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Neisseria gonorrheae, the causative agent of genitourinary infections, has been associated with asymptomatic or recurrent infections and has the potential to form biofilms and induce inflammation and cell transformation. Herein, we aimed to use computational analysis to predict novel associations between chronic inflammation caused by gonorrhea infection and neoplastic transformation. Prioritization and gene enrichment strategies based on virulence and resistance genes utilizing essential genes from the DEG and PANTHER databases, respectively, were performed. Using the STRING database, protein‒protein interaction networks were constructed with 55 nodes of bacterial proteins and 72 nodes of proteins involved in the host immune response. MCODE and cytoHubba were used to identify 12 bacterial hub proteins (murA, murB, murC, murD, murE, purN, purL, thyA, uvrB, kdsB, lpxC, and ftsH) and 19 human hub proteins, of which TNF, STAT3 and AKT1 had high significance. The PPI networks are based on the connectivity degree (K), betweenness centrality (BC), and closeness centrality (CC) values. Hub genes are vital for cell survival and growth, and their significance as potential drug targets is discussed. This computational study provides a comprehensive understanding of inflammation and carcinogenesis pathways that are activated during gonorrhea infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Neisseria gonorrheae and Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with mucosal inflammation and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) transmission. We assessed levels of inflammatory cytokines in men who have sex with men (MSM) with and without rectal gonorrhea and/or chlamydia in Lima, Peru., Methods: We screened 605 MSM reporting condomless receptive anal intercourse for rectal N. gonorrheae/C. trachomatis using nucleic acid testing. We identified 101 cases of gonorrhea and/or chlamydia and randomly selected 50 N. gonorrheae/C. trachomatis positive cases and matched 52 negative controls. We measured levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in rectal secretions. Tests for HIV-1, rectal N. gonorrheae/C. trachomatis, and mucosal cytokines were repeated after 3 and 6 months. Cytokine levels in cases and uninfected controls were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and linear regression., Results: MSM with gonorrhea/chlamydia had elevated levels of all cytokines in rectal mucosa compared with matched controls (all P values <.001). Following antibiotic treatment there were no significant differences in cytokine levels at 3- or 6-month follow-up evaluations (all P values >.05)., Discussion: Rectal gonorrhea/chlamydia infection is associated with transient mucosal inflammation and cytokine recruitment. Our data provide proof of concept for rectal sexually transmitted infection screening as an HIV prevention strategy for MSM. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03010020., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram negative diplococci which causess a sexually transmitted infection. N. gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen that causes infection to the mucussecreting epithelial cells both in male and female. In 2017, the centre of disease control and World Health Organization published the list of global priority pathogens with denting therapeutic options, including antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. During the covid-19 pandemic, excessive use of antibiotics led to raise of drug resistance. The infection is widespread and intractable. If this happens, more people will be left with an incurable infection which may cause serious health problems. Results: We characterized zoliflodacin thoroughly. Here is discussed the clinical trials and side effects on human health by searching different keywords like “zoliflodacin”, “covid-19”, “clinical trials” from different data sources like Pub-Med, Google-Scholar, and Science-Direct. Zoliflodacin targets antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Zoliflodacin is mainly known based on its therapeutic effects against N. gonorrhoeae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial type 2 topoisomerase with binding site in bacterial gyrase. Zoliflodacin is effective in treating gonococcal urogenital and rectal infection. Conclusion: Antibiotic is the only option to treat N. gonorrhoeae. There is no vaccine available to treat gonorrhea. The new drug, zoliflodacin, specifically targets antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea and its is why researchers have studied this antibiotic from different point of views. In this study, we elaborate the discovery of zoliflodacin, its mechanism of action, the current clinical trials, and the effectiveness of zoliflodacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for enhanced diagnosis and control of gonococcal infection through the application of advances in molecular medicine is now being realized. However, the introduction of diagnostic nucleic acid amplification assays (NAATs) revealed some significant limitations of these applications. Resolution of some, but not all, of these problems has led to recommendations for refined testing algorithms and a better recognition and acceptance of the limitations of NAATs. Resource restriction has limited the use of diagnostic NAATs, especially in less-developed countries where disease rates are highest. However, NAATs have also proved useful in public health approaches to gonorrhea control in all settings. Additional applications including molecular typing of gonococci to identify and interrupt gonococcal transmission chains and definition of antimicrobial resistance patterns in the gonococcus have been proposed. These approaches, especially those for antimicrobial resistance determination, have been less successful for a number of reasons, including their cost and other unresolved issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]