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Este trabajo que se enmarca en los estudios sobre literatura femenina de origen magrebí (literatura beur, literatura francófona femenina y su recepción) explora el imaginario femenino de femme issue de l’immigration construido por escritoras francesas contemporáneas y de finales del XX. En él se analiza la construcción identitaria de la mujer de origen norteafricano a través de sus narraciones y de su expresión: escritura autobiográfica, usos particulares de la lengua francesa (argot y oralidad), los espacios privado y público, posicionamientos de sus protagonistas (aceptación, fingimiento, huida o desarraigo) a través de las cuales las autoras vehiculan sus denuncias. Cierra el estudio una valoración del reconocimiento editorial y la recepción de esta literatura por parte de la crítica. This work explores the female imagery of Franco-Maghrebi women writers who published their works in the 1980s and 1990s and those who came after. It analyses the identity construction of a group marked by ethnic duality through their expression and their narratives in which they stake their claims: autobiographical writing, particular uses of the French language (slang and orality), the private and public spaces and the stances of their protagonists (acceptance, pretense, flight or uprooting). The study ends with an assessment of the editorial recognition and reception of this literature by critics. Cette étude explore l'imaginaire féminin des écrivaines Franco-Maghrébines qui ont publié leurs œuvres dans les années 1980-1990 et de leurs continuatrices. Elle analyse la construction identitaire d’un collectif marqué par la dualité ethnique à travers son expression et ses récits, où les écrivaines véhiculent leurs dénonciations : autobiographie, usage particulier de la langue française (argot et oralité), espaces privés et publics et les positions de leurs protagonistes (acceptation, faux-semblant, fuite ou déracinement). L'étude comprend une évaluation de la reconnaissance éditoriale et de la réception de cette littérature par la critique.

Video blogs or vlogs are stories of someone’s daily life visualized and uploaded via YouTube. It managed to increase the most video uploads on YouTube. To attract the sympathy of the audience, the use of informal language or a relaxed variety was chosen to be more communicative. The data in this study were taken from Ria SW’s vlog, one of the food vloggers with 2,700 subscribers. The use of two languages, Indonesian and English, turned out to attract and represent young people who are slang and intellectual speakers. Using two languages at once or referred to as code mixing, is a linguistic phenomenon that needs to be responded to using sociolinguistic theory to find forms of code-mixing in Ria SW’s vlog.The method used in this research was a qualitative method. Through these methods and theories, it can be seen that RiaSW’s use of Indonesian code-mixing. The type of code-mixing used by Ria SW is external code-mixing. The form of external code-mixing reflects the existence of high intellectual abilities and exudes moderate values. The form of code-mixing used is in the form of words, phrases and repetitions. The use of word types in code-mixing expressed by Ria SW is in nouns, verbs, and adjectives. The use of the noun form tended to mention the name of places and foods. The use of the verb form tended to invite, while the use of the adjective serves to explain the taste of the food. The causes of this communication strategy, the use of code-mixing in Ria SW’s vlog are to get good communication by using more popular terms and letting the viewers understand the speaker code and the foreign terms of the tourism sector.

In sociolinguistic studies, language is defined as a symbol system, in the form of sound, arbitrary, productive, dynamic, diverse and human. Understanding of language in the big Indonesian dictionary, understanding language in general can be defined as a symbol, and understanding language according to the term is a communication tool in the form of a system of symbols produced by speech organs in humans. Language is also part of culture and it is language that develops culture as we know it today. Language can also act as a tool for social integration as well as a tool for social adaptation, considering that Indonesian has a pluralistic language. Slang is the typical language of teenagers (words that are changed in such a way that it can only be understood between them) can be understood by almost all teenagers in the country who are reached by the mass media. Yet the terms are evolving, changing and increasing almost every day. Slang is a language that has unique terms, while the second definition is made clear again that it is teenagers who use the language and the language will continue to develop. As for the characteristics of slang, the factors that support the prevalence of slang among teenagers, the influence of slang on Indonesian and the impact of the use of slang.

Movies are everyday entertainment for people in their daily lives. There are a lot of foreign movies that are being played in Indonesian theatres. Unfortunately, there are many places where people watch the movie with the subtitles that are not created by the professional translators. The Social Network was translated by more than one translator. This research was conducted to analyze how accurate the translation is and what the similarities and differences between the translators are. This study is a qualitative descriptive study, which analyzes the slang word translation accuracy in the movie The Social Network using Newmark theories of translation quality assessment. The finding of the study showed that the translation from both of the translators is accurate enough and there is almost no inaccurate translation, also there are several slang words that are not included in the data of the previous study, but the writer found on subtitle the data of the other two translators. Keywords: Slang, Translation, Accuracy

The article analyses 197 suffixal hybrid adjectives and 34 adjectival participles from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrows with affixal adaptation are adapted to the language system, and the adaptive features are determined by regularities: hybrids replicate word-formation models from the Standard Lithuanian language. It was found that the most common suffix of affixal adaptation of borrowings from English is the suffix -inis. Distribution of hybrids with the suffix -iškas is different: almost twice less English originated hybrid adjectives with this suffix than Slavic languages. Adjectival passive participants are most commonly used in Lithuanian slang. Passive participles are the most likely to adjectivize, and there are only few adjectivized active participles in Lithuanian slang. Adjectivized passive participles usually have a negative figurative meaning or are used as substitutes for vulgarisms.

