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Phrynoponera Wm. M. Wheeler Worker.-Allied to Bothroponera but distinguished by the following characters: body shorter and stouter; mandibles narrower, not triangular, their basal and external borders parallel, the apical border oblique, bluntly dentate, not forming a distinct angle with the basal border. Clypeus short, elevated in the middle, with a median furrow and a ridge on each side, the anterior border broadly rounded and entire or bluntly bidentate, posteriorly extending back between the frontal carinae as a narrow acute point. Frontal carinae expanded as lobes but the latter are not thickened as in Bothroponera, but depressed except at the edges which are smooth and slightly elevated, concealing the insertions of the antennae as in Bothroponera. Eyes rather large and convex, broadly elliptical, placed just in front of the middle of the head. Antennae stout, 12-jointed as in most Ponerinae. Thorax with broad pronotum; premesonotal suture distinct, arcuate; mesoepinotal and mesepisternal sutures obsolete. Epinotum with two stout spines. Petiole surmounted by a flattened scale which curves back over the postpetiole and terminates in a comb consisting of five acute, flattened teeth. Remainder of abdomen very short, oval, the postpetiole which forms nearly half of it, not truncated but rounded in front and not separated by a constriction from the first gastric segment, though the stridulatory surface is well developed as in Bothroponera. Sting very long; longer, more slender and more acute than in the latter genus. Legs rather long and stout; middle and hind tibia each with a long pectinated and a simple lateral spur; claws simple. Sculpture of body coarse; pilosity short, abundant, coarse and erect. Female winged, but wings unknown; in other respects very similar to the worker and scarcely larger. Ocelli small. Pronotum broad and exposed; mesonotum and scutellum flat, together nearly circular, each being broader than long. Male unknown. Genotype: Bothroponera gabonensis Em. André.

Pheidole megacephala, (Fabricius) Niangara, [[worker]]; Akenge, [[queen]]; Stanleyville, [[queen]]; Banana, [[soldier]], [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin); Zambi, [[soldier]], [[worker]], [[queen]] (Bequaert and Lang); Matadi, [[soldier]],[[worker]]; Thysville, [[worker]]; Boma, [[soldier]], [[worker]], [[queen]]; Malela, [[soldier]], [[worker]], [[queen]] (J. Bequaert). All these specimens belong to the typical form of this well-known tropicopolitan pest. I have been unable to recognize among it If Forel's subspecies nkomoana, originally described from the vicinity of Stanleyville. In the colony taken at Zambi by Lang and Bequaert there are several specimens of an interesting Microdon larva, which is figured and described in Part VI. The female specimens from Akenge and Stanleyville, five in number, were taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo polycercus) and a frog (Rana, mascareniensis)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 131

Phasmomyrmex buchneri (Forel) Lukolela, [[worker]]; Avakubi, [[worker]]; Medje, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin); Lubutu, [[worker]] (J. Bequaert). Single specimens. Those from Avakubi and Lukolela were taken on fire-wood brought in from the forest., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 256

Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subspecies brutus variety lycurgus Emery Two major and four minor workers, taken at Leopoldville (Lang and Chapin), may be referred to this variety, which has the dark head and thorax of the typical subspecies solon., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 236

Crematogaster (Atopogyne) africana subspecies laurenti variety zeta (Forel) Many workers and a few females taken by Dr. Bequaert at Pale (Niembo, between Warikale and Lubutu) from the myrmecodomatia of Plectronia Laurentii (Part IV) and at Leopoldville in the rudimentary leaf pouches of Randia physophylla (Part IV); also by Lang and Chapin at Stanleyville in the stem cavities of Cuviera angolensis (Part IV.) The female of this form is black and striated as in the typical C. africana., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 157

Pheidole aurivillii Mayr variety attenuata Santschi Medje, [[soldier]], [[worker]]; Bafwabaka, [[soldier]], [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin); Walikale to Lubutu, [[worker]], [[worker]], [[queen]], "taken from a colony under bark of a fallen tree trunk" (J. Bequaert). I refer numerous specimens from these localities to Santschi's variety, because they are of very small size and dark color, the soldiers measuring only 3.5 to 4 mm., the workers 2 to 2.5 mm. The type of the species is considerably larger (soldier, 4.6 to 5 mm.; worker, 3 mm.). According to Santschi, the species varies much in stature and color. The females from Walikale measure 7 mm. and are dark brown, like the soldiers and workers, with dull yellowish brown wings. If I am correct in my interpretation, attenuata would more properly constitute a distinct subspecies., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 129-130

Polyrhachis (Myrma) militaris subspecies cupreopubescens variety nkomoensis Forel A single worker from Akenge, taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo polycercus). As Forel states, the epinotal teeth of this variety are very long, erect, and strongly recurved. The middle pair of petiolar spines are more erect and less inclined backward than in the typical cupreopubescens, and the lateral spines are much longer, more slender, and farther from the median pair. The pubescence seems to be dimmer and less golden, but this may be due to the action of the toad's gastric juices., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 261

Crematogaster castanea subspecies inversa variety flaviventris (Santschi) Many workers from Garamba (Lang and Chapin), without further data. Both this and the variety analis were originally described from the Belgian Congo. The varietv flaviventris has also been taken in Uganda (C. Alluaud)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 152

Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subspecies solon Forel Bafwabaka. [[soldier]] [[worker]]; Niangara, [[soldier]]; Akenge, [[soldier]]; Medje, [[soldier]] (Lang and Chapin). All the specimens from the three former localities, twenty in number, were taken from the stomachs of toads (Bufo regularis, funereus, and polycercus), the single specimen from Medje from the stomach of a frog (liana albolabris)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 235

Tetraponera mocquerysi subspecies emacerata (Santschi) Stanleyville, [[worker]]; Faradje, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin); Lubutu, [[worker]]; Kasonsero on the Semliki River, [[worker]] (J. Bequaert). In the narrow head and in coloration, the workers agree with Santschi's figure and description. The females, two in number, are dealated and have the head narrow as in the workers, but with the cheeks more concave, the anterior border more dilated, and the posterior corners more rectangular and less rounded. They measure 7 to 7.5 mm.; the workers about 5 to 6 mm., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 107

Rhoptromyrmex opacus Forel Numerous workers taken at Thysville by Bequaert. These were found nesting in sandy soil in the savannah., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 195

