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Background and Aim: Essential arterial hypertension is a risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arterial aneurysm, which are related to the activation of platelets. Purinergic signaling has a central role in platelet aggregation. Although ATP and ADP can act as a proaggregant agent, adenosine inhibits platelet aggregation and reduces vascular injury. Physical exercise exhibits antiaggregant properties and can modulate purinergic system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 months of resistance training on purinergic system components in platelets and on platelet activation, hemodynamic and anthropometric parameters in hypertensive woman., Method: A total of 31 hypertensive and 28 normotensive middle-aged sedentary women were submitted to 6 months of resistance training. Purinergic enzymes activities were assessed in platelets; ATP and Tromboxane B2 (TXB2) levels were measured in serum. Blood pressure (BP), BMI, and body fat were also measured. All variables were statistically analyzed, considering P value less than 0.05., Results: Six months of resistance training was able to significantly reduce BP, ATP, and TXB2 levels as well as NTPDase, ecto-5'nucleotidase, and ADA activities in hypertensive group. After 6 months of resistance training, purinergic system components and TXB2 of hypertensive group were similar to normotensive group in platelets, demonstrating that resistance training was able to modulate platelet activation. A positive correlation was found between BP, enzyme activities, and levels of ATP and TXB2., Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated the relationship between purinergic signaling and platelet activation in hypertension and suggests that resistance training serve as tool to reduce platelet aggregation in hypertensive woman by modulating purinergic system., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

To examine the acute effects of aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE) or combined exercise (CE) on flow-mediated dilation (FMD), progenitor cells (PCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), oxidative stress markers and endothelial-cell derived microvesicles (EMVs) in patients with hypertension. This is a randomized, parallel-group clinical trial involving an intervention of one session of three different modalities of exercise. Thirty-three males (43 ± 2y) were randomly divided into three groups: a session of AE (n = 11, 40 min, cycle ergometer, 60% HRR); a session of RE (n = 11, 40 min, 4 × 12 lower limb repetitions, 60% 1-RM); or a session of CE (n = 11, 20-min RE + 20-min AE). FMD was assessed 10 min before and 10, 40 and 70 min post-intervention. Blood samples were collected at the same time points (except 40 min). FMD were similar in all groups and from baseline (within each group) after a single exercise bout (AE, RE or CE). At 70 min, RE group showed higher levels of PCs compared to the AE (81%) and CE group (60%). PC levels were reduced from baseline in all groups (AE: 32%, p = 0.037; RE: 15%, p = 0.003; CE: 17%, p = 0.048). The levels of EPCs, EMVs and oxidative stress were unchanged. There were no acute effects of moderate-intensity exercise on FMD, EPCs, EMVs and oxidative stress, but PCs decreased regardless of the exercise modality. Individuals with controlled hypertension do not seem to have impaired vascular function in response to a single exercise bout.

Background: Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages around the world. Dietary habits, specifically, coffee consumption has long been a suspected cause of hypertension. However, previous findings on coffee consumption and its association with the incidence of hypertension are not homogeneous and still inconsistent., Purpose: To examine the association of habitual coffee consumption with the risk of developing hypertension in a middle-aged Brazilian cohort., Methods: Data were from the multicenter prospective cohort "Brazilian Longitudinal Study for Adult Health - ELSA-Brasil". The cohort comprises 15,105 civil servants, aged 35-74 years at baseline, who were sampled from universities located in six Brazilian cities. For the present study, we analyzed data from 8780 participants initially free of hypertension during a mean follow-up of 3.9 years. The consumption of coffee was obtained at baseline using a previously validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Subsequently coffee intake was categorized into four categories (cups/day): never/almost never, ≤1, 1-3, and >3. Hypertension status was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, use of antihypertensive drug treatment, or both. Poisson regression model with a robust variance was performed to estimate relative risk (RR) and confidence interval (95% CI) for hypertension according to baseline coffee consumption. The effect of interaction between coffee consumption and smoking status was assessed., Results: Most participants (90%) drank coffee, and the median total coffee intake was 150 mL/day. A total of 1285 participants developed hypertension. Compared to participants who never or almost never drink coffee, the risk of hypertension was lower for individuals consuming 1-3 cups/day (RR 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68-0.97) (P for interaction=0.018). After stratification by smoking status the analysis revealed a decreased risk of hypertension in never smokers drinking 1-3 cups of coffee per day (RR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64-0.98), whereas the hypertension risk among former and current smokers was not associated with coffee consumption significantly. Moreover, upper category of coffee drinking (>3 cups/day) the association was not significant for risk of hypertension., Conclusion: The association between coffee consumption and incidence of hypertension was related to smoking status. The beneficial effect of moderate coffee intake (1-3 cups/day) on risk of hypertension was observed only in never smokers., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)