This article is about studying the features of using youth slang in the process of studying English at the university. The analysis of the usage of slang expressions among the younger generation is identified. It is found that the definition of slang is beginning to attract the attention of modern philologists. There are now quite a number of slang definitions that are often contradictory. It is investigated that Ukrainian slang has a huge amount of English borrowing. This article is about analyzing the concept of youth slang in modern English. The relevance of our research is that youth slang is in constant development. It has also been determined that modern slang in the English language, being an integral part of the language, is one of the most relevant and controversial problems of modern lexicology. Thus, the reasons for the increase in the slang share in the modern teenager's speech include social factors; the importance of a language for communication with peers; the influence of the media (reading newspapers and magazines, watching TV shows), Internet resources. The main characteristic of youth slang is the constant emotionality, expressiveness, appreciation, and imagery of youth speech. This contributes to the overall dynamics of the Ukrainian literary language. The results of the investigation prove the assumption of the wide use of Anglicism; in most cases, a youth slang represents English borrowing or phonetic associations; it is necessary to pay attention to the attraction of foreign words especially when the process is so fast. This study helps to solve the problem of determination, the nature, and the main features of the phenomenon under study.

The article is devoted to the translation quality assessment of W. Shakespeare’s tragedy ‘King Lear’ in the translation by Yu. I. Andrukhovych. The author focuses mainly on the specific features of reproduction of the lexical and textual levels of the tragedy, highlights the general characteristics of the translation strategy of Yu. I. Andrukhovych and his translator’s interpretive position, as based on the translation quality assessment of the herein mentioned above tragedy. Since the translation was published recently and as of today there are no known publications that provide the translation quality assessment of the abovementioned target text, this determines the relevance of the study. Moreover, the present research can be viewed as a contribution not only to the study of the functioning of the sixth Ukrainian translation of Shakespeare’s tragedy in the Ukrainian translated literature, but also as another step towards understanding of the translation personality of Yu. I. Andrukhovych. The results of the translation quality assessment of W. Shakespeare’s tragedy ‘King Lear’ in the Ukrainian translation by Yu. I. Andrukhovych are indicative of the equivalent reproduction of the source language text with slight deviations that occur during the inference of the encoded meanings (ambiguity in the interpretation of certain lines of the original and their simplification). The herein analyzed translation is characterized by the high level of equivalence and proper interpretation of Shakespeare’s puns deserves special praise. In the translation of W. Shakespeare’s tragedy ‘King Lear’ by Yu. I. Andrukhovych we trace the strategy, which to some extent echoes with the strategy that was applied by the translator in the reproduction of W. Shakespeare’s tragedy ‘Hamlet’. A characteristic feature of the Ukrainian translation of W. Shakespeare’s tragedy ‘King Lear’ by Yu. I. Andrukhovych (the reflection of the translator’s interpretative position, his strategy) is the use of the obscene lexis and slang, dialectisms, compound nouns, secondary wordplay, modernization of the target text, stylistic shift in the translation, the presence of ethnocultural allusions.

The purpose of this study is to describe the slang contained in Novel literature ‘’Analogi Cinta Berdua” by Dara Prayoga’’ Language is a tool used by humans to communicate language in the form of sound symbols issued by human speech organs, Slang is contemporary or easy to disappear and is not permanent, therefore it is rare to find slang that is permanent and long used for a long period of time. The approach used is qualitative to analyze the novel using the content analysis method From the results of the study, it was found that the use of slang in the form of linguistic symbols such as. Yoi, sekarang gue punya pacar!” From these quotations, researchers can find out the use of slang. The quote is translated into Indonesian as "yes now I have a lover".“Emang punya duit lo, Ka? Anak kos aja”. From these quotations, researchers can find out the use of slang. The quote is translated into Indonesian as "Do you really have money, Sis? Just kiddos." “Yah, giliran kalah main PES aja kabur. Cupu!”. From these quotations, researchers can know the use of slang. The quote is translated into Indonesian as "Well, it's your turn to lose playing PES, just run away. Geek!” In literary works there are those who use slang as their writing, such as in youth novels, the language is more popular with readers because the language is easy to understand and use in everyday life.