Tetraponera F. Smith Worker.-Small, monomorphic or very rarely (in one South African species, T. ambigua Emery, according to Arnold) with the head dimorphic. Body long and slender. Head subrectangular, with large or very large, moderately convex eyes, onethird to two-fifths as long as the head; ocelli vestigial, often absent. Mandibles short and stout, with distinct basal and apical border, the latter with a small number of subequal teeth. Clypeus extremely short, steep, elevated in the middle but not extending back between the frontal carinae, the anterior border emarginate, dentate or crenulate. Frontal carinae small, short, closely approximated, lobular anteriorly, often slightly diverging behind. Maxillary palpi 5-jointed; labial palpi 4-jointed. Antennae short, 12-jointed, the funiculi somewhat thickened at their tips, without distinct clava. Thorax narrow, with well-developed premesonotal and mesoepinotal sutures and a distinct metanotal sclerite, often constricted in the mesoepinotal region. Epinotum large and rather high, always unarmed. Petiole and often also the postpetiole pedunculate, rather long and slender, both with low, rounded nodes, their ventral portions not swollen or with stout teeth. Gaster narrow and elongate oval, with well-developed, exserted sting. Middle and hind tibiae with pectinated median spurs; claws toothed. 1 Wheeler, W. M. and Bailey, I. W., 1920. ' The feeding habits of pseudomyrmine and other ants.' Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philadelphia, N. S., XXII, pt. 4, pp. 235-279, Pls. l-v. 2 1899, 'Intorno alle larve di alcune formiche.' Mem. Accad. Sc. Bologna, (5) VIII, pp. 3-10, 2 Pls. 3 Wheeler, W. M., 1919. ' The ants of the genus Metapone Forel.' Ann. Ent. Soc. America, XII, pp. 173-101, 7 figs. Female very similar to the worker and scarcely larger, winged; the wings short, the anterior pair with a discoidal, two closed cubital cells and a rather narrow, closed radial. Male scarcely smaller than the worker and very similar except for the wings. Head shorter. Eyes and ocelli well developed, convex. Mandibles well developed, with dentate apical borders. Antennae 12-jointed, the scape but little longer than the second funicular joint, the first joint much shorter than the second, not swollen. Mesonotum depressed, not overarching the pronotum, without Mayrian furrows and with very feeble parapsidal furrows. There is, at least in some species, a concavity in the pro- and mesosterna, extending dorsally nearly to the mesonotal scutum. External genitalia well developed, exserted. Cerci present. Wings as in the female. Larva hypocephalic, with papillary exudatoria on the three thoracic and first abdominal segments. Dorsal surface with long straight hairs, hooked at their tips. Donisthorpe (1916, Ent. Record, XXVIII, pp. 242-244) has shown that Sima Roger, the name used by most authors for this genus, must be sunk as an isonym of Tetraponera F. Smith, contrary to Emery's contention(1915, Zool. Anzeiger, XLV, p. 265). The case seems to be very clear, as Smith founded his genus Tetraponera (1852) on two species, atrata (= Eciton nigrum Jerdon) and testacea. The latter he afterwards (1855) placed in the genus Pseudomyrma. Roger founded his genus Sima in 1863 on S. compressa Roger (= Pseudomyrma? allaborans Walker). Later (1900) Emery separated the genus Sima into two subgenera, Sima, sensu stricto, and Tetraponera, the former with, the latter without ocelli in the worker and selected Eciton rufonigrum Jerdon as the type of Sima, sensu stricto. This was an improper procedure, since the worker of Roger's type species, S. allaborans has no ocelli. Examination of the males of several of the Indomalayan species of Tetraponera shows that they all have 12-jointed antennae. This is also true of the males of Pachysima, Viticicola, and even of Pseudomyrma and, hence, of the whole tribe Pseudomyrmini of Emery. Nevertheless, in his recent classification of the Myrmicinae (1914, Rend. Accad. Sc. Bologna, p. 34) he cites the males of this tribe as having 13-jointed antennae. Bingham and Arnold also give the same number for Tetraponera, and Santschi, who was the first to describe the male of Pachysima aethiops, failed to notice that it has 12-jointed antennae. The genus Tetraponera is distributed over the Ethiopian, Malagasy, Indomalayan, Papuan, and Australian Regions (Map 18), being best represented in the Ethiopian and Indomalayan. One species, T. bifoveolata, (Mayi"), was taken by Dr. W. M. Mann as far north as Palestine. The species all nest in plant cavities (dead wood, twigs, stems of lianas, acacia spines, etc.) and are very quick in their movements. Their habits throughout are very similar to those of the allied Neotropical genus Pseudomyrma. The species of the latter, however, are much more numerous and constitute an abundant and conspicuous part of the Neotropical ant-fauna, whereas the species of Tetraponera are comparatively rare ants.

Cataulacus erinaceus Stitz Text Figure 46 Stanleyville, [[worker]]; Risimu, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin). The collection contains many workers of this large and beautiful species, originally described and figured by Stitz from the Cameroon and Spanish Guinea. Forel many years ago gave me a specimen labelled " Cataulacus princeps Emery" and has himself referred to it under that name, winch seems to exist only in manuscript. Lang and Chapin found this ant running up and down large trees., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 197

Pheidole kohli Mayr, variety A single imperfect soldier and five females, three of them winged, taken from the stomachs of a toad (Bufo regularis) and a frog (Rana ornatissima,) from Garamba (Lang and Chapin), appear to represent an undescribed variety or subspecies of kohli, the soldier being darker and having a distinctly narrower head. The pedicel, gaster and funiculi are, however, lacking in the single specimen of the soldier. It seems to be undesirable to base a new name on such defective material., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 131

Polyrhachis (Myrma) schistacea subspecies atrociliata Santschi variety benguelensis Santschi Six workers from Yakuluku and one from Garamba (Lang and Chapin) run to this variety in Santschii table.1 The hairs on the body are black, short and sparse, whereas in the typical atrociliata they are long and abundant., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 261

Var. minor Forel., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1923, Ants of the genera Myopias and Acanthoponera., pp. 175-192 in Psyche 30 on page 189

Plectroctena cristata Emery Text Figure 16 Medje, [[worker]]; Akenge, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin). Eight specimens, all taken from the stomachs of toads (Bufo superciliaris, polycercus, and funereus)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 88

Pheidole caflra subspecies senilifrons, new subspecies Text Figure 32 Soldier.-Length 4 mm. Differing from the typical form and the subspecies bayeri in the sculpture of the head, the sharp longitudinal rugae between the prolonged frontal carinae being surrounded by the rugae from the sides of the head, which run up to the posterior corners, then turn at a right angle and run transversely on the occipital lobes to the occipital furrow. These rugae are quite as strong as those on the front, but denser. The head is a little longer and a little more depressed posteriorly than in the variety thysvillensis, the transverse welt of the mesonotum less pronounced; the blunt epinotal spines distinctly shorter. The sculpture of the thorax and pedicel and the color and pilosity are much as in that variety. Worker.-Length 1.8 mm. Very similar to the worker thysvillensis but the pronotum is smooth and shining and the epinotal spines are shorter, less obtuse, and more erect. Four soldiers and a single worker from Yakuhiku, where they were found "nesting in a small mushroom-shaped termitarium" (Lang and Chapin)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 130-131

Anochetus Mayr Worker.-Small ants with monomorphic workers. Head irregularly hexagonal. Mandibles inserted close together at the middle of its anterior border, linear, flattened, with three large terminal teeth bent inward at a right angle and with the inner border toothless or furnished with a row of minute denticles. Eyes usually well developed, rarely vestigial, in front of the middle of the sides of the head. Clypeus small, subtriangular, anteriorly projecting over the insertions of the mandibles and extending backward as a narrow process between the short frontal carinae, which are lobularly expended in front and more or less convergent posteriorly. Antennal foveae not confluent behind; head without an oblique welt or swelling on each side starting from the eye and bounding the antennal fovea; sides of head without a marked impression behind the antennal fovea. Antennae slender, 12-jointed; funiculi long, filiform, not enlarged apically. Thorax long and narrow, with distinct premesonotal and sometimes also mesoepinotal sutures; epinotum usually dentate. Petiole with a node or scale which may be conical and may terminate in a spine, or in two teeth or spines. Gaster oval, convex above, without a constriction between the postpetiole and the succeeding segment. Legs slender; middle and hind tibia; each with a single pectinated spur; claws simple. Female very similar to the worker; usually winged, but in some species wingless am. ergatoid. Male with the head of the usual shape, large eyes and ocelli and very small mandibles; antenna: very long; scape short, first funicular joint, broader than long. Petiole above more or less pointed or bidentate. No constriction between the postpetiole and the succeeding segment. Pygidium usually not terminating in a spine. Map 16. Distribution of the genus Anochetus. The genus comprises numerous species which form small colonies that nest in the ground under stones or in vegetable mould. Little is known of their habits. They range over the tropics of both hemispheres(Map 1G), one species, A. ghilianii (Spinola), even entering Spain from Morocco. The subgenus Stenomyrmex, of which only two species are known, is confined to the Neotropical Region., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 96-97

Macromischoides aculeatus variety wasmanni Forel Numerous workers from Zambi (Lang and Chapin); one female from Stanleyville. This variety is smaller than the typical aculeatus, with somewhat shorter epinotal spines, less regularly sculptured and somewhat paler., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 190

