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The evaluation of public management performance is the key to identify the effectiveness of the work of public administration, and public policy is an important guarantee for the orderly promotion of the work of public administration; therefore, it is important to analyze the effectiveness of public management policies to evaluate public management performance. Taking environmental protection policies as an example, this paper constructs an environmental-economic DEA efficiency analysis model using the DEA method to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of EEE in different provinces of China. It is found that EEE is highly correlated with the regional economic development level and is highly influenced by policy fluctuations, but the overall EEE of different provinces from 2016 to 2020 tends to be consistent and has a certain degree of stability. The conclusions of this paper have important implications for policy guidance, emphasizing the need to focus on the coordination of economic development and environmental protection, and the need for the improvement of the environmental policy system to be continuously optimized in an incremental manner, taking into account the actual situation of local development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Environmental law; Environmental policy; EU law; Subject; Environment; Other related subjects; European Union EN Environmental law Environmental policy EU law Subject Environment Other related subjects European Union 52 81 30 03/22/22 20220301 NES 220301 EDITORIAL The government's beleaguered flagship I Environment Act 2021 i has finally received royal assent. Https://www.bailii.org/scot/cases/ScotCS/2021/2021 CSOH 112.html EU CASE LAW PlasticsEurope v European Chemicals Agency, Appeal C-876/19 P, Judgment of the Court (Ninth C... The European Court of Justice dismissed a final appeal by the trade association PlasticsEurope against EU regulators' decision to class bisphenol-A (BPA) as a "substance of very high concern" due to its endocrine disrupting properties. Https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&td=ALL&num=C-373/20 Biofa AG v Sikma D. Vertriebs GmbH und Co. KG, C-29/20, Judgment of the Court (First Chamber)... This request for a preliminary ruling concerned the interpretation of Articles 3(1)(a) and 9(1)(a) of Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, we assess the sustainability of the electricity sector and explore the correlation between government environmental policies and the sector's sustainability. We find that at the national level, the sustainability of the electricity sector has exhibited a notable upward trend in recent years. However, this trend has not been evenly distributed across different regions of the country. Second, government environmental policies have a significant positive impact on promoting the sustainability of the electricity sector. Third, the impact of government environmental policies on the sustainability of the electricity sector is more pronounced in the western region of China. • We explore the impact of government environmental policy on the sustainability of China's electricity sector. • Government environmental policies can significantly promote the sustainability of China's electricity sector. • Technological progress is an effective channel between government environmental policies and the sustainability of the electricity sector. • The sustainability of the electricity sector is most significantly impacted by the environmental policies of the government in western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many developing countries, urban growth is characterised by the emergence of informal housing at the periphery. Nevertheless, there is little evidence based on data from informal land markets and, in general, studies focusing on such markets often neglect environmental factors. Therefore, to contribute to these research gaps, this article aims to enhance our understanding of land markets in informal land parcels and their relationship to environmental amenities, by providing empirical evidence from Mexico City. The article estimates a hedonic pricing model using robust ordinary least squares with a SHAC (Spatial Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent) inference, including structural, environmental, neighbourhood and accessibility features. Results provide empirical insights regarding the way this land market behaves in the peri-urban area. Our findings reveal that informal land parcel purchasers are willing to pay for basic services such as access to piped water, proximity to schools and accessibility features such as being close to city centre, motorways and underground stations. Although a positive relationship between land price and distance to the nearest forest or Protected Natural Area is highlighted, it is low, meaning that individuals are largely ambivalent about environmental amenities. Therefore, the problem of irregular settlements could be approached from two different angles. Firstly, informal land buyers will not desist from invading and modifying natural areas without a comprehensive urban and environmental policy, oriented towards changing the perception of green areas as potential urbanisation opportunities. Secondly, public policy needs to solve the housing supply crisis, considering the characteristics presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents