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This article revisits the concept of empowerment that has underpinned the global movement to address gendered violence. Using a critical praxis lens, the article explores different understandings of empowerment that arose in interviews with front-line domestic violence workers who support refugee and migrant women experiencing gendered violence in Queensland, Australia. Two-thirds of the participants are from refugee and migrant backgrounds themselves. The findings reflect the shift in the service sector from more macro understandings of empowerment, grounded in feminist activism, to more micro understandings. In a context of neoliberal, bureaucratic service delivery, and limited means to address gendered violence that focus on women leaving and legal interventions, empowerment is sometimes viewed in individualistic, therapeutic terms of self-help. There is evidence that domestic violence services, founded on theories of empowerment, are now implicated in the surveillance and risk tracking role of social work as a profession, which has implications for survivor centeredness, agency, and equal participation. However, there is also evidence that front-line workers are aware of structural failings and questioning individualistic conceptions of empowerment amid broader concerns of social justice. Empowerment is viewed as transformative, with possibilities for more collective models aimed at addressing social justice. Outlining implications for feminist scholarship and practice, I suggest empowerment might be revisited by considering the differences between and within groups; structural violence and the consequences of interventions for marginalized groups; collective strategies aimed at broader structural change, such as poverty and race; and by strengthening the capacity of communities to respond to violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculous meningitis is a major public health issue, despite showing low incidence, tuberculous meningitis causes substantial mortality. For better clinical management, identification of prognostic factors is crucial to reduce health risk of Malaysian society. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prognostic factors of adult tuberculous meningitis in peninsular Malaysia. Materials & methods: Initially, a retrospective cohort study and one-year of follow-up period was carried out. In addition, a total of 217 adult tuberculous meningitis patients treated or had follow-up in four tertiary hospitals in peninsular Malaysia were recruited. Cox proportional hazards regression was employed to perform multivariable analysis. Results: The overall survival probability of adult tuberculous meningitis was 36.8% with median survival time 244 days. Significant prognostic factors were Glasgow coma scale score (aHR=0.71, 95% CI=0.65, 0.76; p<0.001), HIV status (aHR=1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.19, 3.15; p=0.008), headache (aHR=0.48, 95% CI=0.31, 0.76; p=0.002) and meningeal enhancement (aHR=0.47, 95% CI=0.30, 0.74; p=0.001), nausea (aHR=2.21, 95% CI=1.33, 3.66; p=0.002), and vomit (aHR=0.58, 95% CI=0.36, 0.93; p=0.023). Conclusions: Evidently, the survival of among adults with tuberculous meningitis was low. Since HIV positive has a significant influence in mortality; early screening, diagnosis, and prompt treatment in this subgroup of patients play a key role in survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National — and local — conversations about immigration are often centered on immigrants' integration into the US society. One factor that shapes immigrants' integration is their pre-migration work experience, skills, and training and a series of studies have used "channeling" as a concept to identify immigrants who have worked in the same occupation and/or industry in the destination labor market as they had in the origin labor market, prior to migration. Using the New Immigrant Survey (NIS) and a simultaneous equation model (SiEM) approach, this article expands on this research by exploring the impact of channeling on wages for Asian Indians, Filipino/as, and Mexicans with lawful permanent resident (LPR) status. Contrary to prior findings on the effects of channeling within specific industries, we find that channeling is associated with lower, not higher, immigrants' wages. The findings are robust to different definitions of channeling, as the negative effects of channeling hold within industrial sectors and occupational groups. Moreover, the results indicate that channeling is not exclusive to the Mexico–US migration stream, but instead may be a feature of various US-bound immigration streams, including those from India and the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceived discrimination is often theorized within a bounded social context, and much of this literature focuses on how structural and socioeconomic factors shape minorities' perceptions of discrimination. However, immigrants exist in varied social contexts given their exposure to both home and destination countries. In this study, we propose a relational framework to understand how stratification systems in one's country of origin and relative group evaluations in new social contexts interact to shape experiences with perceived discrimination for immigrant groups. As a case study, we draw on an original, representative survey (N = 501) and follow-up interviews (N = 58) with Indian immigrants living in Atlanta and Philadelphia. Although respondents report a range of explicit to subtle discriminatory experiences, they often downplay or minimize them. We argue that interpreting these experiences relationally—in relation to Indians' perceptions of discrimination abroad and toward other U.S. minority groups—is key to explaining this puzzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review systematically examines the characteristics and effectiveness of randomized controlled trials with aerobic physical activity (PA) interventions tailored to South Asian Indians (SAIs). PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and