During Covid-19 pandemic teachers and students in Indonesia adapt to continue learning by implementing online learning. Online learning creates a new way of communication between teacher and students in online classroom context. This way of communication makes both teacher and students employ new strategy in communication, one of which is by using slang words in online class. This study aimed at investigating the use of slang words by 34 EFL students in Translation online class during 1 semester. This study employed descriptive qualitative in which the source of data is the transcript of students’ chat in WhatsApp Group (WAG) during 6 months. Additionally, questionnaire was used to collect the data about students’ attitudes toward the use of slang words. It is found that students used 32 slang words from both English and Indonesian, most slang words used were influenced by popular slang words used in social media. Students mostly used slang words when (1) chatting with friends in discussing informal topic such as holiday, make up class, and connection problem; (2) expressing feeling; (3) addressing their friends’ names; (4) discussing lesson; (5) responding teacher’s question, and (6) greeting the teacher. Students’ attitude toward the use of slang was positive, they explained that they used slang words in online class to make learning atmosphere more alive and relaxed and those make them easier to understand the lesson. However, students limit the use of slang words when chatting with teacher, most students consider impolite to use slang words as freely as when they chatted with their classmates.online learning, slang words, EFL class

This article has an objective to find out the kind of slang words that are used and to describe the translation procedures used in translating slang expressions in the transcript of this movie into Indonesian subtitles. In this study, the problem is what kind of slang words that were used in the movie and what strategy that is used for translating slang words into Indonesian. The data in this article is classified based on the theories of Allan and Burridge (2006) classification of slang, which classified slang into five categories: fresh and creative, flippant, imitative, acronym, and clipping.Translation strategy by Mona Baker was used to determine the strategies used for translating slang words, which include similar meanings and forms, similar meanings but dissimilar forms, paraphrase, and omission. This article is potentially intended to extend awareness of the techniques used by the subtitlers in interpreting the slang expressions in the subtitles of the film. and give information about what kind of slang that was used in this movie. Because the data was in the form of words or written language with the object subtitles that occur in the movie and are pronounced by the characters, this study used a qualitative method. This study employs a variety of methods to analyze data relevant to the problem at hand, with the first problem employing Allan and Burridge theory and the second employing Mona Baker theory. The findings revealed that the dominant slang that is used is flippant and mostly uses similar meanings but dissimilar form techniques to translate them. In general, this study has revealed that there are 3 types of slang that are found which are flippant, fresh and creative, and imitative. This study also revealed that there are three strategies to translate slang which are similar meaning and form, similar meaning but dissimilar form, and paraphrase.

The paper studies the psycholinguistic problem of the English language globalization, connected with an increasing number of English loans in Ukrainian and the necessity to understand their role in forming the Ukrainian lexical system. The aim of the article is to analyze the use of English loans in Ukrainian youth slang. The paper identifies the problem of differences in the use of borrowings between males and females of different ages by analyzing language associations. Gender has also been found to influence the perception of loanwords and the formation of language associations. The revealed trend of the use of more English loanwords in the older age group suggests that students of the Ukrainian universities prefer Anglo-Americanisms to their Ukrainian equivalents. The scientific value of the work is that for the first time in the psycholinguistic aspect Anglo-Americanisms are considered in accordance with their role in the internationalization of the English language. The results of the research confirmed that the use of the loanwords depends on the age factors.

Penelitian tentang bahasa gaul ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui teknik pembentukan kosakata bahasa gaul dan penggunaannya dalam teks iklan di grup Facebook. Sampel diambil dari tiga puluh unggahan iklan di grup Sukoharjo Makmur. Penelitian deskriptif kualitatif ini dilakukan dengan tahapan:mulai pengumpulan data dengan purposive sampling , menerjemahkan sampel iklan dengan bahasa baku, klasifikasi kosakata bahasa gaul menurut teknik pembentukannya, dan analisis penggunaaannya dalam komunikasi virtual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kosakata bahasa gaul dibentuk dengan tujuh teknik, yaitu peminjaman bahasa asing dan bahasa Jawa, pembentukan kosakata tidak baku, kliping, blending , akronim dan singkatan, serta susun balik. Kosakata gaul digunakan secara acak, muncul afiksasi dan konversi, teks telah memenuhi struktur generik teks iklan, tetapi mengabaikan kaidah kebahasaan. The research on the Indonesian slang was done to see the tehniques of the word formation in Indonesian slang and its uses in the advertisement texts of Facebook grup. The samples were taken from 30 posts in Sukoharjo Makmur grup. This qualitative descriptive research was done from collecting data with purposive sampling, translating the posts into standard Indonesian language, compiling and gr ou ping the vocabularies according to the word formation techniques, analyzing the uses in the virtual communication. The results of the research conclude that the vocabularies of Indonesian slang are created in 7 techniques (borrowing from English & Javanese, clipping, blending, acronym and abbreviation, reversing the order). The vocabularies in various techniques are used randomly, affixation and conversion appear, the text fulfilled the generic structure of advertisement texts, but the rules of Indonesian grammar are ignored.

