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Solar eclipse (with maximum obscuration of 85.3% and magnitude of 0.893) occurred on 26 December 2019 during morning hours (08:10 to 11:15 LT with a peak at 09:33 LT) over Gadanki (13.5oN, 79.2oE) has provided a unique opportunity to test the hypothesis of ‘Extended Fumigation Effect’ or ‘Second Fumigation’ on the surface and boundary layer pollutants. To capture this event, a campaign using multi-instrument (AWS, Aethalometer, PM sensors, ceilometer, radiosonde) on multi-platform (surface, surface based remote sensing, drone, tethered balloon, in-situ balloon) was conducted. Eclipse obscuration caused decrease in surface temperature by 4.3 °C around 10:00 LT. Boundary layer remained shallow until 09:00 LT (between 500 m and 900 m) but near the termination of the eclipse and soon after the termination a convective boundary layer showed a rapid increase to above 1 km within a short time (1 h). A Fumigation peak (common phenomenon in normal days) in black carbon occurred with a sharp peak concentration of 9.4 μg/m3 at around 07:00 LT and then started decreasing. However, concentration started to increase unusually again at around 08:20 LT and remained at the range of 4–6 μg/m3instead of a normal decreasing trend, which is about 2–3 times of the mean concentration at this period of time. Similar variation in PM1, PM2.5, and PM10are also observed. Background instability estimated using radiosonde measurements suggests Fumigation, Fumigation/Lofting and Trapping before, during and after the eclipse, respectively.

The Middle East can experience extended wintertime spells of exceptionally hot weather, which can result in prolonged droughts and have major impacts on the already scarce water resources of the region. Recent observational studies point at increasing trends in mean and extreme temperatures in the Middle East, while climate projections seem to indicate that, in a warming weather scenario, the frequency, intensity and duration of warm spells will increase. The nonstationary warm spell frequency analysis approach proposed herein allows considering both climate variability through global climatic oscillations and climate change signals. In this study, statistical distributions with parameters conditional on covariates representing time, to account for temporal trend, and climate indices are used to predict the frequency, duration and intensity of wintertime warm spells in the Middle East. Such models could find a large applicability in various fields of climate research, and in particular in the seasonal prediction of warm spell severity. Based on previous studies linking atmospheric circulation patterns in the Atlantic to extreme temperatures in the Middle East, we use as covariates two classic modes of ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ climatic variability in the Atlantic Ocean (i.e., the Northern Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation respectively). Results indicate that the use of covariates improves the goodness-of-fit of models for all warm spell characteristics.

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), in collaboration with Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, France, launched radio occultation sounder for atmosphere (ROSA) on-board Megha Tropiques (M...

Cloud vertical structure, including top and base altitudes, thickness of cloud layers, and the vertical distribution of multilayer clouds, affects large-scale atmosphere circulation by altering gradients in the total diabatic heating and cooling and latent heat release. In this study, long-term (11 years) observations of high-vertical-resolution radiosondes are used to obtain the cloud vertical structure over a tropical station at Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), India. The detected cloud layers are verified with independent observations using cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde launched from the same station. High-level clouds account for 69.05 %, 58.49 %, 55.5 %, and 58.6 % of all clouds during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. The average cloud base (cloud top) altitudes for low-level, middle-level, high-level, and deep convective clouds are 1.74 km (3.16 km), 3.59 km (5.55 km), 8.79 km (10.49 km), and 1.22 km (11.45 km), respectively. Single-layer, two-layer, and three-layer clouds account for 40.80 %, 30.71 %, and 19.68 % of all cloud configurations, respectively. Multilayer clouds occurred more frequently during the monsoon with 34.58 %. Maximum cloud top altitude and cloud thickness occurred during the monsoon season for single-layer clouds and the uppermost layer of multiple-layer cloud configurations. In multilayer cloud configurations, diurnal variations in the thickness of upper-layer clouds are larger than those of lower-layer clouds. Heating and cooling in the troposphere and lower stratosphere due to these cloud layers are also investigated and peak cooling (peak warming) is found below (above) the cold-point tropopause (CPT) altitude. The magnitude of cooling (warming) increases from single-layer to four- or more-layer cloud occurrence. Further, the vertical structure of clouds is also studied with respect to the arrival date of the Indian summer monsoon over Gadanki.

