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Infection prevention and control (IPC) is essential in nursing practice to safeguard patient health and reduce healthcare-associated infections. This article explores IPC strategies, including hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, environmental cleaning, safe injection practices, and antimicrobial stewardship. It discusses the implementation challenges and solutions, such as ensuring compliance through education, monitoring and strong leadership. IPC measures are crucial in preventing infections such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections, central line-associated bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. By integrating personalised IPC strategies into nursing practice, healthcare providers can significantly improve infection control outcomes and enhance overall patient safety and quality of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a comprehensive review of the various challenges that individuals with visual impairment (VI) face during the COVID-19 pandemic. A structured review was done using online databases PubMed, EMBASE, and grey literature databases between 19 April 2021 and 4 August 2021, using search terms 'COVID-19', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'Coronavirus', or 'pandemic' combined with 'visually impaired', 'visual impairment', or 'Blind'. Studies included were written in English, published after the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of the COVID-19 Pandemic (11 March 2020), and focused on the VI population during the pandemic. The initial search yielded 702 publications, of which 20 met our inclusion criteria and were included in analysis. Emotional distress from deteriorating mental health and social isolation were considerably higher in the VI population. For a community that relies on spatial awareness and touch, regulations related to social distancing and avoiding contact were considerable barriers. Further challenges were noted in accessing healthcare, care, receiving timely health information and changes in regulations, adequately sanitizing, using technology, and completing activities of daily living. In the unprecedented times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the VI community has faced unique challenges. A more holistic and inclusive approach needs to be adopted to ensure that more vulnerable populations are adequately cared for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Central Venous Lines (CVL) are an important part of patient care, allowing the administration of intravenous fluids, blood, drugs and parenteral solutions. Their use is a cause of infections due to micro-organisms colonizing the skin at the entry point or the catheter or other point along it or the fluids administered by the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI's) in children's ICUs are an important factor that negatively affects the course of the disease, causing complications, perhaps irreversible. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the interventions for the management of CLABSI's in neonatal and pediatric ICUs. Methodology: Published research articles in the years 2016-2021 in valid scientific journals referring to children with CVL hospitalized in neonatal and pediatric ICUs were studied. A systematic search of the literature was performed in digital scientific databases (Medline, PubMed Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library) using keywords. The PICOS (Population, Interventions, Controls, Outcome, Study design) procedure was used as a criterion for the inclusion of an article in the present study. The evaluation of the articles of the bibliographic search were evaluated using the PRISMA method. Results: Interventions for the management of CLABSI's included the use of chlorhexidine-soaked pads, implementation of measures to prevent CLABSI's, use of a pre-filled disposable syringe for flushing, implementation of an infection surveillance system, use of new methods/measures for introduction of the catheter, use and management of CVL, use of ethanol lock, use of antibiotic-impregnated catheter and multidimensional approaches. Conclusions: As it was seen from the results of the study, there are several research evidence regarding the effectiveness of nursing interventions to limit CLABSI's in neonatal and children's ICUs. Nevertheless, it seems that prevention measures for CLABSI's and hand hygiene guidelines have a decisive role in limiting CLABSI's in neonatal and pediatric ICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: New technologies, such as electronic monitoring systems, have been developed to promote increased adherence to hand hygiene among healthcare workers. However, challenges when implementing these technologies in clinical settings have been identified. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore healthcare workers' experiences when implementing an electronic monitoring system to assess hand hygiene in a clinical setting. Method: Interviews with healthcare workers (registered nurses, nurse assistants and leaders) involved in the implementation process of an electronic monitoring system (n = 17) were conducted and data were analyzed according to the grounded theory methodology formulated by Strauss and Corbin. Results: Healthcare workers' experiences were expressed in terms of leading and facilitating, participating and contributing, and knowing and confirming. These three aspects were merged together to form the core category of collaborating for progress. Leaders were positive and committed to the implementation of the electronic monitoring system, endeavouring to enable facilitation and support for their co-workers (registered nurses and nurse assistants). At the same time, co-workers were positive about the support they received and