Background & Aim: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with high blood pressure (BP). However, whether coffee consumption interacts with the genetic variants related to BP is yet unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether the association between genetic risk core (GRS) and blood pressure was modified by usual coffee consumption., Methods: Data were from the 'Health Survey of São Paulo' a cross-sectional population-based survey, among 533 participants aged 20 years or older. Coffee consumption was estimated by two 24-h dietary recalls and categorized into <1, 1-3, and >3 cups/day. The GRS was calculated based on SNPs in previous GWAS [CYP1A1/CYP1A2 (rs2470893, rs2472297); CPLX3/ULK3 (rs6495122); MTHFR (rs17367504)]. Multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to estimate the associations between GRS with high BP, and both, high systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP); and the multiplicative interaction term between the GRS and coffee consumption were tested by including in the models., Results: Higher GRS independently contributed to higher probability of elevated BP, SBP and DBP in this population (OR = 1.85, 95%CI = 1.19-2.87; OR = 2.30, 95%CI = 1.32-4.01 and OR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.10-2.51; respectively). Moreover, there were a significant interaction effects for coffee consumption and GRS on the high BP, SBP and DBP. Individuals with higher BP increasing alleles in the GRS had a significantly high BP (OR = 5.09, 95%CI = 1.32-19.7), and both elevated SBP and DBP (OR = 2.14, 95%CI = 1.12-4.11; OR = 3.54, 95%CI = 1.17-10.75), among those with high coffee consumption (>3 cups coffee/day)., Conclusions: Consumption of coffee could interact with genetic predisposition in relation to BP. Thus, the GRS for high BP is modified by coffee consumption. Individuals with greater GRS appeared to have high BP associated with higher coffee consumption, highlighting the particular importance to reduce coffee intake in individuals genetically predisposed to this cardiovascular disease risk factor., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)

: Background: Central nervous system function has been emerging as an approach to understand hypertension-mediated memory dysfunction, and chronic exercise is able to modulate the purinergic system., Method: Herein, we investigated the effect of chronic swimming training on the purinergic system in cortex and hippocampus of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, Exercise, L-NAME and Exercise L-NAME. Inhibitory avoidance test was used to assess memory status. NTPDase, CD73 and adenosine deaminase activities and expression, and P2 receptors expression were analyzed. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, considering P less than 0.05., Results: Physical exercise reduced the blood pressure and prevented memory impairment induced by L-NAME model of hypertension. L-NAME treatment promoted an increase in NTPDase1, NTPDase3 and CD73 expression and activity in the cortex. A2A expression is increased in hippocampus and cortex in the hypertension group and exercise prevented this overexpression., Conclusion: These changes suggest that hypertension increases adenosine generation, which acts through A2A receptors, and exercise prevents these effects. These data may indicate a possible mechanism by which exercise may prevent memory impairment induced by L-NAME.