Noun compositions portray a model of word formation where at least two independent words are combined to a new one. Modern German is rich in noun compositions and because of that, this phenomenon is very frequent in use. This available contribution is aiming to analyze this model of word formation in the German teen magazine Bravo. Considering the classification of noun compositions, it is to say that it was followed by the theory of Fleischer and Barz (1995). As a research object, teenage slang was chosen for its classification as language variety and its playful language structure. On top of that, we analyzed 10 news reports from "Deutsche Welle" to recognize if there are any differences between teenage slang and media language.

Slang is a phenomenon of using language variations that arise as a result of language development and as well as a social dynamic in society in the realm of language. Slang in Indonesian is referred to as bahasa gaul and is mainly used by young people when communicating with other groups. Currently, the appearance of slang in the conversations of young people is very high, especially when viewed through interactions on social media such as Facebook, Instagram and Youtube. The emergence of YouTubers and celebgrams also has an impact on the wider spread and use of slang words today because slang words are one of the language styles that is often used by them. Therefore, this study attempts to analyse more deeply the form, function and meaning of existing slang, especially those used in social media. This research is qualitative in nature with documentation methods in data collection. The data was obtained through observations about the use of slang on social media (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Whats App), then the slang found is classified into the type and formation of words, followed by an analysis of the functions and meanings of slang in social media today. Based upon Allan & Burridge (2006) the findings show that the forms of slang found on social media are very diverse such as Fresh and Creative, Flippant, Imitative, Acronyms and Clipping. This indicates that social media users, especially the younger generation, are very creative and active in forming new slang words. Keywords: slang, social media, acronym, flippant, clipping.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the English loans use in the modern Ukrainian youth slang. The tendencies of the Ukrainian language development at the beginning of the XXI century, the role of the English loanwords in the process of language globalisation are analysed. Changes in any language are activated by social processes. Modern conditions of the society development are a potential catalyst for the natural language changes, which accelerate their dynamics and make them more significant and noticeable. The youth slang is a certain language layer, which reflects its innovations. The article represents a comprehensive description of the youth slang, as one of the subsystems of the modern Ukrainian languge, the reasons of its occurrence and use. The youth slang is an integral part of any language that is considered to be more comprehensive and up-to-date. The paper presents the results of sociolinguistic research in order to identify the pecularities of the loanwords use. Fifty young people at the age of 16-23 have taken part in the experiment to determine the tendency of the English loanwords use. They have participated in a survey, where they had to determine the frequency of the English loanwords use, which have and do not have one-word equivalents in the Ukrainian language. The results have shown that the most part of the respondents use loanwords in their speech. It can be explained by linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The main hypothesis is the statement about the internationalisation of the English language in the modern language space. The results of the study have confirmed this position. The English loanwords are very popular with the youth. Most of them do not have the one-word Ukrainian equivalents and their use can be explained by the factor of language resources economy. However the significant tendency is that the English loanwords are frequently used in the Ukrainian slang. This process is connected with the phenomena of the English language globalisation.

It is a fact that language is dynamic, and nothing can not stop it from changing. This dynamism has implications for the use of various languages among Indonesians. The youth mostly uses it because they are active and massive users of technology and social media. This research aims to describe the form and character of the linguistic variation of slang which is popularly used by the millennial generation. In this study, data is taken from social media, and direct informants then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method. The results showed that four types of linguistic variation of slang which is popularly used by the millennial generation such phonology (32,29%), morphology (22,92%), syntax (4,17%), and semantics aspect (40, 63%). Based on the results, the millennial generation’s most dominant type of semantics aspect with 39 data (40, 63%). It means that millennials preferred using more slang utterances modified in semantic elements. Millennials did not completely change or create many new meanings. They retained the meanings of existing references only in the forms of new terms.

This research aims to investigate the characteristics and functions of slang used by Indonesian netizens in the comments on TikTok. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method proposed by Bogdan (1998:69). Data collections is conducted by reading the comments written by Indonesian netizens on TikTok, collecting data, classifying the types of slang, analyzing the functions of the slang found, and finally, drawing conclusions. The data source was taken from comments of netizens in TikTok. The theoretical framework used for the types of slang is based on the theory of Allan & Burridge (2006) and the theory of the functions of the slang is from Zhou and Fan (2013). The results of this study show that the morphological process of the slangy words found in the data analyzed are clipping (40%), blending (40%) and backformation (20%). The characteristics of the slangy words are creative (20%) and creative and fresh (80%). The function of the use of slangy words found in the data is to pursue self-identity (100%.)