Google Scholar were searched. The search yielded 1,842 studies; 11 met the criteria. The Center for Evidence-Based Medicine's critical appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of studies. Studies that used supervised structured PA sessions, educational material in SAI languages, motivational strategies, and positive reinforcement for goal setting, reported significant improvement in PA (p <.05; Cohen's d ≤ 0.3 to >0.8). Future PA studies in India featuring SAIs would benefit from clinic-based one-on-one structured aerobic PA interventions. In contrast, SAI immigrants in Western countries would benefit from community-based structured aerobic PA interventions that are offered in groups and culturally adapted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the gendered entanglements of migration, intimate relations and law among itinerant Indians in colonial Singapore between 1900 and 1940, when Indians began consolidating their roots. Singapore did not legislate marriages for migrants, but the courts had to rule on the validity of migrant marriages in marital disputes and offences, resulting in legal ambiguities. Through a close reading of legal reports, newspaper archives and oral histories focusing on cases of wife enticement, this article formulates a gendered understanding of the migration process and intimate life for Indians. It builds on the scholarly literature on intimate life and legal governance in colonial societies, makes a set of analytical descriptions that reveal tensions of race, class and gender in legal negotiations and underscores how the processes of migration and law impacted on the social life of Indians. The cases discussed illuminate how intimate relationships, especially of Indian women, animated communal and patriarchal anxieties, and they establish the role of Indians in the legal history of marriage and family laws in Singapore. Moreover, the context of an urban free port with a predominantly itinerant population highlights mechanisms of colonial rule that were different from the exigencies in other colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring constructions of mental health in the perinatal period among Indian immigrants can be challenging. This article describes the use of visual methods, photo elicitation, free listing and pile sorting, as an adjunct to face-to-face interviews to understand the constructions of perinatal mental health among Indian immigrants in Australia. The benefits and challenges of using these methods and modifications made during the research are explained. The modifications resulted in a broader understanding of terminology used by the Indian community. Incorporating visual methods as an adjunct to interviews when discussing perinatal mental health with Indian immigrants is effective and using multiple methods enhances the richness of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written about India's soft power – how much it has, its sources and origins, and its deficits and applications. This article aims to place India's soft power in context of other nations like China and the US, by applying the Soft Power Rubric, a model that harnesses quantitative data on ordinary human interactions – like foreign visitors appearing in local street markets – to understand the relationships among countries. In this examination of India's soft power, the focus is on the activity of ordinary people, not necessarily actions by the government. The Soft Power Rubric centers around understanding in which foreign countries are people attracted to India and, vice versa, which foreign countries attract Indians to go abroad. The sum of this activity paints a picture of cultural affinity and social interaction unlike any other analysis of soft power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acculturation theories and research find that both new culture acquisition and heritage culture attachment are associated with positive outcomes. However, gender-related analyses are rare. In this mixed-method study of 73 Asian Indian American women who were first- or second-generation immigrants from Kerala, India, those classified as behaviorally bicultural, assimilated, separated, or marginalized did not differ significantly in well-being. Being older and married was related to higher self-esteem; unmarried women reported more Kerala attitudinal marginalization. With age, marital status, immigrant generation, and both cultural behavioral orientations controlled, Kerala attitudinal marginalization (but not Anglo attitudinal marginalization) correlated moderately with both lower self-esteem and more severe depressive symptoms. Content analysis of open-ended question data suggested associations among more intricate and multifaceted acculturation processes and psychological well-being via the rewards and challenges the women described. Attaining the "best of both worlds" that some mentioned meant selective adoption and rejection of facets of each culture: family connectedness and control, freedom and moral decline, opportunity, and discrimination. For these women, status-related characteristics (being younger and single representing lower status), discrimination experiences, and attitudinal rejection of their heritage culture (although it accords women lower status than men) had negative psychological outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly educated Indian and Pakistani immigrants arrived in boomtown Houston in the 1960s and 1970s, readily securing employment as engineers or other white-collar professionals. At the same time, they faced racism in housing, the workplace, university campuses, and restaurants. Asians were "conditionally included"--that is, accepted for their economic value but often, socially outcast. The racial calculations made by Indian and Pakistani immigrants in a rapidly internationalizing city were fraught with contradictions. They sought places and spaces where they felt tolerated, even if not completely welcomed into the fold. At the same time, they wielded their class status and ethnicity as tools by which they could both distance