Carebara F. Smith Worker minute, monomorphic, yellow, without eyes or ocelli; antennae 9- jointed, joints 2 to 6 very small, the two terminal joints forming a large and distinct club, with very long last joint. Mandibles with oblique 3- or 4-toothed apical margins. Frontal carinae short; frontal groove and frontal area absent. Clypeus simple, unarmed, without carinae. Epinotum unarmed. Petiole with a short peduncle, its node higher and larger than that of the postpetiole; both nodes from above transverse, subelliptical. Female enormously larger than the worker, dark-colored, with well-developed eyes and ocelli. Antennae short, 10-jointed, the funiculi without a distinct club, their joints 2 to 5 not much narrower than the remaining joints. Thorax large and robust, convex above, higher than the head, the mesonotum anteriorly more or less overarching the small pronotum, with well-developed parapsidal furrows. Epinotum unarmed, or with low flattened lobes or protuberances on the sides. Tarsi densely clothed with short, stiff bristles. Wings large, the anterior pair rather pointed, with one cubital, a discoidal, and a closed radial cell and a well-developed pterostigma. Male somewhat smaller than the female, but similarly colored, with long, 13- jointed antennae, scapes short, first funicular joint not swollen nor globular, remaining joints long and cylindrical. Mesonotum large, without Mavrian furrows. Nodes of petiole and postpetiole only feebly developed. The genus Carebara (Map 24) is represented by seven species in the Ethiopian and two in the Indochinese Region (C. lignata Westwood and C. castanea F. Smith). Santschi described some females and males taken in French Guiana as Carebara carinata.1 The former measure 12 to 12.8 mm., the latter 9.3 mm. He is of the opinion that the species hitherto referred to the Neotropical genus Tranopelta, originally founded by Mayr on male specimens, are also to be referred to Carebara. Forel, however, in his description of the workers of T. gilva Mayr variety brunnea shows that. Mayr's genus is perfectly distinct. These workers are somewhat dimorphic, have eyes, and both the workers and females have 11-jointed antennae, with a 3-jointed clava. The male alone is very similar to Carebara, especially to the male of C. osborni described below. These characters are all evident in a series of worker, male and female cotypes of brunnea in my collection. Emery 2 had previously based another Neotropical genus, Carebarella, on females and males of a species (C. bicolor) from Brazil and Peru. He also described a worker from Ega, Brazil, under the name Oligomyrmex anophthalmus. 1 1915, Rend. Accad. Sc. Bologna, N. S., XIX, p. 59, footnote. Map 24. Distribution of the genus Carebara in the Old World. This genus also occurs in South America. At first sight the occurrence of species of Carebara and Oligomyrmex in South America seems veiy doubtful. During a recent trip to British Guiana I was able to secure all three phases of a new subspecies of Santschi's C. carinata and of the typical form of Tranopelta gilva. The worker of the former shows that it is without a doubt a true Carebara,and Prof. Emery, to whom I sent specimens for comparison with his Oligomyrmex anophthalmus, writes me that the latter, though specifically distinct, belongs to the same genus. It should therefore be known as Carebara anophthalma. The new subspecies of carinata was taken in a large termitarium of Syntermes dirus Klug, and it is interesting to note that of all the Neotropical termites this is most like the large Termes species with which the Ethiopian Carebarae live (vide infra). I took Tranopelta gilva, however, in the deeper parts of the nest of the large ponerine, Paraponera clavata (Fabricius), and also living independently with coccids under bark. 1 1912, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p, 130. 2 1905, Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana. XXXVII. p. 137. Emery has placed Tranopelta and Carebarella with Diplomorium and Solenopsis in the tribe Solenopsidini and has made a tribe Pheidologetini for the genera Pheidologeton, Aneleus, Lecanomyrma, Oligomyrmex (including the subgenera Aeromyrma and Octella), Erebomyrma, Psedalgus, and Carebara. It would seem to be more natural to include all these forms in the single tribe Solenopsidini. Evidently Carebara, in the diminution of the antennal joints and the loss of the eyes in the worker, in the secondary reduction of this caste to monomorphism, and the secondary enormous enlargement of the females and males, represents the most extreme development of the whole series of genera, which probably started from forms like the existing species of Pheidologeton. Since the volumes of bodies of the same shape vary as the cubes of their diameter, a female Carebara vidua measuring 24 mm. would be 4096 times as large as the cospecific worker, which measures only 1.5 mm., if the two insects were of the same shape. But the female is a much stouter insect in proportion to her length than the worker, so that she must be nearly 5000 times as large. And this disproportion occurs not only among individuals of the same species but of the same sex and among the offspring of the same mother! The only other insects which exhibit a like disproportion are the workers and physogastric queens of the very termites with which Carebara lives as a predatory parasite. The extraordinary differences in stature between the workers and sexual phases of Carebara are undoubtedly correlated with interesting habits of the species. Haviland1 was the first to show that C. vidua lives in the masonry of the large nests of Termes natalensis in Natal. He discovered the minute workers but was unable to elucidate the relations of the ants to the termites. Forel {loco citato), inferring from analogy with our northern cleptobiotic species of Solenopsis (S. fugax, molesta, etc.) advanced the hypothesis that the Carebara colonies live in cavities of their own in the masonry of the termitaria and that these cavities are connected with the galleries of the termites by means of very tenuous passages through which the Carebara workers, but not the termites, can pass. The Carebara workers, probably remaining unnoticed on account of their small size, prey on the termites with impunity and are therefore able to rear such huge sexual forms. The larvae of these are so voluminous that they could not be moved by the workers and are so soft and vulnerable that they would have to be reared in chambers inaccessible to the termites. Although no detailed observations on the relations of the two species have been published, the subsequent accounts of observers in the field go to confirm Forel's inferences. 1 In Forel, 1901, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XLV, p. 392. Bequaert1 has witnessed the marriage flight of Carebara junodi Forel. He says: This species is remarkable on account of the extraordinary disproportion between the female and the workers. In the Katanga it lives in the mound-shaped nests of Acanthotermes spiniger. October 6, 1911, I witnessed at Sankisia a nuptial flight of this ant. It was at the very beginning of the rainy season and on the two preceding days it had rained abundantly. Toward noon numerous winged females were flying about everywhere in the savannah; they came from a certain number of termitaria, the sides of which were covered with fabulous numbers of the very small workers of the same species. I did not see copulation but, in the evening, I captured several males at light but no females. The following days the phenomenon was not repeated. The huge Carebara females are, among the aborigines of the Congo, a muchsought-for delicacy. Hence they take advantage of the nuptial flight to collect a great number of individuals. The swollen portion of the abdomen alone is utilized. They eat it either roasted or raw. Dr. Bequaert informs me that his attention was directed to the marriage flight described above by the excitement of the congregated natives who were actually filling pails with the torn-off gasters of the females. Each Carebara colony gave off hundreds of females and the number of workers that covered a termitarium during the flight must have run into the millions. The workers of Carebara, like those of other hypogseic ants (Erebomyrma, Acanthomyops, etc.), apparently come to the surface of the soil only while the nuptial flight is in progress. Arnold2 adds the following interesting note to his description of Carebara vidua. It is probable that the dense tufts of hairs on the tarsi of the female serve an important purpose - that of enabling some of the minute workers to attach.themselves to the body of the female when the latter is about to leave the parental nest. Several specimens of the female have been taken by me with one or more workers biting into the dorsal fimbriae. I am inclined to suspect that the young queen cannot start a new nest without the help of one or more of the workers from the old nest, on account of the size of her mouth-parts, which would probably be too large and clumsy to tend the tiny larvae of her first brood, and that it is therefore essential that she should have with her some workers which are able to feed the larvae by conveying to them the nourishment from the mouth of the queen. 1 1913, Rev. Zool. Afr., II, p. 428. 2 1916, Ann. South African Mus., XIV, p. 252. I find that the workers also attach themselves to the tarsi of the males. Two specimens of this sex referable to C. vidua., evidently taken at fight and sent me by Mr. C. C. Gowdey from Kampala, Uganda, each bear two workers firmly attached by their mandibles to the tarsal hairs. Such workers must, of course, perish with their carriers, unless they can manage to pass over to the legs of the females during copulation. The workers and females of the African Carebarae can be separated by means of the following keys. Females 1. Large species, more than 20 mm. long.......................................2. Small species, not more than 15 mm. long................................4. 2. Mandibles with only 2 teeth and the remainder of their apical borders undulated, not properly dentate.................................. ampla Santschi. Mandibles with more than 2 teeth, entire apical border dentate.............3. 3. Black; the gaster sometimes red; mesonotum about as broad as long; clypeal border not emarginate in the middle; hind metatarsi much shorter than hind tibiae............................................ vidua F. Smith. Dull rusty red; mesonotum with three dark brown longitudinal stripes; thorax narrower; clypeal border broadly emarginate in the middle; hind metatarsi but little shorter than the hind tibiae.................. junodi Forel. 4. Length 13 to 15 mm.; dark brown or castaneous..........................5. Length only 8 mm.; paler and more reddish brown...... osborni, new species. 5. Body covered with short hairs; clypeus merely coarsely punctate.. sicheli Mayr. Body almost hairless; clypeus transversely rugulose in the middle. langi, new species. Workers 1. Mandibles 3-toothed. Length 1.7 to 1.9 mm................. arnoldi (Forel). Mandibles 4-toothed....................................................2. 2. Base of epinotum longer than the declivity, marginate on the sides. Length 1.6 to 2 mm........................................ vidua F. Smith. Base of epinotum shorter...............................................3. 3. Petiolar node one-fourth narrower than the postpetiole. Length 1.5 to 1.8 mm. silvestrii Santschi. Petiolar node as broad as the postpetiole..................................4. 4. Thorax not impressed at the mesoepinotal suture; promesonotum but slightly longer than broad; epinotum subcuboidal with subequal base and declivity. Length 0.8 to 1 mm............................... osborni, new species. Thorax distinctly impressed at the mesoepinotal suture; promesonotum much longer than broad; epinotum not subcuboidal, its base very short, its declivity long and sloping. Length 1.7 to 1.9 mm......... junodi Forel.