Bucktee is one of several lexical items associated with ‘Toronto Slang’ – the emically-given name for an enregistered set of lexical items associated with Multicultural Toronto English (MTE), a mul...

La llamada literatura de migrantes o intercultural se ha consolidado especialmente en Europa en los últimos 70 años (Chiellino, 2015; Neelsen, 2018). Está conformada por escritores migrantes que publican en el idioma y el país de destino y, por ello, presentan una serie de particularidades transnacionales e interculturales tanto desde el punto de vista de los motivos como del lenguaje. En este conjunto, la literatura de mujeres migrantes está notablemente infraestudiada y sus traducciones son escasas (Quijada, 2019), a pesar del interés del enfoque de género en este ámbito (Von Flotow, 2000). Para paliar estas lagunas, los objetivos del presente trabajo son dar a conocer las novelas de autoras migrantes en inglés, francés y alemán y aplicarlas en el aula de traducción con un enfoque intercultural y de género. La metodología propuesta se basa en la traducción y el análisis de los textos al español, así como en el descubrimiento de las autoras a través de entrevistas y declaraciones por parte de los estudiantes de la asignatura Traducción Literaria en el Grado de Traducción e Interpretación de la Universidad de Córdoba. Como estudio de caso exponemos la aplicación didáctica de la novela Kiffe kiffe demainde Faïza Guène (2004), autora francesa de origen argelino. Para ello, partimos de las opiniones reales de escritoras y periodistas sobre diversidad cultural, de la reflexión sobre la búsqueda identitaria y los posicionamientos de protagonistas femeninas en la literatura contemporánea de autoras de segunda generación, así como de la doble segregación de la mujer francesa de origen magrebí, por su rol de mujer y su ascendencia africana. Asimismo, proponemos la traducción de una selección de capítulos de esta novela al español para facilitar la comprensión de la hibridez y la multiculturalidad expresada en una lengua mestiza que combina argot, préstamos árabes y registro de la periferia. La corrección de las traducciones y las opiniones de los alumnos recogidas en dos foros habilitados en Moodle desprenden que la traducción favorece la toma de conciencia del sentir de este colectivo, ayuda a la comprensión de su minoración y traslada sus reivindicaciones a otros espacios y otras culturas. The so-called migrant or intercultural literature has been consolidated in the last 70 years especially in Europe (Chiellino, 2015; Neelsen, 2018). It comprises the works by migrant writers publishing in the language and the country of destination. Therefore, they present a series of transnational and intercultural features both from the point of view of motives and of language. Inside this movement, literature written by migrant women is notably understudied and barely translated into Spanish (Quijada, 2019), despite the interest of a gender approach in the broader field of migration (Von Flotow, 2000). In order to bridge this gap, the present work aims to disseminate the novels of migrant women in English, French and German and to apply these to teaching translation from an intercultural and gender approach. The research method is based on translation and contrastive analysis, as well as the discovery of the authors through interviews and statements by the students of Literary Translation taught at the B.A. Translation and Interpreting at the Universidad de Córdoba. As a case study, we present a didactic proposal for the novel Kiffe kiffe demain by Faïza Guène (2004), a French woman writer of Algerian origin. Initial activities include real-life statements about cultural diversity given by women writers and journalists, a reflection on the search of the own identity and the stances taken by female protagonists in contemporary works written by second-generation authors, as well as the double segregation of French women of Maghrebi origin due to their role as women and to their African background. Furthermore, we propose the translation of selected chapters of the novel into Spanish in order to facilitate the understanding of hybridity and multiculturality as expressed in a linguistic combination of slang, Arabic borrowings and the register of the suburbs. The revised translations and the opinions expressed by students in two Moodle forums demonstrate that translation enhances awareness raising about the feelings of this migrant community, helping to understand their condition as a minority and moving their claims to new spaces and cultures.

A novel Indonesian sentiment lexicon (SentIL -- Sentiment Indonesian Lexicon) is created with an automatic pipeline; from creating sentiment seed words, adding new words with slang words, emoticons, and from the given dictionary and sentiment corpus, until tuning sentiment value with tagged sentiment corpus. It begins by taking seed words from WordNet Bahasa that mapped with sentiment value from English SentiWordNet . The seed words are enriched by combining the dictionary-based method with words’ synonyms and antonyms, and corpus-based methods with word embedding for word similarity that trained in positive and negative sentiment corpus from online marketplaces review and Twitter data. The valence score of each lexicon is recalculated based on its relative occurrence in the corpus. We also add some famous slang words and emoticons to enrich the lexicon. Our experiment shows that the proposed method can provide an increase of 3.5 times lexicon number as well as improve the accuracy of 80.9% for online review and 95.7% for Twitter data, and they are better than other published and available Indonesian sentiment lexicons.

