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This paper presents a physical model for monolithic self-rolled-up microtube interdigital capacitors and elaborates their working mechanisms in comparison to on-chip planar interdigital capacitors. Besides the high-frequency phenomena such as the skin effect in thin, wide metal films, the model accounts for the complexities resulting from all possible 3D electrode configurations, such as the inner diameter dependent overlapping capacitances and edge capacitances between electrodes, as well as parasitic inductances within the rolled-up structure between the fingers, for integer and non-integer number of turns. The model is validated by the measured results of fabricated self-rolled-up membrane (S-RuM) interdigital capacitors over a wide range of layout and process parameters. This fully enables the structural design optimization for electrical performance of this 3D device architecture.

Thermal stress failure is the bottleneck that is restricting the development of ultra-high temperature sensors, and reliable packaging is crucial in their development process. In this paper, a two-step packaging structure was proposed for the high temperature resistant failure packaging challenges of the ultra-high temperature Fabry–Perot optical fibre vibration sensor. First, a high temperature resistant AlN base was selected according to thermal simulation. A reliable bond between the AlN base and the 6H-SiC vibration-sensitive element was designed, which could effectively avoid the failure of thermomechanical stress adaptation during drastic temperature change. In addition, a high temperature resistant ZrO2 support tube with a length of 20 cm, an outer diameter of 16 mm, and an inner diameter of 12 mm was designed as the optical fibre lead-out support structure by using finite element simulation and optimisation. Moreover, the influence of fastening fixtures on the sensor mode was analysed. The simulated first-order resonance frequency of the sensor was 2644.9 Hz, while the actual measurement was 2620 Hz. The difference was only 0.9%. Finally, the validity of the design was verified by experiments, and the sensor achieved reliable operation at 1200 °C.

REBCO coil is a promising technology for superconducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES). Although degradation has been discovered in epoxy impregnated coil, it is essential to fill the coil with epoxy in such occasion. This paper describes preparation of large scale epoxy impregnated REBCO coil for SMES. The coil with inner diameter 320 mm and 268 turns was tested at 77 K both before and after epoxy impregnation. Consistency of Ic value and high n-value suggest that there was no degradation in the coil. Conduction cooled test was also carried out. Transport current was run up to 223 A at 50 K.

Hollow-walled lattices are novel cellular materials with lower densities than conventional dense-walled lattices. However, their manufacturability by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is not yet established. This study investigates the LPBF manufacturability of Ti-6Al-4V hollow-walled struts with respect to strut outer diameter, wall thickness (controlled by laser scan path), and inclination angle, while the strut length is purposely limited to 10–15 mm, typical of lattice unit dimensions. The manufacturability was reliable for outer diameters exceeding 0.5 mm and wall thicknesses exceeding 0.24 mm over the inclines of 22.5°–90°. To ensure a manufacturable hollow cylindrical channel by LPBF, we recommend a minimum inner diameter of 4Dv(90) according to the feedstock powder size distribution. The average inconsistency of 5.13% between the designed and manufactured outer diameters was substantially lower than that achievable by conventional manufacturing. The findings of this study provide necessary guidance for the future manufacture of hollow-walled lattices by LPBF.

We present pressure drop and HETP data for Sulzer MellapakPlus™ 452.Y packing measured using the C6/C7 system under total reflux at three pressures: 33 kPa, atmospheric pressure and 180 kPa. The data were obtained in a column with an inner diameter of 0.3 m with the bed consisting of 12 elements of packing (total height 2.52 m). The pressure drop data under the loading point were in good agreement with the data predicted by Sulcol software (v3.4.4, vendor provided); in the loading region, the Sulcol data were on the safe side. The maximum stable FG factor for the three pressures were 2.79, 2.41 and 2.17 Pa0.5, respectively. The HETP values for the expected industrial operating load range were almost constant, with mean values of 0.29, 0.28, 0.27 m obtained, respectively. Because the measurements were performed with different compositions of the C6/C7 mixture, recalculation utilizing known HETP dependence on the slope of the equilibrium curve was used to suppress the dependence of the separation efficiency on the composition.

