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The COVID-19 crisis has been one of the most significant events in recent history. Informal traders who depend on a thriving tourist market have been especially vulnerable to COVID-19. The resultant travel bans affected South Africa's tourism-related informal economic activities. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the pandemic on informal traders' livelihoods and resilience in Cape Town, South Africa. Tourists have always constituted a large proportion of informal traders' customer base. They are often willing and able to spend more than locals. The impact of travel bans on traders' income, profit margins, and livelihoods has been disastrous. However, many traders have shown commendable resilience. There were obviously limits to the effectiveness of their mitigating strategies. There is an urgent need (from a social justice and a pure economic perspective) for further relief and assistance to supplement street traders' efforts to survive as international tourism recovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-term study abroad (STSA) programs are one of the most dynamic segments of international educational travel and tourism. Our study utilizes experiential learning theory (ELT) to investigate and compare the scope and depth of students' encounters during STSA tours across four different global travel destinations (the United Arab Emirates, Russia, Vietnam, and the United States of America). Through an analysis of the learning journals of 116 undergraduate students who participated in these international study tours, we identify the types of experiences that students engage in during their STSA programs. Then we investigate which experiences are perceived to be more meaningful and to facilitate student learning. Last, we analyze these experiences across four different global destinations to explore how meaningfulness may vary. The study provides important implications for travel providers concerning the choice of travel destination and for higher education institutions that design and develop international educational tourism opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major disruptions to international tourism and has stimulated research interest. This study examines links between COVID-19-induced tourism disruption and poverty in Tanzania. Unlike previous studies linking COVID-19, tourism and poverty, this paper uses a social accounting matrix (SAM) microsimulation analysis that allows decomposition of poverty indices by population subgroup and assessment of the drivers of aggregate poverty. The results of the SAM multiplier analysis indicate that all households will experience reduced incomes, and that this effect will be more pronounced in urban than rural households. The microsimulation results suggest that the COVID-19-induced tourism crisis will exacerbate the poverty headcount, poverty gap and poverty severity, with urban and rural non-farm households being most affected. The results of the poverty decomposition show that the growth effect has a stronger impact than the inequality effect on increased poverty. Poverty increases and inequality decreases simultaneously. The paper suggests several demand- and supply-side policies that may help to build tourism resilience and recovery and alleviate poverty in Tanzania in the post-COVID world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between pandemics and travel is an essential element in understanding health security and global change. Using cross-country COVID-19 confirmed cumulated cases and deaths data for 165 countries as of 3rd February 2021, this study investigates the impact of tourism, the experience of SARS and Swine flu, and several other socio-economic variables on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic at the global and regional level. The results reveal that (1) the higher the volume of inbound and outbound tourism, the higher the number of reported COVID-19 cases and deaths at the global as well as at the regional level; (2) the impact of tourism on COVID-19 cases and deaths varies across regions, and; (3) countries that have experience in handling SARS or Swine flu pandemics have been able to reduce COVID-19 cases and deaths significantly, in particular, the countries in the Asia Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article exploits the Arab Spring, which occurred in 2011, as a natural experiment to study the effect of political upheavals on international travel. We find that foreign tourists' demand to travel to countries experiencing Arab Spring episodes was sharply reduced and persisted after two years. We also find evidence of two different spillover effects: a tourism diversion to rest of the world, and a regional contagion to geographically nearby countries (other Arab countries that did not experience Arab Spring episodes and the Mediterranean region, although with heterogenous effects across individual countries). To disentangle how spillovers are channeled, we test whether geographical and cultural (Islamic) affinity play any role. We find that diversion is explained by the attitudes of Western tourists but not of those whose origin is Arabic. Furthermore, we find that the contagion caused by the Arab Spring is stronger for the nearest Muslim countries. JEL codes: F14, F51, H12, O11 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, more than a billion people participate in international traveling. Turkey hosts millions of people from different countries every year while the number of trips made from Turkey to different