Atopomyrmex mocquerysi subspecies cryptoceroides (Emery) Thirteen specimens from Malela (J. Bequaert) are referable to this form, which, I believe with Forel, is to be regarded merely as a subspecies of mocquerysi and not as an independent species. It is easily distinguished by its more shining head, coarser thoracic sculpture, and longer, stouter and, in the large workers, basally more flattened epinotal spines. The small workers have the spines slender, more curved, and more backwardly directed, just as in the small individuals of the true mocquerysi. The habits of cryptoceroides are evidently the same as those of the typical form, as it had been previously taken by Bequaert at Elisabethville in the Katanga "nesting in the rotten wood of a felled tree.", Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 182

var. minor Forel. 6. Australasian species; dark brown......................7. Neotropical species; black, brownish yellow, or brownish red.............................................12. 7. Petiole armed with an erect spine above; anterior corners of pronotum dentate. Length 4 mm. (New South Wales). lece sp. nov. Petiole unarmed, anterior corners of pronotum rounded. Length less than 4 mm............................8. 8. Petiolar node concave behind, the posterior border of its summit distinctly produced backwards...............9. Petiolar node truncated behind, its posterior border not produced.......................................10. 9. Larger (3.2-3.5 mm.); head coarsely rugose; epinotum scarcely dentate (New Zealand).......brouni Forel. Smaller (2.3-3 mm.); head finely and distinctly rugose; epinotum more distinctly dentate; legs paler. (New Zealand)..................subsp. kirki subsp. nov. 10. Front of head rather finely rugose; postpetiole and gaster shining, punctate and sparsely foveolate. Length 2.75- 3.2 mm. (Queensland; South Australia). imbellis Emery. Front of head more coarsely rugose; postpetiole and gaster subopaque......................................11. 11. Postpetiole and gaster densely punctate. Length 3.6 mm. (Queensland; South Australia).... var. hilaris Forel. Postpetiole and first gastric segment longitudinally reticulate-rugose. Stature smaller (2.5-3mm.). (New South Wales)........................var. scabra var. nov. 12. Black; petiole without a distinct tooth on its posterior border. Length 3.3-3.7 mm. (Chile)..carinifrons Mayr. Brownish yellow or brownish red; petiole usually armed with a distinct tooth or projection...................13. Frontal carinae much shorter, reaching only to the level of of the eyes......................................16. 14. Sculpture coarse. Length 3-4.2 mm. (Brazil, Bolivia), Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1923, Ants of the genera Myopias and Acanthoponera., pp. 175-192 in Psyche 30 on pages 191-192

Genus Acanthoponera Mayr

Aeromyrma petulca, new species Text Figure 40 Soldier.- Length 2.5 mm. Head suboblong, nearly one and one-half times as long as broad, with feebly convex sides and rather deeply and angularly excised posterior border. Anterior ocellus well developed; eyes very small, consisting of about six ommatidia, situated at the anterior third of the head. Posterior corners of the latter with a low but distinct ridge produced on each side into a minute tooth. Mandibles convex, with 4 small, subequal, rather acute apical teeth, and a large blunt and flattened basal tooth. Clypeus flat, ecarinate, its anterior border feebly and sinuately excised in the middle, its posterior portion narrow, rectangular, extending back between the diverging frontal carina.. Frontal groove distinct. Antennae 10-jointcd; scapes rather slender and curved at the base, reaching to the middle of the sides of the head; joints 2 to 7 of the funiculus minute, subequal, nearly as broad as long (somewhat too long in the figure); club a little shorter than the remainder of the funiculus, with the basal joint longer than broad and about one-third as long as the terminal joint. Thorax decidedly shorter and narrower than the head; pro- and mesonotum convex, steep in front, rounded above; premesonotal suture distinct; mesonotum subcircular; metanotal sclerite distinct. In profile the dorsal outline of the mesonotum slopes backward continuously with the base of the epinotum without a distinct impression at the mesoepinotal suture. Epinotum with a small tooth on each side, its declivity longer than its base, rather steeply sloping. Petiolar node compressed antcropostcriorly, in profile with a rather angular summit, from above transverse; postpetiole transversely elliptical and somewhat broader than the petiole, with a blunt ventral tooth. Gaster voluminous, distended with a transparent liquid, elongate elliptical, longer than the remainder of the body, its anterior border straight in the middle. Legs short. Subopaque; mandibles, posterior portion of clypeus, frontal area, mesonotum, and gaster shining; mandibles sparsely and indistinctly punctate; head finely and regularly longitudinally rugulose; sparsely and rather coarsely punctate posteriorly; gaster with fine, scattered, piligerous punctures. Hairs yellowish, moderately abundant, suberect, of uneven length, most conspicuous on the dorsal surface; very short, dense and appressed on the appendages. Ferruginous red; legs and antenna: paler and more yellowish; gaster dark brown above, with the venter and bases and apical borders of the segments broadly yellowish. Described from a single specimen taken by Lang and Chapin at Malela "from a small mushroom-shaped termitarium," probably belonging to a colony of Eutermes fungifaber Sj��stedt. A. petulca differs from africana Forel from the Kalahari in its slightly smaller size, darker color, in having the postpetiole only slightly broader than the petiole (nearly twice as broad in africana), in possessing epinotal teeth and longitudinal rugae on the head. In africana the head is finely reticulate and the remainder of the body is evidently more shining than in petulca. In nossindambo the head is broader and less sharply rugulose, the thorax is more deeply impressed at the mesoepinotal suture, the antennal scapes are much shorter, the anterior ocellus is smaller and the color is paler. Forel states that the gaster of the africana, soldier is "transparent yellow," which indicates that it was full of a clear liquid as in petulca. This condition is seen also in the soldiers of many species of Pheidole in Australia and in our Southern States and seems to indicate that this caste in the two genera mentioned often functions as replete or foodstorage individuals as in the honey ants (Myrmecocystus, Leptomyrmex, Melophorus, Plagiolepis, and Prenolepis). Emery1 believes that Aeromyrma, should be reduced to the rank of a subgenus under Oligomyrmex "because in 0. debilis Santschi the worker has 9-jointed, whereas the soldier (and probably also the female) has 10- jointed antennae, so that if one wished to distinguish the groups as heretofore, the worker of 0. debilis would be classified in the genus Oligomyrmex, the soldier in the genus Aeromyrma." While admitting that the two genera are very closely related, I prefer to retain Aeromyrma as an independent genus until the species are better known. Probably there are important differences in habit between the species of the two groups. At any rate, A. nossindambo and petulca are cleptobiotic with termites, whereas two or three species of Oligomyrmex which I collected in Australia were always found nesting in small cavities in rotten logs quite apart from termites., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 166-168

