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Consumption of uninspected raw milk can pose health risks. The presence of coliforms in milk indicates precarious hygienic-sanitary conditions during the stages of obtaining this product. The objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance to domestic boiling of total and thermotolerant coliforms from uninspected and informally sold raw milk. 10 samples of raw milk were purchased without inspection from merchants in the city of Bauru - SP. Research was carried out on total and thermotolerant coliforms and the presence of Escherichia coli in raw milk samples and after domestic boiling. As a statistical tool, Student's T test, R Statistical software, was used to compare the means of two paired groups, raw milk and boiled milk. The search for total and thermotolerant coliforms was lower (p 0.05) in boiled milk when compared to raw milk. The presence of E. coli was confirmed in 20% of the samples (n=2) in raw milk, being absent in 100% of the samples after this thermal treatment. However, it must be considered that these microorganisms can, for example, produce toxins resistant to heat treatment and, therefore, put the health of the consumer at risk.

Este projeto de extensão teve como objetivo a capacitação de colaboradores de agroindústrias familiares de produtos cárneos sobre higienização. A elaboração foi realizada com base nas Boas Práticas de Fabricação e aplicada em duas agroindústrias no Sudoeste paranaense (Realeza e Santa Izabel do Oeste) por meio de treinamento com atividades práticas e dinâmicas. Os assuntos abordados foram divididos em quatro tópicos: 1. hábitos higiênicos dos manipuladores de alimentos; 2. contaminação cruzada; 3. irregularidades; e 4. higienização. A avaliação dos treinamentos foi feita pela observação do comportamento dos colaboradores durante as atividades propostas. Estas ações contribuíram para a atualização do conhecimento técnico dos colaboradores que podem melhorar a qualidade dos produtos fabricados. Os alunos aprimoraram os conhecimentos, o desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional. O projeto continua em andamento e espera-se realizar mais capacitações em outros estabelecimentos e sobre outros assuntos.

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Structured abstract: to evaluate the effects of different conditions of accessibility to drinking water in rural population. Purpose: the way in which water is supplied at home directly influences the health of its inhabitants. In 2017, eight out of ten people living in rural areas did not have access to basic drinking water services or safely managed water services, of which nearly half lived in least developed countries and rural areas. Method/design/approach: a systematic review was carried out, through metadata analysis, selection of methodologies adopted and the relationships established by the authors between different conditions of access to water and hygiene and health, well-being, water quality, time and cost. The main methodologies adopted are questionnaires and univariate statistical analysis, applied in an associated or not. Results and conclusion: the closer the rural household is to the water collection point, the better the conditions for developing their productive activities. High indoor plumbing costs, especially for individual catchment solutions, may force some households to use unsafe sources of water supply. It was possible to identify the impacts of the lack of internal plumbing and the difficulty of accessing water in rural communities. Research implication: understand and highlight the relationship between internal plumbing and its possible effects on humans, especially in rural areas. Originality/value: it can provide subsidies for public policies on internal plumbing, assisting in the construction of indicators that guide the elaboration and evaluation of these policies. Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos das diferentes condições de acessibilidade à água potável em populações rurais. Referencial teórico: a maneira como ocorre o abastecimento de água no domicílio influencia diretamente a saúde dos seus habitantes. Em 2017, oito em cada dez pessoas que moram na zona rural não tinham acesso a serviços de abastecimento de água potável básicos ou serviços de água gerenciados de forma segura, dos quais, quase a metade viviam em países menos desenvolvidos e em áreas rurais. Método: foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, analisando metadados, metodologias adotadas e as relações estabelecidas pelos autores entre diferentes condições de acessibilidade à água e higiene e saúde, bem-estar, qualidade da água, tempo e custo. As principais metodologias adotadas são questionários e análise estatística univariada, aplicados de maneira associada ou não. Resultados e conclusão: quanto mais próximo o domicílio rural está do ponto de coleta de água, melhores são as condições para desenvolverem suas atividades produtivas. Custos altos com canalização interna, especialmente para as soluções individuais de captação, podem forçar algumas famílias a utilizar fontes inseguras de abastecimento de água. Foi possível identificar os impactos da ausência de canalização interna e a dificuldade de acesso à água em comunidades rurais. Implicações da pesquisa: entender e evidenciar a relação entre a canalização interna e os seus possíveis efeitos no ser humano, principalmente em áreas rurais. Originalidade/valor: pode fornecer subsídios para as políticas públicas sobre canalização interna, auxiliando na construção de indicadores que orientem a elaboração e avaliação dessas políticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When analyzing the 18th-century monarchic censorship of the Spanish translations of L'onanisme, written by Swiss doctor Samuel Tissot, a tension emerges between the doctors-censors and the doctors-translators because, while the first ones sought to regulate information and languages, the second ones promoted the dissemination of scientific texts on sexuality that would impact both the health of the citizens and of the nation as a whole. Regulating humors and specially semen became essential for an enlightened politics where religion, morality, hygiene, and public health were entangled. In this "spermatic economy," neither retention nor spillage were desirable; rather, a seminal regime guaranteed the moral, social, and economic health of the nation. Men and their semen became thus central for both the genetic and social reproduction of Spain, and for its economic productivity, as Spain sought to position itself in the European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo concentra-se na análise crítica do sistema de saneamento convencional atual, examinando seu processo histórico de consolidação e o papel da água no processo. Examina-se especificamente como as funções atribuídas à água como agente higiênico e meios físicos de transporte dos rejeitos moldaram as características do sistema até a atualidade. Com base nas características do contexto sociotécnico em que esse sistema se estabeleceu, argumenta-se que ele se mostra inadequado no cenário contemporâneo. Essa inadequação torna o sistema insustentável, especialmente em termos de uso de recursos, sobretudo de água.