Systemic arterial hypertension has been associated with the majority deaths from cardiovascular disease, especially among the elderly population, and the imbalance between antioxidant and pro-oxidants has been associated with hypertension. This study analyzed the acute responses of cardiorespiratory and oxidative stress parameters to low intensity aerobic exercise (LIAE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) in hypertensive elderly women. The experimental group consisted of 16 hypertensive women (67.2 ± 3.7 years) who underwent a progressive treadmill test and performed three exercise protocols in random order: high intensity (HIAE), low intensity aerobic exercise (LIAE) and low intensity aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction (LIAE + BFR). Data analysis showed that blood pressure and heart rate augmented from rest to post effort (p < 0.05) and reduced from post effort to recovery (p < 0.05) in all protocols. The values of lipid peroxidation were higher after 30 min of recovery when compared to the moment at rest in the LILIAE + BFR (p < 0.05). The same occurred with glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activity. However, non-protein thiols levels (NPSH) reduced after 30 min of recovery when compared to the moment at rest in the LILIAE + BFR protocol (p < 0.05). In the HIAE and LIAE + BFR protocols, the levels of NPSH were lower at 30 min of recovery when compared to the same moment in the LIAE protocol (p < 0.05). LIAE + RBF produces an oxidative status and hemodynamic stimulus similar to HIAE. Taken together, these results support the indication of LIAE with BFR in chronic intervention protocols, with potential benefits for the hypertensive elderly population.

Background: Hypertension can be prevented and modified with lifestyle interventions that include regular exercise. Aquatic exercise is widely recommended for older adults for a variety of health benefits, but few studies have assessed the immediate ambulatory blood pressure (BP) response to aquatic exercise, a response termed postexercise hypotension (PEH). Thus, we assessed PEH after a session of aquatic exercise in physically active, older women with hypertension., Methods: Twenty-four women 70.0 ± 3.9 years with a resting systolic (SBP)/diastolic (DBP) BP of 124.0/72.3 mm Hg and body mass index of 29.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to participate in a 45-minute session of moderate intensity, water-based exercise (WATER) and a 45-minute land control session (CONTROL). All experimental sessions started at 9 am sharply with 7 days between them. Subjects left the experiments wearing an ambulatory BP monitor for the next 21 hours., Results: SBP was lower by 5.1 ± 1.0 mm Hg after WATER than CONTROL over 21 hours (P < 0.001), over awake hours by 5.7 ± 1.1 mm Hg (P < 0.001), and sleep hours by 4.5 ± 0.4 mm Hg (P = 0.004). DBP was lower following WATER compared to CONTROL: 1.2 ± 0.3 mm Hg over 21 hours (P = 0.043); 0.9 ± 0.6 mm Hg over awake hours (P = 0.101); and 1.4 ± 0.9 mm Hg over sleep hours (P = 0.039)., Conclusions: Aquatic exercise elicited PEH (~5 mm Hg) over 21 hours, BP reductions that are comparable in magnitude to land aerobic exercise. The immediate antihypertensive benefits of acute aquatic exercise should continue to be explored in future studies., (© American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com)

Background: We assessed the effect of acute and chronic dietary supplementation of ω-3 on lipid metabolism and cardiac regeneration, through its influence on the Stromal Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor (CXCR4) axis in normotensive and hypertensive rats., Methods: Male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were allocated in eight groups (of eight animals each), which received daily orogastric administration of ω-3 (1 g) for 24 h, 72 h or 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of the lipid profile and SDF-1 systemic levels (ELISA). At the end of the treatment period, cardiac tissue was collected for CXCR4 expression analysis (Western blot)., Results: The use of ω-3 caused a reduction in total cholesterol levels ( p = 0.044), and acutely activated the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in normotensive animals ( p = 0.037). In the presence of the ω-3, after 72 h, SDF-1 levels decreased in WKY and increased in SHR ( p = 0.017), and tissue expression of the receptor CXCR4 was higher in WKY than in SHR ( p = 0.001)., Conclusion: The ω-3 fatty acid supplementation differentially modulates cell homing mediators in normotensive and hypertensive animals. While WKY rats respond acutely to omega-3 supplementation, showing increased release of SDF-1 and CXCR4, SHR exhibit a weaker, delayed response., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Water aerobics exercise is widely recommended for elderly people. However, little is known about the acute effects on hemodynamic variables. Thus, we assessed the effects of a water aerobic session on blood pressure in hypertensive elderly women. Fifty hypertensive elderly women aged 67.8 ± 4.1 years, 1.5 ± 0.6 m high and BMI 28.6 ± 3.9 kg/m 2 , participated in a crossover clinical trial. The experiment consisted of a 45-minute water aerobics session (70%-75% HRmax adjusted for the aquatic environment) (ES) and a control session (no exercise for 45 minutes) (CS). Heart rate was monitored using a heart rate monitor and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) measurements were taken using a semi-automatic monitor before and immediately after the sessions, and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes thereafter. It was using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) with Bonferroni's post-hoc test (p < 0.05). At the end of the experimental session, ES showed a rise in SBP of 17.4 mmHg (14.3%, p < 0.001) and DBP of 5.4 mmHg (7.8%, p < 0.001) compared to CS. At 10 minutes after exercise, BP declined in ES by a greater magnitude than in CS (SBP 7.5 mmHg, 6.2%, p = 0.005 and DBP 3.8 mmHg, 5.5%, p = 0.013). At 20 minutes after exercise and thereafter, SBP and DBP were similar in both ES and CS. In conclusion, BP returned to control levels within 10-20 minutes remaining unchanged until 30 minutes after exercise, and post-exercise hypotension was not observed. Besides, BP changed after exercise was a safe rise of small magnitude for hypertensive people.

