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Many human activities can greatly influence and alter the health of aquatic ecosystems. In this regard, the quantitative analysis of macroinvertebrates and their relationships with ecological variables is an effective method in environmental monitoring programs. Here, we used the benthic macroinvertebrate community as bioindicators for assessing anthropogenic impacts on coastal waters in southeast Bangladesh. Sediment samples were collected seasonally from three different sites influenced either by mangrove forests, aquaculture activity or sewage input. The indicator value index (IndVal) analysis revealed 23 species of benthic macroinvertebrates as potential bioindicators namely Enigmonia aenigmatica, Mactra chinensis and Pharella javanica of the class Bivalvia; Tubifex tubifex of the class Clitellata; Lithopoma brevispina, Bullia vittata, Pomacea maculata and Umbonium vestiarium of the class Gastropoda; Gammarus roeselii of the class Malacostraca; and Amphicteis gunneri, Amphitrite ornata, Aricidea simplex, Cirratulus cirratus, Heterospio catalinensis, Hypereteone foliosa, Lopadorrhynchus henseni, Neanthes chingrighattensis, Micronephthys oligobranchia, Nephtys hombergii, Nereis jacksoni, Nereis zonata, Polyodontes maxillosus and Stygocapitella subterranean of the class Polychaeta. Their composition across three sites varied significantly (P 0.05) due to influence of environmental conditions as inferred from redundancy analysis. Polychaeta, Gastropoda and Malacostraca were susceptible to sewage input, while Bivalvia and Clitellata were susceptible to aquaculture effluent. The results of this baseline study suggest that the identified benthic macroinvertebrate species can potentially be used to monitor anthropogenic disturbances in the marine environment.

The Karnafullly River, which flows through Chattogram and falls into the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, is vulnerable to microplastic contamination. In this study, we looked at microplastics in the Karnafully River's surface water (5 sites), sediment (9 sites), and biota (4 species). Microplastic concentrations ranged from 0.57 ± 0.07 to 6.63 ± 0.52 items/L in surface water, 143.33 ± 3.33 to 1240 ± 5.77 items/kg dry weight in sediment, and 5.93 ± 0.62 to 13.17 ± 0.76 items/species in biota. A significant difference (P 0.05) was found in the concentration of MPs in the Karnafully River's sediment, biota, and surface water. High percentage of fiber-shaped and small-sized MPs (1 mm) were detected throughout the samples. Water and sediment MPs were often transparent/white and blue, whereas biota MPs were mostly black and red, indicating a color preference during biological uptake. The Bay of Bengal received 61.3 × 10

Personal care product (PCP) chemicals have a greater chance of accumulation in the aquatic environments because of their volume of use. PCPs are biologically active substances that can exert an adverse effect on the ecology and food safety. Information on the status of these substances in Indian open water ecosystems is scarce. In this paper, we report the incidence of two synthetic antimicrobials, triclosan (TCS), including its metabolite methyl-triclosan (Me-TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) in Torsa, a transboundary river flowing through India. In water TCS and TCC were detected at levels exceeding their respective PNEC (Predictive No Effect Concentration). Both the compounds were found to be bioaccumulative in fish. TCS concentration (91.1–589 µg/kg) in fish was higher than that of TCC (29.1–285.5 µg/kg). The accumulation of residues of the biocides varied widely among fishes of different species, ecological niche, and feeding habits. Me-TCS could be detected in fishes and not in water. The environmental hazard quotient of both TCS and TCC in water indicated a moderate risk. However, the health risk analysis revealed that fishes of the river would not pose any direct hazard to human when consumed. This is the first report of the occurrence of these PCP chemicals in a torrential river system of the eastern Himalayan region.