Accurate estimation of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) top is essential for air quality prediction, weather forecast, and assessment of regional and global climate models. In this article, the long-term climatology of seasonal, global distribution of PBL is presented by using global positioning system radio occultation (GPSRO) based payloads such as Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS), TerraSAR-X, and The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) from the year 2006–2015. We used Wavelet Covariance Transform (WCT) technique for precise PBL top identification. The derived PBL top from GPSRO data is rigorously evaluated with GPS radiosonde data over Gadanki. Significant seasonal variation is noticed in both radiosonde and GPSRO observations. Further, we compared the PBL obtained GPS RO with global radiosonde network and observed very good correlation. The number of occultations reaching down to 500 m and retrieval rate of PBL top from WCT method is very high in mid-latitudes compared to tropical latitudes. The global distribution of PBL top shows significant seasonal variation with higher during summer followed by spring, fall, and minimum in winter. In the vicinity of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the PBL top is high over eastern Pacific compared to other regions. The ERA-Interim reanalysis data underestimate the PBL top compared to GPS RO observations due to different measurement techniques. The seasonal variation of global averaged PBL top over land and ocean shows contrasting features at different latitude bands.

It is well known that the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) plays a significant role in controlling the variability of atmospheric constituents such as aerosols and trace-gases. Hence, significant diurnal and seasonal variation in these will be observed as the ABL altitude does. However, on several occasions, high aerosol concentration in the lidar measurements is observed even above the ABL altitude. This raised a question that up to what extent ABL altitude acts as a capping layer for these pollutants? From the detailed analysis carried out using long-term (2010–2018) lidar observations and simultaneous radiosonde profiles obtained from Gadanki, India, we show that ‘there exist thermal inversions (TI), which are stronger than the ABL inversions, that fully control the vertical extent’. The detailed characteristics of TI (inversion strength (IS) and inversion depth (ID)) are also obtained. The results revealed that aerosol concentrations below the TI altitude increases with IS (ID) up to 3–4 K (300–400 m) during winter whereas in pre-monsoon it increases up to 2–3 K (100–200 m). Thus, IS of up to 2–4 K is required to fully trap the aerosol concentrations and this TI coincide with the ABL inversions for 51.7% only, particularly during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons. This analysis is further extended to different geographical locations of India using the aerosol profiles obtained from CALIPSO and a network of 23 radiosonde stations. The observed results provided further evidence that the vertical distribution of aerosols is restricted to the maximum extent by the TI but not the ABL altitude. These observations lead us to propose a hypothesis that ‘trapping of aerosols fully occurs up to particular IS and ID only and the ABL altitude is not the deciding factor most of the time for capping the aerosol vertical distribution’. These findings will greatly help in modeling the diffusion and transport of air pollutants in the lower troposphere.

In this chapter, we have studied the effects of livelihood, stress levels and awareness of risks associated to the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP) on the people of Idindhakarai (Tamil Nadu, India) to highlight their six and more years of struggle. The people are aware of the nuclear power and its risks, hence causing them to lead a distressing life every day. The stress level of the general population had been ascertained to be a score of 7.6/10. The government had no disaster management teams and no policy programmes in place for providing basic facilities, at an accessible distance. KKNPP 2017 update—Even after several years of protest, there is no change in the government policies and no proper response from the government.

The state of Kerala, located on the west coast of India, experienced a record 100‐year flood that resulted in major landslides from unprecedented prolonged and extremely heavy rainfall (50–480 mm·day−1) during August 1–19, 2018, causing extensive damage and about 500 causalities. Rainfall observations indicate that the heavy rainfall occurred over two spells (August 7–10 and 14–18) in association with an offshore trough, and a depression over the Bay of Bengal (BOB). High‐resolution 38‐year climatology data (5 km) and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis dataset show a strong low‐level jet over the Arabian Sea and a depression over the BOB with a southwestward tilt during the heavy rainfall. Very high‐resolution (2‐km) mesoscale model simulations suggest that this high convective instability due to the strong westerly jet along with the formation of offshore vortex, the transport of mid‐tropospheric moisture under the presence of conducive vertical shear of horizontal wind, and transport of mid‐tropospheric moisture from the BOB are the major factors (as shown in the schematic diagram) behind the extreme heavy rainfall over Kerala.