The article deals with the slang features of lexical units in the Uzbek language. Slang expressions prove the necessity and importance of studying slang as an integral component of oral communication in the Uzbek-speaking environment.

The article considers the slang of the fashion industry, systemization of slang units by speakers, as well as the main difficulties in translating English fashion slang into Ukrainian. It turns out that the vocabulary of fashion industry slang is enriched in epoch-making moments, important for the state as a reaction to turning points in history and to the emergence of new social phenomena. The article proves that fashion slang unites a large number of social groups: people working in the fashion industry, who create trends and fashionable novelties; fashion distributors and fashion buyers and even forms a new social group around them ‒ hypebeasts. The authors of the article analyse the slang of the fashion world through the prism of its interdependence and interaction with social networks and the Internet as a communicative space. Such methods of word formation of fashion slang units as metaphorization, word formation, appearance of telescopies have been considered in this scientific article. The presented research paper proposes to classify fashion slang by different groups of people who are somehow related to fashion, and thus cause the emergence of new slang units, forming their own kind of fashion slang, taking into account the peculiarities of their activities. It is emphasized that the basis for the formation of new slang of the fashion industry is the slang of young people mad about fashion, who build their own cult around it. The article also considers the most common ways of translating hypebeasts slang, such as transcoding (mixed and adaptive ones), transcription and transliteration.

The article deals with the peculiarities of gaming slang in the English language. Its goal is to describe gaming slang, to determine the ways of its formation, and to form the bases for the classifications of gaming slang. It also aims to analyze the problem of translating English gaming slang into Ukrainian, as the issue of gaming slang is not well-studied in linguistics. The connections of gaming slang with Internet, computer and more general youth slang are considered, mentioning their interrelations. The linguistic processes that are used in the formation of English gaming slang are determined, including the employment of metaphor and metonymy, the use of acronyms, abbreviations, clippings and portmanteau words. The following classifications are offered: classification by game genre, by number of players, and by topic of slang units. Every game genre brings its own features into the slang, and so does the number of players, since gaming slang is more actively used in multiplayer games. The authors suggest that the classification by topic should be developed for each genre separately, since the genre influences the gaming process and therefore generates special thematic categories of slang, such as words for the game mechanics, characters etc. The authors mention that English gaming slang is a significant translation problem, since this kind of slang is underdeveloped in the Ukrainian language.

The recording of the derogatory meaning of the kaimietis ‘countryman’ in the Dictionary of the General Lithuanian Language and the recently spread statement among linguists that a new negative connotation (meaning) of the word kaimietis has appeared, led to the analysis of the usage of the word. For the research of sociolinguistic and stylistic interpretation of the word, material was collected from the Fiction and Press sections of the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (CCLL). In addition, examples from dictionaries, media, works of Lithuanian fiction and other contemporary texts were collected.Since many years, in its main meaning, the word kaimietis has remained functionally stylistically and evaluatively neutral word meaning a rural resident (less often a person of rural origin). In almost one-fifth of the examined contexts of the word kaimietis, the word itself has an evaluative tone that is emphasized in one way or another; the number of contexts of positive and negative evaluation differs little. 1375 examples found in CCLL of usage of nouns kaimietis ‘countryman’, kaimietė ‘countrywoman’ in all forms in the contexts were distributed according to the content as follows: neutral (~ 83%), negative (~ 10%) and positive (~ 7%).From the modern language usage data, it is clear that it is purposeful to talk about the systematic connotation of the noun kaimietis when its meaning is not a “rural resident” (“peasant”) or “a person of rural origin”, but a certain stereotype, usually with negative uneducated and similar characteristics. The recording of the derogatory meaning of the kaimietis, kaimietė in the Dictionary of the General Lithuanian Language is a case of legitimation of the penetration of low-style means of expression into neutral-style discourse and such manifestations. The fact that the word countryman, having the derogatory meaning “ignorant, etc.”, does not necessarily apply to the countryman, does not in any way diminish the denigration of the rural man. The one-sided negative attitude towards the countryman arises from a superficial knowledge of the village, certain ideological attitudes, as well as from a person’s spiritual immaturity, urban pride; it spreads and has an effect because of the urban territories.Contexts of unfavorable evaluation are not a new phenomenon: reflections of a negative kaimietis connotation also exist in old phraseology, interwar and later texts in journalism and fiction. Negative evaluation of rurality is especially strong in slang, jargon, and low culture in general. This connotation is reinforced by the denigration of the language of the villagers. On the other hand, the public has always been characterized by solidarity with the rural man, the ability to appreciate what is good and beautiful in the village.