contributed by raising questions and demands for the product to be used in clinical settings. Moreover, leaders and co-workers were aware of the objective of implementing the electronic monitoring system. Conclusion: We identified dynamic collective work between leaders and co-workers during the implementation of the electronic monitoring system. Leadership, participation and knowledge were central aspects of enhancing a collaborative process. We strongly recommend involving both ward leaders and users of new technologies to promote successful implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the absence of an effective treatment for COVID-19, we need other methods to control the pandemic of this virus. To achieve this goal, we need non-pharmacological interventions and self-protection. Experience in controlling other viral diseases demonstrated that vaccines are the best way to make social immunity. In this study, we have aimed to review precautions and self-protection methods for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. This study identified that nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions, mask-wearing, hand washing, home quarantine, appropriate ventilation, social distancing, chemical disinfectants, and vaccination would be the efficient preventive modalities to mitigate and control the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During health emergencies, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are adopted in various combinations until a vaccine can be produced and widely administered. Containment strategies, including the closure of schools, churches, and dance halls; banning of mass gatherings; mandatory mask wearing; isolation; and disinfection/hygiene measures, require reasonable compliance to be successfully implemented. But what are the most effective measures? To date, few systematic studies have been conducted on the effects of various interventions used in past epidemics/pandemics. Important contributions to our understanding of these questions can be obtained by investigating the historical data from the great influenza pandemic of 1918, an event widely considered one of the greatest natural disasters in human history. Taking on particular importance is the study of the possible role played by the behaviour of the population and the lack of public obedience to the non-pharmaceutical interventions in a Mediterranean country like Italy—one of the most affected countries in Europe—during that pandemic, with special attention paid to the weight of the socio-cultural factors which hindered the ultimate goal of containing the spread of the virus and preventing excess deaths in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Public Health Ontario (PHO) infection prevention and control (IPAC) specialists provided field support during the COVID-19 pandemic by conducting on-site and virtual IPAC assessments to long-term care and retirement homes (LTC/RHs) between April 2020 and June 2021. Reports from these IPAC assessments were analyzed and the most common challenges were identified. Methods: IPAC specialists in collaboration with local public health units (PHU) conducted 139 on-site and 33 virtual visits to LTC/RHs in Ontario, using an assessment tool developed by PHO. Following each assessment, a report with findings and recommendations for enhancing IPAC practices in the LTC/RHs were shared with the home and PHU. A thematic analysis of the reports found common challenges in several areas. Results: Analysis of 172 assessment reports identified challenges and gaps in several areas resulting in a total of 415 recommendations made to LTC/RHs. Recommendation areas addressed included: personal protective equipment (PPE) use -- 115 (28%), screening process -- 89 (21%), physical distancing -- 66 (16%), environmental cleaning -- 66 (16%), hand hygiene -- 44 (11%), cohorting -- 26 (6%), and other areas -- 9 (2%). Inappropriate use and reuse of PPE, such as universal wearing of full droplet and contact PPE regardless of resident COVID-19 status and double masking were observed. Other common themes included incorrect screening and physical distancing practices, and improper use of the disinfecting wipes and cleaning products. Often, there was no defined process for cleaning high-touch surfaces or tracking when cleaning had occurred and deficiencies in the auditing process were noted. Conclusion: These findings highlight pre-existing IPAC challenges as well as new issues in LTC/RHs infection prevention and control efforts. The data in this report may be useful in identifying additional actions to support the needs of IPAC leads in these settings. Comprehensive support through coaching/mentorship, and the creation of resources to implement IPAC programs and capacity-building interventions with LTC/RH IPAC leads are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the contamination of the operator and the surrounding environment during wound debridement through simulated operations using fluorescent labelling. On‐site simulated operation assessment was performed before and after the training. Oranges and square towels were used to simulate wounds and the inpatient units, respectively. Fluorescent powder was applied to the surfaces. Operations on oranges simulated bedside debridement, and the postoperative distribution of the fluorescent powder was employed to reflect the contamination of the operator and the surrounding environment. During the pre‐training assessment, contamination was observed in 28 of the 29 trainees. The commonly contaminated parts were the extensor side of the forearm, middle abdomen, upper abdomen, and hands. The right side of the operating area was contaminated in 24 trainees. During the post‐training assessment, contamination was observed in 13 of the 15 trainees. The commonly parts were the hands, extensor side of the