themselves from other racialized minorities and attempt to bypass their own racialization altogether. The experiences of immigrants of color reveals the racial architecture--that is, those norms that upheld the structure of white privilege--of a changing American South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the experiences of a culturally and linguistically diverse group of immigrant adult students as they attended a 12-week employment preparation course for newcomers to Canada. The main aim of the course was to equip the immigrants with knowledge and skills, including English for employment purposes, which are necessary to be competitive in the labour market. Using ethnographic methods, mainly participant observation with audio recording, to collect data, this paper analyses the communicative strategies that this group of multilingual speakers and their Canadian teachers deployed to discursively construct a ‘heterotopia’ defined here as ‘intensely affective spaces that redefine the experiential feeling of being and becoming’. Analysis of transcribed audio recordings reveals that despite differences in communication conventions and sociocultural backgrounds, the research participants from Congo, Haiti, India, Bangladesh, Jordan and the Philippines managed to establish a socially cohesive team that emphasises shared relational identity and in-group membership. The findings show how they creatively mobilised previously acquired pragmatic strategies and resources from their L1 to suit the demands of the ongoing interaction in English. It is suggested that language teaching in the context of preparing immigrants for labour market integration entails a pedagogical approach that foregrounds the affordances of English not only as the language of employment but perhaps more importantly as the ‘language of comity’. It is therefore suggested that the teaching of the host country's language should focus less on grammatical correctness and focus more on providing the adult learners with opportunities to activate existing pragmatic resources and strategies which have to do with establishing rapport and friendly relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explanations of immigrant health that ascribe to culture a fundamental causal role neglect the broader structural and contextual factors with which culture intersects. Based on a qualitative study of Indian immigrants’ vulnerability to HIV in Canada, this paper presents a contextualised understanding of these individuals’ understanding of, perceptions about, and responses to the HIV risk in their post-immigration lives. The study reveals that although culture – both traditional values and the norms of the diaspora community – appears to have constrained Indian immigrants’ capacities to respond to the risk, this effect can be properly understood only by situating such constraint in the context of the settlement process that has shaped participants’ living conditions, including their relationship with the diasporic community in Canada. We argue that HIV vulnerability should be conceptualised as a health inequality associated with broader systems of power relations (eg socio-economic marginalisation, gender inequality, discrimination, and racism). This more holistic conceptualisation of the intersection of culture, integration, and HIV vulnerability will facilitate exploration of HIV prevention strategies, through which interconnected inequalities of gender, race, and access to knowledge and resources can be challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examines identity construction among first-generation Asian Indian immigrants who reside in the Southern Plains region of the United States. Employing structural ritualization theory this study focuses on how three types of ritualized behaviors - regional-ethnic, pan-ethnic, and host - play a crucial role in constructing “multi-ritual” ethnic identity of Indian immigrants. In determining the rank or overall importance of ritualized symbolic practices (RSPs) we argue that the higher the rank of a practice, the greater its impact on the cognitions and behaviors of immigrants. The results of this qualitative study indicate that in the process of ethnic identity formation, Indian immigrants negotiate with their distinctive pan-Indian RSPs, retain and alter their regional-Indian RSPs, and bring their ethnicity into the mainstream society. This study contributes to the micro-sociological analysis of ethnic identity and enhances our empirical understanding of an understudied Asian Indian immigrant community. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyzes the expression of identities of first-generation (FG) immigrants from India in private and public spaces. Focusing on high-skill upwardly mobile professionals living in the Washington metropolitan area, the study found that despite “Indian” being a primary descriptor, these FG immigrants had developed hybrid identities that included Indian and American elements, considered themselves Westernized cosmopolitans prior to their arrival in the USA, and acculturated selectively in private and public spaces. Relatively privileged due to their socioeconomic class and anticipating little prejudice, these immigrants expected to navigate life in the receiving country with dexterity and ease by selectively expressing various aspects of their hybrid identities in different locales. Although not subjected to overt racism, they were surprised and distraught when confronted with slights that spoke of their separation from mainstream America in public and semi-public spaces, particularly when the marginalizing events occurred in spaces where they believed they belonged. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study of gendered migration from the Indian subcontinent to Cape Town focuses on women who did travel and those who did not. It identifies the split-household as being the dominant household formation in the first half of the twentieth century, a matter of preference of Indian male migrants. Some women also displayed resistance to leaving India. Women nonetheless suffered long periods of separation from husbands; sometimes they were abandoned once men set up alternate households in Cape Town with women of other races and ethnicities. This article also assesses the influence of immigration laws on female mobility. The provision in 1927 that minor children from India had to be accompanied by their mothers did lead to increased female migration but some women returned to India once the minor was settled. The non-recognition of polygamy in South African immigration law had consequences for women in such marriages. The article shifts focus to women who did travel and highlights bureaucratic hurdles. The final section points to lives made in Cape Town as Indian women drew on village and linguistic networks for support, acquired new skills, contributed to the household economy and to the cultural life of the broader community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the ways in which a group of Gujarati migrant women in Sydney, Australia, negotiate belonging within the context of their religious community or satsang. Using multi-sited ethnography in India and in Australia, the work interrogates the religious community as the institutional site in which boundaries of belonging and identity are delineated. It reveals that women negotiate belonging in the temple space around three primary areas: foodwork, bodily practices such as headcovering and information communication technologies or virtual space. Results indicate the ways in which women construct themselves as cultural gatekeepers around foodwork practices and the way in which headcovering becomes a site of contestation over claims of doctrinal or cultural authority. Finally, the study reveals the way in which women's participation in virtual religious space opens up possibilities for multi-layered ways of belonging and new ritual practices that challenge gendered norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how East African Indians in Canada engage in the processes of place-making to construct their identities and to recreate ties of community both locally and transnationally. By focusing on two sites of interaction in Toronto—a local association for Sunni Punjabi East Africans (SPEAs) and larger reunions for East African Asians—this analysis demonstrates the multifarious ways in which migrants’ past histories continue to inform their everyday lives. I reveal how SPEAs not only draw on their middleman experiences under colonial rule in East Africa to counter discrimination but also how their nostalgic memories of past neighborhoods and continued relationships with ex-residents unify them as a community in Toronto. Migrants also come together to celebrate their shared provenance during reunions. This study explores how these gatherings have become temporal and transnational spaces of belonging for a diverse, global population of East African Asians. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we examine the contradictory migration experiences of Indian youth who recently moved to Britain on a student or temporary work visa and discuss the perspectives of their middle-class families in Gujarat. Like many young people in developing countries, our informants dreamed of going to the West to earn money and improve their prospects at home but ended up in low-status, semi-skilled jobs to cover their expenses, living in small guesthouses crammed with newly arrived migrants. Why did these young people leave India and go to London and what do they get by moving abroad? Based on research in London and Gujarat, our findings show that the decision to migrate is shaped by a combination of individual and social motivations. These young people moved to London not only to earn money and gain new experiences but also to escape family pressures by living away from their parents. Their parents encourage them, though they are aware of the difficulties their children face in London. They regard the migration as a requisite precautionary strategy to maintain their status as middle-class families in India, thereby safeguarding the next generation's future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examined the relationships among enculturation, attitudes supporting intimate partner violence (IPV-supporting attitudes), and gender role attitudes among one of the largest Asian Indian population groups in the US. Data were collected via computer-assisted telephone interviews with a random sample of Gujarati men and women aged 18-64 in Metropolitan Detroit. Using structural equation modeling, we modeled the effects of three components of enculturation (behavior, values, and community participation) on gender role attitudes and IPV-supporting attitudes among married respondents ( N = 373). Analyses also accounted for the effects of respondent age, education, religious service attendance, perceived financial difficulty, and lengths of residence in the US. The second-order, overall construct of enculturation was the strongest predictor of IPV-supporting attitudes (standardized B = 0.61), but not gender role attitudes. Patriarchal gender role attitudes were positively associated with IPV-supporting attitudes (B = 0.49). In addition to the overall effect of the enculturation construct, two of the components of enculturation had specific effects. 'Enculturation-values' had a specific positive indirect association with IPV-supporting attitudes, through its relationship with patriarchal gender role attitudes. However, 'enculturation-community participation' was negatively associated with IPV-supporting attitudes, suggesting the importance of community-based prevention of IPV among this immigrant population group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented which discusses immigrant restaurateurs in New York City, New York from the mid 19th century through the early 21st century, including the taste of ethnic foods in immigrant owned restaurants and East Indian restaurant owners in the city. An overview of the names of restaurants owned by East Indians, including in regard to national identifiers placed underneath the restaurant names, is provided.