Deep vein thrombosis is an alarming medical emergency. Deep vein thrombosis or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a deep vein predominantly in the legs. Post-Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting deep vein thrombosis is a very rare medical condition relatively in Asian. Approximately 80% of deep vein thrombosis (DVTs) is clinically asymptomatic, 20% of those that actually demonstrate signs and symptoms can be easily confused with symptoms of other commonly presenting musculoskeletal disorders. Proper medical management can reduce patient's morbidity and further burden. A 50 years old diabetic Post-Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting gentleman had been suffering for left leg swelling, high grade fever and calf muscle pain for 5 days. He had absent Arteria Dorsalis Paedis pulse on left foot, Positive Homan sign and Wells score is 7. His left leg was hugely swelled. He had normal leg hair distribution. Duplex study of Left Leg-Deep Vein Thrombosis in left lower limb (Popliteal segment) with sign of recanalization. He is also a patient of anemia of chronic disease due to hemorrhoid. Several investigations have done to find the cause of his chronic anemia. His treatment was meticulous with complete bed rest, elevation of left lower limb, heparinization, oralrivaroxaban. He had rapid recovery following treatment. Post-Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting patient should be given post-operative enoxaparin (Low molecular weight Heparin) or Heparin for 3-5 days. Early diagnosis of the disease condition reduces morbidity. Combined treatment with Rivaroxaban and Heparin is of great clinical value and outcome in a case of Post-Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Deep Vein Thrombosis patient.

There are two types of tumors found in the cardiac chamber. These are divided into primary intra-cardiac tumors and secondary intra-cardiac tumors. Primary intra cardiac tumors are rare and among them 29% are myxomas. Majority of them are found in the left atrium. Here, we report a case of a myxoma in the right atrium with hepatomegaly and Hepatitis B virus infection. The coexistence of all these conditions is very rare. A 52 years old patient presented with history of shortness of breath on exertion along with fever and generalized weakness for 6 months which aggravated lately for last 2 months. He was then taken for better medical care and hospitalization. On cardiac evaluation he had soft S1 and S2 over the tricuspid region on the right lower parasternal region. He had bilateral mild pitting pedal edema. On further examination, it was revealed that he had mild tender hepatomegaly with jaundice. His blood analysis for HBsAg was positive. Echocardiogram showed right atrial myxoma of 14.3cm² almost completely occupying the right atrium and even protruding into the Inferior Venacava however not fully obstructing it. The inferior vena cava size was mildly dilated (22mm). Abdominal ultrasound report showed hepatomegaly (17.6cm) with coarse hepatic parenchyma. In this report, we emphasize the rarity of myxoma in the Right Atrium, its difficult diagnosis because of the location and the atypical presentation in the echocardiograph.

Growing evidences suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) can efficiently regulate gene expression at intracellular and extracellular levels. It has been previously reported that plant/food-derived miRNAs are highly enriched in human serum or serum from phytophagous animals, and they are responsible for regulating mammalian gene expression. Thus, miRNAs could function as active signaling molecules, which carry information across distinct species or even kingdoms. However, the mode of miRNA shuttling among various organisms is still a mystery to unravel. The intra and inter kingdom miRNA transfer has boosted up the hypothesis about the potential impact of plant or animal miRNAs on each other. To our knowledge, the software for analyzing cross-kingdom miRNA-targets is lacking. We have developed a web-tool “IIKmTA: Inter and Intra Kingdom miRNA-Target Analyzer” utilizing a database; the data of which have been collected from another web server. Here, user can analyze the targeting potential of (i) plant miRNAs on animal UTRs (Untranslated regions), and vice versa (i.e., inter kingdom), (ii) plant miRNAs on plant UTRs and animal miRNAs on animal UTRs (i.e., intra kingdom). Further, user can analyze (i) miRNAs to targets, (ii) targets to miRNAs, and (iii) miRNA sets targeting sets of targets. For a wide variety of animal and plant species, IIKmTA can identify the miRNA binding sites in the probable target UTRs. Moreover, GC% and AU% of miRNAs will be calculated. All the results can be saved as .csv file. Recent researches identified miRNAs in plants and human secretions and their role in regulating the human genes. Such findings indicate the therapeutic role of secretory miRNAs of such plants which exhibits medicinal value and in near future many diseases may be treated by consumption of these plant miRNAs through food. Using our newly developed database and analyzing tool, one can easily determine the different relationships between miRNAs and their targets across kingdoms. IIKmTA is freely available at http://www.bioinformatics.org/iikmta/ .