forearm, and the lower abdomen. The front, back, left, and right sides of the operating area were contaminated in 12, 9, 11, and 14 trainees, respectively. Contamination of the treatment cart was observed in 5 trainees. Operator and the surrounding environment can be contaminated during wound debridement. Attention should be paid to hand hygiene, wearing and changing of work clothes, and disinfection of the surrounding environment. Moreover, regular training is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social norm has been found to impact compliance with COVID-19 preventative behaviors, including handwashing, wearing a face mask, social distancing, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces. There is, however, a limited understanding of the social norm influence mechanisms and its boundary condition in the context of COVID-19. Guided by the theory of normative social behaviors (TNSB), this study conducted an online survey (N = 336) to examine whether perceived injunctive norms (PIN), outcome expectation (OE), group identity (GID), group orientation (GO), and cultural tightness-looseness (CTL) can moderate and/or mediate the relationship between perceived descriptive norms (PDN) and behavioral intentions (BI) to perform COVID-19 preventative behaviors in the United States. Results showed that whereas OE mediated the PDN-BI relationship to enact all four focal behaviors, PIN mediated the PDN-BI relationship for social distancing, wearing a face mask, and cleaning and disinfecting. However, inconsistent with the predictions, all five moderators (i.e. PIN, OE, GO, GID, and CTL) attenuated, instead of strengthening, the PDN-BI relationships for particular preventative behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formula fed infants experience gastrointestinal infections at higher rates than breastfed infants, due in part to bacteria in powdered infant formula (PIF) and bacterial contamination of infant feeding equipment. The United Kingdom National Health Service (UK NHS) has adopted the World Health Organization recommendation that water used to reconstitute PIF is ≥70°C to eliminate bacteria. We used community science methods to co‐design an at home experiment and online questionnaire ('research diary') to explore the safety of PIF preparation compared to UK NHS guidelines. 200 UK‐based parents of infants aged ≤12 months were recruited; 151 provided data on PIF preparation, and 143 were included in the analysis of water temperatures used to reconstitute PIF. Only 14.9% (n = 11) of 74 PIF preparation machines produced a water temperature of ≥70°C compared with 78.3% (n = 54) of 69 kettle users (p < 0.001). The mean temperature of water dispensed by PIF preparation machines was 9°C lower than kettles (Machine M = 65.78°C, Kettle M = 75.29°C). Many parents did not always fully follow NHS safer PIF preparation guidance, and parents did not appear to understand the potential risks of PIF bacterial contamination. Parents should be advised that the water dispensed by PIF preparation machines may be below 70°C, and could result in bacteria remaining in infant formula, potentially leading to gastrointestinal infections. PIF labelling should advise that water used to prepare PIF should be ≥70°C and highight the risks of not using sufficiently hot water, per WHO Europe advice. There is an urgent need for stronger consumer protections regarding PIF preparation devices. Key points: Only 14.9% (n = 11) of 74 PIF preparation machines produced a water temperature of ≥70°C compared with 78.3% (n = 54) of 69 kettle users (p < 0.001).The mean temperature of water dispensed by PIF preparation machines was 9°C lower than kettles (Machine M = 65.78°C, Kettle M = 75.29°C).Most parents routinely washed and sterilised bottles and teats.Many parents did not always fully follow NHS safer PIF preparation guidance, including 21.8% washing their hands half the time or less, and 14.6% regularly pre‐preparing bottles.Most parents did not appear to understand the risks of PIF bacterial contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hand hygiene plays a pivotal role in preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). Nevertheless, the quality of hand disinfection techniques remains suboptimal, and the reliability of assessment methodologies is notably lacking. This study aimed to evaluate hand disinfection techniques using an automated system in an Italian research hospital. Hospital employees underwent automated hand-disinfection technique assessment, according to the World Health Organization's six-step protocol, at a basal time and two further times. Detection was carried out with a scanner that evaluated the effective hand disinfectant coverage through a fluorescent dye present in the hydro-alcoholic gel rub. The hand-hygiene technique of 222 employees was analyzed by HandInScan®. At the initial assessment of hand coverage with the hydro-alcoholic gel, the mean palm coverage was 82.2%, mean back coverage was 66.8%, and overall mean hand coverage was 74.5%. Then, two measurements were performed in June (t1) and December 2022 (t2). The third measurement showed an increase in hand coverage, with a mean palm coverage of 97.2%, a mean back coverage of 91.8%, and a mean hand coverage of 94.5% (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mean coverage of the hand-back was lower than that of the hand-palm at all times (p < 0.001). The automated scanner provided evidence supporting its effectiveness in enhancing hand hygiene among hospital employees. These findings have motivated researchers to conduct long-term studies, given the potential effects on HAI prevention—including their impact on HAI trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the associated factors of insulation failure (IF) in reusable endoscopic instruments. The insulation coating of reusable