The aim of this research was to understand the perception about the tuberculosis of the press in the city of Barranquilla (Atlántico, Colombia) during the period from 1938 - creation of the Ministry of Labor, Hygiene and Social prevision- to 1946 -creation of Ministry of Hygiene- by using a documentary analysis of "La Prensa" newspaper. The emergent categories include the perception about the disease, the tuberculous patient, prevention, anti-tuberculosis treatments and institutionalization. The results, appoints that "La prensa" newspaper perceived the tuberculous patient as poor, resident of unhygienic houses and poor personal hygiene, making a clear exculpation of the State and invisibility of cases of illness in people who formed part of the elite of the time. By assuming the role of researcher and news releases from institutions, public employees and social organization representatives that defend their actions in the "Lucha Antituberculosa" institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and objectives: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the beginning of a full-scale military invasion, the opportunities for conducting offline training at the medical university have significantly decreased. This made it necessary to find mechanisms to ensure the continuity of medical education of students for all disciplines in general and “Hygiene and Ecology” in particular. Another new challenge was introducing a new form of final exams for university graduates, which also required students and teachers to focus on preparing for this format of knowledge control. This defined the objectives of this study to analyze and summarize the peculiarities of preparing international students for taking an objective structured practical (clinical) examination (OSP(C)E-2) in the “Hygiene and Ecology, Healthcare Organization” station, in the context of combined (distance and in-person) learning. Materials and methods: Informational data on training organization systems, filling of training platforms, video hosting, and messengers, the results of intermediate controls of students’ knowledge during the exam (3rd year) and final module control (6th year), and final graduation control (OSP(C)E-2) are used as research material.The method of pedagogical analysis and observation, situational analysis, comparative method, content analysis, and methods of variable statistics, including the non-parametric coefficient of Spearman’s rank correlation, Wilcoxon’s T-test (dependent samples), Kendall’s correlation coefficient, were used in the study. Results: The content of suggested informational resources was analyzed, and the structure of preparational steps for the final exam and organization of learning in the combined form of education were evaluated.The effectiveness of the proposed measures was proven by the results of the “Hygiene and Ecology, Healthcare Organization” station of the OSP(C)E-2 examination taken by international students. An analysis of the results of the mixed (online and in-person) administration of the OSP(C)E-2 examination by international students showed a 100% pass rate. Conclusion: The developed steps have helped to make students resilient and to ease the stressful aspects of the transition to distance learning for English-speaking students during the periods of strict containment measures of the coronavirus disease pandemic and safety measures in wartime conditions.According to all calculated indices using a sufficient set of variable statistics methods, no significant difference in the results between students of online and offline forms of attestation was found. According to Wilcoxon’s W-test (unrelated samples), the difference was not statistically significant; according to Kendall’s correlation coefficient, no correlation was found, as well as according to Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.These achievements stand as proven evidence of the effectiveness of the aforementioned teaching methods and approaches in the combined learning format during these challenging times. Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: Como resultado de la pandemia de COVID-19 y el comienzo de una invasión militar a gran escala, las oportunidades para realizar formación fuera de línea en la universidad de medicina han disminuido significativamente. Esto hizo necesario encontrar mecanismos para asegurar la continuidad de la educación médica de los estudiantes en todas las disciplinas en general y en “Higiene y Ecología” en particular. Otro nuevo desafío fue la introducción de una nueva forma de exámenes finales para graduados universitarios, que también requirió que estudiantes y profesores se concentraran en prepararse para este formato de control de conocimientos. Esto definió los objetivos de este estudio para analizar y resumir las peculiaridades de la preparación de estudiantes internacionales para tomar un examen práctico (clínico) estructurado objetivo (OSP(C)E-2) en la estación «Higiene y Ecología, Organización de la Salud», en el contexto de aprendizaje combinado (a distancia y presencial). Materiales y métodos: Datos informativos sobre los sistemas de organización de la formación, llenado de plataformas de formación, alojamiento de vídeos y mensajería, los resultados de los controles intermedios de conocimientos de los estudiantes durante el examen (3° año) y el control final del módulo (6° año), y el control final de graduación (OSP(C)E-2) se utilizan como material de investigación.En el estudio se utilizaron los métodos de análisis y observación pedagógicos, análisis situacional, método comparativo, análisis de contenido y métodos de estadística de variables, incluido el coeficiente no paramétrico de correlación de rangos de Spearman, la prueba T de Wilcoxon (muestras dependientes) y el coeficiente de correlación de Kendall Resultados: Se analizó el contenido de los recursos informativos sugeridos y se evaluó la estructura de los pasos de preparación para el examen final y la organización del aprendizaje en la forma combinada de educación.La eficacia de las medidas propuestas quedó demostrada por los resultados del examen OSP(C)E-2 realizado por estudiantes internacionales en la sección «Higiene y ecología, organización sanitaria». Un análisis de los resultados de la administración mixta (en línea y presencial) del examen OSP(C)E-2 por parte de estudiantes internacionales arrojó una tasa de aprobación del 100%. Conclusión: Las medidas desarrolladas han ayudado a que los estudiantes sean resilientes y a aliviar los aspectos estresantes de la transición al aprendizaje a distancia para los estudiantes de habla inglesa durante los períodos de estrictas medidas de contención de la pandemia de la enfermedad del coronavirus y medidas de seguridad en condiciones de guerra.Según todos los índices calculados utilizando un conjunto suficiente de métodos estadísticos variables, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los resultados entre los estudiantes de las formas de certificación en línea y fuera de línea. Según la prueba W de Wilcoxon (muestras no relacionadas), la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa; según el coeficiente de correlación de Kendall no se encontró correlación, así como según el coeficiente de correlación de rangos de Spearman.Estos logros constituyen una evidencia comprobada de la eficacia de los métodos y enfoques de enseñanza antes mencionados en el formato de aprendizaje combinado durante estos tiempos difíciles.