In a modular multilevel converter (MMC), the second and other even-order harmonics in the circulating currents are mainly due to the fluctuations in the capacitor voltages in the sub modules of the MMC. The increased circulating currents affect the system performance and threatens the safety operation of power devices. To mitigate the circulating currents, this article puts forward the application of an advanced repetitive controller with alternate phase opposition and disposition pulse-width modulation technique. The proposed controller was operated in tandem with a proportional integral controller for better results of circulating current harmonic suppression and then the stability analysis was analyzed by the Popov criteria. This method is very simple to implement and suitable for multiple harmonic mitigation. Computer simulations and experimental results on a prototype shows that the proposed controller is effective and easy to implement for MMCs.

Vertically resolved Black Carbon (BC) measurements are obtained in situ up to 10 km during the summer monsoon season using a micro-aethalometer on-board balloon platform from Hyderabad (17.48oN, 78.40oE, 557 m msl), India. Simultaneous (on-board) aerosol size-segregated mass concentration measurements are made at particle sizes 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 μm using a Particle plus Optical Particle Counter for estimating the fractions of BC in size segregated (SS) PM2.5 and the fraction of SSPM2.5 in SSPM10. A prominent aerosol layer with large BC mass concentrations in the range of 10–25 μg/m3 is found below 4 km (above mean sea level) which matches well with the measured SSPM2.5 concentrations showing consistency in the two independent measurements. Thin layers of BC are also detected at mid-tropospheric region at altitude ~7 km and another between 8 and 10 km. FLEXPART analysis for back trajectories suggests that these high concentrations of BC are transported from over the west Asian region of Somalia, Gulf of Aden and Oman. Meteorological parameters along with ozone concentrations obtained simultaneously using radiosonde and ozonesonde together with BC concentrations are used to estimate the actual BC heating rates for the first time. Shortwave BC heating rates as high as 4 K/day are observed in the lower thick layer. It is suggested that this strong heating rate can act as a feedback in weakening the stable layer and well mixing of pollutants up to 4–5 km altitude. Heating rates obtained using standard tropical atmosphere model is found to be overestimated in this case suggesting the use of real time atmospheric conditions for actual estimates.

In this study, we report for the first time, the upper air temperature climatology, and trends over the Middle East, which seem to be significantly affected by the changes associated with hot summer and low precipitation. Long term (1985–2012) radiosonde data from 12 stations are used to derive the mean temperature climatology and vertical trends. The study was performed by analyzing the data at different latitudes. The vertical profiles of air temperature show distinct behavior in terms of vertical and seasonal variability at different latitudes. The seasonal cycle of temperature at the 100 hPa, however, shows an opposite pattern compared to the 200 hPa levels. The temperature at 100 hPa shows a maximum during winter and minimum in summer. Spectral analysis shows that the annual cycle is dominant in comparison with the semiannual cycle. The time-series of temperature data was analyzed using the Bayesian change point analysis and cumulative sum method to investigate the changes in temperature trends. Temperature shows a clear change point during the year 1999 at all stations. Further, Modified Mann–Kendall test was applied to study the vertical trend, and analysis shows statistically significant lower tropospheric warming and cooling in upper troposphere after the year 1999. In general, the magnitude of the trend decreases with altitude in the troposphere. In all the latitude bands in lower troposphere, significant warming is observed, whereas at higher altitudes cooling is noticed based on 28 years temperature observations over the Middle East.