endoscopic instruments underwent routine visual checks, hand washing to remove visible stains, and mechanized sterilization. We recorded the cleaning number and usage period of all instruments. The instruments were tested for IF using a detector. IF was found in eight of 69 devices (11.6%). Examining by clinical specialty, we found IF in 4 of 28 gastrointestinal (14.3%), 3 of 20 gynecological (15.0%), 1 of 12 urological (8.3%), and none of the nine thoracic devices. The median distance from the tip to the damaged part was 5 cm (3–5 cm). In the IF and the intact groups, the period of use [7 years (6–8) versus 7 years (4–8), P = 0.90] and the number of cleanings [281 (261–323) versus 261 (179–320), P = 0.27] were not significantly different. The IF group included products of three different companies; however, six of the eight (75.0%) were from the same company. Cleaning methods and usage period have a lower impact on IF. The use of reusable forceps as a monopolar device was found to pose a higher risk, requiring regular assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. There is no standard protocol for cleaning and disinfection of used endodontic instruments before their sterilization and reuse. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of the different methods of removing biological debris from different types of used hand stainless steel endodontic instruments. Methods. A total of 120 hand stainless steel endodontic instruments: KerrTM reamers, KerrTM files, and HedströmTM files, each forty ISO 25, used for root canal treatment on extracted teeth, were analyzed. The used instruments were divided into four groups based on different decontamination protocols. The evaluation of the efficiency of the cleaning methods was based on the evaluation of the amount of stained organic residues on the instruments (Van Gieson staining). Samples were analyzed by stereomicroscopy (x40). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for the KerrTM reamers and HedströmTM files, while the One-Way ANOVA/Bonferroni test was used for the KerrTM files, at a significance level of 5 % (a = 0 .05). Results. Residual biological debris was observed on 93.3% of all the samples taken. The thermal disinfectant cleaning method showed the lowest contamination values for all types of instruments. The method of mechanical cleaning showed that the mean value of maximum biologic contamination (MBC) was 58.5% for the KerrTM reamers and 56.2% for KerrTM files, while for HedströmTM files, the highest MBC (50.2%) was shown by the ultrasonic method of cleaning. Conclusion. The use of a thermal disinfectant was the most efficient cleaning method for all three types of hand endodontic instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes observations and findings related to infection prevention and control in dialysis facilities. Ensuring infection control best practices is critical for patient safety. Survey findings related to hand hygiene, disinfection practices, medication preparation and administration, central venous catheter management, and hepatitis B surveillance are reviewed. Implications for nephrology nursing in each scenario are discussed, including survey guidance for COVID-19 post-pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a worldwide outbreak. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus can be transmitted human-to-human through droplets and close contact where personal protective equipment (PPE) is imperative to protect the individuals. The advancement of nanotechnology with significant nanosized properties can confer a higher form of protection. Incorporation of nanotechnology into facemasks can exhibit antiviral properties. Nanocoating on surfaces can achieve self-disinfecting purposes and be applied in highly populated places. Moreover, nano-based hand sanitizers can confer better sterilizing efficacies with low skin irritation as compared to alcohol-based hand sanitizers. The present review discusses the incorporation of nanotechnology into nano-based materials and coatings in facemasks, self-surface disinfectants and hand sanitizers, in the hope to contribute to the current understanding of PPE to combat COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To better understand the knowledge, practice, importance, awareness, usefulness, and confidence of non‐Hispanic Black and English‐ and Spanish‐speaking Hispanic/Latino adults with diabetes. Design: A descriptive cross‐sectional survey study design was used and descriptive statistics was conducted. Sample: Non‐Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino adults with diabetes were recruited from three New York City public hospitals. Measurements: A one‐time survey was delivered via email, text message or over the phone. Results: Of the 96 participants, 47.9% were Hispanic/Latino and 52.1% were non‐Hispanic Black individuals; 43.8% of the surveys were completed in Spanish and 56.3% in English; 41.7% were female and 58.3% male; 77.1% preferred to complete the survey via the telephone, 14.6% through email, and 8.3% via text message. Chi‐square findings showed, 90.6% knew mask wearing prevented COVID‐19; 96.9% knew that covering the nose and mouth during mask wearing is needed, 93.8% wore a mask, and 92.8% felt it important or very important to wear a mask to prevent the spread of COVID‐19. For social distancing, 88.5% knew it prevented the spread of COVID‐19, 93.8% practiced it, and 95.8% felt it important or very important. Conclusion: In having a better understanding of the knowledge and practices of COVID‐19 among non‐Hispanic Black and Hispanic populations with diabetes, the development of culturally and linguistically tailored community‐based mitigation strategies can be developed that are aimed at improving the preparedness of these groups for the next emerging infectious disease, such as COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: We examined fidelity and feasibility of implementation of COVID‐19 preventive measures in schools, and explored associations between adherence to these measures and staff well‐being, to inform policy on sustainable implementation and staff wellbeing. METHODS: Surveys were conducted across 128 schools in England with 107 headteachers and 2698 staff‐members with reference to autumn term 2020, examining school‐level implementation of preventive measures, adherence, and teacher burnout (response rates for headteacher and staff surveys were 84% and 59%, respectively). RESULTS: The median number of measures implemented in primary and secondary schools was 33 (range 23‐41), and 32 (range 22‐40), respectively; most measures presented challenges. No differences were found regarding number of measures implemented by school‐level socio‐economic disadvantage. High adherence was reported for staff wearing face‐coverings, staff regularly washing their hands, (secondary only) desks facing forwards, and (primary only) increased cleaning of surfaces and student hand‐washing. Adherence to most measures was reported as higher in primary than secondary schools. Over half of school leaders and 42% (517/1234) of other teaching staff suffered from high emotional exhaustion. Higher teacher‐reported school‐wide adherence with measures was consistently associated with lower burnout for leaders and other teaching staff. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate a tremendous effort in implementing preventive measures and an urgent need to support investments in improving teacher wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of self-protection related factors is important for dental infection control. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with personal self-protection in infection control among dental care workers. A cross-sectional survey with self-report questionnaire was conducted between Jan and Dec, 2018.275 dentists and 298 dental assistants were enrolled from randomly selected dental care settings. Compliance with wearing hair caps, facial masks, and hand washing is not as high as oral masks and gloves (over 90%). For dentists, the level of clinical setting (aOR = 3.1, P < 0.001) and the correct use of disinfectants for impression materials (aOR = 2.0, P < 0.05) were associated with hair cap wearing. Gender (aOR = 0.15, P < 0.05) and correct use of indicator during sterilization (aOR = 2.9, P < 0.05) were associated with facial mask wearing. The correct use of indicator during sterilization (aOR = 2.4, P < 0.05) and disinfection for impression materials (aOR = 2.2, P < 0.05) were associated with hand washing. For dental assistants, longer work experience (aOR = 1.05, P < 0.05), working days (aOR = 1.82, P < 0.05), the correct use of disinfectants for impression materials (aOR = 2.4, P < 0.001), and the frequent use of gloves (aOR = 8.0, P < 0.05) were associated with facial mask wearing. The surface disinfection of working tables (aOR = 2.8, P < 0.001) and the frequent changing of gloves (aOR = 5.96, P < 0.05) were associated with hand washing. Gender, the length of work practice, and correct techniques for sterilization use were identified as major factors associated with compliance with self-protection in infection control among dental care workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age range of children attending Child Care Centers (CCC) is between 0-5 years and these children are more likely to acquire communicable diseases due to several factors as compared to children cared for at home. Schools and CCC have been identified as transmission hubs in models of the spread of diseases within the community. This study aimed at assessing the infection prevention practice among caregivers and the effect on occurrence of infection in Child Care Centers. This study utilized a crosssectional quantitative research design; multistage sampling technique was used to select respondents from both public and primary school owned Child Care Centers within Sagamu Local Government of Ogun state Nigeria. 262 respondents were recruited; twenty respondents were from public school-owned Child Care Centers and 242 were from the private school-owned Child Care Centers. Only the practice of hand hygiene was reported to be conducted always 213 (81.1), other assessed infection preventive measures such as nasal hygiene, cleaning and disinfecting, diaper management, and management of sick children had very low scores, 37.4%, 36.5%, 27.5% and 39.6% respectively. The infection among children in Child Care Centers revealed a high frequency of occurrence of these symptoms; running nose, blocked nose, cough, sneezing with the following result respectively 73.3%, 49.6%, 66.8%, and 53.1%. The study showed a significant correlation between the measures of infection prevention and the occurrence of infection among the children. Hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfectant, diaper hygiene, management of sick children and nasal hygiene were significant at P-value of 0.000. The caregivers needs to be trained on how to carry out effective infection preventon practice at the preemployment stage and also periodically, possibly before resumption for new academic term schools in other to reduce the high occurrence of infection among the children. Likewise guideline should be developed for infection prevention in CCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, healthcare workers (HCW) have relied on reusable personal protective equipment (PPE), including respirators and face shields (FSs). The effectiveness of decontamination procedures outside experimental settings is unclear. We examined the prevalence of surface contamination on reusable PPE used by HCWs at a hospital incorporating daily centralized decontamination and post-use wiping by