Background/objective: Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and diet has been identified as a modifiable factor for preventing and controlling hypertension. Besides, epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse association between polyphenol intake and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the intake of polyphenols and hypertension in a general population of Sao Paulo., Methods: Data came from the 'Health Survey of Sao Paulo (ISA-Capital)' among 550 adults and older adults in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Diet was assessed by two 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR). Usual intakes were calculated using the Multiple Source Method. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data from the 24HR with the Phenol-Explorer database. The associations between the hypertension and tertiles of the total and classes of polyphenols intake were tested by multivariate logistic regression analysis., Results: After multivariate adjustment for potential confounding factors the findings showed an inverse and linearly association between the hypertension and highest tertiles of tyrosols (OR = 0.33; 95%CI 0.18, 0.64), alkylphenols (OR = 0.45; 95%CI 0.23, 0.87), lignans (OR = 0.49; 95%CI 0.25, 0.98), as well as stilbenes (OR = 0.60; 95%CI 0.36, 0.98), and other polyphenols (OR = 0.33; 95%CI 0.14, 0.74). However, total polyphenol intake, and phenolic acids were significantly associated only in the middle tertile with hypertension and flavonoids were not significant associated., Conclusion: There is an inverse and linearly association between the highest tertile of some classes of polyphenols, such as, tyrosols, alkylphenols, lignans, stilbenes, other polyphenols and hypertension., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

One exercise training session such as walking, running, and resistance can lead to a decrease in blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive individuals, but few studies have investigated the effects of exercise training in an aquatic environment for overweight and obese hypertensive individuals. We aimed to assess the acute effects of a water aerobics session on blood pressure changes in pharmacologically treated overweight and obese hypertensive women. A randomized crossover study was carried out with 18 hypertensive women, 10 of them were overweight (54.4 ± 7.9 years; body mass index: 27.8 ± 1.7 kg/m(2)) and eight obese (56.4 ± 6.6 years; body mass index: 33.0 ± 2.0 kg/m(2)). The water aerobics exercise session consisted of a 45-minute training at the intensity of 70%-75% of maximum heart rate adjusted for the aquatic environment. The control group did not enter the pool and did not perform any exercise. We measured systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) before, immediately after, and every 10 minutes up to 30 minutes after the aerobic exercise or control session. Overall (n = 18), DBP did not change after the water aerobic exercise and control session, and SBP decreased at 10 and 20 minutes postexercise compared to the control session. Among overweight women, SBP decreased at 10 and 20 minutes postexercise. In contrast, among obese women, SBP decreased only at 10 minutes postexercise. SBP variation was -2.68 mm Hg in overweight and -1.24 mm Hg in obese women. In conclusion, the water aerobics session leads to a reduction in SBP, but not in DBP, during 10 and 20 minutes postexercise recovery. Thus, it may be safely prescribed to overweight and obese women., (Copyright © 2016 American Society of Hypertension. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and an early maker for atherosclerosis. Aerobic exercise training is known to enhance endothelial function, but little is understood about the effects of resistance or combined exercise training on endothelial function. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a 12-week aerobic (AT), resistance (RT), or combined (aerobic and resistance, CT) training program on endothelial function and assess associated effects on blood pressure in individuals with SAH., Methods/design: Eighty-one subjects with SAH aged 18 to 70 years will be selected and randomly assigned to three types of exercise training: AT, RT or CT. The study will involve the following procedures and tests: anamnesis, anthropometric assessment, echocardiography, blood pressure measurements through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, flow-mediated dilation, ergospirometry, one repetition maximum test (1-RM), and blood collection (number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells, number of circulating endothelial microparticles, lipid profile, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and creatinine). The AT intervention will consist of a 40-min exercise session with progressive intensities ranging from 50 to 75% of heart rate reserve. The RT intervention will consist of a 40-minute session with four sets of six to 12 repetitions with a rest period of 60 to 90 seconds between each set and each type of exercise. Weight loads will be adjusted to 60 to 80% of 1-RM for six types of exercise. The CT intervention will consist of a 20-min aerobic exercise session, followed by an additional 20-min resistance exercise session; each resistance exercise will have two sets less to match the total training volume., Discussion: The study results are expected evidence of cardiovascular protective effects of different types of exercise training through the modulation of endothelial function in hypertensive individuals. Knowing the magnitude of improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation for the different types of exercise training can provide scientific evidence for the prescription of exercise programs for vascular protection targeting hypertensive individuals., Trial Registration: The Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry ( http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/) under RBR-9ygmdn and dated 1 March 2015.