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) interact with their target mRNAs and regulate biological processes at post-transcriptional level. While one miRNA can target many mRNAs, a single mRNA can also be targeted by a set of miRNAs. The targeted mRNAs may be involved in different biological processes that are described by gene ontology (GO) terms. The major challenges involved in analyzing these multitude regulations include identification of the combinatorial regulation of miRNAs as well as determination of the co-functionally-enriched miRNA pairs. The C2Analyzer: Co-target–Co-function Analyzer, is a Perl-based, versatile and user-friendly web tool with online instructions. Based on the hypergeometric analysis, this novel tool can determine whether given pairs of miRNAs are co-functionally enriched. For a given set of GO term(s), it can also identify the set of miRNAs whose targets are enriched in the given GO term(s). Moreover, C2Analyzer can also identify the co-targeting miRNA pairs, their targets and GO processes, which they are involved in. The miRNA–miRNA co-functional relationship can also be saved as a .txt file, which can be used to further visualize the co-functional network by using other software like Cytoscape. C2Analyzer is freely available at www.bioinformatics.org/c2analyzer.

Myasthenic crisis is a life-threatening condition. We studied the demographic, frequency, causes and clinical presentation of isolated Myasthenic crisis, steps of treatment and to review our experience of extended thymectomy on patients with at least one episode myasthenic crisis. A prospective and retrospective study was conducted on patients with at least one episode of myasthenic crisis, from March 2010 to September 2014, at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh who were referred for thymectomy. Eighteen patients (13.6% of the total 132 patients with myasthenia gravis were admitted with single to multiple episodes of myasthenic crisis, median crisis was 2.5 episodes. Mean age of the patient was 35.5 (18-72) years with male predominance. All eighteen patients had undergone extended thymectomy after completion of 5 cycle plasmapheresis, of which 2 had experienced postoperative respiratory crisis, required invasive ventilator support for median 14 days. One patient required invasive ventilator support after third post operative day. Six patients had thymoma and 12 had thymic hyperplasia. Three patients needed Intravenous immunoglobin. Nine patients needed post operative anti acetylcholinesterase inhibitor after median 2.5 post days. Post thymectomy remission and decreases the frequency of myasthenic crisis was seen in follow up and post operative medication requirement reduced significantly as compared to the preoperative requirement. This report highlights that the patients who had extended thymectomy after episodes of myasthenia crisis are benefitted even in the histhopathology report does not confirmed thymoma. After thymectomy, there was remission of myasthenic crisis. Patients with myasthenic crisis should have judicious drug adjustments under supervision and should be treated aggressively during impending myasthenic crisis. With modern management of myasthenia gravis, early surgery with myasthenic crisis is safe with good long-term outcomes.

We have presented a case of ruptured aneurysm of sinus of valsalva, in a female of 24 years old, with the symptoms and signs of right heart failure. Diagnosis made by echocardiography. For further evaluation, cardiac catheterization was done. After improvement of her general condition, she was undergone operation. Per-operative findings were bicuspid aortic valve having no calcification. A fistulous tract having windsock appearance found in between fused RCCNCC extending into the RV cavity, which was opened inferior to the tricuspid valve. Fistulous tract was excised and the opening in the root of the aorta was closed with PTFE patch by 5/0 polypropylene and RV side was closed by direct suture. Patient was symptomless after operation. Patient discharged on eighth postoperative day in stable condition.

Concomitant occurrence of lung carcinoma and an atrial myxoma is rare. We are reporting such a case, a 55 year old male, farmer, smoker for 30 years was under evaluation for his recent episode of stroke with hemiparesis during which an echocardiography showed presence of a left atrial myxoma and chest x-ray showed a lesion in the midzone of right lung. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from enlarged right supraclavicular lymphnode revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma. Patient was referred to a tertiary cancer care hospital thereafter.