Background: Throughout the world, a large number of surveys have been carried out to find the prevalence of dementia with variable results. Aims: This study was to generate data on the prevalence of dementia and to generate a hypothesis on the differential distribution across populations. Materials and Methods: Four settings identified for the purpose of this study included a migrant, urban, rural, and tribal. The study was conducted in two phases: 1) A screening phase and 2) a clinical phase, on 2,000 individuals above 60 years of age. To complete the required sample of 2,000 elderly individuals, 500 individuals were approached from each site. Nobody refused to participate. Results: A total of 32/2,000 (1.6%) elderly individuals were classified as demented. No case of dementia was reported from tribal population. A look at sex differential reveals that majority (21/32; 66%) of individuals identified as demented were females. As age advanced scores on cognitive screen decreased with elders above 80 years of age showing lowest scores. Out of 32, 18 (56%) of patients classified as demented were more than 80 years of age. Conclusion: The findings of this study are in agreement with previous studies which point towards differential distribution of dementia across populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US older population is growing in ethnic diversity. Persistent ethnic disparities in service use among seniors are linked to structural barriers to access, and also to family processes such as cultural preferences and intergenerational relations. There is sparse information on the latter issue for immigrant ethnic minority seniors. Information on the Asian group (the fastest growing senior sub-population) is extremely scarce, due to this group's diversity in national, linguistic, and cultural origins. We conducted a qualitative study among community-dwelling Asian Indian families (including at least one member aged 60 years and older) in North Carolina to examine preferences of seniors and the midlife generation regarding elder care, and the role of intergenerational relations in desired care for elders, exploring the theoretical perspective of intergenerational relationship ambivalence. Our results suggest that cultural preferences, ambivalence in intergenerational relations, and regulations on health service eligibility among immigrant/transnational seniors and midlife adults influence preferences for elder care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses travel and migration throughout countries under British control in the Indian Ocean region throughout the 19th century. The article relies heavily on the diaries of shopkeeper, camel trader and immigrant to Perth, Australia Khawaja Mohammad Bux and the diary "A Khoja's Tour in Australia," by the wealthy Khoja Muslim businessman from Bombay, India Fazulbhoy Visram. An overview on the British administration's regulation of immigration to Australia, including that of Chinese and East Indian immigrants, is provided.

The theoretical discussion of taste is overwhelmingly shaped by concerns about distinction and omnivorousness from the perspective of the white, anglophone consumer. The scholarship on what customers get out of eating ethnic food is substantial, yet it dismisses any volition or aspiration on the part of the immigrant producer of food outside of economic necessity. This paper inserts the habits, memories, work and dreams of immigrant entrepreneurs into the discussion of taste. It focuses on the "ethnic" restaurateur as the hinge between taste and toil - two streams of theoretical accounts that could be put in productive conversation with each other. It is based on interviews with thirty immigrant restaurateurs, and buttressed by descriptive quantitative data derived from US historical censuses, mainstream and diasporic newspaper coverage of restaurants, guidebooks (current and historical), telephone directories, restaurant reviews in print and online, menus, recipes and practices of cooking. 'The work pays attention to the peculiar intimacy between the anglo and the ethnic that has always shaped public cultures of eating in the United States. In the process. the author points to the limits of disciplinarity in the current research on the fond cultures of US cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this memoir the central of role of food in the life of migrants is recalled in the story of an Indian family's journey to Britain in the 1950s, a time when very few South Asian restaurants or shops had been established. The memoir seeks to redress the imbalance in much writing on food and migration, where food is the primary focus, and migrants and their journeys tend to form a rather ghostly backdrop to the culinary action. The family's quest for the "food of home" highlights the centrality of culinary practices in their lives, and the relationship between food and ideas of home and belonging. It provides an alternative window into an intimate world of food and migration, offering insights into both the inner space of the migrant psyche, and outer, mobile. food geographies and social histories. Food practices are explored as a grammar for' a politics of the migrant self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops a socio-economic profile of the Indo-Canadian diaspora, arguably one of the largest Indian diaspora in the world and the second largest immigrant group in Canada, by analyzing landing records, tax data, and census and micro data files. The study suggests that Indian immigrants in Canada can be viewed as forming two broad streams: those who achieve incremental upward mobility with time in the country; and, those who do not experience much upward mobility even after residing in the country for many years. In particular, it examines the key determinants of the success of high-income earners. The paper compares the Indo-Canadian economic experience with that of the general Canadian population as well as other immigrants, principally Chinese immigrants. The paper argues that Canada has not benefited from the economic edge Indian and other transnational professionals and entrepreneurs offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the health status and utilization of physicians, hospitals, emergency departments, and traditional medicine among older Asian Indian immigrants ( n = 100). The data for this study derives from the Asian American Elders in New York City (AAENYC) Study, which used a regional probability sampling. Multivariate analyses were guided by the Andersen behavioral model. The number of medical conditions is significant in predicting the likelihood of physician visits while age and having medical insurance predicted the likelihood of hospital stays. Having medical insurance was also a significant predictor for the use of emergency department services while poor English proficiency was associated with the use of traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred eigtheen Asian Indian immigrants completed questionnaires assessing behavioral accultur- ation, values enculturation, and perceptions of the psychological and medical determinants of case