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We report that transparent polymer coatings imprinted with tilted planar waveguides significantly reduce optical loss caused by the scattering of incident light by front metal contacts of solar cel...

The secretomes of the strain Cellulosimicrobium cellulans F16 grown on different carbon sources were analyzed by zymography, and the subcellular surface structures were extensively studied by electron microscope. The exo-cellulase and xylanase systems were sparse when cells were grown on soluble oligosaccharides, but were significantly increased when grown on complex and water-insoluble polysaccharides, such as Avicel, corn cob, and birchwood xylan. The cellulosome-like protuberant structures were clearly observed on the cell surfaces of strain F16 grown on cellulose, with diameters of 15-20 nm. Fibrous structures that connected the adjacent cells can be seen under microscope. Moreover, protuberances that adsorbed the cell to cellulose were also observed. As the adhesion of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans cells onto cellulose surfaces occurs via thick bacterial curdlan-type exopolysaccharides (EPS), such surface layer is potentially important in the digestion of insoluble substrates such as cellulose or hemicellulose, and the previously reported xylanosomes are part of such complex glycocalyx layer on the surface of the bacterial cell.

Turbulent penetration and unsteady thermal stratification can occur when hot/cold fluids mix and valve leakage in some elbow pipe regions in the nuclear power plant. Temperature fluctuations with large amplitude and high frequency caused by the unstable thermal stratification can lead to time-varying thermal stress and even induce thermal fatigue. Monitoring of wall temperature fluctuations of elbow pipes has received considerable interest because the thermal fatigue failure of these pipes could present severe environmental implications and large economic losses. In this study, based on the energy conservation law and the turbulent permeation laws, the linear interpolation method is used in this paper to calculate temperature distributions in the fatigue-sensitive region. The FLUENT software is used to verify algorithm effectiveness and accuracy, which provides a new solution for indirect measurement of internal temperature of the elbow pipe.

Microfiber optic array structures are fabricated and employed as an optical structure overlaying a front-contact silicon solar cell. The arrays are synthesized through light-induced self-writing in a photo-crosslinking acrylate resin, which produces periodically spaced, high-aspect-ratio, and vertically aligned tapered microfibers deposited on a transparent substrate. The structure is then positioned over and sealed onto the solar cell surface. Their fiber optic properties enable collection of non-normal incident light, allowing the structure to mitigate shading loss through the redirection of incident light away from contacts and toward the solar cell. Angle-averaged external quantum efficiency increases nominally by 1.61%, resulting in increases in short-circuit current density up to 1.13 mA/cm2. This work demonstrates a new approach to enhance light collection and conversion using a scalable, straightforward, light-based additive manufacturing process.

