study uses a representative survey applied during the 2021 elections in Mexico (n = 1750) that predicts the extent to which the use of social networks to follow the campaign has an effect on credulity in false information. At the same time, we observe how these effects are moderated on the one hand by the different platforms, whose architecture is more or less prone to alerting about disinformation, and on the other, by citizens' attitudes and strategies to prevent being misinformed. We find that the use of platforms that have used measures to alert about disinformation does not predict greater or lesser credulity, but instead WhatsApp, with fewer controls and a more private character, does increase it. On the other hand, the exercise of strategies does not reduce credulity in disinformation, unlike attitudes against it, which substantially decreases it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Question (1669-6581) is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El concepto de desinformación, y en concreto el de estrategias de desinformación, ha ido ganando notoriedad en el debate público. Su carácter multidimensional y su uso masivo ha impedido una definición unitaria y consensuada. En ese marco, el objetivo de este artículo se centra en acotar el término reparando en las bases que favorecen la desinformación, el ecosistema que la posibilita y las posibles soluciones. Para finalizar, se proponen futuras líneas de trabajo para el estudio de este fenómeno.