descriptions of major depression and schizophrenia, as well as treatment-seeking recommendations and stigma associated with treatment seeking. Case vignettes depicted symptoms meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manualfor Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision, American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria for major depression and schizophrenia. Results revealed that responses to male case vignettes elicited lower levels of endorsement of psychological determinants and higher levels of endorsement of biological determinants in comparison to female case vignettes. Moreover, vignette gender moderated the relationship between behavioral acculturation and perceptions of the psychological basis of the disorders depicted in the vignettes. Both vignette gender and type of disorder moderated the relationship between years in the United States and perceptions of biological determinants. The study findings were consistent with traditional gender ideals among Asian Indians. Moreover, behavioral acculturation appeared to moderate traditional conceptions of masculinity toward greater recognition of the psychological bases of mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research—especially in the United States—has largely utilised a Black/White focus in studying intergroup attitudes, and has not sufficiently dealt with how racial/ethnic minority groups (including newer immigrants) view one another. To address this dearth in the literature, the present study investigates predictors of intergroup attitudes of one minority group (East Indian immigrants and Indian Americans) toward another (African Americans). We assessed 144 East Indian students' ethnic identification, worldviews, contact with and attitudes toward African Americans. Results indicate that Indian immigrants held more negative attitudes towards African Americans than Indian Americans. Ethnic identity, beliefs about social hierarchy, contact with African Americans and immigrant status had direct and indirect associations with attitudes toward African Americans. The results suggest the need for further study of intergroup attitudes among ethnic minority groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine remittances as a currency of care from the perspective of migrants among the Indian diaspora in Australia. We focus particularly on seven "twice migrants" from Malaysia, Singapore, Kenya and the United Kingdom, and two cases where direct migration of the parental generation from India has led to multiple migration for their children as they moved from Australia to the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. These nine cases of multiple migration enable us to delve into the greater complexity and longer history of migration. The paper thus adds a historical dimension to literature on migration, analyzing changes across generations to remittances and the transnational family. Following Fischer and Tronto (1990) we distinguish between "caring about," "taking care," "caregiving" and "care-receiving." Occasional and regular remittances, together with regular communication, visits home and gifts, express the migrants' continued "caring about" and "taking care" of the family left behind, usually the parents. The money sent home helps facilitate "caregiving," usually by the non-migrant siblings. The social value of money as a medium of relationships and belonging has been transmitted across generations, though parents are less likely to want to receive such care in Australia. Moreover, there are tensions inherent in caring. From the migrants' perspective, these tensions revolve around an inadequate valuing of the money sent home and conflicts around inheritance. Our focus on multiple migrants balances the linear notions of migration implicit in the literature on migration, remittances and the transnational family. Overtime, the definition of kin in the transnational family narrows as there is a dilution of family communication. With multiple migrations, there are possible shifts in the geographic centre of the transnational family. As the younger generation migrates further, this dilution is accompanied by a greater diffusion of the transnational family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the intense debates over the extent to which foreign-born in the U.S. science and engineering (S&E) workplace displace U.S.-born, very few have focused on the work experience and professional activities of foreign-born in S&E. This article examines the extent to which India-born in the U.S. S&E workforce consider themselves professionally successful and/or facing institutional barriers, and their transnationalism between the United States and India. The article is primarily based on in-depth interviews conducted with different strata of scientists and engineers from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the conflicting issues confronting the Asian Indian immigrants in the U.S. It cites a letter which focuses on the household division of labor within the Indian immigrant families in the U.S. The Indian immigrant husbands are considered indolent or couch potatoes since they seldom participate in everyday household tasks. Indian women complain that their household burden increases as a result of migration and they are forced to carve out new gender identities. Indian wives are seen as attempting to move away from their basic and traditional identities as wives and mothers.

Abstract  This study qualitatively explored social capital available to individuals (N = 17) within a community-based purposive sample of adult male immigrants from India in New York City (NYC). Analysis of in-depth interview data identified possible pathways for social capital’s influences upon acculturative stress. The study defined social capital in terms of the participants’ social relationships among peers, in the workplace, and with their ethnic community. Their relationships were assessed in terms of support, trust, and reciprocity. Among the recent immigrants, hopelessness and frustration about future work prospects were associated with symptoms of depression and substance abuse. The participants identified wealth as a distinct marker of social class and they described social class as a combination of education and occupation. Social class largely determined the particular peer and community networks each participant joined. Participants relied upon ongoing connections with family in India, despite their geographic separation, to relieve acculturative stress. Social support from peers was the participants’ most useful and immediate resource for alleviating acculturative stress. For participants of lower socioeconomic status, acculturative stress was compounded by social-relationship expectations and norms from India that persisted within NYCs immigrant community. Namely, lower-SES participants were more likely to experience frustration and setbacks when they sought out intimate social relationships with women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The children of immigrants raised in the USA (i.e. the second generation) have become a central focus in understanding