Background and Method: Hypertension is accompanied by inflammatory process and purinergic system has been recognized as having an important role in modulating immune functions. Physical training is being considered one of the major lifestyle changes that contributes to the cardiovascular health as well as has an important role in regulating purinergic system. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic swimming training on lymphocytic purinergic system enzymes activities related to inflammatory process, as well as in lipid profile and classic inflammatory markers in rats that developed hypertension in response to the oral administration of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)., Results: After 6 weeks of training, lymphocytes and serum were separated to be analysed. L-NAME-treated group displayed an increase in SBP as well as in ecto-NTPDase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities (P < 0.05). Six weeks of swimming training were able to prevent these alterations and keep the blood pressure and enzymes activities in the same levels of control group. Exercise per se was associated with a decrease in the expression of ecto-NTPDase1 in lymphocytes (-23.4%). Exercise was also efficient in preventing the rise in classic inflammatory markers observed in L-NAME group., Conclusion: These findings highlight the link between purinergic signalling and inflammatory process and suggest a novel mechanism in which moderate aerobic exercise possesses the potential to attenuate inflammation caused by hypertension.

Background: Cholinergic enzyme activities are altered in hypertension, reflecting a low-grade inflammation. Regular physical exercise exerts anti-inflammatory effects and has been described as a coadjutant in the treatment of hypertension. In this study, we investigated the effect of 6 weeks of swimming training on cholinergic enzyme activities (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) in Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats., Methods: The rats were divided into 4 groups: control (n = 10), exercise (n = 10), L-NAME (n = 10), and exercise L-NAME (n = 10). The animals were trained 5 times per week in an adapted swimming system for 60 minutes with a gradual increase of the workload up to 5% of animal's body weight. Enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically in lymphocytes, whole blood, and serum., Results: A significant rise in acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in lymphocytes and whole blood as well as in serum butyrylcholinesterase activity in the L-NAME group when compared with the other groups (P < 0.05), and the increase in cholinesterase activities was positively correlated with the rise in blood pressure (r = 0.5721, r = 0.6121, and r = 0.5811, respectively). Swimming training was efficient in preventing these alterations in the exercise L-NAME group, which displayed values similar to those of the control group. Exercise training demonstrated a significant hypotensive effect in hypertensive rats., Conclusions: Exercise training was shown to prevent increased cholinesterase related to inflammatory processes in hypertensive rats, providing a new insight about protective exercise mechanisms to avoid hypertension-related inflammation.