Paranomopone gen. nov. Worker. Rather small, monomorphic. Mandibles triangular, with toothed apical borders. Clypeus short, not produced in the middle, indistinctly marked off from the remainder of the head. This is also true of the triangular frontal area. Frontal carinae distinctly dilated, further apart than the distance of each to the lateral border of the head, concealing the insertions of the antennae, continued back about three-fourths the length of the head as the medial border of a deep scrobe which lies entirely dorsal to the eye. The ventral border of this scrobe, which is somewhat more than three times as long as broad, is also very sharp. Its depression is divided by a median longitudinal ridge which does not extend to the posterior end of the scrobe, so that the latter is incompletely separated into two compartments, one for the accommodation of the scape and one for the funiculus, when the antenna is folded back against the head. Eyes small, situated behind the middle of the head. Ocelli absent. Antennae 12-jointed, funiculus somewhat enlarged at the tip into a 3-jointed club, which, however, is not very sharply marked off from the more basal joints. Palpi extremely short. The number of their joints could not be ascertained. Thorax small and short, with a very distinct promesonotal but no mesoe'pinotal suture; epinotum unarmed. Petiole nodiform, attached to the postpetiole by a very small, narrow surface. Postpetiole voluminous, larger than the first gastric segment, constricted behind, remaining gastric segments very small, almost completely telescoped into the first segment. Sting well-developed. Legs rather stout and short; hind tibi�� each with a single large, richly pectinated spur; tarsal claws simple, slender and straight. Sculpture and pilosity rather coarse. 1 Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University, No. 93. Female. Ergatoid and differing from the worker only in having an anterior ocellus and in the larger size of the postpetiole and first gastric segment, and in the latter being as large as the former., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1915, Paranomopone, a new genus of ponerine ants from Queensland., pp. 117-120 in Psyche 22 on pages 117-118

Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus) Numerous workers and females from Stanleyville and Thysville (Lang and Chapin). This is the well-known, little, red house ant, spread by commerce throughout the world., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 162

Cataulacus guineensis F. Smith Text Figure 47 Stanleyville, [[worker]]; Bolobo, [[worker]]; Leopoldville to Yumbi, [[worker]], [[queen]]; Lukolela to Basoko, [[worker]]; Isangi, [[worker]]; Medje, [[worker]], [[queen]]; Akenge, [[male]] (Lang and Chapin). Numerous specimens, all apparently belonging to the typical form of the species. Many were taken on fire-wood. Nine workers from Medje and twelve males from Akenge were taken from the stomachs of toacls (Bufo polycercus, funereus, and tuberosus)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 198

Crematogaster (Atopogyne) theta (Forel) Plate XI, Figures 1 and 2; Plate XII, Figures 1 and 2; Plate Xlii, Figure 1 Medje, [[worker]]; Avakubi, [[worker]]; Stanleyville, [[worker]], [[queen]], [[male]] (Lang and Chapin). According to Santschi (in litt.), "this form represents the extreme limit of the subgenus Atopogyne. The worker has a feeble groove on the postpetiole, and the premesonotal impression is feeble. Moreover, the female is brown, smooth, and shining, with spined epinotum, very different from the female of C. africana (Mayr) and the variety zeta (Forel)." The specimens from Avakubi were collected by the natives, who call this ant "lona." The carton nests are shown in PlateXI and XII. Concerning the specimens from Stanleyville, Mr. Lang writes: "These small black ants are very common. They build carton nests in trees, on the trunks of which they travel up and down in uninterrupted columns. At the slightest disturbance the nest is covered with workers. They appear and move so rapidly that it is very difficult to study them, especially as they sting disagreeably. Large numbers of nests may be found in the same tree, sometimes as low as ten feet from the ground, or even in bushes as well as in the tops of the tallest trees, living or dead. They have almost any shape, depending on their position, whether in forks of the branches or about twigs. In the latter situations they resemble mere lumps. The more regular nests, however, are somewhat conical, like the tops of termite hills and are placed upright on the boughs. In color, the carton is grayish or dark brown. In size, the structures are rarely more than two feet in height and about a foot in diameter. Their cells are irregular, the walls of the chambers being from 1 to 3 mm. thick, and there are many entrances and exits. Though very light, the nests are so tough that slices can be chopped off with a hatchet without breaking the remainder. The carton seems to be made from the fibres of rotten leaves worked up with secretions from the oral glands of the workers. The chambers are> often full of brood, which is not confined to any particular part of the nest. The rufous females were present in such numbers that twenty or more could be lifted at a time clinging to one another on the points of the tweezers.", Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 159

Pheidole mylognatha, new species Text Figure 33 Soldier.- Length 6 mm. Head large, subrectangular, 2 mm. broad and 2.3 mm. long, as broad in front as behind, with straight, parallel sides, deeply and angularly excised posterior border, with depressed occipital surface and faint depressions on the sides of the front for the antennal scapes. Occipital and frontal groove deep. Eyes small, flat, at, the anterior third of the head. Mandibles very convex, probably bluntly bidentate at apex but the apical borders are worn away in the specimen. Clypeus very short, concave and indistinctly carinate in the middle, swollen and convex on the sides; the anterior border rather deeply emarginata in the middle and sinuate on each side. Frontal carina, short, diverging; frontal area indistinct. Antennae small and slender; scapes when bent outward not reaching to the eyes, terete and slightly curved at the base; joints 2 to 8 only slightly longer than broad; club distinctly shorter than the remainder of the funiculus. Thorax small, much shorter than the head and less than half as wide through the pronotum, which is bluntly tuberculate on the sides both above and below. Mesonotum short, rapidly sloping to the pronounced mesocpinotal constriction, anteriorly with a feeble transverse impression and a small, sharp transverse ridge behind it. Epinotum distinctly broader than long, broadly concave and sloping in the middle, the base shorter than the declivity, marginate on the sides, the marginations continued into the spines which are short, acute, and erect, a little longer than broad at their bases, less than half as long as their interval. Petiole small and short, less than twice as long as broad, broader behind than in front, the node blunt, transverse, and emarginate in the middle. Postpetiole broader than long, its sides produced as short, acute, backwardly directed spines, the distance between the tips of which is about three times the width of the petiole. Gaster smaller than the head, elliptical, flattened dorsoventrally. Femora only moderately thickened in the middle. Shining; mandibles sparsely punctate in the middle, coarsely striated at the base and along the apical margins. Clypeus lugulose, irregularly in the middle, longitudinally on the sides. Anterior half of head longitudinally rugose, with punctate interrugal spaces, the punctures becoming more numerous on the very feeble scrobe-like depressions; posterior half of head very smooth and shining, with a few sparse, piligerous punctures. Thorax loosely rugose and somewhat reticulatepunctate on the sides, concavity of epinotum finely transversely striated. Petiole and postpetiole indistinctly punctate-rugulose, the latter smoother and shining above. Gaster and legs smooth and shining, with sparse, piligerous punctures. Hairs whitish, delicate, sparse, erect or suberect on the body, shorter, more abundant and appressed on the legs; almost absent on the scapes. Rich castaneous brown; gaster, except the base of the first segment, darker, almost black; legs and funiculi a little more reddish, the femora infuscated in the middle. Worker.- Length 2 mm. Head a little longer than broad, as broad in front as behind, with feebly convex sides and feebly concave posterior border. Eyes rather convex, just in front of the middle of the sides. Mandibles with the whole apical border very finely denticulate. Clypeus convex, its anterior border entire, broadly rounded. Antennal scapes extending fully one-fourth their length beyond the posterior border of the head. Thorax and petiole very similar to those of the soldier but the mesonotum more sloping and with much feebler transverse convexity. Postpetiole only one and one-half times as broad as the petiole, its sides produced as short angles or conules. Shining; mandibles finely and indistinctly striate; clypeus and cheeks longitudinally rugulose; area between the frontal carinae and the eyes reticulate, remainder of head very smooth and shining. Pronotum smooth and shining above, reticulate on the sides; meso- and epinotum subopaque, densely punctate; petiole and postpetiole more finely punctate, the nodes above smooth and shining like the gaster and legs. Pilosity and color much as in the soldier, but the fine appressed hairs on the scapes as abundant as on the legs. Described from a single soldier and two workers taken at Banana by Lang and Chapin. This species is related to P. schultzei Forel from the Kalahari Desert, as I find by comparison with cotypes received from Prof. Forel. The head of the schultzei soldier, however, has more convex sides, more rounded posterior corners, a less deeply excised posterior margin, less deeply impressed occipital groove, longer antennae, and a very different color, being yellowish red, with the legs and base of gaster yellow. The worker schultzei departs further from that of mylognatha in being more slender, with decidedly longer legs and antennae, in lacking spines on the epinotum and in having a longer postpetiole, which is scarcely angular on the sides. It is sordid or brownish yellow, with the head darker behind and on the sides., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 134-135