© 2019 IEEE. In order to build an accurate measurement structure for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pre-testing, a kind of three - dimensional (3-D) magnetic field sensor and calibration platform are designed in this paper. This measurement structure is made up of 883-D magnetic field sensors. The 3-D magnetic field sensors based on Faraday law of electromagnetic induction are used to accurately measure pulsed magnetic fields generated by the stimulating coil. The coefficients of the sensors are calibrated in a designed 3-D calibration platform. And a series of experiments are carried out to verify the accuracy and stability of the sensors. The results from experiments indicate that the average measurement accuracy of 88 sensors is 1% and sensor performance is stable. In conclusion, this work provides a promising way to avoid direct human experiments and improve the security of TMS.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile health (mHealth) application, based on self-regulation theory, on patients' knowledge of wound care, skills in changing dressings and anxiety.A prospective randomized controlled trial.Seventy patients (or family members) at a 1,500-bed university hospital in Taiwan were randomized into an experimental (N = 35) or control group (N = 35) from March to December 2016. The experimental group used a mHealth application for wound care; the control group received verbal instructions and a booklet. Instruments to collect data were a wound care knowledge scale, wound care skills scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a digital heart variability device. Data were collected at baseline, after three additional demonstrations and before discharge. The generalized estimating equation was used for statistical analysis.The experimental group showed significantly higher levels of wound care knowledge, improved wound care skills, lower levels of state anxiety, and lower heart rate variability than the control group after baseline data collection.Results support hat a mHealth application may be effective in health education. Clinicians can use the results to promote patients' wound care knowledge, enhance their wound care skills, and reduce anxiety related to dressing changes.Lack of wound care knowledge and skills can affect the willingness and ability to perform effective wound dressing changes, producing anxiety and having an impact on a patient's self-care after hospital discharge. mHealth applications (apps) have the potential to deliver health information in targeted and tailored ways that strengthen the self-management of diseases. mHealth app can increase wound care knowledge, improve care skills, and reduce anxiety related to wound care. mHealth app effectively supports self-monitoring of the wound healing process, self-judgement of the wound condition, and self-reaction of wound care accuracy. mHealth app provides step-by-step visual tutorials on wound care that allow patients and family caregivers to take pictures of the wounds and monitor the wound healing process. mHealth app for wound care knowledge is an effective and individualized method for learning.This study was registered by U.S. National Library of Medicine, ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT03683303).目的: 基于自我调节理论,评估移动医疗(mHealth)应用程序对患者伤口护理知识、换药技能和焦虑程度的作用。 设计: 一项前瞻性随机对照试验 方法: 2016年3月至2016年12月,台湾一所拥有1,500张床位的大学附属医院的70名患者(或家属)被随机分为实验组(N = 35)或对照组(N = 35)。实验组使用移动医疗(mHealth)应用程序申请进行伤口护理;对照组收到口头指示和小册子。数据采集工具包括伤口护理知识量表、伤口护理技能量表、状态特质焦虑问卷和数字式心率变异装置。数据收集时间点是治疗前的基础值、三次额外演示后和出院前。采用广义估计方程进行统计分析。 结果: 在进行基础数据收集之后,实验组的伤口护理知识水平、伤口护理技能改善情况、状态特质焦虑水平和心率变异性均显著高于对照组。 结论: 研究结果支持移动医疗(mHealth)应用程序在健康教育中的有效性。临床医生可利用这些结果来加强患者的伤口护理知识,提高他们的伤口护理技能,降低与换药相关的焦虑。 影响: 缺乏伤口护理知识和技能会影响患者进行有效伤口换药的意愿和能力,使患者产生焦虑,并影响患者出院后的自我护理。移动医疗(mHealth)应用程序(apps)有可能提供具有针对性的定制化健康信息,从而加强患者对疾病的自我管理。移动医疗(mHealth)应用程序可以增加患者的伤口护理知识,提高护理技能,降低与伤口护理相关的焦虑。移动医疗(mHealth)应用程序可有效支持伤口愈合过程的自我监控、伤口状况的自我判断以及伤口护理准确性的自我反应。移动医疗(mHealth)应用程序可提供有关伤口护理的分步式可视化教程,允许患者和家庭护理提供者拍摄伤口照片并监控伤口愈合过程。移动医疗(mHealth)伤口护理知识应用程序是一种有效的个性化学习方法。 临床试验: 该研究在美国国立医学图书馆ClinicalTrials.gov注册(编号:NCT03683303)。.

A 320×256 readout integrated circuit (ROIC) with a pixel pitch of 30μm is presented for solar-blind AlGaN ultraviolet focal array plane (FPA). Capacitor feedback transimpendance amplifier (CTIA) has been selected as the input structure of the ROIC because of its excellent performance. A novel cascade amplifier with a symmetrical differential input stage is designed for input stage of CTIA, and an ultra-low capacitance with a value of 10fF is in the feedback loop of the amplifier as integral capacitor. Furthermore, the ROIC read out in a rolling shutter mode by using cascade D flip-flops. The ROIC has been fabricated 0.35μm 2P4M mixed signal CMOS process and interfaced with AlGaN solar-blind ultraviolet focal array plane (UVFPA). The test result shows that 320×256 AlGaN UVFPA has a wide dynamic range of 88.2dB with 5V power supply and has a high injection efficiency of 98.2%.