In this work, we report a novel, mini microplasma-assisted gas-phase synthesis reactor which enables the localized deposition of high quality carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Analogous to conventional gas-phase growth, which utilizes the furnace heating to induce dissociation of the reactant species, formation of the catalyst nanoparticles, and nucleation of the CNTs, our process replaces the furnace with the microplasma as the sole reaction source. In doing so, this reactor takes full advantage of the merits of the microplasma apparatus, specifically atmospheric pressure operation, efficient dissociation of molecular species, and small size to synthesize highly crystalline small diameter single and double-walled CNTs at an estimated growth rate of 1000–6400 μm/s. In addition, being in gas phase and channeled through a 0.8 mm inner diameter ceramic reactor, the grown CNTs could be localized onto a substrate located downstream in the reactor.

For present work, the distortions in the liner due to mechanical torque application are considered and an empirical correlation between its inner diameter and outer diameter had been determined. This empirical correlation can be utilized eventually to estimate the mechanical bore distortion after actually running of engine. For estimation of total distortion i.e; mechanical as well as thermal distortion is required. As it is not possible to measure mechanical distortion of an engine after running, there as to be provision of estimation of same.As after assembly,it can not be measured experimentally,a suitable empirical correlation between inner diameter and outer diameter of liner under mechanically distorted condition, mechanical distortion, is developed and mechanical distortion is found out. After running the engine actually, and by measuring total distortion after disassemblying the liner ,the thermal distortion can be found subtracting mechanical distortion .

Self-excited combustion instabilities in a mesoscale multinozzle array, also referred to as a micromixer-type injector, have been experimentally investigated in a lean-premixed tunable combustor operating with preheated methane and air. The injector assembly consists of sixty identical swirl injectors of 6.5 mm inner diameter, which are evenly distributed across the combustor dump plane. Their flow paths are divided into two groups – inner and outer stages – to form radially stratified reactant stoichiometry for the control of self-excited instabilities. OH PLIF measurements of stable flames reveal that the presence of radial staging has a remarkable influence on stabilization mechanisms, reactant jet penetration/merging, and interactions between adjacent flame fronts. In an inner enrichment case, two outer (leaner) streams merge into a single jet structure, whereas the inner (richer) reactant jets penetrate far downstream without noticeable interactions between neighboring flames. The constructed stability map in the 〈ϕi, ϕo〉 domain indicates that strong self-excited instabilities occur under even split and outer enrichment conditions at relatively high global equivalence ratios. This is attributed to large-scale flame surface deformation in the streamwise direction, as manifested by vigorous detachment/attachment movements. The use of the inner fuel staging method was found, however, to limit the growth of large-amplitude heat release rate fluctuations, because the center flames are securely anchored during the whole period of oscillation, giving rise to a moderate lateral motion. We demonstrate that the collective motion of sixty flames – rather than the individual local flame dynamics – play a central role in the development of limit cycle oscillations. This suggests that the distribution pattern of the injector array, in combination with the radial fuel staging scheme, is the key to the control of the instabilities.

Venturi meter is frequently used in feed water flow control system in a nuclear power plant. Its accurate measurement plays a vital role in the safe operation of the plant. This paper firstly investigates the influence of the length of each section of pipeline, the throat inner diameter of Venturi and the flow characteristics in a single-phase flow on the accuracy of Venturi measurement by numerical calculation. Then the flow and the accuracy are discussed in a multi-phase flow. Numerical results show that the geometrical parameters and the characteristics of complex turbulent flow in the single-phase flow have little impact on the accuracy of Venturi flow rate measurement. In the multi-phase flow, the calculated flow rate of Venturi deviated from the actual flow rate and this deviation value is closely related to the amount of steam in the pipeline and increases sharply with the increase of the amount of steam. The over-reading of Venturi flow rate is present.