data about the emergence and consolidation of the public policy creation of protected areas between 1940 and 2000 in the territory of the state of Espírito Santo. Methodologically, this is a case study. It aimed to analyze processes involving collective action strategies from the perspective of social conflicts. The paper presents considerations about the civil society participation in the transition between a personalized model -- more susceptible to individual wills (government actions) -- and another based on public debates, institutionalized (state policy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explore the determinants of reforms intending to integrate policies and coordinate administrative units by focusing on necessary conditions. Firstly, we elaborate theoretical expectations about potential necessary conditions for cross-sectoral reforms. Secondly, we conduct a condition-oriented fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to examine our expectations, based on an original data set comparing policy integration and administrative coordination reforms, in environmental and unemployment policy, across 13 countries over 29 years. Our results indicate three necessary conditions for high reform intensity: external problem pressure is necessary for policy integration and administrative coordination in employment policy; either the strength or weakness of the reference party can take the role of necessary conditions depending on the policy field; low politicization of bureaucracy is necessary, especially for administrative coordination in environmental policy. These findings contribute to the development of a systematic theory of cross-sectoral policy and administrative change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars of environmental politics and policy experts have long debated whether climate change can be linked to violent conflict. I present a new framework called human–environmental–climate security (HECS), which integrates critiques of traditional security frameworks while offering a systematized method of process tracing. Using existing concepts of vulnerability and resilience, I illustrate the empirical utility of centering the human subject and local conceptions of security when analyzing the role of climate in armed conflict. I develop this framework using the cases of Syria, Sudan, and Morocco. I argue that the ecological drivers of conflicts in Sudan and Syria are best understood as a result of policy decisions that reflected the ideology and preferences of ruling elites rather than direct functions of climate change. Conversely, I present the case of Morocco as a counterfactual in which sound government policy attenuated environmental drivers of conflict. In doing so, this approach considers the impacts of international and domestic structures of inequality on people's climate vulnerability and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is both the theoretical advancement and the application of policy process theories and public policy perspectives on science, technology, and environmental policy and related fields, such as health and agricultural policy. Moyson et al. (2022) cross-fertilize the ACF with the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) to ascribe an advocacy coalition's successful translation of beliefs into policy to the use of an overly present and simple frame. The last two articles of this issue study the role of administration in environmental policy implementation, more specifically the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Extracted from the article]

Questions: What is the potential use of maps derived from a merged geographical and phytosociological approach to support the design of public environmental policies? Do these approaches and data sources deliver complementary land‐cover/vegetation maps? Objective: The present article documents a joint phytosociological and geographical approach to improve vegetation cartography in temperate‐tropical transitional ecosystems. Location: The research was conducted at national (Mexico) and state (Michoacán) scales. Mexico and Michoacán have been recognized as regions of high eco‐geographical complexity, where temperate‐tropical conditions intermingle, creating large eco‐socio‐cultural mosaics. Methods: Data from 268 field verification sites and 223 relevés surveyed during the last two decades and recent land cover sources were used as the main inputs. The results were further validated by three workshops with local botanists and field verification during 2021. Results: At the national level, Mexico's forests, shrubs, herbs, and non‐vascular major formation classes were hierarchically split by dominant life forms and prevailing climatic affiliations. At the state level, these major formation classes split into 19 sub‐formations, of which 15 were forest communities. Conclusions: We discuss the scientific challenge of transitioning from land cover into vegetation maps and (dis)similarities of approaches reviewing concepts and analytical (quanti)qualitative instruments. The paper contrasts the present output with the experiences of other countries such as Canada, the United States, Bolivia, and Colombia. Finally, the results are discussed in light of their relevance for constructing public environmental policies, such as land use planning, establishment of protected areas, allocation of incentives for sustainable environmental services, and long‐term