We report on the fabrication of an open cellular solid structure using visible light photocuring in combination with light-induced self-writing. A visible light sensitive photopolymer is irradiated with multiple arrays of microscale optical beams, which are generated from LEDs. These beams undergo self-trapping and elicit the inscription of microscale, solid struts into the medium. This process creates a structure consisting of multiple, intersecting struts that form a microtruss structure. Such structures retain their elasticity at higher temperatures as compared to a bulk film of the same thickness. This is the first demonstration of visible light photocuring of photopolymers into a microtruss structure, as well as investigation into their elastic properties under tension. Keywords: Polymers, Self-trapping, Microstructures, Cellular solids

Special thermal conductivity bridging is conducted between metal matrix and graphene oxide (GO) with covalent bond (Cu-O-Si-O-C) from γ-glycidylether propyl trimethylsilane (GPTS) to decrease thermal resistance and weaken phonon scattering through interface. The implementation of this bridging process involves a pulsed electrophoretic deposition, in which the GPTS modified GO as thermal conductivity reinforcing material was deposited onto the Cu-Zn alloy. The composite morphology and interfacial structure by field emission environment scanning electron microscope shows that the GPTS-GO is uniformly deposited on the substrate surface, and there is no interlayer of the GPTS-GO/Cu differing from the GO/Cu without GPTS. Raman spectrum reveals the bonding of Cu-O-Si and Si-O-C to prove the bridging role of GPTS by structural defects of the graphene and the changes of relative characteristic peaks before and after modification, as well as the Fourier transform infrared spectrum results confirming the Cu-O-Si-O-C covalent bonds. Compared to the thermal stability and thermal conductivity by thermogravimetric analyzer from room temperature to a higher temperature of 150 °C for the GO/Cu sample without GPTS, the GPTS-GO/Cu exhibits significantly improved performances. The thermal conductivity achieves 415.2 and 361.9 W/mK at 50 °C to 150 °C, which is 5.01% and 6.00% higher than that of the GO/Cu, The thermal diffusion coefficient achieves 1.236 and 1.087 cm2/s at 50 °C to 150 °C, respectively.

The phase components in the xBaO·CaO·2Al 2 O 3 (where x varies from 5.0 to 6.0) system were investigated by using of the X-ray diffraction. The results illustrate that 5B·C·2A and 6B·C·2A compounds synthesized by co-precipitation are of single-phase with B5CA and B3CA structure after sintering at 1200 °С, respectively. Based on the Current-Voltage characteristics tests, the divergent current density J div is 7.2 A·cm−2 occurring at 1100 °С for the impregnated cathode with 6B·C·2A aluminate.

To determine the safety and feasibility of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and intraductal radiofrequency (RF) ablation combined with biliary stent placement for malignant biliary obstruction.Data from patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction who underwent PTC, intraductal RF ablation, and biliary stent placement (n = 12) or PTC and biliary stent placement only (control group; n = 14) were reviewed. Postoperative complications, jaundice remission, and stent patency were assessed.All procedures were successful. No severe complications (eg, biliary bleeding, perforation) occurred. Two experimental group patients developed cholangitis, which resolved with conservative treatment. The 1-week jaundice remission and 3-month stent patency rates were similar in both groups, but the 6-month stent patency rate was higher in the experimental group (P.05). In the experimental group, one death occurred as a result of gastrointestinal hemorrhage (unrelated to stent placement) by 3 months, and there were two cases of recurrent jaundice by 6 months. The latter two patients underwent repeat PTC, ablation, and stent placement. In the control group, one death occurred as a result of hepatic failure caused by progressive jaundice at 3 months, and another death resulted from disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by jaundice recurrence at 138 days after stent placement. In addition, seven patients developed jaundice recurrence (50-151 d after stent placement). PTC and repeat stent placement were performed in these patients.Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and intraductal RF ablation combined with biliary stent placement for malignant biliary obstruction is safe and feasible and effectively prolongs stent patency time.

For energy-saving and consumption-reducing, new energy-saving transformer becomes more and more important. Via an economic evaluation methodology called Total Owning Cost (TOC), this article compares energy-saving transformer with high-energy transformer for examples in the angle of transformer loss and picks up the optimum energy-efficient transformer which can be expected to gain more benefit during transformer life cycle. This article also analyses cost of silicon steel sheet used in the transformer core and benefit in Total Owning Cost (TOC) of upgrading silicon steel sheet which primarily reduces no-load loss. Based on calculated results of Total Owning Cost (TOC) and payback period, the new energy-efficient transformer replacement plan, economic discussion and promotion proposal are brought up.