countries is increasing steadily. However, the number of studies addressing changes occurring in the quantity and quality of the traveling abroad from Turkey in the academic field is limited. In order to understand Turkey's tourism as a whole, it is necessary to look from the opposite direction and also examine the outgoing tourism mobility from Turkey in addition to the flow of tourists to Turkey. The aim of this study is to examine the dynamics that influence the outlook, the development process, temporal and spatial change and mobility of traveling abroad from Turkey within the framework of the "Mobility Theory" which has been developed in social sciences in recent years and suggests that mobility includes reciprocal relations. The data of the study covers travel abroad from Turkey between the years 1970-2019 obtained from TurkStat, the Ministry of Tourism and Culture and the World Tourism Organization. Turkey's position in international tourism activities, the common and different aspects of traveling and the social, cultural, economic and political aspects of changing tourism mobility have been evaluated in the study. Accordingly, while the number of citizens traveling abroad in the 1970s in Turkey was around 500 thousand, this figure approached the 10 million level in 2019; in a manner similar to international mobility, trips for "travel, entertainment, sports and cultural activities" have increased, kinship, neighborhood relations and spatial proximity have been effective in country preferences, however travel expenses per person have decreased. In the meantime, the ratio of those traveling abroad to the total population is over 40% in developed countries while this rate remains at 10% in our country, the rate of women participating in travel is low, and the social reflections of mutual tourism mobility are issues which need to be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries most affected by the current reduction in international travel will be those most economically dependent on the physical circulation of tourists. The more a country's economy depends on international tourism as a percentage of GDP, the more quickly and deeply it will be impacted by the cessation of touristic flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the impact of Bollywood movies and television programing on the travel behaviours of Indian tourists. 670 usable surveys were gathered and analysed. The involvement construct was utilized to segment respondents into three significantly different groups both demographically and attitudinally. Indians were highly engaged with Bollywood movies and television shows, particularly those highly involved with foreign travel. Highly involved Indians were more likely to participate in tourist activities at destinations shown in Bollywood movies and television programmes, especially visiting specific film locations, and visiting festivals, events and attractions seen in movies. Highly involved individuals use movies and television as motivation to travel more frequently than those who are less involved with international tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: International tourism increased from 25 million tourist arrivals in 1950 to over 1.3 billion in 2017. These travelers can be exposed to (multi) resistant microorganisms, may become colonized, and bring them back home. This systematic review aims to identify the carriage rates of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales (MDR-E) among returning travelers, to identify microbiological methods used, and to identify the leading risk factors for acquiring MDR-E during international travel. Methods: Articles related to our research question were identified through a literature search in multiple databases (until June 18, 2019) - Embase, Medline Ovid, Cochrane, Scopus, Cinahl, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results: Out of 3211 potentially relevant articles, we included 22 studies in the systematic review, and 12 studies in 7 random-effects meta-analyses. Highest carriage rates of MDR-E were observed after travel to Southern Asia (median 71%), followed by travel to Northern Africa (median 42%). Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) were identified in 5 out of 22 studies, from a few patients. However, in only eight out of 22 studies (36.4%) the initial laboratory method targeted detection of the presence of CPE in the original samples. The risk factor with the highest pooled odds ratio (OR) for MDR-E was travel to Southern Asia (pooled OR = 14.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.50 to 36.45), followed by antibiotic use during travel (pooled OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.76 to 4.39). Conclusions: Risk of acquiring MDR-E while travelling increases depending on travel destination and if antibiotics are used during travel. This information is useful for the development of guidelines for healthcare facilities with low MDR-E prevalence rates to prevent admission of carriers without appropriate measures. The impact of such guidelines should be assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of international tourism on less developed or developing countries. Topics discussed include indigenous peoples' leveraging of their culture and natural inheritances for tourism development, sustainable tourism, the Grand Tour as a rite of passage for privileged members of the upper classes, tourists' fascination with the people and places in less developed or developing countries, volunteer tourism and the potential of tourism to alleviate poverty.