Crematogaster excisa subspecies impressa variety sapora (Forel) Numerous workers from Yakuluku (Lang and Chapin) "found nesting in the cavities of small mushroom-shaped termitaria.", Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 154

Crematogaster (Atopogyne) africana (Mayr) variety schumanni (Mayr) A number of workers taken by Dr. Bequaert at Leopoldville in the hollow stems of a Barteria Dewevrei (Part IV)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 157

Pheidole caffra Emery subspecies bayeri Forel variety thysvillensis, new variety Soldier.-Length 4 to 4.5 mm. Smaller than the typical bayeri, with the head of the same shape, but subopaque and with only the front and occiput somewhat shining. The occipital depression is less distinct than in the subspecies abyssinica Forel, and the rugae are anteriorly less numerous, coarser, and farther apart, but very fine and distinctly transverse on the occiput. The antennal scapes are shorter than in the typical bayeri, reaching only a little beyond the middle of the head. The suberect epinotal spines are not pointed as in abyssinica and bayeri but somewhat longer, of uniform thickness or even slightly enlarged at the tips, which are blunt. The base of the epinotum is not longer than broad. The postpetiole is somewhat narrower than in bayeri and abyssinica, with blunter lateral angles. Thorax, petiole, and postpetiole more finely rugulose-punctate than in abyssinica; gaster shining, with the base of the first segment subopaque and alutaceous. Color as in abyssinica, with the head and thorax ferruginous brown but varying in some specimens to pale ferruginous red, with the gaster black or brown and the base of the first segment and posterior borders of all the segments paler and more reddish or yellowish. Worker.-Length 2 mm. Smaller than the worker of bayeri. Head elliptical, without posterior corners, longer than broad. Antennal scapes extending two-fifths their length beyond the occipital border, which is rather sharply marginate. Shining; head and thorax finely reticulate; mesonotum, epinotum, petiole, and ventral and lateral portions of the postpetiole opaque and densely punctate. Ferruginous brown; head castaneous; mandibles except their teeth, yellowish. Described from numerous specimens taken both by Lang and Bequaert at Thysville, apparently from the same colony, "nesting in sandy soil in the savannah.", Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 130

Pheidole megacephala subspecies ilgi (Forel) A soldier and several workers taken by Dr. Bequaert at Lesse from a colony nesting at the base of a papaya. It was on the head of one of the soldiers in this colony that he found a singular phorid fly, Plastophora aculeipes (Collin), subsequently referred to by H. Schmitz.1, Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 132

Camponotus (Myrmosericus) rufoglaucus subspecies syphax, new subspecies Plate XXII, Figure 1 Worker very similar to the subspecies zulu Emery from Natal and quite as large, the largest specimens measuring fully 9 mm., but not more slender than other forms of the species. The scapes and tibiae are distinctly compressed, the former as in C. eugenix Forel, but not so broad. Epinotum evenly arcuate in profile, without distinct base and declivity. Pubescence dull yellowish, not very long, slightly golden on the gaster of large individuals, only feebly converging at the mid-dorsal line on the posterior portions of the second and third segments. Color brownish black, the legs a little paler, the funiculi, cheeks, clypeus, mandibles, and tarsi castaneous. Gastric segments with very narrow, dull-yellowish posterior margins. Numerous specimens from Zambi (type locality) and Boma (Lang, Chapin, and J. Bequaert). The Zambi specimens are from three colonies, two of which bear the following notes. "Ants forming numerous small craters in the white sand (Pl. XXII, fig. 1). Only a few individuals were seen outside the nest before noon. The nest extended to a depth of 50 cm. below the surface." "Nest in the rotten base of a Hyphaene. No larvae nor pupae could be seen, though there were certainly as many as 1000 workers in the colony. The nest was loosely arranged in the soft, decomposing mass." Bequaert says of the specimens from Boma that they "run very swiftly and were nesting in the road." Workers of this ant were sent to Prof. Emery, who compared them with his cotypes of the subspecies zulu. He pronounced them to belong to a new subspecies "with the pubescence on the gaster much more parallel and less sinuous.", Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 246

Polyrhachis (Myrma) laboriosa F. Smith Plate XXII, Figure 2; Text Figure 69 Six workers from Stanleyville and Bafwasende, without further data and a number of workers, larvae, and cocoons from a nest at Niangara (Lang and Chapin). This species is easily distinguished from all the other African members of the genus by the peculiar petiole, which bears a single pair of long, hook-shaped spines. The nest (Pl. XXII, fig. 2) seen by Mr. Lang is described as follows. " It was found on a small tree about three meters from the ground and was 16 centimeters wide, built in a fork between a cluster of finer twigs and consisted of old vegetable fibres and leaves fastened together. It was naturally extremely light, as no soil had been used in its construction. The general color outside was dark gray. Its walls were very thin, scarcely one millimeter in thickness. As far as I could see, there were many entrances, though they were somewhat damaged. Still, a great many intact openings were visible. The fine hairs on the abdomen of this ant are conspicuously bronzy. When disturbed, the workers make a rattling noise by striking the nest with their abdomens. They bend the abdomen forward between their legs and discharge from its tip a copious spray of formic acid, which is quickly diffused through the air." A nest of this ant, described and figured many years ago by Mayi" and Aurivillius,1 was 17 cm. long, 7.7 cm. broad, and 5 cm. thick. It was rather triangular in outline, with a large opening at one end and several small openings scattered over the surface. It was attached to some thin, leafy twigs and consisted of brown, fibrous vegetable detritus resembling decomposing cowdung, agglutinated "by means of a glue-like substance." The interior contained partitions of a similar structure. Examination of the nest fragments contained in the vial with the workers from Niangara shows that the coarse vegetable particles are bound together by a small quantity of silk. This was also noticed by Santschi in two nests which he examined.1 Concerning one of them, containing only the mother queen and her first brood of larvae and still in process of construction, he remarks: "The walls of the nest already contain silk, which seems to show that the female is able to use the larvae as shuttles, or perhaps the young larvae spin the silk spontaneously around themselves on vegetable detritus placed at their disposal." That the latter supposition is probably erroneous is evident from what is known concerning the behavior of the female Oecophylla when founding her nest. 1 1896. Ent. Tidskr., XVII. p. 255, PI. TV, fig. 3., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 258-259

Var. hilaris Forel., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1923, Ants of the genera Myopias and Acanthoponera., pp. 175-192 in Psyche 30 on page 180

Tetramorium guineense (Fabricius) Two workers from Ngayu, taken by Lang and Chapin from the stomach of a toad (Bufo superciliaris)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 192