For china advanced passive (CAP) pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant, spent fuel damage risk potentially induced by internal events is assessed. Spent fuel damage frequency (FDF) is quantified by event tree and fault tree model using probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) software RiskSpectrum. For different operation conditions total FDF is 2.05×10−9 per reactor-year which is much lower than core damage frequency (about 2.41×10−7 per reactor-year). By assumption of completely radioactivity releasing, large radioactive release frequency caused by FDF is one order of magnitude lower than that caused by core damage (about 2.38×10−8 per reactor-year). Since the multiple prevention and mitigation measures in CAP PWR nuclear power plant responding to spent fuel pool accidents, the risk of spent fuel pool is much lower than that of reactor core, and the safety goals of nuclear safety guide can be satisfied.

We propose a model to quantify the crosstalk phenomenon for stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, separate crosstalk contributed from co-location image contrast (CIC) and system crosstalk (SCT), introduce gray scale dependency of CIC, modify model for gray scale dependency of SCT in active type 3D displays, and apply the model to derive the 3D luminance and SCT measurement formulas. The model might serve as a basis for the 3D metrology, and the results of this research should be of reference value to hardware makers and inspectors of stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays.

A near eye holographic display using light-emitted diode (LED) instead of laser diode as the reconstruction light source has been proposed. An off-axis illumination architecture on a phase modulation only liquid crystal on silicon(LCoS) panel is used for investigating the influence of LED source property on the reconstruction image quality.

Crosstalk is an important factor in determining image quality of stereoscopic display. Traditional system crosstalk model, evaluated for both time-sequential and spatially stereoscopic displays, is not suitable for time-sequential 3D display. A modified gray-to-gray crosstalk model for time-sequential stereoscopic display is proposed and evaluated with comparing in this study, and it shows the new model is more close to the crosstalk in reality.

The fabrication of a new type of solar cell encapsulation architecture comprising a periodic array of step-index waveguides is reported. The materials are fabricated through patterning with light in a photoreactive binary blend of crosslinking acrylate and urethane, wherein phase separation induces the spontaneous, directed formation of broadband, cylindrical waveguides. This microstructured material efficiently collects and transmits optical energy over a wide range of entry angles. Silicon solar cells comprising this encapsulation architecture show greater total external quantum efficiencies and enhanced wide-angle light capture and conversion. This is a rapid, straightforward, and scalable approach to process light-collecting structures, whereby significant increases in cell performance may be achieved.

The saw tooth grooves of blazed grating ruled by ruling engine are formed by diamond tool which presses on the aluminum film evaporated on the substrate of optical glass or metal. The real shape of ruled saw tooth groove is different from that of the ideal groove and the ruling process indicates that there are the zero order planes, similar to the flat tops, on the grating grooves. The results of Fourier analysis for the real ruled grating featuring the zero order plane structure shows that the flat top width is an important factor for grating efficiency. Additionally, bigger pressure value loaded on the diamond tool and bigger lateral pressure value on the aluminum film will be benefit to the improvement of grating diffraction efficiency. Based on the grating interferometer, the high precision positioning control system of ruling engine guarantees the accuracy of the grooves space. High density blazed grating whose space is 0.83μm is manufactured and its’ grooves spaces are very equidistant and uniform under the view field of AFM. And the infrared blazed grating, whose diffraction efficiency in the first order is up to 97 percent, is ruled successfully also.

There are several studies on estimating crosstalk of 3D displays. Crosstalk is an important factor in determining image quality of stereoscopic display. In previous study, gray to gray crosstalk model has been modified. In this paper, we use six commercial stereoscopic displays including passive polarized glasses and active shutter glasses, both left and right eyes were measured by a luminance meter to verify the gray to gray crosstalk model and analyze the stability of the measurement data using our standard operating procedure (SOP). According to the SOP, we use simple statistical method to verify the repeatability of data. Experimental results indicate that our measurement system can be used to estimate the value of gray to gray crosstalk of stereoscopic display, the uncertainty below 0.8% for FPR display and 3% for shutter glasses display at 95% confidence level. These results, can be used as an important parameters in stereoscopic display visual quality, also can be used as a design feedback for engineer.