Radiosondes are widely used to obtain basic meteorological parameters such as pressure (P), temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and horizontal winds during the balloon ascent up to the altitude of balloon burst, usually ∼32–35 km. Data from the radiosondes released from Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), a tropical station in India, has been collected during the ascent and during the descent as well without attaching any parachute or its equivalent since the year 2008. In the present study an attempt has been made to characterize the radiosonde descent data with the main objective of exploring its usefulness and reliability for scientific purposes. We compared the data obtained during ascent and descent phases of the same sounding. The mean differences in T, RH and horizontal winds between ascent and descent data are found to be small and are sometimes even within the uncertainty of the measurements and/or expected diurnal variation itself. The very good consistency observed between the ascent and the descent data shows that one more profile of the meteorological parameters can be constructed within 3 h of time of balloon launch practically at no additional cost. Further checks are done by utilizing the 3 hourly radiosonde observations collected during the Tropical Tropopause Dynamics campaign conducted at Gadanki. In the process of checking the consistency between the radiosonde ascent and descent data, several new findings are arrived at and are reported in this study. In general, it has taken more than half-an-hour for the balloon to reach the ground from the burst altitude. It is also observed that the fall velocity is close to 10 m s−1 near the surface. Finally, it is suggested to record also the observations when the balloon is descending as this information is also useful for scientific purposes.

The Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region plays an important role in the climate system. Quantifying the processes that control UTLS represents a crucial task. We assess UTLS trends and associated tropopause parameters (Cold Point Tropopause temperature/altitude (CPT/CPH), Lapse Rate Tropopause temperature/altitude (LRT/LRH), Convective outflow level temperature/altitude (COT/COH) and Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) thickness). This study is based on high-resolution daily radiosonde data from 2006 to 2018 over a tropical station Gadanki in south India supported by satellite measurements. The results show an increase of CPH (LRH) of ~0.06 km (~0.10 km), decrease of CPT (LRT) of ~1.09 K (1.16 K), increase of COH of ~0.29 km and decrease of TTL thickness of ~0.23 km in the recent decade. The vertical temperature trends show a strong cooling trend at lower stratosphere (17–19 km) with a maximum cooling rate of 1.3 ± 0.86 K per decade at 19.4 km altitude unlike reported recently using global radiosonde network. A warming trend is observed in the entire troposphere (0–15 km) with maximum warming rate of 0.44 ± 0.55 K at 11.6 km during the last decade. Distinct variability in the temperature is noticed below and above the tropopause with the strong seasonal change above the tropical tropopause (18 and 19 km) compared to the below the tropopause (15–17 km). The observed trends are explained in relation to the ozone (O3) and water vapor (WV) trends over Gadanki. Compare to the ozone changes, the WV increasing trend was found strongly influencing the LS cooling trend in the recent decade over Indian monsoon region.

It is widely accepted that the tropical tropopause is closely linked to climate change. Several campaigns have already been conducted and also are being planned to address various issues related to the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Despite many campaigns, several scientific issues still remain unexplained including Indian summer monsoon dynamics, cirrus clouds and the trace gas distribution across the tropopause etc. In order to address some of the issues, particularly over the Indian region, intensive observational campaigns called ‘tropical tropopause dynamics (TTD)’ are being conducted since December 2010 at two stations namely Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) and Trivandrum (8.5°N, 76.9°E) under CAWSES India Phase-II programme. This overview article aims to bring out the current understanding on the tropical tropopause, issues addressed through the TTD campaigns and the details of the data collected in these campaigns using collocated instruments as well as complementary satellite data. So far 32 campaigns have been completed successfully and in this paper main focus is given for describing the systematic data collected using various techniques (MST radar, Mie lidar, Radiosonde, ozonesonde) simultaneously in each month. In general, over the study region affected by the monsoon, a prominent updraft prevails in the middle and upper troposphere regions covering TTL affecting the transport of minor species across the tropopause. The behavior of the cold point tropopause (CPT) at Gadanki and Trivandrum reveals that there are significant differences in the CPT characteristics even within the monsoon region. Cold point tropopause shows stronger sub-daily scale variation over Trivandrum than Gadanki though no indication of deep convection is present at the former location particularly in winter.

The present study deals with using long-term database for upper tropospheric water vapour (UTWV) variability studies over three tropical stations (Gadanki, Singapore and Truk), where different climatic conditions prevail. Over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) strong seasonal variation in UTWV is revealed but not over Singapore (1.37°N, 103.98°E) and Truk (7.46°N, 151.85°E) except at 100 hPa. It is examined whether high resolution radiosonde measurements represent well the UTWV by comparing with different satellite based (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)) water vapour measurements. Very good comparison in the nature of variations of UTWV is observed between radiosonde data and satellite data, except over Singapore particularly with AIRS and MLS data, on long-term basis. An attempt is also made to examine the source for UTWV. A close relationship is found between UTWV and deep convection over Gadanki indicating that the source for UTWV is convection particularly during the summer monsoon season.