conservation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has been a dynamic one for biodiversity offsetting policy. Efforts to incorporate offsetting into the Convention on Biological Diversity as a compliance mechanism did not succeed. The expansion of offsetting outside of the Natura 2000 network in the European Union (EU), which looked all but inevitable in the early 2010s, was withdrawn in the face of unexpectedly strong opposition from environmental groups and the business sector. Highly publicised offsetting programmes in some EU countries have had mixed outcomes, and many observers describe offsetting as a failed policy. And yet four years of interviews and policy analysis in Brussels, Spain, and England suggest that reports of offsetting's death may be exaggerated. While the possibility of an overarching EU Directive aimed at harmonising offsetting policy and practice across the region's countries seems unlikely, in Spain, offsetting has returned to the national policy arena via adoption as an implementation tool within the national Green Infrastructure Strategy. Offsetting in England persists in a handful of counties as a locally situated development strategy, and seems to have returned at the national level despite its spectacular flame‐out in 2014. This is not, after all, a high‐profile failure of neoliberal environmental policy. Rather, we see offsetting's persistence as a result of policy refugia: the retreat to small but amenable jurisdictions where offsetting policies can wait out inclement policy conditions and then emerge to recolonise the policy landscape when conditions improve. Highly publicised offsetting programmes in some EU countries have had mixed outcomes, and many observers describe offsetting as a failed policy. However, our analysis of offset policy development in the EU, Spain, and England suggests that offsetting has not failed but persists as a result of policy refugia: it has retreated to small but amenable jurisdictions from which it can emerge to recolonise the policy landscape as conditions improve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of policy entrepreneurs in promoting change in flood risk mitigation at the local level in Sweden through a comparative study of two Swedish municipalities with different approaches to flood risk governance; as a technical issue or a social issue. The municipality in which flood risk mitigation is addressed as a social issue exhibits a larger size of the network mitigating flood risk, more diverse actors involved, and a more central location of the politicians and senior management. Moreover, the analysis points to the salience of a bureaucratic policy entrepreneur in promoting this shift toward addressing it as a social issue, and shows how they use relational strategies to frame the issue as relating to climate change action. The article operationalizes sociability and credibility, two of the attributes of policy entrepreneurs, and thus, contributes to the theoretical and methodological discussion of policy entrepreneurs in general, and as they pertain to environmental policy in particular. Related Articles: David, Charles‐Philippe. 2015. "Policy Entrepreneurs and the Reorientation of National Security Policy under the G. W. Bush Administration (2001‐04)." Politics & Policy 43 (1): 163‐195. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12106 Shock, David R. 2013. "The Significance of Opposition Entrepreneurs on Local Sales Tax Referendum Outcomes." Politics & Policy 41 (4): 588‐614. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12028 Sidha, Zedekia, Patrick Asingo, and Justine Magutu. 2021. "Street‐Level Bureaucrats as Policy Entrepreneurs: The Nexus between Timing of Traffic Enforcement Activities and Road Safety Policy Outcomes." Politics & Policy Early View. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12386 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

False assumptions of stationarity, the idea that natural systems fluctuate within a set and predictable range, are common in conservation policies and public expectations developed since the late 1800s. With examples from United States national forest and water quality policy, we discuss the challenges of nonstationarity for planning and policy. We also raise questions about how resilience is becoming institutionalized. One central problem of managing for resilience is that it does not address the nuances and tradeoffs of managing nonstationary systems, such as keeping some components stable while transforming others. We recommend four paths forward: address root causes of change, increase adaptive capacity, develop science for nonstationarity, and enhance pragmatic flexibility without lowering environmental standards. Dealing effectively with nonstationarity in resource management and science, within our legal and management system of overlapping authorities and capacities, is critical for the intertwined future of people and nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the limited government involvement in the distribution of economic resources and outcomes in society, and government should consider rather than ignore distributional consequences both in the design of legal rules and during legal transitions in the U.S. Topics include unintended effects of government policies such as trade, immigration, and environmental policy; tax-and-transfer adjustment assumption for the policies; and an account of Targeted Assistance Programs.