A binary computer-generated hologram without iteration is proposed. It’s advantageous to the transmission and storage of Holo Video because of its simplicity. We demonstrate a 3-D animation on an LCoS holographic display and a projection system.

A backlight with light-coupling-strip array was proposed for 2D/3D switchable display. To enhance the light efficiency of the light coupling structure, several cases of different structure shape were simulated. According to the simulation result, we choosed and made a backlight with inverted-trapezoid light coupling strips. The light efficiency is 6 times larger than that of diffuser strips made by laser scribing.

Many people believe that in the future, autostereoscopic 3D displays will become a mainstream display type. Achievement of higher quality 3D images requires both higher panel resolution and more viewing zones. Consequently, the transmission bandwidth of the 3D display systems involves enormous amounts of data transfer. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel time-multiplexed autostereoscopic multi-view full resolution 3D display based on the lenticular lens array in association with the control of the active dynamic LED backlight. The lenticular lenses of the lens array optical system receive the light and deflect the light into each viewing zone in a time sequence. The crosstalk under different observation scanning angles is showed, including the cases of 4-views field scanning. The crosstalk of any view zones is about 5% respectively; the results are better than other 3D type.

The market of stereoscopic 3D TV grows up fast recently; however, for 3D TV really taking off, the interoperability of shutter glasses (SG) to view different TV sets must be solved, so we developed a measurement method with ideal shutter glasses (ISG) to separate time-sequential stereoscopic displays and SG. For measuring the crosstalk from time-sequential stereoscopic 3D displays, the influences from SG must be eliminated. The advantages are that the sources to crosstalk are distinguished, and the interoperability of SG is broadened. Hence, this paper proposed ideal shutter glasses, whose non-ideal properties are eliminated, as a platform to evaluate the crosstalk purely from the display. In the ISG method, the illuminance of the display was measured in time domain to analyze the system crosstalk SCT of the display. In this experiment, the ISG method was used to measure SCT with a high-speed-response illuminance meter. From the time-resolved illuminance signals, the slow time response of liquid crystal leading to SCT is visualized and quantified. Furthermore, an intriguing phenomenon that SCT measured through SG increases with shortening view distance was observed, and it may arise from LC leakage of the display and shutter leakage at large view angle. Thus, we measured how LC and shutter leakage depending on view angle and verified our argument. Besides, we used the ISG method to evaluate two displays.

reflection signal from wafer will be very weak because minimal area etched on thedies is only a fraction of all area of wafer. So we have had to make use of technique of coherence detcction and multiplicityfiltering. Block diagram of the instrument is shown in Fig. 3.Two sets of apparatus as mentioned above use a microcomputer. Acquisition data of signals for spectrum and laser re-flection is carry out real time by means of microcomputer and through a multiple A/D converter of 12 bit with conversionrate of 25s. We make processing for acquisitive data and find out characteristic signal stand for etching endpoint with nu-merical value differentiation. Hance endpoint obtained is more accurate , repeatability is better , over-etching

A two-degree-of-freedom model of iced, electrical quad bundle conductor is developed to comprehensively describe the different galloping behaviors observed. By applying centre manifold and invertible linear transformation, the co-dimension-2 bifurcation is analyzed. The relationships of parameters between this system and the original system are obtained to analyze and to control the galloping of the quad iced bundle conductor. The space trajectory, Lyapunov exponent and Lyapunov dimension are investigated via numerical simulation to present a rigorous proof of existence of chaos.

An interferometer consisting of a reflective diffraction grating, a beam splitter, and an incandescent lamp can be used for fine displacement measurements. For analyzing how grating ruling errors influence the interferometer's precision, the paper presents an error transfer function. The transfer function disperses the accidental ruling errors so the equi-spaced interference fringes can get by the interferometer. The fringe signal equi-spaced errors are about 10 -2 nm in theory.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.