[1] For better understanding the life cycle of the convective systems and their interactions with the environment, a joint Indo-French satellite mission named Megha-Tropiques has been launched in October 2011 in a low-inclination (20°) orbit. In the present study, we show the first results on the comparison of relative humidity (RH) obtained using a six-channel microwave sounder, covering from surface to 100 hPa, from one of the payloads SAPHIR (Sounder for Atmospheric Profiling of Humidity in the Inter-tropical Regions). The RH observations from SAPHIR illustrated the numerous scales of variability in the atmosphere both vertically and horizontally. As a part of its validation, we compare SAPHIR RH with simultaneous observations from a network of radiosondes distributed across the world (±30° latitude), other satellites (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer, Constellation Observation System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)), and various reanalysis (National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA)-Interim, Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA)) products. Being at a low inclination, SAPHIR is able to show better global coverage when compared to any other existing satellites in the tropical region where some important weather processes take place. A very good correlation is noticed with the RH obtained from a global radiosonde network particularly in the altitude range corresponding to 850–250 hPa, thus providing a valuable data set for investigating the convective processes. In the case of satellite data sets, SAPHIR RH is well comparable with COSMIC RH. Among the reanalysis products, NCEP shows less difference with SAPHIR followed by ERA-Interim, and the MERRA products show large differences in the middle and upper troposphere.

[1] A comprehensive study on the ducting conditions prevailing over the Indian tropical station of Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) is made using more than 5 years (April 2006 to September 2011) of high-resolution GPS radiosonde observations. In the present study, the characteristics of ducts occurring over Gadanki were examined statistically using the modified refractivity. Strong diurnal and seasonal variation in the percentage occurrence of the ducts was found with the highest and lowest occurrences during winter and monsoon seasons, respectively. Duct strength is very strong during midnight to the morning hours than in the evening hours particularly during winter. The mean thickness of the duct and the duct strength were found to be the highest and the strongest in postmonsoon and winter seasons, whereas they are the lowest and the weakest in the monsoon season. Elevated ducts were found to be stronger than the surface and the surface-based ducts. The characteristics of ducts during stable and unstable conditions were also investigated, and it was found that the duct altitude is higher during the stable conditions and is higher during premonsoon followed by postmonsoon, winter and minimum in the monsoon. The maximum wavelength being trapped was investigated, and it was found that wave trapping occurs for the radars with frequencies of 60 GHz and above.

This paper documents the effect of the annular solar eclipse of 15 January 2010 on the lower atmospheric boundary layer dynamics over a complex terrain environment at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E,) using a suite of instruments namely automatic weather station, mini boundary layer mast (15 m), Doppler SODAR, GPS radiosonde and ozonesonde observations. The net heating rates are estimated using radiative transfer algorithm before, during and after the eclipse. Effect on soil temperature is seen clearly up to 20 cm depth and at all the levels up to 15 m. Decrease in the thermal plume level, a dip in the surface layer and a strong vertical downdrafts (subsidence) are noticed during the peak eclipse. Upper layer winds did not show any variation during the eclipse. It is also found to have pronounced effect on all the surface meteorological parameters for a two-day period.

In this study, global (50°S-50°N) distribution of water vapor is investigated using COSMIC GPS RO measurements. Detailed comparisons have been made between COSMIC and high resolution GPS radiosonde measurements across 13 tropical stations and model outputs (ERA-Interim, NCEP, and JRA-25 reanalyses data sets). In comparison with independent techniques like radiosonde (Väisälä), it is found that COSMIC GPS RO wet profiles are accurate up to 7-8. km (assuming radiosonde as standard technique). In general, comparisons with corresponding seasonal means of model outputs are qualitatively in good agreement, although they differ quantitatively especially over convective regions of South America, Africa, and Indonesia. In tropical latitudes, the COSMIC specific humidity values are higher than the model outputs. Among various model outputs, ERA-Interim data set show near realistic features to that observed by COSMIC GPS RO measurements. Large asymmetry in the specific humidity distribution is observed between northern and southern hemispheres. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