Permasalahan sanitasi yang ada di negara berkembang disebabkan adanya beberapa faktor yaitu minimnya perhatian yang diberikan oleh pemerintah pada sektor sanitasi, minimnya ketersediaan air bersih, minimnya perilaku bersih, serta sanitasi yang tidak memadai di tempat-tempat umum seperti sekolah. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan meningkatkan water, sanitatin and hygiene in school (WinS) dengan harapan dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan dan kesehatan anak di lingkungan sekolah. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini memprioritas kan permasalah pada WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) yaitu rendahnya pengetahuan murid mengenai sanitasi dan higiene, kurangnya sabun cuci tangan dan terbatasnya akses air bersih. Metode pengabdian masyarakat ini terdiri dari beberapa tahap yaitu tahap perencanaa, tahap persiapan, tahap pelaksanaan dan tahap evaluasi. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan rata-rata pengetahuan siswa-siswa mengenai WASH sebesar 0,26. Saran yang dapat diberikan yaitu dengan selalu memberikan reminder kepada siswa-siswa akan perilaku hidup bersih sehat, peningkatan edukasi melalui media poster, leaflet dan video.

Introdução: mapear os estudos que mensuraram o potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH) da região vulvar no ciclo vital da mulher. Métodos: revisão de escopo conforme recomendações do Manual for Evidence Synthesis do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), nas bases SCOPUS, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, PubMed, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine e Google Acadêmico em janeiro de 2022. Foram incluídos estudos publicados em português, espanhol, francês e inglês, sem limite temporal. Resultados: dos 954 documentos recuperados, 13 foram selecionados. Apurou- se que os estudos utilizaram diferentes procedimentos para as medições quanto aos equipamentos, ambiente e preparo das participantes. A média de idade apresentada pela população feminina estudada variou entre 31 e 43 anos. Os locais de medição vulvar foram os grandes e pequenos lábios, dobra interlabial e períneo. O menor valor do pH aferido foi 4,6 e o maior 6,3. Conclusões:constatou-se baixa produção de estudos acerca do pH vulvar e ênfase das pesquisas na população de mulheres adultas. A diversidade de procedimentos e locais de aferição encontrados não permite afirmações seguras sobre uma faixa de valor de pH da superfície da pele vulvar.

el artículo plantea que la historia biográfica del médico Santiago Londoño Londoño (Rionegro-Antioquia 1876, Pereira-Caldas 1950), una de las fi guras políticas e intelectuales más influyentes de Pereira y la región del Viejo Caldas a inicios del siglo XX, permite una lectura alterna y novedosa de una época de Pereira y Colombia, en una historia que combina lo individual y colectivo, lo local y lo nacional. El perfil biográfico se logró mediante el acercamiento sistemático a los archivos de las instituciones de las que participó e interactuó el personaje, logrando con ello un panorama de su vida personal, su actuar como médico y las posiciones ideológicas frente al marco normativo en el cual participaba. Se concluye que Londoño representó la fi gura del médico-político cercano al poder y como parte de la generación centenarista se acercó a las corrientes médicas e ideológicas de la época, como la medicina tropical, el higienismo, la medicalización y la fe ciega en el progreso y la civilización. A partir de su condición de redentor local de la ciencia, Londoño impulsó campañas y procesos de medicalización en Pereira como respuesta a los desafíos propios de una ciudad que a inicios del siglo pasado se transformaba vertiginosamente.

La pandemia causada por el sars-Cov-2 en 2020 y la enfermedad que provoca, el covid-19, permite reflexionar sobre la influencia que las enfermedades causadas por virus y/o bacterias han tenido sobre el ser humano y en específico sobre los espacios arquitectónicos. El resultado de esta pandemia fue un escenario similar al que se desarrolló en las primera décadas del siglo xx, por lo que el análisis de la aplicación de los principios científicos y médicos de la época en el diseño de edificios de educación básica en Ciudad de México nos permitirá entender la necesidad de crear espacios higiénicos y cómo considerar la utilización de estos principios nuevamente permitiría la creación de aulas en las que se mitigue la transmisión de enfermedades por vía área.

Objetivo: analizar la respuesta emocional de pacientes conscientes en estado crítico durante la higiene diaria en una unidad de cuidados intensivos cardiológicos y compararla en función de experiencias previas o no. Método: estudio prospectivo y descriptivo. Encuesta ad hoc de 30 ítems realizada a 148 pacientes y basada en la higiene del primer día. Se formulan preguntas sobre los sentimientos durante la higiene y aspectos positivos y negativos de la experiencia. Se compara a los pacientes en función de si se los había higienizado con anterioridad. Resultados: el 67,6% fueron hombres y la media de edad fue de 67±15 años. El 45,9% presentó conformismo, el 27% sintió vergüenza y el 86,3% agradeció que le hablaran durante la higiene. Al 33,1% de los pacientes nunca les habían realizado higiene en la cama, eran significativamente más jóvenes y solteros, y tenían menor sensación de limpieza. El 32% expresó que le gustaría que un familiar colaborase en la higiene. Conclusión: los pacientes no sienten que se invade su intimidad cuando se los higieniza y aprecian la comunicación con el personal sanitario durante estos cuidados. Los pacientes a quienes no les habían realizado higiene en la cama previamente son más jóvenes, sienten mayor vergüenza y les molestan más las interrupciones, siendo más conscientes de ellas.

