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Inflammation is involved in numerous diseases including cancer. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) play important roles in the development of certain inflammatory diseases.Eupatorium makinoi, which belongs to a family ofAsteraceaeplants, is used medicinally in East Asia. We investigated the effects of an ethanol extract ofE. makinoi(EEM) on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and the expression of iNOS and COX-2 with lipopolysaccharide (TLR4 agonist) in murine macrophages. EEM suppressed NF-κB activation and iNOS and COX-2 expression induced by LPS. These results suggest that EEM may regulate TLR4 signalling pathways and this may be a useful strategy for anti-inflammatory therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a significant role in the induction of innate immune responses that are essential for host defense against invading microbial pathogens. In general, TLRs have two major downstream signaling pathways: myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathways. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) found in cruciferous vegetables has an effect on treatment of many chronic diseases. However, the exact molecular targets of AITC are still unidentified. Here, it was investigated whether AITC can modulate TLR signaling pathways and what is the molecular target of AITC in TLRs signaling pathways. AITC suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-κB by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]), but not by macrophage-activating lipopeptide of 2kDa (MALP-2) or cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide (CpG DNA). AITC also suppressed the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and the expression of interferon inducible protein-10 (IP-10) induced by LPS or poly[I:C]. These results suggest that AITC can modulate TRIF-dependent signaling pathways of TLRs leading to decreased inflammatory gene expression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecular structures derived from microbes and initiate innate immunity. The stimulation of TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers the activation of the myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent major downstream signaling pathways. Previously, we synthesized a fumaryl oxazolidinone derivative, 4-oxo-4-(2-oxo-oxazolidin-3-yl)-but-2-enoic acid ethyl ester (OSL07) and demonstrated that it inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by inhibiting the MyD88-dependent pathway of TLRs. TLR4 and the downstream signaling components are good therapeutic targets for many chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, it is investigated whether OSL07 modulates TLR4 downstream signaling pathways and what anti-inflammatory target in TLR4 signaling is regulated by OSL07. OSL07 inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 activation by targeting TLR4 dimerization. These results suggest that OSL07 can modulate TLR4 signaling pathway leading to decreased inflammatory gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecular structures derived from microbes including bacteria, viruses, yeast, and fungi, and regulate the activation of innate immunity. All TLR signaling pathways culminate in the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factor leading to the induction of inflammatory gene products including cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In the present report, we demonstrate biochemical evidence that the fumaryl oxazolidinone derivative 4-Oxo-4-(2-oxo-oxazolidin-3-yl)-but-2-enoic acid ethyl ester (OSL07), which was previously synthesized in our laboratory, inhibits the NF-κB activation induced by TLR agonists and overexpression of downstream signaling components of TLRs, MyD88 and IKKβ. OSL07 also inhibits TLR agonist-induced COX-2 expression. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of OSL07 are caused by the modulation of the immune responses regulated by TLR signaling pathways. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]