The paper presents the results of research making it possible to reflect for instance on whether staying in a multicultural environment makes one break bonds with the living Polish language. The tool used to seek an answer to this question was a survey checking the understanding of the most popular youth words of the recent years. The youth word of the year, chosen every year, makes it possible to discover the features of the Polish language used by the young generation. The competition makes it possible to explore and follow the linguistic fashion. Words classified as youth words are not necessarily new or slang ones, but they are used much more often by the analysed group. The survey covered more than 200 students attending Polish community schools in the UK. The results were compared to those related to a group of young people from Poland.

Language has a vital role in this aspect of life. Language is a communication tool to convey ideas, ideas, and also one's desires to others. In its development, language has been influenced by several things, including the users of the language itself. At present, the Indonesian language has experienced various significant changes from year to year. Teenagers have a considerable influence on the development of language in a region because they are the main focus of the outside world in measuring the ability of a nation. Various problems began to emerge regarding the Indonesian language problem, which is currently starting to erode and replaced with slang. The purpose of this writing is none other than to know the extent of the development of the Indonesian language and to maintain the position of Indonesian, especially among teenagers today. An apparent influence on teenagers now is their obsession with the use of slang which they believe can make them look cooler and more contemporary. Some adolescents also claimed that they started to be ordinary with the current position of Indonesian. The pride that began to fade in the souls of adolescents must begin to be reinvested given how influential the role of adolescents in facing competition in the industry 4.0 today.

Este texto pauta-se em reflexões sobre o ensino e o aprendizado de língua portuguesa, considerando os resultados de pesquisas, que tomam o discurso como principal objeto para o desenvolvimento das habilidades e competências necessárias a estudantes da educação básica. Os trabalhos apreciados têm como base teórica a filosofia dialógica da linguagem, postulada por Bakhtin e o seu Círculo, a partir da qual a linguagem é concebida como um objeto inseparável da interação entre os indivíduos. Esses estudos alcançaram seus resultados, seguindo procedimentos metodológicos de pesquisa in loco. Através de entrevista, a primeira das pesquisas apresentadas explicita o posicionamento de professoras sobre a pertinência do livro didático para o ensino e aprendizado e os caminhos que perfazem para oferecer a melhor formação possível. Os outros trabalhos, realizados no âmbito do mestrado profissional em Letras (PROFLETRAS – UNEB), promoveram atividades diagnósticas em turmas do ensino fundamental e desenvolveram sequências didáticas para intervenção pedagógica, sendo que uma das sequências contempla o estilo marcado por gírias, de forma a criar condições para uma utilização auto-monitorada da língua, enquanto o outro trabalho utiliza como corpus produções escritas por estudantes, implementando uma proposta didática para o aprendizado da pontuação, tendo em vista os enunciados discursivamente situados.

Purpose: This study is an attempt to understand how Millenials use backward speech on their Facebook statuses and how their lexicon is incorporated into a grammar of novel items in English in the Philippines. Methodology/ Approach: Facebook statuses with the two trending backward speeches such as “lodi” and “werpa” are the inputs of this study since they top the list of more than 20 Tagalog slang words for everyday use of modern Filipinos. Through the Optimality Theory (Mc Carty, 2007; Prince & Smolensky, 2004) process and lexical analysis, these backward speeches were classified by literature as speech disguise, joke, and euphemism, while the hashtags are basically tags used to categorize conversations between users. Findings: Despite its limitations, the results of the study describe and record a different form of Philippine English on Facebook that occurs from the optimal satisfaction of conflicting constraints. Evidently, the #werpa and #lodi are more contemporary and considerable internet slang (e.g. backward speech) for Philippine Millenials, who are active on posting their Facebook statuses to enhance group exclusivity. Its meanings are based on the context of the Facebook posts rooted in social connections. This unrestricted form of grammar of Facebook users in the Philippines is moving around the social world for years because of its consistent use online. Conclusion: As the English language form changes more quickly, technologies continue to develop and allow the transmission of new set of Philippine slang to pass from Millenials to the future digital natives. The interest of the study on lexical trends reveals optimal aspects of grammatical phenomena which identify and order words based on their growing use.

Background: Evaluating the sentiments of tweets, blogs, comments and posts have become a crucial part of many applications. Sentiment analysis of social network data is very helpful for decision-making in application areas like movie reviews, product feedback and impact of the speech of a politician etc. The users often comment in their native languages or in slang languages or more often they use abbreviations and do not even stick to grammatical rules of the language. The bilingual and multilingual community often mixes two or more than two languages in their comments. Unavailability of annotated code-mixed data for native language adds to the difficulty in performing sentiment analysis. Objectives: The motive of this article is to present the process of creating annotated corpus for code mixed social media text in Hindi, English and Hinglish which is collected from twitter. Ambiguous meaning words and inconsistent spellings of both the languages have also been included in the study to provide wide spread canvas. Method: This study will provide significant elements that should be considered while developing the annotated corpus of Hindi, Hinglish & English dataset. The annotation is calculated on the basis of polarity of words in three categories as positive, negative and neutral. There are words which have mixed feeling i.e. these words have positive as well as negative sentiments. To consider these words, inner agreement among the polarities has been considered. The words used for sarcasm or slangs have also been taken into account. The study has included ambiguous meaning and inconsistent spelling words of both languages as well. Findings: The proposed work provides a standard annotated corpus for code switched social media text in Hindi-English (Hinglish). The process of developing the corpus and calculating the polarity has been shown. It is found that if one considers the code-mixed text, the accuracy can be enhanced. Application: The proposed corpus can be utilized in the area of market analysis, customer behavior, polling analysis, brand monitoring, etc. The corpus serves as dataset which can further be extended according to the problem definition.Keywords: Machine learning; sentiment analysis; data preprocessing; data cleaning; code-switch; linguistic-switching; multilingual