Malignant pleural effusion is a common complication of primary and metastatic pleural malignancies. Pleurodesis for the management of malignant pleural effusion is intended to achieve symphysis between parietal and visceral pleura, and to prevent relapse of pleural effusion. Many chemical agents are tried to induce inflammation and damage of the pleural mesothelial layer to achieve this symphysis. Hemorrhagic pleural effusion, especially in the right hemithorax commonly occurs as presentation of primary and metastatic pleural malignancies. This case reports massive right-sided hemorrhagic pleural effusion as the sole manifestation of primary lung cancer in a 45 year old man. Patient attended our department of thoracic surgery complaining of cough, shortness of breath and right sided chest pain. A chest X-ray and chest computer tomography (CT) radiograph shows right sided massive pleural effusion. Right sided tube thoracotomy done. Pleural fluid study was done. Fluid for cytopathology was positive for malignant cell. Computed tomography guided fine needle aspiration cytology from right lung lesion was also done. Diagnosis was as small cell carcinoma. Pleural effusion resolved after 9(th) post operative day of chest tube insertion. Bleomycin pleurodesis was done. Day after pleurodesis intra thoracic tube was removed and patient was discharged from hospital on 10(th) Post operative day with an advice to attend the oncology department for further treatment. The protocol of tube thoracostomy and chemical pleurodesis was almost always successful in giving symptomatic relief of respiratory distress for a considerable period of time. However, chemical pleurodesis is not possible in all cases of malignant pleural effusion because it has got potential complication including death.

A 28 year old male presented to us with 8 hours old open fracture of distal shaft of left femur which was already stabilized with external fixator but had no palpable distal pulse both clinically and on doppler examination. He underwent a primary repair following limited segmental resection. Commonly end-to-end anastomosis techniques following transection of arteries include interrupted and continuous suturing with or without 'parachuting' of the vessel or graft. Here we offer a rapid and reliable technique with following advantages: i) operating system always towards the surgeon, ii) posterior row of suture placed as both ends are well visualized, iii) less chance of catching posterior wall, iv) flushing performed easily before completing anterior row suture. Upto 2nd post operative day anticoagulant used in the form of inj. Heparin 2500 IU subcutaneously 8 hourly and patient was discharged from hospital on 3rd post operative day with presence of good distal pulses both on clinical and Doppler examination. Fourteen days later, on follow up Duplex study showed normal arterial flow without any stenosis or occlusion.

Human prostate cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease that mainly affects elder male population of the western world with a high rate of mortality. Acquisitions of diverse sets of hallmark capabilities along with an aberrant functioning of androgen receptor signaling are the central driving forces behind prostatic tumorigenesis and its transition into metastatic castration resistant disease. These hallmark capabilities arise due to an intense orchestration of several crucial factors, including deregulation of vital cell physiological processes, inactivation of tumor suppressive activity and disruption of prostate gland specific cellular homeostasis. The molecular complexity and redundancy of oncoproteins signaling in prostate cancer demands for concurrent inhibition of multiple hallmark associated pathways. By an extensive manual curation of the published biomedical literature, we have developed Human Prostate Cancer Hallmarks Map (HPCHM), an onco-functional atlas of human prostate cancer associated signaling and events. It explores molecular architecture of prostate cancer signaling at various levels, namely key protein components, molecular connectivity map, oncogenic signaling pathway map, pathway based functional connectivity map etc. Here, we briefly represent the systems level understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with prostate tumorigenesis by considering each and individual molecular and cell biological events of this disease process.