sampling for common pathogens. Method: Samples were collected from HCWs' CleanSpace Halo respirator face masks (FMs) and FSs at the start of shift, immediately after use, and after cleaning with disinfecting wipes. Samples were analyzed for pathogens using the Applied Biosystems™ TaqPath™ COVID-19 Combo Kit and ThermoFisher TaqMan Array Card. Patient charts were reviewed for clinical correlation. Findings: Of the 89 samples, 51 from FMs and 38 from FSs, none tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, despite 58 being obtained from PPE used in the care of patients with COVID-19, many with recent aerosol-generating procedures. Four samples tested positive (4.5%) for Staphylococcus aureus, two each from FMs and FSs. FMs that tested positive were not worn concurrently with FSs that tested positive. The FM and FS samples testing positive were worn in the care of patients without diagnosed S. aureus infection. No FMs tested positive following wipe-based disinfection, but both positive FS samples were found after disinfection wiping. Conclusion/Application to Practice: Contamination of reusable PPE appears uncommon, especially with SARS-CoV-2, when regular decontamination programs are in place. The rare presence of S. aureus highlights the importance of doffing procedures and hand hygiene by HCW to prevent surface contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background During a pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) play an important role in protecting oneself and others from infection. There are large regional differences in COVID-19 infection rates in Japan. We hypothesized that the local infection incidence may affect adherence to individual NPIs. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted online among full-time workers in Japan in December 2020. The questionnaire asked the respondents to identify their habits regarding seven common NPIs (wearing masks, washing hands after the bathroom, disinfecting hands when entering indoors, gargling when returning home, ventilating the room, disinfecting or washing hands after touching frequently touched surfaces, carrying alcohol sanitizers when outdoors). Results A total of 27 036 participants were analyzed. Compared with the region with the lowest infection rate, five of the seven NPIs showed statistically significant trends across regional infection levels, the two exceptions being wearing masks and washing hands after the bathroom. Multivariate adjustment did not change these trends. Conclusions This study found that NPIs were more prevalent in regions with higher incidence rates of COVID-19 in Japanese workers. The findings suggest that the implementation of NPIs was influenced not only by personal attributes but also by contextual effects of the local infection level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rebecca Waters considers the vital importance of hand hygiene in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the exuberant figures of those infected and deceased by COVID-19, there are families that were not infected. Objective: To describe the preventive measures and customs in families not infected by COVID-19 during confinement. Method: Descriptive qualitative research, 13 mothers from Ferreñafe with no member affected by COVID-19 participated. The data was collected through the semi-structured interview through telephone calls and processed manually, with thematic content analysis. Results: Four categories were obtained: a) Preventive measures when leaving the home: use of a mask, alcohol and social distancing, b) Preventive measures at home: hand washing, disinfection of the home and what enters, c) Restriction of family gatherings and use of social networks, d) Change of eating habits and use of home remedies. Conclusions: The families changed some customs or practices, complied with the confinement, social distancing, restricted family gatherings, used cloth masks, medicinal alcohol, and bleach. In addition, they increased the frequency of hand washing, home hygiene, healthy eating, the use of social networks, together with the use of home remedies commonly used to prevent or treat respiratory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia, Cuidado e Saude is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Hand hygiene adherence is the single most important infection control practice among healthcare workers. Hand hygiene is cost-effective and adherence to protocols can reduce hospital-acquired infections. Research regarding hand hygiene adherence has been shown to improve patient safety and reduce hospital-acquired infections. Adherence to hand hygiene protocols among healthcare workers is poor and improvement efforts lack sustainability. Purpose: The purpose of this project is to improve hand hygiene to be at or greater than 90% in acute care areas of a critical access hospital. Target population: The target population includes clinical and non-clinical staff working in a 7-bed emergency department and a 24-bed acute medical-surgical unit of a rural critical care hospital in North Carolina. Method: The Model for Improvement was used to guide the aims, measures, and change. Process improvement was conducted using Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) test cycles method. Findings: Two acute care units were monitored for 3 months during which interventions occurred over two PDSA cycles. One unit showed steady improvement each month but did not meet its goal. The other unit exceeded goal metrics in the first and third months of the monitoring period. Conclusions: Surveys, verbal reminders, and interventions created discussions and greater awareness of hand hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVES: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks commonly occur in congregate settings, including schools and childcare facilities. These