This paper examines the relationship between institutional pressure of national carbon pricing policy and the voluntary environmental disclosures (VED) of electricity-generating firms. Using a sample of 103 firms from forty-four countries for 2015–2017, we find that the implementation of carbon pricing policies at the national level increases the VED quantity significantly. Put differently, firms located in the carbon pricing countries disclose more environmental information than those in non-carbon pricing countries. Besides, we also provide evidence that firms adopting internal carbon reduction strategies disclose more information than firms with no carbon reduction strategies. Overall, our findings are consistent with the view of the coercive isomorphism branch of the institutional theory that the government's policy for one aspect of environmental issues (i.e., emissions reduction) may have a pervasive indirect impact on the other environmental aspects (i.e., VED) of the organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Framing has long been a central construct in scholarship on the role of rhetoric and discourse in the policy process. Research on policy framing and identity thus far has neglected the role of place‐based identity, focusing instead on identity constructs such as race, class, gender, and ethnicity. Through a mixed methods analysis of transcripts of City Council meetings in Philadelphia from 2007 to 2017, we analyze how policy makers, local interest groups, and national/regional interest groups employ place‐based framing to define, explain, and propose solutions to environmental problems. We contrast local place‐based frames with more abstract global frames that center arguments for policy change on the national or global implications of environmental problems. Our results reveal that place‐based framing is a dominant mode of discourse in Philadelphia environmental policy discussions and that actors may employ frames strategically so as to appeal to place‐based identities and to further political goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) contributing to smog formation, have been an important indicator of atmospheric governance during China's "14th Five-Year Plan". VOC would be possibly incorporated into the scope of environmental protection tax, but previous studies have seldom explored impacts of VOC control policies at national and regional levels. Here, we design a national uniform VOC control policy, as well as two regionally differentiated policies based on regional disparities in PM 2.5 concentrations and energy intensity by using a cross-scale dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Our analysis is to assess the impacts of these policies on VOC, CO 2 , sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxides (NO X), and PM 2.5 emissions, air quality and environmental equity, and to estimate health benefits, policy costs and net benefits. We find that national and regionally differentiated VOC control policies generally lead to VOC emission reductions and generate co-benefits on emission reductions in CO 2 , SO 2 , NO X and PM 2.5 at national and provincial levels. However, regional emission leakage exists due to differences in the provincial costs of VOC mitigation. The regionally differentiated VOC pricing policies are found to be more effective to enhance environmental equity than the uniform policy. In particular, the regionally differentiated VOC control policy based on provincial energy efficiency is found to be superior to other policies in terms of improve air quality. Furthermore, the human health benefits associated with VOC pricing policies would partially offset policy costs at both the national and regional levels. Our results suggest that policymakers would pay attention to developing regions with low energy efficiency which have the great emission reduction potential. Advanced producing technology and further end-of-pipe control measures to reduce non-combustion PM 2.5 emissions are needed. VOC policy designed based on provincial energy efficiency provides great insights for environmental policy making to accomplish 2035 goal of building a Beautiful China. • National and regionally differentiated VOC tax policies are designed. • VOC tax generates climate co-benefits. • Regional emission leakage exists associated with regionally differentiated policies. • Regionally differentiated VOC tax are effective to enhance environmental equity. • Human health benefits associated with VOC tax partially offset policy costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental assessments and sustainable finance frameworks: will the EU Taxonomy change the mindset over the contribution of EIA to sustainable development? Keywords: EIA; ESG; environmental impact assessment; sustainable finance taxonomies EN EIA ESG environmental impact assessment sustainable finance taxonomies 110 112 3 03/10/22 20220301 NES 220301 About Rufus A Howard Rufus has been studying and practicing impact assessment across the UK and internationally since 1997. [Extracted from the article]