Tourism has been one of the fastest growing industries and it makes important contributions on economies. Based on this, the literature aims to determine the factors affecting tourism demand behavior. In this paper, we analyze the effect of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on both total and personal outbound travel expenditures in the panel data of 17 developed and developing countries. This is the first paper to examine the impact of EPU on travel expenditures within a tourism demand framework. By using the fixed-effects and the Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) estimation techniques, we find that an increase in the level of uncertainty decreases travel expenditures. Our findings imply that when people experience an increase in uncertaintyrelated economic policies, they tend to decrease their expenditures abroad. On average, a one standard deviation rise in EPU leads to a 3% and a 6% decrease in the total and personal travel expenditures. We also find that the effect of EPU on travel expenditures is higher in developing economies compared to developed countries. The empirical results in this paper suggest that governments should realize the suppressing effect of uncertainties about their economic policies on tourism demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Properties of geographical space that are of key importance for international tourism, as length and discreteness, are analyzed in the article. Length makes tourists cover distances, whereas discreteness manifests itself in spatial heterogeneity. Tourism in conditions of homogeneous space is vain. That is, heterogeneity brings sense to travels as well as determines their direction. So, the effect of geographical space's length and spatial heterogeneity on formation and distribution of tourism flows is assessed, international tourism's geographical essence is disclosed also. Apperception of geographical space in usual environment and its effect on tourist's original motives are described. Following the bases of behaviorism, the tourism original motives, in particular those for migration, comfort, contrast and aesthetics are substantiated. The motive for migration is a kind of "pushing" tourists outside their usual environment. To stop all fears that may cause anxiety in destination, the latter should guarantee satisfaction of those human needs which A. Maslow refers to as basic needs. The necessity to satisfy these needs forms in tourists the motive for comfort. Closely located destinations in neighboring countries can be of little difference form usual environment. Driven by the motive for contrast, tourists aspire to visit places that totally differ from their usual environment, and contrast (are exotic to) it. Thus, the motive for contrast seemingly "pulls" the tourists up to certain (exotic) destinations. Finally, following the considered spatial specificities of land surface and tourist-driving original motives, a conceptual model of formation and distribution of international tourism flows in geographical space is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out with the objective of analyzing the evolution and the tendencies of the revenues associated to the international tourism in Cuba during 2010-2014, taking into account the arrivals of visitors, their motivations and the obtained revenues. The half annual growth of visitors and tourists arrivals to Cuba in the period were of 4,3 %, what constitutes a favorable behavior. Most of the motivations matched the conventional tourism, while the rest of the motivations grows little or they present setbacks. The revenues for international tourism (2010-2014) had an acceptable behavior of (1.9% like annual average), but with uncertainty in different years, as well as with a significant breach between the arrivals and the revenues in 2014. The revenues continue growing less than the arrivals. The average of growth is smaller than the one reached in last decade and that the one obtained for several of the main receivers of tourism in the insular Caribbean and in the world during the same period. The participation of the revenues for international tourism of Cuba in the Insular Caribbean diminished. The revenues for tourists' arrival spread to fall and they were located in the lowest places. The revenues of tourist entities grew in 3,0 %. However, the increase of the revenues is not enough to obtain better yields in tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars may no longer see cosmopolitanism as the preserve of the jet-setting elite, but they still tend to focus on international travel as the primary means of acquiring cosmopolitan competence. However, one should not confuse mindsets with mileage: if travel does not always generate cosmopolitanism, then neither is it a precondition for it, so stay-at-homes can become cosmopolitan too. This article draws on ethnographic fieldwork in multiethnic neighbourhoods of Montréal, Quebec, to show how cosmopolitanism can be produced and practised within the microcosm of the city. While international mobility is not necessarily part of these negotiations of difference, other kinds of spatial and social mobility are, especially intra-urban mobility and mobility of the imagination. Examining micro-cosmopolitanism at the urban scale, however, also reveals that practices of and aspirations towards cosmopolitanism do not necessarily coincide. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we have investigated the linkages between the international tourism demands across tourism regions in New Zealand. The big portion of the international tourists is visiting the big hubs of the New Zealand (namely, Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch). However, big bulks of the tourists are also visiting the other parts of New Zealand as well. However, it is not certain whether the tourists visiting other regions are spilled over from these big hubs or they visit these regions as the main destination. To investigate this question, we examined the impact of the spillovers from these hubs to other regions of New Zealand. We employed a multivariate AR-GARCH model to estimate the spillover effects for both New Zealand's North Island and South Island regions. In particular, we quantified and compared the magnitudes of the main hubs on the volatility of the international tourism demand of the other regions. We found that the spillovers from the main centres are by and large important for a number of Regional Tourism Organisations (RTOs), thereby suggesting that both expected guest night and volatility spillovers are important in explaining New Zealand's international hotel guest nights. We also quantified that, on average, 52% of the volatility in a South region tourism demand is explained by the volatility in tourism demand of Christchurch, whereas this rate is much lower in North Island which is around 25%. However, this is quite an evidence for the integration of the international tourism demand spillovers among New Zealand regions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines foreign travels and international tourism to and from Czechoslovakia in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Based on the annual reports of the international department of the ÚV ČSM and reports on their foreign travels submitted by youth officials, the article argues that rather than representing communist efforts “to maximally isolate Czechoslovak citizens from the outside world and to hinder interaction with foreigners,” communist restrictions on private foreign travel could be interpreted as a shift in emphasis from an individual to a collective form of travelling. The article suggests that collective travel abroad as a socialist form of travel had a political meaning and purpose: it represented “society-wide benefit” and thus was part of the communist societal transformation, educating the labouring classes and eliminating inequalities in the realm of transnational mobility. It explores how socialist travel abroad was intended to mitigate differences of opinion, balance particular interests and create ideological consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tourism is a leisure-related social activity. People always choose their desired tourism destinations and types according to their interests, intentions, and preferences. This means that personality influences tourism consumers' behavior. We examined the impact of extraversion and sensation seeking on international tourism choices, based on data obtained from a large-scale survey of Taiwanese nationals aged 20 years and older. The results of our analysis confirmed the research hypotheses, that when compared to people with no international tourism experience, those with international tourism experience tend to have higher levels of extraversion and sensation seeking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using quarterly data and two different indicators of the volume of international tourism, namely the international tourist expenditures and the total number of international tourist arrivals, this paper aims to investigate whether tourism has been a vehicle of economic growth in Turkey. We use the ARDL approach to cointegration and error correction model and find evidence of long-run uni-directional causality running from the volume of international tourism (both the tourist expenditures and tourist arrivals) and real exchange rates to economic growth, but not vice versa. The results indicate that the Turkish case supports the tourism-led growth hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new segmentation variables for the global international tourism market were operationalized. These variables were used to segment the countries of the world into nine market segments, which include heavy travelers, heavy spenders (HH); heavy travelers, medium spenders (HM); heavy travelers, light spenders (HL); medium travelers, heavy spenders (MH); medium travelers, medium spenders (MM); medium travelers, light spenders (ML); light travelers, heavy spenders (LH); light travelers, medium spenders (LM); and light travelers, light spenders (LL). The profile of these country segments were further examined using discriminant analysis. Implications of findings for targeting and promotion strategies are discussed, and directions for future research are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is getting smaller. The advent of e-mail and the internet is improving communications internationally. International travel is becomingmore accessible. There are many issues that engineers face in their day-to-day jobs working in municipal engineering and public works where they can learn fromeach other and fromexperiences across the globe.Akey objective of the International Federation of Municipal Engineering (IFME) is to foster technical and cultural exchange between municipal and public works engineers worldwide. International exchange of information, innovations, skills and experience is evenmore important in today's global world than when the IFME was first formed over 40 years ago. Not only can engineers learn from sharing experiences in the international arena but they can also go further and leverage from one another to achieve a quantum leap to benefit the profession and wider communities. International relationships are of strategic importance to all. They provide an effective conduit for obtaining and sharing information on a global basis and, importantly, developing friendships along the way. As an example, this paper discusses the many challenges facing industry that are common to all—sustainable management and provision of infrastructure, professional skill shortages and the impacts of climate change. It is hoped that this paper is only the beginning and that further discussions and exchange of information and experiences are generated among IFME colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parks and reserves, created to protect Africa's unique mammal life increasingly share buffer zones needed for their ecological survival with expanding rural populations, resulting in more conflict. While concern about the encroachment of human activity (or 'human sprawl') into natural areas is worldwide, it takes on an extra dimension in eastern and southern Africa, where we find the last large-scale migrating herds of large mammals. The paper uses the Ngamiland region of Botswana in which the Moremi Game Reserve is situated to discuss