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Abstract Carbon nanotubes were subjected to doping with an energetic Ag ion beam, and the carbon nanotubes on the top of the array were transformed into amorphous carbon nanowires with embedded Ag-nanoparticles. The field emission characteristics of these nanowires were investigated. The minimum turn-on and threshold fields were 0.68 and 1.09 V/μm, respectively, which were lower than those of the as-grown carbon nanotubes. This was probably because Ag-nanoparticles embedded in the carbon nanowires reduced the effective work function from 4.59 to 4.23 eV. Large doping amounts produced serious structural damage at the top of the nanowires and impaired the field emission characteristics.

This work reports on the fabrication and characterization of a K9 glass planar waveguide structure. The helium ion implantation was employed to form the waveguide on the K9 glass. The choices of the energy of 0.4 MeV and the dose of 6. 0 × 1 0 1 6 ions/cm2 were conducted by the SRIM 2013. The m -line spectroscopy and the modal profile of the He + -irradiated K9 glass waveguide were performed by the prism-coupling system and the end-face coupling technique at 0.6328 μ m, which suggests the capability of light propagation. The He + -implanted K9 glass waveguides can serve as potential candidates for advanced integrated optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a one-dimensional waveguide is formed by virtue of the helium ion implantation in the oxyfluoride glass (OFG). The energy and the fluence of the ion implantation are 0.4 MeV and 6. 0 × 1 0 1 4 He + ⋅ mm − 2 , respectively. The m-line curve with the effective refractive indices of the modes was recorded by using the prism coupling system. The energy loss distribution and the refractive index profile were calculated by the stopping and range of ions into matter (SRIM)-2013 and the RCM, respectively. The light modal profile was measured by the end-facet coupling system. It suggests that the He + -ion implanted OFG waveguides have the potential to act as integrated photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 400 keV proton implantation with a fluence of 8. 0 × 1 0 1 6 ions/cm2 was applied on the Er 3 + / Yb 3 + co-doped phosphate glass to fabricate a planar waveguide structure. The mode profile at the end face of the waveguide was measured by the end-face coupling technique. The energy loss profile of the energetic protons was calculated by the SRIM 2013. The refractive index distribution was simulated by the reflectivity calculation method. Based on these results, the formation theory of the planar waveguides was discussed through simulating the energy loss distribution and analyzing the reconstructed refractive index profile, which could be used for applications in the future integrated optical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optical waveguide is an important dielectric device that guides the propagation of light waves. Ion implantation is a competitive waveguide preparation technique with advantages including reliance, simpleness and flexibility. In this work, a 400-keV helium ion implantation with a fluence of 6. 0 × 1 0 1 6  ions/cm2 was carried out to manufacture a planar waveguide on the surface of the fused silica glass. The formation mechanism of the waveguide was analyzed by the nuclear energy deposition based on the SRIM 2013 and the refractive index distribution with the help of the reflectivity calculation method (RCM). The geometry structure and the guiding performance of the waveguide were studied by the metallographic microscope and the end-face coupling system, respectively. The investigation on the fabrication and characteristics of fused silica glass optical waveguides is of great significance for the development of passive devices in the field of optical communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the preparation and properties of an optical planar waveguide structure operating at 1539 nm in the Yb 3+ -doped silicate glass. The waveguide was formed by using (470 + 500) keV proton implantation at fluences of (1.0 + 2.0) × 10 16  ions/cm 2 . The waveguiding characteristics including the guided-mode spectrum and the near-field image were investigated by the m-line technique and the finite-difference beam propagation method. The energy distribution for implanted protons and the refractive index profile for the proton-implanted waveguide were simulated by the stopping and range of ions in matter and the reflectivity calculation method. The proton-implanted Yb 3+ -doped silicate glass waveguide is a candidate for optoelectronic elements in the near-infrared region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion implantation is one of the most