The present study investigated the effects of a 6-week swimming training on blood pressure, nitric oxide (NO) levels and oxidative stress parameters such as protein and lipid oxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity and endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidant content in kidney and circulating fluids, as well as on serum biochemical parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides, urea and creatinine) from Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)-induced hypertension treated rats. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 10): Control, Exercise, L-NAME and Exercise L-NAME. Results showed that exercise prevented a decrease in NO levels in hypertensive rats (P < 0·05). An increase in protein and lipid oxidation observed in the L-NAME-treated group was reverted by physical training in serum from the Exercise L-NAME group (P < 0·05). A decrease in the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the L-NAME group was observed when compared with normotensive groups (P < 0·05). In kidney, exercise significantly augmented the CAT and SOD activities in the Exercise L-NAME group when compared with the L-NAME group (P < 0·05). There was a decrease in the non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels in the L-NAME-treated group when compared with the normotensive groups (P < 0·05). In the Exercise L-NAME group, there was an increase in NPSH levels when compared with the L-NAME group (P < 0·05). The elevation in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, urea and creatinine levels observed in the L-NAME group were reverted to levels close to normal by exercise in the Exercise L-NAME group (P < 0·05). Exercise training had hypotensive effect, reducing blood pressure in the Exercise L-NAME group (P < 0·05). These findings suggest that physical training could have a protector effect against oxidative damage and renal injury caused by hypertension., (Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

In this study, we investigated the effect of 6 weeks of swimming training on the ecto-nucleotidase activities and platelet aggregation from rats that developed hypertension in response to oral administration of L-NAME. The rats were divided into four groups: control (n = 10), exercise (n = 10), L-NAME (n = 10), and exercise L-NAME (n = 10). The animals were trained five times per week in an adapted swimming system for 60 min with a gradual increase of the workload up to 5 % of animal's body weight. The results showed an increase in ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine hydrolysis, indicating an augment in NTPDase (from 35.3 ± 8.1 to 53.0 ± 15.1 nmol Pi/min/mg protein for ATP; and from 21.7 ± 7.0 to 46.4 ± 15.6 nmol Pi/min/mg protein for ADP as substrate), ecto-5'-nucleotidase (from 8.0 ± 5.7 to 28.1 ± 6.9 nmol Pi/min/mg protein), and ADA (from 0.8 ± 0.5 to 3.9 ± 0.8 U/L) activities in platelets from L-NAME-treated rats when compared to other groups (p < 0.05). A significant augment on platelet aggregation in L-NAME group was also observed. Exercise training was efficient in preventing these alterations in the exercise L-NAME group, besides showing a significant hypotensive effect. In conclusion, our results clearly indicated a protector action of moderate intensity exercise on nucleotides and nucleoside hydrolysis and on platelet aggregation, which highlights the exercise training effect to avoid hypertension complications related to ecto-nucleotidase activities.

The effects of indoramin (n = 29) and metoprolol (n = 15) on lipid profiles in hypertensive patients were compared in a double-blind study. Blood samples were taken at baseline, weeks 3 and 4 of placebo administration, and after 4 and 8 weeks of active treatment. The following assays were performed: total cholesterol, total triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL3 cholesterol, and apoproteins A, AI, and B. The following values were calculated: HDL2 cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (Castelli risk ratio I), and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (Castelli risk ratio II). The results of an overall analysis showed the following significant changes (mean +/- SD) for indoramin: LDL cholesterol, from 129.50 +/- 38.29 to 114.00 +/- 32.41 mg/dl (p less than or equal to 0.001); apoprotein A, from 169.51 +/- 39.83 to 232.48 +/- 34.08 mg/dl (p less than or equal to 0.001); apoprotein AI, from 105.62 +/- 20.70 to 134.68 +/- 21.58 mg/dl; apoprotein B, from 110.13 +/- 34.88 to 122.34 +/- 32.13 mg/dl (p less than or equal to 0.05); and Castelli risk ratio II, from 2.38 to 1.96 (p less than or equal to 0.01). The following significant variations occurred for metoprolol: total cholesterol, from 201.54 +/- 49.21 to 191.80 +/- 51.88 mg/dl (p less than or equal to 0.05); apoprotein A, from 186.78 +/- 62.63 to 227.68 +/- 44.78 mg/dl (p less than or equal to 0.001); apoprotein AI, from 109.12 +/- 34.72 to 131.95 +/- 21.79 mg/dl (p less than or equal to 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)