outbreaks disrupt institutions, causing absences and temporary facility closures. This study analyzed the epidemiology of school and childcare AGE outbreaks in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed AGE outbreaks occurring in kindergarten to grade 12 schools and childcare facilities reported via the National Outbreak Reporting System in the United States from 2009 to 2019 and compared this information to 2020 data. Outbreak and case characteristics were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, χ² goodness-of-fit test, and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2019, there were 2623 school, 1972 childcare, and 38 school and childcare outbreaks. School outbreaks were larger (median, 29 cases) than childcare outbreaks (median, 10 cases). Childcare outbreaks were longer (median, 15 days) than school outbreaks (median, 9 days). Norovirus (2383 outbreaks; 110 190 illnesses) and Shigella spp. (756 outbreaks; 9123 illnesses) were the most reported etiologies. Norovirus was the leading etiology in schools; norovirus and Shigella spp. were dominant etiologies in childcare centers. Most (85.7%) outbreaks were spread via person-to-person contact. In 2020, 123 outbreaks were reported, 85% in the first quarter. CONCLUSIONS: Schools and childcare centers are common AGE outbreak settings in the United States. Most outbreaks were caused by norovirus and Shigella spp. and spread via person-to-person transmission. Fewer outbreaks were reported in 2020 from the COVID-19 pandemic. Prevention and control efforts should focus on interrupting transmission, including environmental disinfection, proper handwashing, safe diapering, and exclusion of ill persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the COVID‐19 pandemic emerged in the United States in the spring and summer of 2020, many organizations serving children and youth immediately faced significant operational and healthcare challenges. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance for the safe operation of youth programmes emphasized the importance of non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), yet few studies have examined NPI usage in summer programmes such as camps. Method: This sequential explanatory mixed‐methods study explored the utilization of NPIs among camp healthcare providers who completed an online questionnaire followed by one‐on‐one interviews. Results: The study findings indicated that camps consistently used a core set of NPIs to maintain and protect the health of camp participants, including screening, cohorting, hand hygiene, sanitizing practices, ventilation and physical distancing. The study findings further identified specific practices of camp healthcare providers that made NPI utilization possible, as exemplified in the emergent themes of wellness promotion; health awareness and modelling; and camp health service mobilization. Conclusion: NPI usage benchmarks from this study, as well as effective practices for NPI utilization, can inform the application of NPIs and other health‐promoting practices across diverse formal and informal youth settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, social norms, and their interactions as predictors of people's intention to practice four COVID-19 preventative behaviors among a U.S. sample with quotas on age, sex, ethnicity, and region (N = 336). This online survey found that perceived injunctive norms predicted intentions to clean and disinfect (β = 0.20), practice social distancing (β = 0.14), and wear a face mask (β = 0.24). Additionally, efficacy beliefs were found to attenuate the association between descriptive norm perceptions and intention to wash hands (B = −0.15) and wear a face mask(B = −0.12). The results revealed the importance of considering both psychological and social factors to promote COVID-19 preventative behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poorly maintained living conditions and infrastructure are the banes of Nigerian prisons. The study investigated its environmental conditions and the prevalent diseases among inmates. The descriptive, cross-sectional study enrolled 420-inmates through a multistage sampling technique. Pre-tested instruments were administered and results presented with descriptive and logistic regression to identify predictors of toilet-cleaning and handwashing practices at P∝0.05. The mean(±SD) age and modal inmates/cell were 30±7.2 years and 36. Most inmates were males (97%), await-trial (79%) and lives in overcrowded cells (58%). Sixty-nine percent of free-cells has pour-flush toilets and 36% waits for 2–5 minutes before accessing toilets. Fifty-three percent of inmates clean latrines with water and soap, 71% burn solid waste while handwashing period-prevalence was 36%. Religion, toilet-cleaning, and education were predictors of handwashing while types of toilets and access predict toilet-cleaning behaviour. Malaria (81.1%) and scabies (7.3%) were endemic. The prison rehabilitation shall satisfy basic life needs and promote prisoners' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the CDC's guidance for preventing the spread of infections in schools. Topics include strategies for preventing respiratory and stomach viruses, such as influenza and norovirus, and bacterial illnesses like strep throat, maximizing school attendance, and the benefits of being in school for students' learning and development.