Mining activities depend on the feasibility of extracting non-renewable resources, so the interruptions of the mining cycle are intrinsic issues to mining, depending on economic, social, or technical factors that can obstruct the continuity of the process. This article addresses the characterization of different types of interruptions, encompassed here within what we call the post-mining stage, emphasizing on the perception of the population that is linked to the sites where mining is interrupted. Five case studies are taken that reflect different types of post-mining activities and processes, framed in the situation observed in 2018, using qualitative methods from the geography of perception. The contribution of the research lies in unveiling how the actions carried out by companies and governments overlap, contrasting with the perception of the populations that are linked to mining. This work is an approach to the understanding of what happens with the towns and the populations linked to mining once it ceases: how the relationship with the site and with its daily life is modified throughout the post-mining phase of differentiated way in each case presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the implementation of a forest conservation program in indigenous communities analyze how the indigenous population understands the state as an environmental ruling institution and how they perform as users of public policy. The results of this ethnographic study suggest that the implementation of this scheme of economic incentives for conservation generates a weak connection of the state as an environmental institution but reinforces the role of the state as a provider of development opportunities. With this scheme, the indigenous population has constructed alternative interpretations of forest conservation as an asset to attract future development opportunities and of economic incentives as rewards and tips. The main state effect of the program is the bureaucratisation of communities to adapt then to the state ideal of installing an audit culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the seriousness of environmental problems, it is necessary for municipalities to acquire a greater role, develop strategies and capacities in order to preserve their natural resources for the benefit of current and future generations. In this context, it is examined, from the perspective of different actors--officers, businessmen and academics--the effectiveness of the programs and actions developed by the municipalities of Ahome, Guasave and Sinaloa to attend the main environmental challenges faced in the region. The study is based on the analysis of the development plans of these municipalities located in the northern area of Sinaloa and on the semistructured interview with the actors already defined. The interviewees agree that there is no authentic environmental public policy that marks the way forward to attend the environmental problems of the region, nor is there a necessary culture or environmental awareness by the population, which is worrying, since the natural environment begins to show signs of exhaustion and today is the time to act and to avoid waiting for irremiadable consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research and real-world processes suggest that effective climate change mitigation policies are not feasible without at least a certain degree of public support. Hence, we investigate the link between existing domestic energy policies and individual policy instrument preferences in 21 European countries. We assume a policy feedback perspective and, thus, start from the idea that the current domestic energy context influences what future policies are possible and preferred by citizens. High political trust and strong climate change attitudes are expected to strengthen this relationship. Our results do not lend support to a general link between existing policies and future policy preferences. However, we find evidence of a positive policy feedback in individuals with strong climate change attitudes and/or high levels of political trust, which, depending on each country's current energy policy, either hinders or facilitates the energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5 W there is clearly wasteful spending in the military when it comes to weapons (not just nuclear, but that is the most blatant example) and cutting the budget in these areas could fund better environmental policies, the aim is not to cast the military as a villain. Cover Page Footnote Cover Page Footnote Alexander Amoroso is a Public Administration Candidate at American Public University. [Extracted from the article]

Brazil is experiencing a severe environmental crisis, which culminates with the dismantling of the National Environmental Policy. The recent changes carried out since 2019 by the Brazilian government have been widely reflected negatively in the national and international scientific communities, bringing to light the importance of Brazilian biomes for the sustainable development. This article aimed to investigate and reflect on the encounters and disagreements of Law no. 6,938, of August 31, 1981, discussing the current National Environmental Policy. For this, exploratory research with a qualitative approach was carried out, based on a literature review. Data analysis was performed using the complex-systemic approach method. The results indicate that there was a denaturation of the National Environmental Policy, thus making the law ineffective for the preservation of Brazil's environmental heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Environmental law; Environmental policy; EU law Subject: Environment; Other related subjects: European Union; Subject; Environment; Other related subjects; European Union EN Environmental law Environmental policy EU law Subject: Environment Other related subjects: European Union Subject Environment Other related subjects European Union 306 342 37 01/22/21 20201201 NES 201201 EDITORIAL Autumn has sprung, lockdowns have withered into tiered restrictions and the government has produced a flurry of secondary legislation at a volume and rate previously unheard of. Regulations 4, 5 and 6 introduce Sch. 1, 2 and 3, respectively, Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/631, Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/1388 and Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/1447. The 2009 Regulations provide for the execution and enforcement of Regulation (EU) 2017/625 on official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products. Https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32020R1315&qid=1603734672508 Council Decision (EU) 2020/1325 of 21 September 2020 on the position to be taken on behalf of... The position to be taken on behalf of the EU will be to approve the application of the UK to join the Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the North-East Atlantic Fisheries. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32020D1325&qid=1603734672508 Council Regulation (EU) 2020/1323 of 21 September 2020 amending Regulation (EU) 2020/123 as r... The Regulation places limitations on fishing for Spain, Portugal and the general Union in subareas 9 and 10 of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and division 34.1.1 of the Fishery Committee for the Central Atlantic. [Extracted from the article]

Biodiversity is not equally distributed across the world. It depends on the type of various habitats and food availability. In these habitats, wetlands play an import role to increase the biodiversity of the particular area. Many studies have focused on various habitats to conserve biodiversity. However, the wetland studies are very few due to the lack of information on their distribution and importance. The present review focusses on the wetland status and their importance in India. India has vibrant and diverse wetland ecosystems that support immense biodiversity. The wetlands are unique habitats which provide ecological, social and economic values. However, rapid urbanization, industrialization and uncontrolled agricultural practices have pressurized to shrink the wetlands in India. The present paper highlights the wetland habitats in India with their geographical location, distribution, avian species diversity and their significance. The paper also discusses the growing threats like climate change, land-use change and agriculture/municipal waste to the wetlands and the conservation efforts by Indian government policies, i.e. National Wetland Conservation Programme, National Environmental Policy, and National Plan for conservation of the aquatic ecosystem. In addition, on the basis of previous studies on wetlands, it is suggested that the role of stakeholders is very much responsible for wetland conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate Indonesian government policy on the environmental law in the era of regional autonomy by analyzing the by the conception of Indonesian government policy towards regional autonomy or decentralization, the relation between regional autonomy policy and law enforcement and violation to the environment and the Indonesian government's strategic policy towards environmental law in the era of regional autonomy. The methodology in this research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive research design. The results showed that the laws and regulations relating to environmental management are sufficient, but in their implementation, including in the supervision of their implementation, they need to receive serious attention. This is closely related to the good intentions of the government including the regional government, the community and the parties concerned to manage the environment as well as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically argue for and empirically examine, for the first time, a triangular relationship between concern among citizens about the environment, media attention to environmental issues, and policy output. Previous work has studied these relationships, but analyzed the respective links rather in isolation from each other. This research has significant implications for the understanding of environmental policymaking and, more generally, informs the debate on whether politicians respond to what voters want and under what circumstances this occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decades of national environmental policy and management were marked by the recognition and acknowledgement of traditional peoples in the conservation of the environment. In this context, this research investigated the human-environment relationship of a riverside community of the Brazilian Amazon. The main research question was: how do residents of the Extractive Reserve Lake Cuniã understand and evaluate their relationship with the environment? The research occurred in the school space, through the application of 24 questionnaires, triangulated to direct observations of community life and informal conversations. The main results demonstrate that the residents evaluate as positive and conservationist/pragmatic the community relationship and its individual relationship with the environment. From the data emerge (self)reflections for the field of environmental education research, highlighting the historicity of the notion of "environment" and its implications to develop inquiries and actions with peoples in relation of direct interdependence with nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes a bibliographical review of the Natural Areas (NA) and the way in which the relevance charged at the global level went in its protection and subsequent sustainable use, through categorizations and international appointments that were taken as a basis to make their own in the national context, due to the existence of an important Natural acquis. However, the transcendence of the care of the Natural Heritage (NH), it is still necessary to work in the unifying of criteria in the State authorities that allow to concretize an effective conservation of the natural patrimony. In this same context, the verticality of environmental public policies, had prevented local stakeholders from engaging in Natural