We previously presented a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) method with blood delivery via femoral artery cannulation for pediatric aortic arch repair operations using the Radifocus Introducer sheath. However, the flow rate with the Radifocus Introducer sheath is limited by accessory parts with the same structure having a smaller inner diameter among different sizes, rather than the sheath body. Therefore, we further devised a combination of the JELCO IV catheter, an extension tube, and a three-way stopcock with a larger opening to obtain more flow rate keeping the CPB circuit pressure significantly lower than when using the Radifocus Introducer sheath successfully.

This paper describes the retention of metal powder within additively manufactured structures to achieve increased damping. Solid and hollow (powder filled) aluminum cylinders were fabricated in using laser powder bed fusion where the internal, captured powder in the hollow cylinders served as an energy dissipation mechanism. Impact testing was completed to compare the frequency response functions of three cylinder geometries: one solid cross-section and two hollow cross-sections with different inner diameters and, therefore, different powder volumes. Increased damping with larger inner diameter was observed. The damping was quantified using a structural damping model.

Through mathematical analysis, the performance of micro tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is evaluated successfully, which is in good agreement with the experimental data under different fuel flow. The results show that under the condition of high fuel utilization, a part of current path passing through the anode can increase by 16% compared with that under the condition of low fuel utilization, which can reduce the output performance of the cell. In the process of increasing fuel flow, the current gradually increases and reaches the platform value. When the length of cathode is long and the inner diameter of anode is small, the loss can be effectively reduced by changing the thickness of anode tube.

This paper describes the design of a manually operated granite stone crushing machine. This machine is targeted for people who are currently in the stone crushing business and use manual methods like the hammer and anvil. Due to the expensive nature of available stone crushers in Zimbabwe small-scale crushing business people cannot afford these machines and hence resort to primitive ways of crushing that are both tedious and potentially harmful. After careful analysis of current stone crushing methods and thorough study, a solution was developed that is safe, affordable and efficient. The developed solution addresses the needs of the hammer stone crushers and provides a viable alternative. The research was performed through experiments, the use of local libraries and site visits to stone crushing companies and various quarry sites that use the hammer and anvil approach. University laboratories were used to conduct experiments and determine minimum crushing forces needed for various granite stones. A portable stone crushing machine was then designed which meets the minimum crushing force of 225KN. An additional allowance of 10% to carter for safety of the machine and potential to crush other stones within range of the granite stone. The small scale granite stone crusher was designed to crush stones of approximately 25-135mm to about 24-20.2mm in size. SOLID WORKS was used as a stress analysis tool on the gear (main crushing part) to determine the regions where the gear experiences maximum force according to Von-Misses failure criteria. It was observed the inner diameter of the gear assembly and the gears themselves are prone to high stress which results in tearing off of the material in those regions.

With the widespread use of substations around the world, oil jet fire accidents from transformer oil-filled equipment in substations caused by faults have occurred from time to time. In this paper, a series of transformer oil jet fire experiments are carried out by changing the external heat source (30 cm and 40 cm) and the inner diameter of the container (5 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm) to study the axial centerline temperature distribution of the transformer oil jet fire plume of the transformer oil-filled equipment in the substation. The experiment uses K-type thermocouple, electronic balance and CCD to measure and assess the temperature distribution of the axial centerline of the fire plume of the transformer oil jet. The result demonstrates that the axial centerline temperature of the fire plume increases with the external heat release rate and the inner diameter of the container. In addition, a novel axial temperature distribution prediction model of the transformer oil jet fire plume is established. This model can effectively predict the oil jet fire plume temperature of transformer oil- filling equipment in substations, and provide help for substation fire control.