Phyracaces langi, new species Worker (Fig. 4).- Length 4 to 5 mm. Head subrectangular, a little longer than broad and a little broader behind than in front, its sides feebly and evenly convex, its posterior border broadly and rather deeply concave and somewhat truncated, the occipital border sharply marginate with the margination surrounding the blunt but projecting inferoposterior corners and continued forward along each side of the gula to the insertion of the mandible. Eyes moderately large, flat, in front of the middle of the head. Mandibles with slightly concave external and very finely and evenly denticulate apical borders. Carinas of cheeks very prominent, in the form of blunt, rectangular teeth. Frontal carinae erect, subparallel in front, more approximated but not truncated behind. Antennae rather robust; scapes three-fifths as long as the head, slender at the base but rather abruptly enlarged before the middle; joints 2 to 9 of funiculus broader than long, tenth joint larger, distinctly longer than broad, terminal joint tapering, not broader than the preceding and not longer than the two preceding joints together. Thorax subrectangular from above, about twice as long as broad, a little broader through the epinotum than more anteriorly, evenly convex above, without traces of dorsal sutures, truncated and sharply marginate anteriorly and posteriorly. The marginatum separating the bast: and declivity of the epinotum is enlarged to form a small blunt tooth on each side. The lateral borders of the dorsum are indistinctly marginate, especially in the epinotal region, but the sloping epinotal declivity is sharply marginate laterally. Petiole as broad as the epinotum, rectangular, about one and twotbirds as broad as long, with bluntly dentate posterior corners, marginate in front and on the sides, with truncated, slightly concave anterior, feebly convex dorsal and sloping posterior surface. Vcntrally in front it bears a large, triangular, compressed, subtransluccnt tooth. Postpetiole as broad as the petiole, as long as broad, very regularly rectangular, flattened above, with only its anterior border marginate. First gastric segment a little larger than the postpetiole, of a similar shape but broader than long, anteroventrally with a blunt tooth or tubercle. Pygidium subcireular, truncate, minutely and indistinctly spinulate on the sides, Legs rather slender, hind cox;e with a large rounded, translucent expansion at the tip on the inner side. 1 1918, Proc. American Ac. Arts Sc., LIII, pp. 215-205, 17 figs. Shining; mandibles coarsely and sparsely punctate. Head with a large, smooth and very shining space on each side between the eye and frontal carina1; remaining surface with coarse, elongate punctures or foveola" and posteriorly with a few coarse ruga?. Thorax above and on the sides rather regularly longitudinally rugose, with indications of elongate foveola? on the humeri and truncated anterior surface; epinotal declivity more finely and regularly longitudinally striated. Sculpture of petiole above similar to that of the thoracic dorsum but with more numerous elongate foveolse in the interrugal spaces; on the postpetiole the foveola. arc larger and more abundant and the longitudinal ruga: much less distinct; first gastric segment, pygidium and posterior portions of remaining segments coarsely and evenly punctate, the basal portions of these segments more shining and very evenly striolate. Scapes finely, legs more coarsely and much more sparsely punctate. Hairs grayish, bristly, suberect, moderately long, rather evenly distributed on the body, more abundant on the tip of the gaster, more appressed on the legs; tibia; and scapes with a few long, suberect hairs. Pubescence short, visible only on the punctate portions of the gaster. Black; mandibles, antennae, legs, tip of gaster and sting piteous, coxae and middle portions of femora and tibia" darker. Female.- Length 5 to 5.5 mm. Very similar to the worker. Pronotum coarsely foveolate; mesonotum small, flat, somewhat pointed anteriorly, with its rugae converging in front. Postpetiole distinctly broader than the petiole and a little broader than long. Wings whitish hyaline, with very pale yellow veins and large, conspicuous, dark brown pterostigma. Described from seven workers and eight females taken from a single colony at Lubila, "nesting in a mushroom-shaped termitarium against a tree in the forest" (Lang and Chapin). Of the four described Ethiopian species of Phyracaces, langi is most closely related to P. foreli Santschi of the Gold Coast. The worker of this species, however, measures only 3.5 mm. and, judging from Santschii description, has a nearly straight occipital border, shorter antennal scapes, and different sculpture, especially of the head, petiole, and postpetiole. His figure of the petiole shows much longer posterior teeth than in langi. The specimen from Samkita, Gaboon, described by Santschi as the female of foreli measures 4 mm. and is so different from the worker in the shape of the petiole that I feel sure that it belongs to a distinct species, which may be designated as Phyracaces santschii, new species., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 54-56

Polyrhachis (Myrma) militaris subspecies cupreopubescens Forel A fine series of workers and females taken at Avakubi from "a nest built in an upright rotten stump, about four feet from the ground" and a single female from Medje (Lang and Chapin)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 260

Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subspecies melanocnemis (Santschi) Faradje, [[soldier]], [[worker]]; Yakuluku, [[queen]] (Lang and Chapin). Numerous specimens from several colonies., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 234

Tetramorium pusillum Emery variety hemisi, new variety Worker. - Length 2.5 to 2.8 mm. Agreeing closely with Emery's description of the typical pusillum in size, sculpture, and coloration, but with the basal third or fourth of the first gastric segment densely punctate and nearly opaque, and with the epinotal teeth acute. The latter are distinctly larger than the metasternal teeth. Described from fourteen workers taken from the stomach of a frog (Hemisus marmoratum) from Niangara (Lang and Chapin). The Abyssinian subspecies ghindanum Forel is slightly larger than this variety (at least this is true of several cotypes sent me by Prof. K. Escherich many years ago) and the opaque basal portion of the gaster is more extensive and finely striolate-punctate., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 193

Plagiolepis (Anoplolepis) tenella Santschi Niapu, [[worker]]; Bafwasende, [[worker]]; Garamba, [[worker]], [[male]]; Akenge, [[worker]]; Medje, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin). The specimens from Akenge and Medje were taken from the stomachs of toads (Bufo funereus and polycercus) and two males from Garamba from the stomach of a Bufo regularis. The Niapu specimens were found running about on the ground in the clearing of a native village. The female of this species was mentioned by Forel from specimens found in the stomach of a pangolin (Manis temmincki) from the Lower Congo, but was not described. The hitherto undescribed male measures about 5 mm. The wings are long (6 mm.). The head is only about half as broad as the thorax, broader through the eyes than long, with small, acutely 5-toothed mandibles. Color, sculpture and pilosity as in the worker, but the head is dark brown behind and the thorax is more shining, with three obscure, brownish, longitudinal blotches on the mesonotum., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 213

Camponotus (Dinomyrmex) pompeius subspecies marius Emery Medje, [[soldier]], [[worker]]; Akenge, [[soldier]], [[worker]]; Niapu, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin). Two maxima and twenty-nine minima workers all from the stomachs of toads (Bufo polycercus, funereus, and superciliaris) and one small worker from Niapu from the stomach of a frog (Xenopus tropicalis) seem to belong to this form. Though from different localities, the two maximae both have the head much smaller and narrower (without the mandibles, 4.5X 3.9 mm.) than in the typical pompeius or the preceding subspecies and agree very closely with Emery's description. He believed that the specimen he examined was not a maxima, but the two specimens from Medje and Akenge seem to indicate that the small narrow head may be characteristic of the largest worker of the subspecies. The petiolar scale in my specimens is also high and pointed, precisely as in Emery's figure, the scapes are long (4.5 mm.), and the coloration and sculpture agree with his description., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 239