Copyright of Revista do Instituto de Laticínios Cândido Tostes is the property of Revista do Instituto de Laticinios Candido Tostes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Generate a compendium of theoretical information on food safety and its importance in production of food for self-consumption in the Guerrero Central and Mountain region in Mexico. Methodology: This document presents a comprehensive and systematic review of traditional food and its relationship with sovereignty and food safety, taking the Center and Mountains of Guerrero as the study region. Results: in first instance, a socioeconomic vision of the region is given to understand the reality of rural populations with a high degree of marginalization. Subsequently, the concepts of food sovereignty and the safety of artisanal foods that are distinctive feature and that integrates the culture of the analyzed populations. Finally, the barriers to achieve this food sovereignty in the study region are discussed. Limitations: Only one study area is covered from many others that are currently in a state of marginalization. In addition, it is an investigation of theoretical scope that aims to reflect on the issue of sovereignty and food safety and the factors around it. Conclusions: The research aims to contribute to the discussion of how food sovereignty and safety are related to basic food in rural populations with a high degree of marginalization, but with a deeply rooted culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study during knowledge and behavior in food care and hygiene before and that of COVID-19 in Brazil. Participants were recruited through social networks for respondents on the sociodemographic aspects of the population's knowledge about coronavirus, social isolation and receiving information on hygiene of food and its packaging. A total of 1,061 participated in the survey, the majority being female (87%), aged up to 35 years (69.9%); 8.8% had or 2.8% had higher education; and 63.6% monthly income was up to 6% monthly. Regarding the hygiene of fruits and vegetables, 56.59% of the participants chose soap and water during the. As for cleaning packages received by delivery, 71% of patients choose to clean packages during the pandemic. In general, the pandemic can be considered in the care with food of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Environmental Engineering / Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan is the property of Indonesian Combinatorial Society & Institut Teknologi (ITB) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to verify whether there is an association between bacterial contamination of milk with their milking practices and the socioeconomic profile of milkers. Fourteen farms were studied, which were characterized in terms of workers' socioeconomic backgrounds and microbiological profiles of the main contamination sites during the milking. Results were compared statistically. Aerobic mesophiles (AM), total coliforms (TC), and coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) were enumerated, and Salmonella spp. was surveyed in water, hands, teats, equipment, utensils, and milk (from the cooling tank). The average age of farmers was 47 years old, 24 of which were dedicated to dairy farming. Only one farm had an outsourced workforce. Of all farmers, 93% performed two milkings a day through a mechanical bucket milking system, using piped well-water. In the milking parlors, there were sinks and/or faucets, floor, ceiling, and electric lighting. Before milking, milkers had their hands washed, discarded the first three milk jets, washed the cows' udders, and dried them with disposable tissue paper, but did not perform pre- and/or post-dipping. Raw milk was refrigerated in all evaluated farms immediately after milking, mostly in an expansion tank. Average contamination by AM was 3.19 log CFU/cm² or mL and by TC of 0.77 log CFU/cm² or mL. CPS was not detected in water, but in the other samples, the average count was 0.75 log CFU/cm² or mL. Salmonella spp. was not detected in the samples obtained in the evaluated farms. There were significant differences among farms, and raw milk contamination was influenced by farmers' schooling level, performance or not of good practices, conditions of the facilities, and production volume.

Resumo A partir do século XIX, teve início no Rio de Janeiro um intenso processo de urbanização da cidade e de civilização de seus habitantes. Grande parte dos valores e hábitos da população sofreu um desprestígio em relação a um novo modo de vida que se difundiu. A imprensa era considerada um dos mais importantes instrumentos de civilização, publicando em suas páginas os mais diferentes saberes e novidades, que sugeriam à população um novo modus vivendi , considerado mais urbano e civilizado. O objetivo principal deste artigo é explicitar este discurso pedagógico construído nos periódicos oitocentistas, especificamente as prescrições que diziam respeito à higiene e ao cuidado com o corpo.

This essay proposes reading En las tierras del Potosí (1911), by Jaime Mendoza, as a diagnosis of the "national disease". In this novel, the author explores the multiple obstacles that the Bolivian nation faces on its way to modernity. On the one hand, by portraying worker’s health issues in the Llallagua tin mines, the novel denounces the exploitation by the mining company. However, the impact of the company's actions is much deeper: it produces the moral decomposition of the entire social body. In this way, the "barbarism" of the workers is produced by capitalism, and therefore cannot be reduced to racial or geographical factors. Yet, the solution that the novel proposes is not the eradication of capitalism, but the implantation of a capitalism driven by a “humanitarian motive”. On the other hand, the undisciplined bodies of women are pointed out as another cause of the failure of the modernizing project. Failure to adequately fulfill the maternal role puts the nation's "healthy future" at risk. Thus, there are two great obstacles that the modernizing project faces: a capitalism that produces poverty, disease and death, on the one hand, and indigenous women, on the other. While the first obstacle escapes the field of action of medical knowledge, the second can be overcome through disciplinary practices such as hygiene. Confidence in overcoming the second obstacle, however, is more than anything a compensatory maneuver, because as long as the first obstacle persists, any attempt to turn the Indian into a modern, clean and disciplined subject is doomed to failure.

La erradicación de los muladares de Lima colonial era manejada por el cabildo a través de los comisarios elegidos entre los regidores ayudados por los alguaciles, fieles ejecutores, pregoneros, carretoneros, teniente de policía, incluso los vecinos. También, algunos virreyes participaron activamente en mantener la capital del virreinato limpia, con ayudas temporales monetarias derivadas de sisas. Sin embargo, los muladares eran generados diariamente, pero la eliminación no iba a la par, lo que daba como resultado calles, plazas, muros de conventos, ribera del río Rímac con montículos de desechos orgánicos de los animales de trasporte de la ciudad.