Heritage care, until the importance of community participation in these activities, was demonstrated to using a management tool, that combines state and community collaboration: The Natural Areas Intended Voluntarily to Conservation (NAIVC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the developing world, payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs are popular policy instruments that allow those who rely on such amenities as drinking water and clean air to pay the landowners who, in turn, provide and care for those services so the resources are protected and sustainably available in the future. Despite the popularity of PES programs as policy instruments, they have been proven largely ineffective in achieving their long-term goals. Specifically, they have failed to conserve the targeted ecosystem services. We examine Mexican instrument constituencies that have promoted use of a PES program, the payments for hydrological services (PHS) program. Instrument constituencies are groups of policy actors who are bound by an interest in a particular policy instrument or solution. Although the PHS program has been in existence for nearly 20 years, the evidence points to policy drift and overall policy failure. The path-dependent nature of the instrument constituency and resulting feedbacks have crowded out any chance of more effective forest or water conservation programs from being established. A case-based counterfactual analysis is employed to consider alternative program choices that could exist in the absence of a PHS instrument constituency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally accepted in public policy debate that expert knowledge tends to contribute to more effective formulation and implementation of policy. Most of the literature, however, has tended to be exclusively focused on the science–policy interface, ignoring the necessary pre-conditions of the broader national and institutional context for the effective use of scientific evidence. This shortcoming becomes particularly pronounced in analysis of developing in less pluralist countries. This article analyses two cases of Brazilian environmental policy-making and discusses the institutional pre-conditions for learning from science. By textually coding instances of direct and indirect participation of scientists in congressional debates and assessing the extent of their influence in final decisions, this article shows that despite being largely consensual to the scientific community, clearly communicated, and relevant, scientific information had no influence on the policy-decisions taken in two highly-technical areas of environmental policy in Brazil: forestry and pesticides. This article engages with the literature on the necessary institutional structures for learning from science and provides support for the hypothesis that countries with lower levels of political openness, and medium-to-low consensus requirements for decision-making, will tend to have considerable barriers to effectively producing evidence-based policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaps between public policy goals and the state of the environment are often significant. However, while goal failures in environmental governance are studied in a number of disciplines, the knowledge on the various causes behind delayed goal achievement is still incomplete. In this article we propose a new framework for analysis of delay mechanisms in science and policy, with the intention to provide a complementary lens for describing, analysing and counteracting delay in environmental governance. The framework is based on case-study findings from recent research focusing on goal-failures in policies for climate change, hazardous chemicals, biodiversity loss and eutrophication. It is also related to previous research on science and policy processes and their interactions. We exemplify the framework with two delay mechanisms that we consider particularly important to highlight—denial of science and decision thresholds. We call for further research in the field, for development of the framework, and not least for increased attention to delay mechanisms in environmental policy review and development on national as well as international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of prospective environmental (in)justice (PEJ) is proposed to make sense of situations in which development proposals and the actions of state and market actors create injustices even before the development projects become a material reality. Through this concept and its application to two cases of opencast gold-mining, a broader conceptualization of socio-environmental (in)justice is invited that considers multiple forms of injustice of rural communities in Romania and Bulgaria during more than a decade of waiting for the 'actual harm' of mining to happen. The mere prospects of opencast gold-mining have, in fact, shed light on deep-seated and ongoing dimensions of socio-environmental injustice such as, land-grabbing, slow community disappearance and marginalization, daily psychological damage, disavowal of alternatives and disqualification as political subjects. These injustices experienced collectively could be seen as constitutive moments of systemic violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on global concerns for the environment and climate change are leading towards strengthening bilateral climate diplomacy and trade partnerships at a global level. Topics inlcude the climate policy has entered a post-paradigmatic period with a focus on green industrial policy, India's Government is actively considering decarbonizing its economy, and India's dependency on coal, especially for power generation, remains a big concern for environmentalists and policymakers.