competitive methods for the fabrication of optical waveguide structures in optoelectronic materials. Tb-doped aluminum borosilicate glass has been demonstrated to be a type of magneto-optical glass with high Verdet constant. In this work, the proton implantation technique with energies of (500 + 550) keV and fluences of (1.0 + 2.0) × 10 ions/cm is performed to form planar waveguides in the Tb-doped aluminum borosilicate glass. The guiding modes of the fabricated waveguide were measured by the prism-coupling method at wavelengths of 632.8 and 1539 nm. The near-field light intensity distribution was measured by the end-face coupling method at the wavelength of 632.8 nm and calculated by the finite-difference beam propagation method at both 632.8 and 1539 nm. The optical properties of the double-energy proton-implanted magneto-optical glass waveguides show promise for use as multi-functional integrated optical devices in the visible and near-infrared bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neodymium-doped calcium niobium gallium garnet (Nd:CNGG) waveguide operated at 632.8 nm is demonstrated by the 3.0-MeV oxygen-ion implantation with a fluence of ions/cm2. The annealing treatment at 300C for 45 min is carried out to optimize the waveguide quality. The dark-mode spectra are measured by the -line technique. The refractive index profiles are calculated from the effective refractive indices of the waveguide modes. The near-field intensity distributions are simulated based on the reconstructed refractive index profiles. The annealing treatment process could effectively remove unwanted defects and optimize the waveguide quality. The optical properties of the annealed waveguide are better than that of the as-implanted waveguide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A planar waveguide in the Nd-doped fluorophosphate glass is fabricated by a 6.0 MeV C ion implantation at a low-fluence of ions/cm2. The fluence is close to that in semiconductor industry. The dark mode spectra are recorded by a model 2010 prism coupler. The energy losses during the implantation process and the refractive index profile of the waveguide are simulated by the SRIM 2010 code and the reflectivity calculation method (RCM), respectively. The near-field light intensity profile and the propagation loss of the waveguide are measured by an end-face coupling system. The two-dimensional (2D) modal profile of transverse electric (TE) mode for the fabricated waveguide is calculated by the finite difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM). The results of microluminescence and optical absorption reveal that the spectroscopic characteristics of the Nd-doped fluorophosphate glass are nearly unaffected by the carbon ion implantation process. This work suggests that the carbon-implanted Nd-doped fluorophosphate glass waveguide is a promising candidate for integrated active devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A planar waveguide is demonstrated in the 3+-doped tellurite glass, using (5+6) MeV 3+ ion implantation with doses of (4+8)×1014 ions/cm2. The implantation process of 3+ ions into the 3+-doped tellurite glass is simulated by the stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM) 2010 code. The dark-mode spectra are measured by the prism-coupling system at λ = 632.8 nm. The reflectivity calculation method and the finite-difference beam propagation method are used to calculate the refractive index profile and the modal profile of transverse electric (TE) mode of the fabricated waveguide, respectively. The absorption spectra show that the transmission properties are not affected by the waveguide fabrication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical planar waveguides were fabricated by proton implantation with an energy of 400 keV and a dose of 8 × 1016 ions / cm2 or 400-keV helium-ion implantation with a fluence of 6 × 1016 ions / cm2 in the fluoride lead silicate glass. The morphologies were studied by a Zeiss microscope to estimate the thickness of the waveguides. The annealing effects on the fluoride lead silicate glass waveguides were investigated by 60 min annealing cycles at different temperatures ranging from 260°C to 310°C in air atmosphere. The dark-mode spectra and corresponding effective refractive indices before and after the thermal treatments were measured by the prism coupling system. The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter 2013 code was used to simulate the irradiation process and calculate the energy losses. The refractive index distributions were reconstructed by the reflectivity calculation method. The near-field light intensity profiles of the proton and helium-ion implanted fluoride lead silicate glass waveguides were measured by the