Steven Cumper gives a guide for infection control best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The role of the family in the health of the child is very vital because a major part of a child’s development. The present study investigates the health behaviors and related factors in mothers of hospitalized children in Kashan, Iran. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 216 mothers of children hospitalized in children’s wards of two teaching hospitals in Kashan from November 2019 to March 2021. Meanwhile, sampling was done through continuous sampling. The first author (a nurse in the children’s wards) indirectly observed the mothers’ health-related behaviors toward their children and then immediately recorded them using a checklist. Data were then analyzed in SPSS software (v. 26) using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and linear regression analysis. Results The mean age of mothers of hospitalized children was 29.27±5.60 years. Based on the results, the following items had the highest compliance scores: “use of fresh and safe drinking water for the child” (97.5%), “washing hands with soap and water in case of clear hand contamination” (95.6%), “Changing the child’s clothes and bedding as soon as they become contaminated with diarrhea, vomit, blood, and other contaminants” (90.7%), and “Washing hands after changing the child’s diaper” (87.3%). On the other hand, some other items, including “washing hands before changing the child’s diaper” (8%), “covering the mobile phone with a plastic to avoid contamination” (8.8%), and “washing hands with soap and water after touching the surrounding surfaces” (15.8%), had the lowest compliance scores. Conclusion The results indicated that mothers failed to comply with behaviors such as washing their children’s hands regularly and washing their own hands before breastfeeding. It is necessary to teach and inform them regarding the observation of behaviors related to the child’s health upon entering the hospital to ensure their child’s safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-touch surfaces contributing to infection transmission are particularly concerning in the ophthalmology clinic where frequent contact exists between ophthalmologists and various ophthalmic instruments. Areas of surface contamination from an ophthalmologist's contact with the slit lamp environment were identified using ultraviolet fluorescence as a surrogate for pathogen contamination. Ultraviolet fluorescent product was applied on the ophthalmologist's hands after thorough hand washing to indicate the contamination that may be derived from multiple sources in the ophthalmology clinic, such as touching the patient or the patient's folder during eye examinations and transfers. The ophthalmology clinic was run normally, with the ophthalmologist wiping down patient-contact surfaces on the slit lamp and performing thorough hand hygiene after every patient. Using ultraviolet black light, persistence of surface contamination in the slit lamp environment was identified and evaluated across five days. High-touch surfaces of suboptimal disinfection were inclined towards those touched only by the ophthalmologist, for example: joystick and chin-rest adjustment knob, as compared to patient-contact surfaces. Persistent contamination on the same surfaces revealed inefficacy of current hand hygiene and clinical disinfection practices. This poses a significant risk for pathogen transmission and underscores the importance of including these specific clinician high-touch surfaces in existing cleaning protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the novel coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), inadvertent exposure of hospitalised patients and healthcare workers has been a major concern. Patients in inpatient settings with mental illnesses have also been impacted by the restrictions the pandemic has caused, with many having experienced the confines and loss of liberties that COVID-19 has brought. This article identifies the infection prevention and control measures required in a mental health setting during an outbreak of COVID-19. The focus is on the challenges of working in a mental health setting and identifies the difficulties in containing the infection within this ill-designed built environment and includes the additional pressures of managing this complex and diverse group of patients. Current guidance on outbreak measures is given with particular attention applied to the patients, the practices and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To enhance your knowledge of infection prevention measures to reduce the risk of transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) • To understand how to manage an outbreak of COVID-19 in long-term care settings • To contribute towards revalidation as part of your 35 hours of CPD, or you may wish to write a reflective account (UK readers) • To contribute towards your professional development and local registration renewal requirements (non-UK readers) The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had far-reaching and significant effects worldwide. Many of those identified as most vulnerable to the disease reside in long-term care settings such as nursing and residential homes, so infection prevention and control is an essential area of practice. This article describes how COVID-19 is transmitted and discusses various measures that can be taken to reduce the spread of infection to protect residents, staff and visitors. Such measures include social distancing, routine screening, the use of personal protective equipment and cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with cancer are particularly susceptible to Clostridioides difficile infections because of their exposure to antibiotics, serious underlying chronic illnesses, advancing age, immunocompromising conditions, and extended lengths of stays in the hospital setting. In addition to suboptimal hand hygiene, other potential sources for bacterial transmission in the hospital setting include hightouch surfaces within the patient's immediate environment. Payers, such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, continue to prioritize the reduction of healthcare-associated infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]