In this study the electrostatic charging behaviour of single particles of different sizes and materials were investigated during pneumatic conveying. The particles used included 3.18 and 0.79 mm PTFE as well as 3.18 mm Nylon particles. Particles were pneumatically conveyed in stainless steel (316 Grade) tubes with 4.57 mm inner diameter. Effects of conveying tube length, conveying gas velocity and pathway of particles (i.e. addition of 90° elbows and smooth bends) on particles charge-to-mass ratio were studied. Results showed that the smaller PTFE particles reached the saturation charge in the longest straight tube at all conveying gas velocities tested. Whereas the other two larger particles reached saturation charge only in the longest straight tube and at the lowest gas velocity. For large particles moving in straight tubes, in general, the lowest gas velocity resulted in a higher charge-to-mass ratio. The particles pathway had a large impact on their charging behaviour at high gas velocities, whereas at the lowest gas velocity, the total tube length was more influential on particles charging. Finally, the charge of the particles determined by measuring the current from the conveying line was found to be in good agreement with that measured directly by a Faraday cage.

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with high thermal strain tolerance and erosion resistance are commonly applied onto the inner and outer diameters of hot sections of gas-turbine engine components. In this work, strain-tolerant, segmented TBCs were developed using the SinplexPro-cascaded torch. Design of experiments were carried out to study the effect of process variables such as plasma power, powder feeding rate, spraying distance and surface speed on the coating microstructure and properties. Optimized process parameters for the segmented coating microstructures at shorter spray distance ( 114mm) are achieved, which are targeted for spraying inner diameter (ID) and outer diameter (OD) engine components, respectively. The plasma torch hardware life was evaluated by torch cycle duration runs. Examples of highly strain-tolerant TBCs onto the ID and OD engine components were demonstrated, highlighting the wide versatility and process range of the SinplexPro.

In this work, a copper bromide laser with an active medium length of 58 cm and an inner diameter of 20 mm was designed and constructed. He and Ne were used as buffer gases. The effect of reservoir temperature, He and Ne buffer gas pressure, frequency and electrical input power on the output power were investigated. The result of experiments shows that an optimum laser efficiency was obtained at the electrical input power of 2.1kW and corresponding operational temperature of 510 oC. The maximum output powers, 4 and 6 W, with use of He and Ne buffer gases, were determined at pressures 11 and 24 torr, respectively.

Sample delivery using injectors is widely used in serial crystallography (SX) and has significantly contributed to the determination of crystal structures at room temperature. However, sophisticated injector nozzle fabrication methods and sample delivery operations have made it difficult for ordinary users to access the SX research. Herein, a simple and easily accessible sample delivery method for SX experiments is introduced, that uses a viscous medium, commercially available syringe and syringe pump. The syringe containing the lysozyme crystals embedded in lipidic cubic phase (LCP) or polyacrylamide (PAM) delivery media was connected to a needle having an inner diameter of 168 µm, after which it was installed on a syringe pump. By driving the syringe pump, the syringe plunger was pushed and the crystal sample was delivered to the X-ray beam position in a stable manner. Using this system, the room-temperature crystal structures of lysozyme embedded in LCP and PAM at 1.56 Å and 1.75 Å, respectively, were determined. This straightforward syringe pump-based sample delivery system can be utilized in SX.

We explore the temperature dependence of pressure-driven water permeation through membranes consisting of a vertically aligned double-walled carbon nanotube (VA DWCNT) array. The prepared membrane with CNT inner diameter of 3.9 nm exhibits no water permeation below the critical temperature of 26 °C, after which water permeability is first observed and increases with temperatures >26 °C. Further, the critical temperature decreases to 18 °C when the CNT inner diameter increases to 6.0 nm. The water permeation in the CNT-confined space exhibits activation energy transitions around room temperature, thereby suggesting that the confined water molecules in CNTs exhibit plural ordered structures.