EnFrancia,duranteelsigloXVIII,ungrupode textos puso de manifiesto al aire como un artefacto literario que cobro vida a traves de la publicacion de escritos, los cuales condicionaron el disen de edificios, pueblos y paisajes. Estos textos formaban parte de una cultura del aerismo que tomaba en cuenta al aire y otras condiciones ambientales como fuentes de enfermedades. El aire fue modificado y repensado para ser adaptado a las necesidades de los lectores y otros interesados en la relacion entre la salud humana y el clima. Es decir, el aire era una sustancia modernizadora que, al plasmar su historia en palabras y libros, no solamente anticipaba las ideas del siglo XIX sobre la higiene, sino tambien creaba una historia arquitectonica del aire que libera nuestra comprension de la modernidad arquitectonica y la situ dentro de un campo mas amplio y difuso de practicas textuales y culturales.

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artigo objetiva analisar a articulação da eugenia e da higiene com a educação escolar. O material empírico foi a Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos (RBEP), publicada desde 1944, complementado com publicações em periódicos da área da saúde. As análises foram desenvolvidas a partir de uma metodologia desenvolvida por Saraiva (2013) para pesquisas documentais. Observou-se que a eugenia esteve presente em artigos publicados entre 1944 e 1947, predominando a vertente relacionada com o higienismo racial, enquanto artigos tratando do ensino de higiene aparecem na RBEP até os anos 1960. Entretanto, o tema não é excluído das escolas, permanecendo, inclusive, em documentos legais. Desde o final do século XX, a educação higiênica aparece em periódicos da área da saúde, sinalizando que deixa de ser um tema a cargo da educação. Ele é mobilizado em projetos realizados em escolas públicas, sugerindo que permanece a associação entre pobreza e falta de higiene, que embasava o higienismo racial dos primeiros artigos da RBEP.

Introducción: La diabetes y periodontitis son afecciones crónicas que presentan una relación bidireccional, un estado hipoglucémico afecta a la enfermedad periodontal y la inflamación producida por las enfermedades periodontales podrían afectar el estado glicémico del paciente diabético. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la enfermedad periodontal y la diabetes en pacientes mayores de 40 años en la clínica de periodoncia de la UCSG. Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron 42 historias clínica de la UCSG con pacientes mayores a 40 años con diabetes y periodontitis, se evaluó: edad, sexo, tipo de diabetes, severidad de la enfermad periodontal, factores bucales asociados, calidad de higiene oral y tratamientos necesarios. Resultados: El género femenino presentó mayor prevalencia con 62%, la edad promedio fue 54 años, el tipo de diabetes predominante fue DM tipo II con el 9,52%, se encontró mayor incidencia en Estadio II (30,95%) y Grado B (47,62%), candidiasis es la afección más recurrente en esta interrelación de enfermedades con 7,14%, las 4 caras lisas de la corona tuvo el 61,90% de incidencia en calidad de higiene y los tratamientos periodontales más realizados en pacientes diabéticos fueron: pulido, raspado/alisado y fisioterapia oral con 100% Conclusión: La DM II tiene prevalencia en la población de estudio. El estadio II grado B mostro mayor incidencia en pacientes diabéticos al igual que la candidiasis como factor bucal asociado. La calidad de higiene oral es desfavorable en pacientes diabéticos y los tratamientos periodontales son necesarios para disminuir la inflamación de los tejidos periodontales en pacientes diabéticos.

Resumo Neste estudo, foram evidenciados discursos e práticas pedagógicas centrados na questão da saúde no contexto da Escola Nicarágua, especificamente no que diz respeito à higiene e à educação física na Semana de Educação da Associação Brasileira de Educação (ABE) de 1928. Para isso, em uma microanálise, analisamos a organização de um caderno pedagógico produzido na Escola Nicarágua, situada no subúrbio da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sobre o tema da saúde. Desse modo, objetivamos compreender como as representações sobre educação higiênica e educação física eram apropriadas pelos agentes sociais presentes na escola, em conexão com os objetivos de uma educação saudável defendida pela ABE. Por meio das fontes, considerou-se que os estudantes da Escola Nicarágua, a despeito dos anseios dos intelectuais e das suas condições de vida, a partir das suas práticas, souberam expressar o que era eleito como modelo na escola.

En el presente estudio se describen algunos aportes a la salud pública por parte del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, en sus 60 años de existencia (1961 a 2021), mediante sus potestades rectoras y operativas, en el suministro de agua para consumo humano y saneamiento en Costa Rica. Para cumplir con este objetivo, se analizará las coberturas con agua por cañería y agua de calidad potable y su relación con los indicadores “Índice de Desarrollo Humano” y la “Esperanza de Vida al Nacer”. Por otro lado, se estudia el papel del AyA en la atención de la epidemia de cólera en las Américas (1991-1998) y la importancia de las coberturas con AP en las pandemias de la Influenza A (H1N1) en el 2009, además de la importancia de la promoción de la higiene y lavado de manos en la actual crisis sanitaria de la “Covid-19” provocada por el virus “SARS-CoV-2”, con el propósito de impulsar en Costa Rica la higiene como práctica cultural.