In this article, I detail how youth in poor urban settlements in Nairobi use a vernacular that I term war-talk. This is a speech, anchored in the Swahili derived urban slang language Sheng, which i...

This paper aims at analyzing how gender-specific neologisms in Indonesian are formed and how they conceptualize gender in the community. Neologisms containing gender marked features from online media are extracted. They are classified based on the forms and the word formation processes. The researchers conduct a careful examination on how the semantic components in the neologisms conceptualize gender in the society. The researchers categorized the word formation processes of gender marked neologisms, consisting of 92 data samples, into seven word formation processes, starting from the least up to the most frequent processes, namely metaphor, reverse, acronym, diminutive, initialism, borrowing and blend/clipping compound. The results showed that blends or clipping compounds were formed from English, Indonesian and local languages, such as Javenese, as in the English-Indonesian bohay (‘body’ and aduhay ‘sexy’) to refer to a ‘sexy female body’. These new words semantically ground on social dimensions carrying several attributes, namely: emotional, financial, physical, sexual, and financial attributes. Instead of serving as an act of empowerment, some neologisms, as argued in the findings, reflect negative stigma to particular genders.

YouTube is the most widely used in Indonesia, and it’s reaching 88% of internet users in Indonesia. YouTube’s comments in Indonesian languages produced by users has increased massively, and we can use those datasets to elaborate on the polarization of public opinion on government policies. The main challenge in opinion analysis is preprocessing, especially normalize noise like stop words and slang words. This research aims to contrive several preprocessing model for processing the YouTube commentary dataset, then seeing the effect for the accuracy of the sentiment analysis. The types of preprocessing used include Indonesian text processing standards, deleting stop words and subjects or objects, and changing slang according to the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI). Four preprocessing scenarios are designed to see the impact of each type of preprocessing toward the accuracy of the model. The investigation uses two features, unigram and combination of unigram-bigram. Count-Vectorizer and TF-IDF-Vectorizer are used to extract valuable features. The experimentation shows the use of unigram better than a combination of unigram and bigram features. The transformation of the slang word to standart word raises the accuracy of the model. Removing the stop words also contributes to increasing accuracy. In conclusion, the combination of preprocessing, which consists of standard preprocessing, stop-words removal, converting of Indonesian slang to common word based on Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), raises accuracy to almost 3.5% on unigram feature., YouTube merupakan media sosial yang paling banyak digunakan di Indonesia, mencapai 88 % dari seluruh pengguna internet di Indonesia. Komentar dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dihasilkan dari pengguna YouTube bertambah masif setiap hari, hal ini dapat digunakan untuk mengelaborasi polarisasi opini masyarakat terhadap kebijakan pemerintah. Tantangan utama dalam analisis opini adalah memproses noise terutama mengolah stop words dan bahasa slang. Penelitian ini bertujuan menerapkan berbagai model preprocessing pada analisis sentimen dari teks komentar YouTube, kemudian melihat pengaruhnya pada akurasi model classifier. Jenis-jenis preprocessing yang digunakan antara lain standar pemrosesan teks bahasa Indonesia, penghapusan stop words dan kata yang menyatakan subyek atau obyek, dan mengganti bahasa slang sesuai kosakata KBBI. Skenario pengujian dirancang untuk melihat pengaruh setiap jenis preprocessing pada akurasi model. Fitur yang digunakan adalah unigram dan kombinasi unigram-bigram. Ekstraksi fitur yang digunakan yaitu Count-Vectorizer dan TF-IDF-Vectorizer. Validasi menunjukkan penggunaan fitur unigram lebih baik akurasinya daripada kombinasi fitur unigram dan bigram. Sedangkan konversi kosakata slang mampu menaikkan akurasi. Penghapusan stop words juga menyumbang kenaikan akurasi. Kesimpulannya, kombinasi preprocessing yang terdiri preprocessing standar, penghapusan stop words, konversi kosakata slang menjadi kosakata standar KKBI menaikkan akurasi sekitar 3,5 % pada fitur term tunggal (unigram).