The Orbitrap is now a core component of several different instruments. However, evaluating the capabilities of each system is lacking in the field. Here, we compared the performance of multidimensional protein identification (MudPIT) on Velos Pro Orbitrap and Velos Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometers to reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) on a Q-Exactive Plus and an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos. Using HeLa cell protein digests, we carried out triplicate analyses of 16 different chromatography conditions on four different instrumentation platforms. We first optimized RPLC conditions by varying column lengths, inner diameters, and particle sizes. We found that smaller particle sizes improve results but only with smaller inner diameter microcapillary columns. We then selected one chromatography condition on each system and varied gradients lengths. We used distributed normalized spectral abundance factor (dNSAF) values to determine quantitative reproducibility. With Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients r values routinely above 0.96, single RPLC on both the QE+ and Orbitrap Lumos outperformed MudPIT on the Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer. In addition, when comparing dNSAF values measured for the same proteins across the different platforms, RPLC on the Orbitrap Lumos had greater sensitivity than MudPIT, as demonstrated by the detection and quantification of histone deacetylase complex components. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier 10.6019/PXD009875.

We propose a method for eddy-current testing of the inner diameter of electroconductive pipes. The design of an eddy current transducer is described, as well as an algorithm for converting measurement information signals and the block diagram of a system for testing the inner diameter of pipes that allows testing under conditions of significant radial displacements of the eddy current probe inside the pipe. The effectiveness of the proposed engineering solutions is evaluated.

A miniature three-axis induction magnetometer (IM) for borehole logging was designed, manufactured, and tested. The form of the IM is a cube with 12 coils at edges, which are embedded in a ring cylinder. Thus, the 12 coils are placed along the x , y , and z axes. Each axis consists of four coils that are connected in series. The length, inner diameter, and outer diameter of the ring cylinder are 40, 43, and 64 mm, respectively. The mass of the IM is 450 g. The working frequency bandwidth is set within 1 Hz–10 kHz. The equivalent induction magnetic noise level of the IM is less than 10 pT/√Hz at 100 Hz for three axes. The features and the noise performances of the IM show the potential for its use in borehole logging.

Here, we report two cases involving a neonate and child in which a slip joint section was used to thread a Fogarty catheter into the endotracheal tube for one-lung ventilation (OLV). Both the neonate and infant required OLV, and were placed under general anesthesia. A Fogarty catheter was used for OLV. The Fogarty catheter was passed into the intraluminal side of the endotracheal tube through a slip joint section. OLV was maintained successfully without severe air leakage or Fogarty catheter displacement. The neonate had been intubated pre-operatively with a 3.5-mm inner diameter endotracheal tube, and we used that tube. These cases indicate that the technique can be applied to pre-operatively intubated patients and does not require surgeons to exchange endotracheal tubes. Use of the slip joint section technique facilitates Fogarty catheter fixation without additional dead space. J. Med. Invest. 68 : 209-212, February, 2021.

We fabricated an array of nanorings of various inner diameters on a 50 nm thick Au film. Herein, we present nanoparticle trapping using this plasmonic array and we investigate the trap stiffness as a function of the inner diameter and the intensity of the trapping laser.

We present a SMART injector with two parallel common-path optical coherence tomography fibers to enable angle measurements and injection depth corrections for oblique subretinal injection. The two optical fibers are attached to opposite sides of a 33 G needle with known offsets and designed to pass through a 23 G trocar that has an inner diameter of 0.65 mm. By attaching a SMART system to a rotational stage, the measured angles are calibrated for minimal error from reference angles. A commercial eye model was used to evaluate the control performance, and injection experiments were performed on a phantom made of agarose gel and a porcine eye.