immigrant adaptation. Groups' Americanisation is assessed by their degree of commitment to the manifest elements of the nation-state, that is, to what extent groups adopt the dominant cultural norms of native-born whites and become involved in mainstream social institutions, networks and laws. Research on adaptation increasingly argues that groups selectively further their Americanisation into these elements by keeping, rather than abandoning, their ethnic and even transnational ties. Missing in this framework is immigrants' relationship to the principles of the liberal nation-state, that is, the taken-for-granted ideals that shape how to express civil liberties. This study argues that second-generation Indian Americans convey local and transnational ethnic ties, often within religious and secular organisations. Doing so facilitates their selective commitment to not only the prevailing, manifest dimensions of the nation-state, as others have also found, but also to its broader principles through how informants defend and express their ethnicity. As a result, second-generation Indian Americans further their Americanisation in overlooked ways and more deeply than expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we examine the working lives of young, single, middle-class Indian men employed in the increasingly global hospitality sector in London, UK. Using a case study of a single hotel, we investigate a particular form of Indian middle-class global mobility that differs from both the well-documented ‘low status’, unskilled migrant as well as the highly-skilled, science oriented migrants. We explore how their jobs both reinforce and challenge middle-class Indian notions of masculinity, as well as how the recruitment process is both gendered and economically selective. We suggest that the transnational formation of Indian middle-class identity is drawn from four main categories: a middle-class lifestyle in India, class-based motivations, the gendered and class based recruitment process of the UK hospitality industry, and the performance of class-based gender identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the culture-specific consumption of first- and second-generation Asian Indians living in the U.S. and Asian Indian adults and youths living in New Delhi, India. The results show that first-generation Asian Indian adults have a lower level of culture-specific consumption than Asian Indian adults in India, but their culture-specific consumption is not significantly different than second-generation Asian Indian youths; Asian Indian youths have a lower level of culture-specific consumption than Asian Indian adults, but a higher level of culture-specific consumption than first-generation Asian Indian adults and second-generation Asian Indian youths. These findings are attributed to the effects of consumer socialization and globalization on consumer behavior. The study has implications for marketers targeting current and future Asian Indian immigrant consumers in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body fatness, physical activity, and nutritional behaviours were assessed in 112 (50 male, 62 female) Asian Indians living in New Zealand. Participants were aged 44-91 years (mean 67.5 ± 7.6) and had lived in New Zealand on average 51 months. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured to determine body mass index (BMI) and central adiposity. Bioelectrical impedance was used to derive fat free mass, fat mass, and percentage body fat. Pedometers were worn to record daily steps taken over each of seven consecutive days. A lifestyle and health questionnaire was administered to collect information on nutrition behaviours. Average BMI for the sample was 27.2 ± 4.7 kg/m² with females (28.0 ± 5.4 kg/m²) significantly higher than males (25.6 ± 5.4 kg/m²). Using Asian Indian specific cut-offs 69% of the sample was obese (BMI≥25 kg/m²) and a further 13.7% overweight (23≥BMI<25 kg/m²). Average percentage body fat for the sample was 41.1 ± 9.1 with females significantly higher than males. The majority (74%) reported some form of chronic condition, with 35% diagnosed with diabetes. Physical activity levels for the sample were low (5,977 ± 3,560 steps/day) and significantly different between males (6,982 ± 4,426) and females (5,159 ± 2,401). Higher pedometer steps were associated with lower waist circumference. After adjustment for age, physical activity was lower, but nutritional habits better for those who had spent a longer time in New Zealand. In summary, Asian Indian immigrants to New Zealand have low physical activity levels and high levels of overweight/obesity and lifestyle disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male preference in many Asian cultures results in discriminatory practices against females, including neglect and infanticide. This preference, together with the availability of prenatal sex determination and sex-selective abortion, has led to an increase in sex ratios at birth in China, India, and South Korea. The resulting expected gender imbalances raise ethical, demographic, and social concerns. We analyzed birth statistics to see whether similar trends are apparent among births to foreign-born mothers in England and Wales. Before 1990, sex ratios at birth were consistently nearly one point lower (104) for the three major Asian groups in Britain compared with mothers born in Western countries. This is inconsistent with previous suggestions that Asian populations have a higher “natural” sex ratio at birth. In the birth statistics since 1990, we find a four-point increase in the sex ratio at birth for mothers born in India, attributable particularly to an increase at higher birth orders, mirroring findings reported for India. This suggests that sex-selective abortion is occurring among mothers born in India and living in Britain. By contrast, no significant increase was observed for Pakistan-born and Bangladesh-born mothers, among whom male preference also exists. It seems that male preference in different cultures does not necessarily lead to sex-selective abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the processes of identity formation among Indian immigrants in the United States in the decade of the 1970s. Using letters to the editor of the expatriate Indian newspaper India Abroad, the article draws attention to two themes of identity formation. The first theme focuses on Indian immigrants' attempts at forming a pan-Indian identity in the United States that was markedly different from India; this identity excluded ethnic, religious, or caste affiliations. Although this attempt failed, Indian immigrants were successful in formulating a religious pan-Indian identity. The second theme draws attention to discourse among the Indian community regarding becoming a racial/ethnic minority in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a summary of oral-history interviews with Asian Indian immigrants who reside in Indiana. Views of the participants on the interaction of identity and tradition; Implications of the differing views of immigrants on Indian and U.S. cultural practices; Significance of the oral history project.