For multifunctional forests that seek to fulfil societal, environmental and economic demands, active forest management is key. However, like in many other western European countries, Switzerland's small-scale private forest owners increasingly do not manage their forests. By applying and adapting the Institutional Resource Regime (IRR), a framework for environmental policy analysis that considers use rights both from public policies and property rights, we analyse the situation in Switzerland. Subsequently, we propose a Swiss forest gift programme – based on the Canadian Ecological Gifts Program (EGP) – consisting of different policy instruments that would ultimately lead to a transfer of property rights from the current to new owners. In sum, we argue that our proposal would lead to more "coherence", with regard to the IRR's sustainability dimension, and consequently to clearer responsibilities for the sustainable management of forests in Switzerland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does the number, ideological congruence, and/or individual cohesion of veto actors influence policy making to be incremental or drastic? Rather than compare veto actors across different states as is already extensively addressed, this article compares the different veto actors involved in Australia's 2011 Carbon Tax Policy and its 2014 "Carbon Tax Repeal" policy. It uses quantitative data to measure the number, ideological congruence, and individual cohesion of the different veto actors. The results show that, because of the smaller number of veto actors, their higher ideological congruence, and lower individual cohesion, policy making was rather drastic than incremental for the 2014 repeal policy compared to the 2011 Carbon Tax Policy. The results, however, challenge the assumption that many veto actors hinder effective policy change and suggest that because a single or few veto actors can easily execute drastic policy making, they can likewise easily halt effective policy. These have implications for policy making. Related Articles: Båtstrand, Sondre. 2015. "More than Markets: A Comparative Study of Nine Conservative Parties on Climate Change." Politics & Policy 43 (4): 538‐561. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12122 Fisher, Sarah. 2015. "Federalism's Fractured Decision Making in the Kyoto Protocol." Politics & Policy 43 (1): 1‐29. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12110 Kwon, Sung‐Wook, and Sylvia Gonzalez‐Gorman. 2019. "Influence of Local Political Institutions on Policy Punctuation in Three Policy Areas." Politics & Policy 47 (2): 300‐325. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12295 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Environmental law; environmental policy; EU law Subject: Environment; Other related subjects: European Union EN Environmental law environmental policy EU law Subject: Environment Other related subjects: European Union 49 74 26 04/11/20 20200301 NES 200301 EDITORIAL The international campaign against climate change has reached new heights this quarter, as 16 children from across the world have collectively filed a legal complaint to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, alleging that the failure of their home countries to properly tackle climate change is a violation of their rights under the Convention, including their rights to life and health. The fishing of Turbot is limited to 180 fishing days per year per vessel, regardless of size. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1580225241289&uri=CELEX:32019R2236 Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/2201 of 1 October 2019 supplementing Regulation (EU... The Regulation implements detailed rules for the real-time closure of fisheries in the Skagerrak with the aim of conserving juvenile Northern prawn. Https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1580225241289&uri=CELEX:32020D0115(01) Commission Decision (EU) 2019/2252 of 17 December 2019 on the proposed citizens' initiative e... Under EU law, the removal of fins on board of EU vessels and in EU waters is prohibited and sharks must be landed with their fins naturally attached. Although this is one-sixth of the area burnt in 2017, significant 36 per cent of the areas burnt were vulnerable ecosystems. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip 19 6176 Agreement on EU budget for 2020: Tackling climate change and delivering on other EU prioritie... On 18 November 2019, three EU institutions agreed on the EU's budget for 2020. [Extracted from the article]

To guide clinicians, a trial was undertaken in nearly 50 maternity units in the UK where women presenting with pre-eclampsia during this critical gestational window were allocated to immediate delivery or conservative therapy, and both maternal and fetal/neonatal outcomes were monitored (Chappell et al. I Lancet i 2019;394:1181-90). When people live healthily, no one applauds; if illnesses are avoided, no one applauds; but everyone should applaud the Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunisation (GAVI). GAVI's costs are shared by the governments of the countries within which they work who must eventually transition to independence from GAVI. 15 of the world's poorest countries have successfully moved from GAVI to their own vaccination financial planning. [Extracted from the article]

The current threatening environmental trends point to enormous environmental policy challenges at the national, regional and global levels. To improve this situation, it is necessary to begin fundamental economic and social transformations. Such processes create enormous political problems. The article analyses in detail four historical studies that explain the need for a global environmental shift, and explores the possibility of transformational processes. Transformation as a radical transformation is a value-oriented process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]