Se analiza el informe “Progresos en Materia de agua potable, saneamiento e higiene. Informe de actualización de 2017 y línea de base de los ODS” de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), con los aportes que reportaron 232 países sobre indicadores de cobertura con agua gestionada en forma segura, saneamiento de aguas residuales e higiene básica. Tomando en consideración la integralidad e interdependencia entre los indicadores, se busca determinar cuántas y cuáles naciones utilizaron agua potable y jabón durante la práctica higiénica del lavado de manos. Con esto, se establece una propuesta nacional para la clasificación del “Servicio avanzado” en el lavado de manos, en el marco de la “Escalera de la higiene”; dicha clasificación resulta fundamental para prevenir las enfermedades infecciosas entéricas y respiratorias, como la pandemia por “Covid-19” provocada por el coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2”. Se identificó que 20 países (8,6%) aportaron datos de los indicadores propuestos, pero solo siete (35%) reportaron el uso de agua potable sin contaminación fecal y cloro residual, combindo con jabón; los restantes 13 países (65%) utilizaron agua de calidad desconocida. Se propone el uso de agua potable para evitar la exposición a una carga microbiana que, lejos de limpiar las manos hace lo contrario. Ante esto, el “Servicio avanzado” de higiene (lavado de manos) se debe realizar con agua sin contaminación microbiana y con cloro residual, para contribuir en la eficiencia del lavado de manos junto con el uso de jabón.

Introdução: A Cultura de Segurança dos Alimentos (CSA) é formada a partir dos comportamentos individuais e coletivos dos membros de uma empresa, das crenças, atitudes e valores compartilhado, relativos à Segurança de Alimentos. Esse conceito foi incorporado ao Sistema de Gestão de Segurança de Alimentos a fim de reduzir o risco da ocorrência de doenças veiculadas por alimentos. Objetivo: Discutir como o perfil sociodemográfico pode ser aproveitado no processo de desenvolvimento e amadurecimento da CSA em uma organização que atua no comércio varejista de alimentos. Método: Um instrumento de caracterização de CSA já validado foi respondido por um total de 300 trabalhadores em 13 diferentes lojas na Gra nde São Paulo. O perfil sociodemográfico foi composto por “gênero”, “idade”, “origem”, “escolaridade”, “experiência na área de alimentos”, “experiência na empresa”, “cargo e setor” de trabalho. Resultados: Os dados sociodemográficos mais relevantes para a CSA nesse artigo foram “idade”, “origem” e “experiência na área de alimentos” e podem ser utilizados pela liderança em empresas do setor de alimentos, de forma favorável na construção e no desenvolvimento da CSA. Conclusões: O perfil sociodemográfico dos colaboradores pode ajudar na identificação de talentos e habilidades, no planejamento de capacitações e treinamentos, na comunicação efetiva e na compreensão do conceito de risco, auxiliando a liderança na formação de equipes de alta performance capazes de atuar com responsabilidade e liberdade para atingir, assim, alto desempenho na produtividade e segurança dos produtos.

A Educação Física (EF) em Moçambique, a semelhança dos outros países, esteve suspensa do ambiente escolar por mais de um ano, devido a COVID-19, decisão justificada pela necessidade de (1) evitar o contacto físico (2) redução do tempo de permanecia dos alunos na escolar e (3) conter a contaminação do SARS- CoV2. O retorno da EF escolar carece de evidências científicas consistentes. Neste sentido, definimos como objectivo deste estudo perspetivar a leccionação das aulas de EF em Moçambique atendendo as medidas de higiene e de prevenção contra a contaminação da COVID-19, de acordo com a opinião dos palestrantes/ professores moçambicanos. Método: participaram no webinar de auscultação, 5 professores selecionados por conveniência e por ter (1) nível superior de escolaridade; (2) leccionado EF num dos sistemas de ensino (3) mais de 15 anos de experiência profissional; (4) trabalhado em processos de reforma curricular da EF e (5) continuado activo no sistema de formação e ensino da EF. Todos os palestrantes/professores tiveram acesso a duas questões prévias com 30 dias de antecedência. A informação foi gravada em áudio, no dia do evento, depois transcrita por dois investigadores-ouvintes para consensos e a posterior confirmada pelos próprios palestrantes/professores. Os resultados indicaram que há imperativo da (1) reforma curricular e mudança das abordagens dos conteúdos da EF; (2) planificação rigorosa das aulas em circuitos e uso do modelo híbrido; (3) capacitar os professores e alunos no uso das TICs; (4) cumprir com as medidas de higiene e de prevenção nas aulas EF; (5) reduzir o número dos alunos nas turmas de EF, (6) rever a carga horária dos professores de EF e (7) criar condições materiais de trabalho.