Theories of intersectionality encourage scholars to look at how ‘gender’ experiences are forged through race, particularly in the labor market. This study uses data from the 2000 1-percent Public Use Micro-data on 23,852 Filipina, Asian Indian, and non-Hispanic white women living in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles to examine additive and interactional influences on earnings. A detailed analysis of interaction effects by race-ethnicity reveal several important differences across the three groups of women. The results of this study show that popular stereotypes about Asian-origin groups, such as ‘model minority,’ mask significant barriers in achieving full equality in the labor market. The study also highlights the importance of immigration context and occupational race segregation in understanding earnings for non-white immigrant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates if and how immigrants modify their domestic space to suit their ethno-cultural needs. Findings are based on an empirical study of the exterior and interior of Asian-Indian immigrant homes in Toronto. The study determines that Asian-Indian homeowners do not aspire to more adaptations than their mainstream counterparts. The majority of respondents in the sample made structural changes; however, the changes were made predominately to their homes' interiors. Physical manifestations of Asian-Indian ethnic expressions on the outside of homes were minimal. Internal changes were made to accommodate large social and religious gatherings and, in some cases, to house extended family. Except for the need for a prayer room, additional storage space, and adequate ventilation in the kitchen, the changes appear typical of the changes "mainstream Canadians" would make. The study recommends flexible house design that would allow easier adaptations to daily domestic needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on East Indian immigrant parents and some of the post-immigration difficulties they experience in their attempts to rear culturally East Indian children within the United States cultural context. Concerns specific to parenting children in the US, and therapeutic issues East Indian immigrant parents bring to therapy are presented and discussed. Effective therapy with East Indian immigrant families requires that therapists be flexible in their therapeutic approaches with these families, and become more knowledgeable about the varieties of East Indian families, their cultural beliefs, values, and norms. Recommendations for culturally effective therapy are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of the cognitive-behavioral approach to family therapy with an immigrant Indian family residing in the United States. Issues of acculturation and the emancipation of a young adolescent female are addressed as conflicts arise between her and her parents. The use of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is presented as a flexible mode of treatment because it allows for the modification of schemas in a way that is respectful to cultural underpinnings and allows the family the freedom to change in a manner that does not compromise their cultural values. Further discussion is directed toward the cultural variables that may be accommodated by the CBT approach and the elements that make the approach adaptable, particularly in cases involving Indian culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to provide a more complex and multifaceted understanding of the process of spatial assimilation, this article explores alternative paths in understanding racial/ ethnic minority residential patterns. It scrutinizes patterns of contemporary Asian Indian and Chinese settlement in two metropolitan areas: Austin, Texas and Phoenix, Arizona. Though not particularly evolved in terms of their Asian immigrant settlement or dynamics, Austin and Phoenix represent the growing number of newly emergent Asian centers throughout the nation that have developed with the rapid rise of immigration from these two countries in the past several decades. The analysis utilizes records from the 2000 census to document and map Asian Indian and Chinese settlement within each metropolitan area and to investigate whether — and to what degree — each group is clustered or dispersed. The article then raises important questions about the consequences of concentration and dispersal for the incorporation of Asian Indian and Chinese residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is an attempt to understand various theories that explain mental health issues of Asian Indian immigrant women. It further explores depression as a threat to mental health and also examines the various supports to mental health. The literature will delve into the ways in which systems deter or promote members of the chosen population in the maintenance of optimal health and well-being, implication for the Human Behavior in the Social Environment (HBSE) curriculum, and future research needs are also explored. The paper looks specifically at middle-class women from first and second generations. It would also make an effort to understand the concept of mental health, women and mental health, the immigration history, and the Asian Indian immigrant family. This is imperative, as it would provide a better understanding of these issues among Asian Indian immigrant women. Knowledge of these issues will help the social work practitioners and counselors to deal effectively with the Indian women. It will also help in providing a different perspective in understanding human behavior. The term Asian Indian immigrant women has been abbreviated as AIIW throughout the paper to focus on women who have their roots in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the barriers and motives of the two studies related to physical activity participation in older Asian Indians living in the U.S. Differences in reasons for participation in physical activity based on gender and age; Role of physical activity in Indian culture; Benefits of participating in physical activity for older people.