We conducted a review of 450 single lower-limb amputations performed in our hospital in Bangladesh between July 1982 and June 1987. The incidence of amputation in the specific area of 1000000 inhabitants covered by the hospital was 0.75/10(3) per year. The indications for amputation were: limb ischemia in 366 patients (81%), traumatic crush injury in 45 (10%), diabetes-associated complications in 20 (5%), severe limb infection in 10 (2%), and neoplasm growth in 10 (2%). The ratio of above-knee (AK) to below-knee (BK) amputation was 1:65, and 36 patients (8%) required reamputation, 22 of whom had undergone BK amputation previously. Thus, the number of patients with a final amputation at AK level was 302 (67%). The operative mortality was 21% and the uncomplicated primary wound healing rate was 89% within the survivors. Among the 355 patients who survived the amputation, 265 (75%) were given a prosthesis, 50 (14%) refused a prosthesis, and the remaining 40 (11%) were unfit for a prosthesis. Rehabilitation was successful in 44% of the AK and 86% of the BK amputees. In conclusion, when amputation is inevitable, maximum consideration should be given to the type of surgery performed to avoid rehabilitation failure.

This observational, non-control, non equivalent pretest and post test descriptive study was carried out at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from June 2009 to December 2009 to compare the efficacy of ice test and repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) in diagnosis of ocular myasthenia gravis. Ten patients with fluctuating ptosis (4 male and 6 female) who were suspected of having ocular myasthenia were included in the study. Male and female ratio in the study was 2:3. The mean age of the patients was 28.1 years. Positive response to pyridostigmine was taken as confirmation of ocular myasthenia. A piece of ice (2cm × 1cm) was placed over the upper eyelid for 2 minutes and the vertical eye lid fissure height was noted before and after the application of ice. Repetitive nerve stimulation was performed in the same subjects subsequently. Results of two tests were compared. Eight patients shows good (2mm) elevation of eyelid with ice and three patients had abnormal RNS. In conclusion, ice test appears as more sensitive clinical test to detect ocular myasthenia than RNS test.

The relationship between the number of apoptotic cells and the expression of apoptosis-related antigens was examined in 56 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and in 10 cases of reactive hyperplastic lymph nodes (RHL). Apoptosis was visually quantified by the in situ end-labeling (ISEL) method, and the expression of Fas, Le(y) antigens and bcl-2 protein was examined by immunohistochemistry. The expression of Le(y) antigen was observed in germinal centers of RHL and 45% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The apoptotic cell count (AC) in follicular lymphomas was significantly less than that in diffuse lymphomas. The distribution pattern of apoptotic cells in follicular lymphomas was inverse to that in RHL. In follicular lymphomas, AC was lower in follicles than in interfollicular areas. In contrast, AC was higher in follicles than in interfollicular areas in RHL. Le(y) antigen-positive lymphomas showed a significantly higher AC than the negative cases. The Fas antigen-positive lymphomas showed a higher AC than the negative cases. However, AC in bcl-2 protein-positive and negative cases was not significantly different. These results suggest that Ley and Fas antigens appear to be involved in the apoptotic tendency of tumor cells in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, whereas bcl-2 does not necessarily.

A female patient was admitted in vascular surgery department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) after confirmation of diagnosis with duplex ultrasonographic examination. The patient was treated with intra-venous heparin for 10 (ten) days and elevation of the affected limb with application of crepe bandage. Later on the patient was discharged with oral anti-coagulant e.g. Tab. Warfarin for 06 (six) months along with application of crepe bandage on the affected limb. During the patient received oral anti-coagulant therapy the patient was asked to do Prothrombin time every week for adjustment of dose of oral anti-coagulant therapy. After 01 (one) month duplex ultrasonographic examination of deep veins of the affected limb was performed, which showed good recanalization of deep and superficial veins of right lower limb. It can be stated that, serious complications like pulmonary embolism can be avoided with effective and timely treatment of deep venous thrombosis with complete recanalization.

We present a case of nephrogenic adenoma, a rare benign lesion arising from the ureter. Histologically, it showed the formation of epithelial lined tubules resembling the renal tubules. Special Stain demonstrated the presence of intraluminal PAS-positive materials.