Since the end of the 19th century, under the cloak of hygienic concerns, Puerto Rican elites have devised eugenic practices and methods in order to marginalize, manage, and control certain sectors of the population. Throughout the 20th century, these discourses have been internalized by the Puerto Rican population; reflections of which can be seen in popular culture, including trap and reggaetón. The purpose of this paper is to explore how hygienic practices (rooted in eugenic ideas) have permeated Puerto Rican society and, in turn, are replicated in trap and reggaetón as a way of gendering, racializing, and discriminating against certain groups. In an effort to identify these contemporary eugenic ideas, this article categorizes and analyzes current topics touched upon by trap and reggaetón singers such as Tego Calderón, Jowell y Randy, Anuel AA, and Bryant Myers, among others. Through categories such as desired body type, prospective partners' 'cleanliness'—in regard to 'feminine' and 'personal' hygiene—, potential contraceptive use, and the usage of racist stereotyping, we illustrate how eugenic ideas slip into contemporary understandings of gender and race in Puerto Rico. By performing an in-depth analysis of selected songs, we explore the ways in which ideas surrounding 'race science' have been normalized in Puerto Rican culture, demonstrating how these ideas connect to broader racializing and gendered processes. Desde finales del siglo XIX, bajo el manto de las preocupaciones higiénicas, las élites puertorriqueñas han ideado prácticas y métodos eugenésicos para marginar, administrar y controlar a ciertos sectores de la población. A lo largo del siglo XX, estos discursos han sido interiorizados por la población puertorriqueña; los cuales se pueden ver reflejados en la cultura popular, incluyendo el trap y el reggaetón. El propósito de este artículo es explorar cómo las prácticas higiénicas (enraizadas en ideas eugenésicas) han permeado la sociedad puertorriqueña y, a su vez, se replican en el trap y el reggaetón como una forma de generizar, racializar y discriminar a ciertos grupos. En un esfuerzo por identificar estas ideas eugenésicas contemporáneas, este artículo categoriza y analiza temas actuales abordados por cantantes de trap y reggaetón como Tego Calderón, Jowell y Randy, Anuel AA y Bryant Myers, entre otros. A través de categorías como el tipo de cuerpo deseado, la "limpieza" de las posibles parejas —en lo que respecta a la higiene "femenina" y "personal"—, el uso potencial de anticonceptivos y el uso de estereotipos racistas, ilustramos cómo las ideas eugenésicas se deslizan en la comprensión contemporánea del género y la raza en Puerto Rico. Al realizar un análisis en profundidad de canciones seleccionadas, exploramos las formas en que las ideas en torno a la "ciencia racial" se han normalizado en la cultura puertorriqueña, demostrando cómo estas ideas se conectan con procesos de género y racialización más amplios. Depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, sous le couvert de préoccupations hygiéniques, les élites portoricaines ont imaginé des pratiques et des méthodes eugéniques afin de marginaliser, gérer et contrôler certains secteurs de la population. Tout au long du XXe siècle, ces discours ont été intériorisés par la population portoricaine ; dont on peut voir des reflets dans la culture populaire, y compris le trap et le reggaetón. Le but de cet article est d'explorer comment les pratiques hygiéniques (enracinées dans les idées eugénistes) ont imprégné la société portoricaine et, à leur tour, sont reproduites dans le trap et le reggaetón comme un moyen de sexuer, de racialiser et de discriminer certains groupes. Dans un effort pour identifier ces idées eugénistes contemporaines, [End Page 78] cet article catégorise et analyse les sujets actuels abordés par les chanteurs de trap et de reggaetón tels que Tego Calderón, Jowell y Randy, Anuel AA et Bryant Myers, entre autres. À travers des catégories telles que le type de corps souhaité, la « propreté » des partenaires potentiels —en ce qui concerne l'hygiène « féminine » et « personnelle » —, l'utilisation potentielle de contraceptifs et l'utilisation de stéréotypes racistes, nous illustrons comment les idées eugéniques se glissent dans les compréhensions contemporaines du genre et de la race à Porto Rico. En effectuant une analyse approfondie de chansons sélectionnées, nous explorons la manière dont les idées entourant la « science raciale » ont été normalisées dans la culture portoricaine, démontrant comment ces idées se connectent à des processus plus larges de racialisation et de genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end of 2019 was marked by the emergence and rise of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. In particular, COVID-19 has been regarded as a disease strongly related with the environment. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between environmental factors related to ecosystems and hygiene and the development of COVID-19. We conducted a review of the literature published in PubMed, Medline, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases. Thereafter, we consolidated the results shortlisted from the bibliographic survey, and after applying the exclusion criteria, we scrutinized seven articles for an integrative review. The results obtained showed that socioeconomic factors including living conditions in poor and crowded communities, water quality, and sewage collection and treatment are relevant in the disease transmission process. However, we noted a dearth of articles that specifically addressed the general environmental aspects related to the ecosystem. Thus, we concluded that highlighting the themes involving the relationship between human inhabitation and the environment is necessary while debating on the COVID-19 pandemic as well as other infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Texto & Contexto Enfermagem is the property of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pos-Graduacao de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Applied Computing / Revista de Cómputo Aplicado is the property of ECORFAN-Mexico S.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Sarisa Merapi is a small and medium-sized micro enterprise (MSME) engaged in food processing such as telang lemon tea, candied salak, dodol salak, sari salak and egg roll. Among these products, telang lemon tea became the choice in this study because of the large number of productions and the relatively low price. In addition, telang lemon tea has health benefits because it contains antioxidants and can be used as a substitute drink for tea. The quality of telang lemon tea is determined by the quality of raw materials, the application of sanitation and hygiene in the production process. But in reality, it is less noticed by business owners. The purpose of this practice is to observe quality control, application of sanitation and hygiene in the production process of telang lemon tea in Sarisa Merapi MSME. The method of data collection is carried out by observation, interviews with staff and employees, documentation and literature studies focused on the process of preparing raw materials, processing, packaging and application of sanitation and hygiene on the production of lemon tea in Sarisa Merapi MSMEs. The process of processing telang lemon tea has three stages, namely the procurement of raw materials, the manufacture of intermediate products and the final product. The results showed that the application of quality control, sanitation and hygiene were quite well performed in the procurement of raw materials, the manufacture of intermediate products, the final product process, packaging and storage. However, in the application of sanitation and hygiene, there were still some problems such as workers did not routinely wear aprons and masks during the production process, the absence of barriers between production rooms. Therefore, Sarisa Merapi needs to pay more attention and evaluate these problems.

The milk production chain plays a key role in Brazilian economic development. Acre has undergone profound socioeconomic transformations, especially in the milk production chain. Dairy farming has significant representation in the state, as 21.9% of rural establishments produce and sell milk. The quality of raw milk is a very important factor to guarantee safe and quality products. Hence, good milking practices are essential. Therefore, the objective of this work was to carry out a diagnosis of the milking practices of milk production units (MPUs), located in the city of Sena Madureira, in the estate of Acre. Fifteen MPUs were visited, and the procedures performed before, during, and after milking were observed. It was found that in most MPUs, the milker was personally clean (73%), did not use hair protection (60%), and did not wear adequate clothing (80%). Regarding the milking place, it was found that most MPUs did not have a milking room (87%), being carried out in stables, and the utensils used during milking were not properly sanitized. It was also verified that pre-dipping and post-dipping were not performed in any of the MPUs. These data are of great importance, because the milker and the milking place may become a source of contamination for the milk, compromising the stability of this raw material, as well as its derivatives. The results obtained from this work show that most of the studied MPUs did not adopt the main practices considered necessary to produce quality milk.