[1] Extensive observations on various atmospheric parameters were carried out from Gadanki (13.48°N, 79.18°E), a tropical station in India, during the annular solar eclipse of 15 January 2010. In the present study, we report changes observed in temperature and ozone concentration in the lower stratosphere associated with the eclipse. Unusual enhancements in the temperature of 12.5 K and in ozone concentration of 5.5. mPa are observed around 21 km just after the eclipse. Plausible mechanisms for the observed eclipse effects are discussed using data of simultaneous vertical and horizontal winds collected through co-located MST radar observations. From the preliminary analysis, the temperature and ozone enhancements are attributed to large subsidence and horizontal advection, respectively.

[1] In this study, long-term (2.5 years) observations of a high vertical resolution radiosonde are used for the first time to identify the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height over a tropical station, Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E). An alternative method of detecting ABL height from refractivity (N) profiles is proposed, which includes both temperature and water vapor information, and several advantages were found. The identified height using N is compared with that detected by traditional methods like potential, virtual potential temperature, and mixing ratio during different background meteorological conditions. Very good correlations in all weather conditions indicate that N can also be used as an indicator for detecting the ABL height. The ABL height thus obtained is compared with independent measurements of N from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate GPS radio occultation (RO), and very good correlation is found between the two. ABL height is found to be higher during premonsoon, followed by monsoon and postmonsoon, and is minimum in winter. In addition, radiosondes launched four times a day during different seasons have been used to study the diurnal variation. These results were compared with GPS RO data collected during different times in a day for a given season, and very strong diurnal variation was found. For studying the global distribution of ABL height from GPS RO data, it is suggested that one considers the GPS RO data for a fixed time or range of time (as RO data are very sparse in tropical regions) and the profiles reaching down to 0.5 km, particularly during nighttime.

[1] In this paper, it is shown that the altitude of the tropopause can be determined directly from the profile of Bending Angle (α) of GPS RO (hereafter called as Radio Tropopause, RT) instead of from the derived parameter of temperature which needs further assumptions like hydrostatic equilibrium. Above the altitude range of moist atmosphere, the altitude of peak in α′(=dα/dh) profiles above which it decreases for at least 1 km is defined as the RT. The RT altitude is compared with the cold point tropopause (CPT)/lapse rate tropopause (LRT) altitude from independent measurements of temperature by the radiosonde at different stations. A very good agreement is observed between the tropopause altitudes from these two independent techniques. Particularly at polar latitudes, where it is often difficult to identify the tropopause altitude from temperature profiles, the present method is a more reliable means of identifying the tropopause.

Beam forming is one of the most important processes occurring in smart antennas and its function is to change the beam pattern of the antenna for a given angle. If the antenna does not change its direction according to the receiving signal, the signal losses will be more. So, in order to increase the efficiency and to reduce the signal losses, a new method was proposed for beam forming in smart antenna with spatial diversity using fuzzy logic and neural network. In order to provide training for neural network and fuzzy logic, a huge personalised training data set is generated using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Given a desired angle as input, the proposed method gives the corresponding antenna parameters and phase angle as output. By identify the suitable antenna parameters, the efficiency of the smart antenna increases and the implementation results show the performance of the proposed method.

One of the most important processes in smart antennas, is beam forming. The major function of beam forming is to change the beam pattern of the antenna for a given angle. If the antenna does not change its direction based on the receiving signal, the signal losses will be high. So, in order to increase the efficiency and to reduce the signal losses in the system, here a new method is proposed for beam forming in smart antenna along with spatial diversity using fuzzy interference system and neural network (NN). In order to provide training for NN and fuzzy logic, a huge personalised training dataset is generated using Genetic Algorithm. Given a desired angle as input, the proposed method gives the corresponding antenna parameters and phase angle as output. The length of the beam, interference, phase angle, number of patterns and spatial diversity are the smart antenna parameters that are considered in the proposed method. In addition, the proposed method increases the efficiency in determining the smart antenna parameters. The proposed method is implemented and the results are analysed. The comparative and analytical results prove the performance of the proposed method over other existing methods.