Extranodal malignant lymphomas are known to occur with increased frequency in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Although cardiac malignant lymphomas are rare, recently an increasing number of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cardiac lymphoma have been reported. To clarify the relationship between AIDS and cardiac lymphomas, we used 60 severe combine immunodeficient (SCID) mice as animal models in whom five different types of human lymphoma cell lines were injected. Primary lymphomas at the site of cell line injection developed within 14-30 days in 58 mice. Cardiac malignant lymphoma was detected in 10 cases (17%), among which tumour was macroscopically evident in 2. Tumour was present on the pericardial aspects of the heart extending into the myocardium in most cases, but no intracavitary lesion was observed. In one case, obstructive features were marked near the root of the great vessels by direct pressure of the growth. This study indicates that lymphomas have a predilection to invade the heart in immunocompromised conditions.

The effects of management of single forearm arterial injuries without other associated major muscular, vascular, or neurological trauma were studied. Ninety-six patients with acute injuries to either radial or ulnar arteries without obvious associated major injuries were evaluated. No patient had an ischemic hand secondary to arterial injury. The selection of operative treatment by arterial repair or ligation was by surgeon choice (50 injuries were ligated, and 46 were repaired). Six months to six years postoperative follow-up was done. The overall patency rate for all repaired vessels was 52% (24 cases). The collateral arteries appeared to be a factor causing the low patency rate. The remaining intact artery demonstrated a consistent increase in flow velocity. No subject had hand claudication; there were 51 cases (53%) of hand weakness, 27 incidents (28%) of parasthesia, and 14 incidents (15%) of cold sensitivity independent of patency of the damaged forearm vessel. In the absence of acute hand ischemia, ligation of a lacerated radial or ulnar artery is safe and cost effective.

Normal bronchopulmonary tissues and pulmonary carcinomas including three major types (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small-cell carcinoma) were studied using three biotinylated lectins (Bauhinia purpurea [BPA], Phaseolus vulgaris [PHA], and Maclura pomifera [MPA]) by avidin biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) method. The study demonstrated that BPA binds with macrophages and pneumocytes of normal tissue, and with adenocarcinoma and small-cell carcinoma, but nonreactive with squamous cell carcinoma. PHA and MPA bound to all the normal components of bronchopulmonary tree and carcinomas of all types. Adenocarcinoma showed the highest density of reacting sites for BPA and MPA, and squamous cell carcinoma showed the highest binding sites for PHA, while small-cell carcinoma were the lowest reacting variant for all lectins. Lectins used in this study have limited usefulness for the diagnosis of pulmonary neoplasms.

A total of 7,636 patients attending the Outpatient Clinic of the Skin and Venereal Disease Department, Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, were analysed in relation to skin affection, place of residence, seasonal variation of skin diseases, age incidence and site involved with skin diseases. In over 70% of patients, the skin condition diagnosed was either pyoderma or scabies. Majority of these patients came from rural areas. Greater number of patients with pyoderma sought medical help during summer whereas more patients with scabies came during winter. Pyoderma was common in young children but incidence of scabies was distributed in all age groups.

In the present study, 1736 cases of cancer has been analysed by major sites, sub-sites and mortality trend. The most common cancerous lesion in the male was in the lungs and in the female in the uterine cervix. The second common lesion in male and female were larynx and breast respectively. In children, retinoblastoma was the commonest type of cancer.

A review of 115 malignant lesions (proven histologically) is presented. Good number of malignant lesions were found confined to female sex organs.

We have reported a case of successful pericardial patch closure of atrial septal defect with high pulmonary vascular resistance in a 32 years aged male. Diagnosis was confirmed by Doppler Echocardiography, Cardiac catheterization and lung biopsy. Before starting (orally) bosentan pulmonary arterial pressure was 105 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance was 8 wood's unit. Bosentan was started at a dosage of 125 mg per day (62.5 mg twice a day) for 4 months before operation in this case. Just day before operation pulmonary arterial pressure was 87 mm Hg. Bosentan lowered pulmonary arterial pressure and reversed remodeling of pulmonary arteries and allowed surgical correction. During the post operative course, partial pressure of oxygen was significantly decreased and bilateral radiolucent opacity was present in lower zone of both lungs. All these were managed successfully in postoperative period. This case report has demonstrated that surgical correction of an atrial septal defect is feasible but requires long time pre and post operative treatment with pulmonary vasodilators.