Myrmicaria eumenoides (Gerstaecker) subspecies opaciventris (Emery) Plate VIII, Figures 1 and 2 Malela, [[worker]]; Thysville, [[worker]]; Stanleyville, [[queen]], [[male]]; Avakubi, [[worker]], [[queen]]; Medje, [[worker]], [[queen]], [[male]]; Akenge, [[worker]]; Bafwabaka, [[worker]]; Ngayu, [[worker]]; Faradje, [[worker]], [[queen]] (Lang and Chapin); Walikale to Lubutu, [[worker]], [[queen]] (J. Bequaert); Yakuluku, [[queen]] (J. Rodhain). Seventy-five workers and one female from Bafwabaka, Ngayu, Medje, Akenge, and Stanleyville were taken from the stomachs of toads (Bufo regularis, B. funereus, and B. superciliaris); a single worker from Faradje was taken from the stomach of a frog (Rana occipitalis). Neither Forel nor Santschi seems to me to have recognized this form very explicitly. Several years ago I received from the former six workers labelled "Benguela (Buchner)" and, as Emery's ergatotypes bore the same label and were also received from Forel and as my specimens agree perfectly with Emery's description, I feel confident that they are cotypes. Later I received a worker and three dealated females from Gaboon (Staudinger) and, as Emery mentions specimens from the same locality, I believe that I have before me also the female of the true opaciventris. The workers measure about 5 to 6 mm. and are pale ferruginous brown, with the antennae, legs, and gaster more fuscous. The mandibles have oblique 5-toothed blades; the clypeus is carinate. The epinotal spines are rather slender and very slightly bent downward, the base of the epinotum is less concave than in the typical eumenoides, the peduncle of the petiole is distinctly shorter and not longer than the node. The petiolar and postpetiolar nodes are laterally compressed and of the same height, the ventral surface of the postpetiole, unlike that of eumenoides, is swollen, and projecting and angular in front. The surface of the head and thorax is somewhat less shining than in eumenoides, the rugae on the front, pleurae, pro-, meso- and base of epinotum more sharply and regularly longitudinal and not reticulate. The gaster has the basal half or, in some specimens, the whole surface opaque and densely punctate, whereas it is smooth and shining in typical eumenoides. The nodes of the petiole and postpetiole have shining summits and in some specimens the sides of the petiole are also smooth and shining, in others like those of the postpetiole, finely punctate and even feebly longitudinally rugulose. In the female, which measures 13 mm., the petiole and postpetiole are sharply longitudinally rugose, the summit of the former concentrically rugose, the scutellum vermiculately rugose. Emery's description of the male, which I have not seen, includes no mention of characters that would distinguish it from the male of the typical eumenoides. Numerous specimens from the various Congo localities cited above seem to me to be referable to Emery's subspecies, though they differ more or less in the sculpture of the petiole, postpetiole, and gaster and in being mostly of a darker color. They average larger than the specimens of variety congolensis and variety crucheti, the workers being 5 to 6.5 mm. The petiole and postpetiole, especially the latter, are nearly always more or less longitudinally rugulose on the sides, though sometimes merely punctate, as Emery remarks in the original description. The specimens from Walikale have the entire gaster opaque and punctate, whereas in others it is punctate usually only on the anterior half of the first segment. This character, however, varies in individuals from the same colony. Santschi says that the gaster of the worker is "entierement sculpte, mat, brun clair," but Emery describes the gaster as fuscescent, with the anterior half of the first segment opaque. Tr��gardh and Arnoldi have described the nests of the typical eumenoides of East and South Africa. The latter's account runs as follows. The colonies of this species are usually very large, often comprising 1000 or more workers. The latter bite and sting fiercely, but the sting is rather blunt, and does not easily pierce the human skin. Although their gait is slow, they are nevertheless active insects, travelling over large areas in search of food, which seems to consist chiefly of other insects. They do not appear to be aphidicolous, nor to attend membracid or lepidopterous larvae for their secretions, yet they are known to harbour in their nests many myrmecophilous insects. A nest examined by me contained the following species of beetles: Allodinarda myrmicariae Brauns; Ogmocerus raffrayanus Brauns and Batrisus myrmecariophilus Brauns. The Botanical Gardens in Durban are infested with this species, but the examination of a large number of nests revealed only one species of myrmecophile, Allodinarda kohli Wasm.; which, however, was plentiful, as many as three dozen being taken in one nest. The nest has numerous entrances, and is surrounded by large heaps of excavated material, often covering an area of several square feet. Arnold3 has also described and figured the puparium of a fly (possibly a form allied to Microdon?), with a peculiar tray covered with trichomes at the posterior end of the body, as occurring in the nest of M. eumenoides with the myrmecophilous beetles cited in the foregoing quotation. The following is his account of the migration of the colony and its guests to a new nest. I left this nest without filling up the hole, so that in about a week's time it was filled with rain after a heavy shower. The water must have filtered through the soil and almost saturated the nest, for it took nearly half an hour for all the water to disappear from the hole. This state of affairs had evidently made the nest so uncomfortable that the ants decided to move to new quarters about 9 feet away. They began to do this about seven o'clock that evening, or perhaps a little earlier, for the migration was in full swing when I came on the scene again at that hour. Remembering the reputation which this ant has for harboring guests, and also the observations made by various entomologists on some European ants which, when moving to a new nest, are in the habit of carrying their guests with them, I decided to watch this migration carefully. At first I could see no guests at all; the workers were carrying in their mandibles only their own larvae, pupae or males. In fact I was looking at the workers so attentively that I failed to notice their smaller companions on the road, to which my attention was directed by suddenly catching sight of a Lepismid running by. Going back then to the old nest, I saw at intervals various myrmecophiles crawling out of the pit made by my former excavation, and following the tracks of their hosts, to which they were guided, of course, by the sense of smell. These parasites included three different species of beetles, viz. a staphylinid, and two species of pselaphids, together with the common lepismid found in the nests of nearly all our ants. No time was wasted by any of these insects, for once over the brow of the pit, they continued straight along the narrow path leading to the new quarters. While on the march they were utterly ignored by their hosts, but on arriving at the entrance of the new nest, it was noticed that some of the pselaphids were seized by the ants dawdling around, and taken down into the nest. This change of dwelling took some hours to complete, for at midnight it was still in progress. 1 1914, Med. G��teborgs Mus. Zool. Afd., Ill, p. 45. 2 1916, Ann. South African Mus., XIV, p. 266. 3 1914, Proc. Rhodesia Sc. Assoc., XIII, p. 25. Mr. Lang contributes the following note on the habits of the subspecies opaciventris at Avakubi: "These ants, called 'dufluguntu' by the natives, are very common and noticeable because they tend to congregate in great numbers about any piece of meat or a dead insect. On one occasion I saw them tear up and carry off a butterfly two inches in diameter in exactly two minutes and a half. They are harmless and therefore not feared by the natives. A young Manis, which I kept in captivity, enjoyed making a meal of them. The nests, as a rule built at the bases of trees or bushes, can be easily recognized by the mound of loose earth thrown up while the chambers are being excavated. The walls of the chambers are not hardened or smoothed as in the nests of some other ants. One nest which I examined extended seventeen inches below the surface. It had many ramifications, though most of the brood was found around the roots of the tree. The whole nest, when exposed, covered an area less than two feet in diameter. These ants build long tunnels open above or with small openings (one-eighth inch), surrounded by a heap of loose particles. One of these, more than an inch wide, crossed a certain road in several places. I have seen a number of these tunnels superimposed one above another so that I could drop a stick down thirteen inches. In these tunnels the ants travel back and forth in great numbers.", Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 143-145

Ectatomma (Acanthoponera) imbellis var. hilare Forel, Ann. Soc. Belg. 39, 1895, p. 421 [worker]. Acanthoponera imbellis var. hilaris Emery, Gen. Insect. Ponerinae 1911, p. 10 [worker]. According to Forel, this variety, taken at Mackay, Queensland(Gilbert Turner), is larger than the type (3.6 mm.) and differs in sculpture as follows: "Abdomen densely punctate and subopaque. All the remainder densely and finely reticulatepunctate and opaque. Moreover, the front is coarsely longitudinally rugose, while the other portions of the head, the thorax and petiole are covered with dense, superimposed foveolae, in part reticulate or transformed into rugae." A single specimen taken at Sydney, New South Wales (A. M. Lea) agrees with this description., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1923, Ants of the genera Myopias and Acanthoponera., pp. 175-192 in Psyche 30 on pages 180-181

Crematogaster (Atopogyne) africana subspecies laurenti (Forel) Numerous workers taken by Dr. Bequaert in the Rain Forest on the Tshopo River, near Stanleyville, in the hollow stems of Plectronia Laurentii(Part IV)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 157

Pheidole megacephala subspecies melancholica (Santschi) Six soldiers, five workers, and seven females, mostly winged, taken at Garamba (Lang and Chapin) from the stomachs of a toad (Bufo regularis) and two frogs (Rana ornatissima and Kassina senegalensis). The female is a little larger than the female of the typical megacephala, with the head and thorax more sharply sculptured and the color of the body, including the clypeus and mandibles, darker, almost black; the legs more yellowish, as in the worker. This is the host of the singular workerless parasitic ant, Anergatides kohli, recently described and figured by Wasmann from the vicinity of Stanleyville.2, Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 132