problems and options surrounding park buffer zones in a context of rapid national economic growth, high levels of demographic growth and increasing international tourism activity, using human footprint and human sprawl mapping as tools to assess population conservation interaction. The paper argues that it is useful to employ footprint mapping in African protected area buffer zones to reveal specific regional patterns and options in order to enhance the search for workable solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the overall increase in international travel, there is likely to be an increase in travel during pregnancy as well. In developing countries, pregnant women face exposures that can add significant risk for neonatal morbidity and mortality. Infections that can occur in utero or in the early neonatal period include malaria, yellow fever, tuberculosis, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, rubella, typhoid fever, leptospirosis, dengue fever, Helicobacter pylori, and trypanosomiasis. When travel and potential exposure cannot be avoided, preventive measures are usually effective. Pretravel consultation should include careful discussion of length of travel, antimalarial prophylaxis, insect avoidance, food and water hygiene, vaccination, and body fluid precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acts of terror are intended to incite fear and intimidation, which makes tourism particularly susceptible to attacks. Because the hospitality industry serves as a useful barometer of the indirect impact of attacks, we examine the impact of terrorist incidents on lodging-use rates in Italy between 1995 and 1997. We make use of data on domestic as well as international terrorism at the city level to explore more localized implications of terrorist incidents. We find that lodgings used by foreign visitors are the most sensitive to terrorist attacks and that the incidents have the largest impact during the year of the attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drowning is a serious worldwide, mostly preventable injury problem, particularly among international travelers. In 2000, approximately 449,000 people have drowned worldwide, and the exact number of travelers is not precisely known. Although comprehensive infectious disease information has been available to international travelers for many years, advice on injury risk and prevention, more specifically on drowning prevention, has received little attention. The goals of this review were to develop research-based drowning prevention and water-safety recommendations for travelers and to identify research needs for future recommendations. A group of injury-prevention and travel-medicine experts conducted several rounds of voting and ranking of the strength and evidence of drowning-prevention recommendations. Each of the thirty-two recommendations created have also been categorized using the Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel scale and have been framed in the context of preevent, event, and postevent categories commonly used in injury-control theory and Haddon's Matrix. These recommendations were developed for use by travel-medicine professionals or others who prepare individuals for travel. Several of the identified interventions to prevent drownings lack conclusive scientific evidence of their effectiveness and warrant further studies to better understand their true effectiveness. Furthermore, funding for the studies of intervention effectiveness and the implications of these interventions for international travelers are essential, yet insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors forecast Japanese international travel to 2025. In addition to the usual economic variables, their model also captures both population aging and birth cohort effects on Japanese travel abroad. They predict the number of future Japanese overseas trips for males and females separately by 5-year age groups and in 5-year increments and conclude that the Japanese will continue to travel abroad in increasing numbers but that population aging will dramatically slow the rate of growth of future Japanese overseas travel. Although the number of overseas trips taken by "seniors" is predicted to increase sharply, the authors foresee fewer trips taken by the Japanese in the 20s and early 30s age groups. Finally, they examine the responses of the industry and the public sector in Japan to implications of a rapidly aging population on future international travel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author examines the collective representations of international tourism, more popularly known as the "Four S's," the sun, sex, sea and sand that presently exist in social sciences. Given the anthropological focus, he also analyzes the sets of images and approaches that have been popular in the social science literature. These approaches were classified into three areas which includes a broadly political-economic view of international tourism, tourism relative to meanings, motives and roles and lastly, tourism as a force in sociocultural change.

Shortly after its establishment in the mid-1950s, the state-run China International Travel Service began to supplement its work hosting foreign tourists with a program of outbound tours for Chinese citizens to other socialist nations. This article examines this tourism program in the decade prior to the Cultural Revolution. I conclude that this tourist trade was part of the formation of a vision of socialist modernity and a component of the socialist world economy. Up until the late 1950s, China's participation in tourist trade with the Soviet Union was motivated by economic concerns as much as by political ones, but China's state tourism officials became preoccupied with the political implications of this exchange as relations between the two countries deteriorated. By the early 1960s, with the Soviet Union no longer a major economic partner and China's vision of socialist modernity no longer a Soviet one, the rationale for this program largely evaporated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the availability of the book entitled "Health Information for International Travel." in the U.S. Web site address.