Background: Food and beverage sanitation hygiene really needs to be guaranteed of its safety, including the sanitation hygiene of home-made snacks produced by food entrepreneurs. Poor food sanitation hygiene can cause food poisoning, which is bad for buyers. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, food sanitation hygiene in small and medium businesses must be considered to avoid transmission while maintaining an entrepreneurial image in the midst of the pandemic. Objective: This study aims to analyze behavior changes including knowledge, attitudes, and entrepreneurial actions in food and beverages processing through mentoring using WhatsApp messenger media. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental approach. The population of this study was small and medium entrepreneurs specializing in food and beverage processing accompanied by an incubator in North Sumatra with as many as 35 entrepreneurs. The samples of this study amounted to 29 food entrepreneurs who were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The time of the study was in July and August 2020. Data were obtained by giving questionnaires before mentoring, two weeks after mentoring, and four weeks after mentoring. The variables consisted of knowledge, attitudes, and actions, as well as assistance to use WhatsApp messenger media. The collected data were then analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Friedman test. Results: The results showed that the mentoring using WhatsApp messenger media could increase knowledge (P value = 0.000), attitudes (P value = 0.000) respondents' actions (P value = 0.015). Conclusion: The role of health workers was very necessary for the use of WhatsApp messenger based social media, including as assistants who present health promotion content, annul negative content, and make positive efforts to reconcile if there be bad communication in the WhatsApp messenger social media group.

En esta investigación nos aproximamos a un tratado sobre higiene publicado a finales del siglo XIX, Elementos de higiene privada (1846) de Pedro Felipe Monlau. Nuestro objetivo consiste en estudiar el léxico culinario incluido en esta obra, concretamente en la sección tercera, dedicada a la Bromatología, donde se encuentran capítulos tan sugerentes como el titulado “Preparación y conservación de los alimentos” (pp. 150-164). Siguiendo a Eberenz (2014: 30) consideramos que, además de centrar el interés en los tratados culinarios, un historiador del léxico ha de prestar atención a una tipología textual más variada. En particular, nos disponemos a organizar las voces de especialidad documentadas para después revisar su presencia, tratamiento y evolución en la tradición lexicográfica del español.

A química teve, a partir do final do século XVIII, um papel central, que se mantém na atualidade, na saúde pública e no bem-estar da humanidade. A sua maior contribuição é na segurança alimentar, que contribuiu para salvar as vidas de cerca de um terço da população humana. O tratamento da água de consumo com cloro contribuiu para salvar da morte prematura quase duzentos milhões de pessoas. Doenças como a febre tifoide, que mataram reis, como D. Pedro V, e a cólera, são hoje essencialmente memórias. Os antibióticos contribuíram para quase eliminar a sífilis e outras infeções. A tuberculose e a malária quase desapareceram na Europa, em boa parte devido à química. Também a assepsia, a anestesia e a segurança das transfusões de sangue e das vacinas devem muito a contribuições químicas. Atualmente, estamos a viver uma situação de pandemia global, mas devido, também à ciência, podemos enfrentar os problemas com esperança. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho é fazer uma revisão histórica das contribuições químicas para a saúde pública e bem-estar, algo que parecendo trivial, raramente é compreendido em toda a sua extensão.

Este artículo analiza las propuestas impulsadas por los socialistas en el Concejo Municipal de Santa Rosa, capital del Territorio Nacional de La Pampa (Argentina), entre 1913 y 1929, con el fin de modernizar la ciudad. Los ejes de acción principales fueron la municipalización de servicios públicos, la higiene urbana y el abaratamiento del consumo, en línea con otras experiencias de socialismo municipal. No obstante, el caso santarroseño se caracterizó por un alto grado de intervencionismo estatal, en detrimento del impulso de iniciativas cooperativas, al menos en el periodo analizado. El trabajo aborda los apoyos y resistencias al proyecto de ciudad socialista, mediante el análisis de fuentes diversas, como la prensa y fotografías de la época, las actas del Concejo Municipal y la legislación nacional. Al mismo tiempo, examina las tensiones entre ideas y prácticas políticas, así como su relación con otros espacios locales y con el contexto nacional e internacional.

Con enfoque desde la Historia Social, se hace esta investigación. El objetivo, dar a conocer los brotes del tifus, viruela, y algunas medidas higienistas a los estudiantes del internado de la Escuela Normal para Profesores a fines del siglo XIX. El procedimiento metodológico consistió en dos partes; la primera es una indagación teórico-conceptual de los eventos epidemiológicos desde una perspectiva histórica; la segunda consistió en la aplicación de técnicas de análisis de datos de fuentes primarias recuperadas del Archivo Histórico del estado de San Luis Potosí. Los hallazgos corroboran que las epidemias de viruela y tifus, son dos enfermedades contagiosas que provocaron desolación y muerte, por tanto, un leve brote alertaba a las autoridades como sucedió en San Luis Potosí en 1895. Las decisiones de gobierno sobre salud, están basadas en la medicina y las corrientes higienistas de la época. Las medidas higienistas también se transfieren a la escuela; aquellas en donde había internado, es evidente la preocupación de las autoridades del establecimiento escolar, del cuidado de la limpieza de la habitación, la alimentación y del cuidado al cuerpo; para ello se dotaba a los internados de los insumos y productos necesarios para un mantenimiento óptimo del establecimiento.