end-face coupling system. The comparison of optical properties between the proton-implanted waveguide and helium-ion implanted one was carried out. The experimental results show that the helium-ion implantation is more suitable for the fabrication of the fluoride lead silicate glass optical waveguides and the He + -implanted waveguide has better optical propagation performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planar waveguides in magneto-optical glasses (Tb 3+ -doped aluminum borosilicate glasses) have been produced by a 550-keV proton implantation at a dose of 4.0×10 16 ions/cm 2 for the first time to our knowledge. After annealing at 260 °C for 1.0 h, the dark-mode spectra and near-field intensity distributions are measured by the prism-coupling and end-face coupling methods. The damage profile, refractive index distribution and light propagation mode of the planar waveguide are numerically calculated by SRIM 2010, RCM and FD-BPM, respectively. The effects of implantation on the structural and optical properties are investigated by Raman and absorption spectra. It suggests that the proton-implanted Tb 3+ -doped aluminum borosilicate glass waveguide is a good candidate for a waveguide isolator in optical fiber communication and all-optical communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terbium scandium aluminum garnet crystal is a promising material which has excellent characteristics for magneto-optical devices. We report on the fabrication of optical planar and ridge waveguides in the terbium scandium aluminum garnet by using combination of helium ion implantation and precise diamond blade dicing. The conditions for the ion implantation are an energy of 400 keV and a fluence of 6 × 1016 ions/cm2. The rotating velocity and cutting speed of the diamond blade were set to be 20,000 rpm and 0.1 mm/s, respectively. The implantation depth and distributions of energy loss were calculated by the stopping and range of ions in matter 2013. The refractive index distribution and the dark-mode spectrum for the implanted planar waveguide were obtained by the reflectivity calculation method and the prism coupling system, respectively. The near-field intensity profiles of both the planar and ridge waveguides were measured by the end-face coupling technique. The optical guiding properties of the terbium scandium aluminum garnet waveguides suggest that they can serve as candidates for optical waveguide isolators. • Planar and ridge waveguides are formed in terbium scandium aluminum garnet. • Waveguides demonstrate acceptable guiding properties. • Ion implantation and diamond blade dicing are used in TSAG crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of 2D waveguide structures on optoelectronic materials is important for applications in integrated optics devices. In this work, 2D waveguides on the magneto-optical glass were fabricated via combining the carbon ion implantation and the femtosecond laser ablation. Firstly, the 1D waveguide was formed by the double energy (6.0+5.5) MeV carbon ion implantation with fluences of (8.0+4.0) × 1013 ions/cm2. Subsequently, the femtosecond laser ablation with 800-nm central wavelength and 1.0-kHz repetition rate was conducted on the 1D waveguide surface to manufacture 2D guiding structures. The end-facet images were captured by an optical microscope. The near-field modal profiles of the 2D waveguides were recorded by an end-face coupling system at near-infrared (976 nm) and visible (532 nm) bands. The research results provide the feasibility and the experimental basis for the preparation of a magneto-optical waveguide isolator. • Two-dimensional waveguides are formed in magneto-optical glass. • Waveguides demonstrate acceptable guiding properties. • Ion implantation and femtosecond laser ablation are used in the glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion implantation and precise diamond blade dicing are amazing tools allowing the accurate formation of waveguide structures. In this work, we report on the fabrication and assessment of a ridge waveguide in the high-gain Nd3+-doped laser glass by the 400-keV H+-ion implantation with a fluence of 8.0 × 1016 ions/cm2 and the precise diamond blade dicing at a rotating speed of 2.0 × 104 rpm. The relative atom displacement induced by the proton implantation was simulated by the SRIM 2013. The cross section of the two-dimension structure was captured by a microscope and its lateral dimensions were 3.75 μm × 10 μm. The optical confinement of the ridge waveguide was recorded by the technique of the end-face coupling and its propagation loss was about 3.9 dB/cm at 976 nm. The ridge waveguide supported mono-mode at 976 nm can serve as a photonic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]