The present research work is carried out to investigate the effect of Hydrol 68 grade oils on elliptical journal bearing. Experiments are carried out on hydrodynamic journal bearing test rig to evaluate the lubricating oil temperature and pressure at the mid plane and ends of the circumferential bearing. Hydrogel68 lubricating oil at different loads (100N, 200N and 300N) and speed (1000, 2000 and 3000 RPM) at constant feeding pressure (0.25 Mpa) is applied on journal bearing of 6.52cm inner diameter and 8.5 cm of outer diameter. Results reported the Hydrol 68 oil with an constant speed and varying loads, to evaluate temperature and pressure is observed along the mid plane and ends for different circumferential angles.

Fatigue is a primary challenge in the design of steel catenary risers (SCRs) and different measures and methods are utilized to mitigate it. Traditional upset ends and steel lazy wave risers (SLWRs) are such methods to mitigate fatigue. SLWRs were first used in 2009 on the Espirito Santo floating, production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel of Shell Company’s Parque das Conchas (BC-10) project offshore Brazil. SLWRs have been used increasingly since then and gained popularity especially in recent years. A novel patented tubular connection assembly is presented herein which improves the fatigue life of SCRs and welded connections in general. This novel tubular connection assembly has many advantages. It overcomes the thickness limitation of welding traditional upset ends and reduces offshore welding time, cost, and risk. When used in simple SCRs, this novel tubular connection assembly renders simple SCRs an alternative robustly viable at significantly lower cost, shorter schedule, and many additional advantages as compared to SLWRs. Of such many advantages, simple SCRs are simpler to configure, analyze, design, and install using wider installation methods and vessels. They also use less material and offer better short- and long-term integrity especially for insulated SCRs. In addition, they have smaller footprint and are less prone to clashing.

Rotating impeller actuated by electromagnet has been a key technological innovation which surpassed earlier limitations of pulsatile pumps. Current impeller design, however, is alien to the functional unit of the human circulatory system and remains a potential cause of adverse prothrombotic events such as hemolysis or pump thrombosis by forcing blood cells to pass over a narrow space available within the rapidly alternating blades attached along its central hub, creating fundamentally a nonphysiologic flow, especially for miniaturized percutaneous blood pumps. Here, we present a biologically inspired, open, helicoid (BiO-H) impeller design for a circulatory assist device that has a fundamentally different footprint from the conventional Archimedean screw-based impeller designs by implementing new design features inspired by an avian right atrioventricular valve. Design parameters including an inner diameter, helix height, overall height, helix revolutions/pitch, blade length, blade thickness, introductory blade angle, number of blades, and blade shape were optimized for maximum output volumetric flow rate through the parametric analysis in computational fluid dynamics simulation. BiO-H shows an improved flow path with 2.25-fold less cross-sectional area loss than the conventional impeller designs. BiO-H with a diameter of 15 mm resulted in a maximum flow rate of 25 L/min at 15,000 revolutions per minute in simulation and showed further improved pressure-flow relationship in benchtop experiments. The design shows promise in increasing flow and could serve as a new impeller design for future blood pumps.

The inaccurate deflection behavior of the probing system degrades the performance of the diameter-measuring machines. In this experiment, the probing is improved, applying an autocollimator and an angular positioning datum. We have devised this datum using a liquid wedge. A ring gauge is chosen as a workpiece to evaluate the deflection behavior of the probing system. The improved uncertainty of the probing is found as low as 40 nm. Subsequently, the inner diameter of the ring gauge is measured on this experimental setup. By employing a simulation, we aligned the workpiece. The deflections of the stylus are optimized to achieve zero deflection error at the zenith points. Consequently, the swing of the probe at the zenith points is combined with the rectilinear displacement of the workpiece to estimate the inner diameter. The uncertainty of the measurement of the ring gauge is improved up to 140 nm.

Objective: This in vitro study is aimed to compare and evaluate the cyclic fatigue of four varying NiTi rotary instrumentation systems. Method: In this study, four types of rotary files were used in four groups (10 files for each group), namely, Group A: Wave One Gold; Group B: AF Blue R3; Group C: One Curve; Group D: F6 SkyTaper. These groups were evaluated by a cyclic fatigue apparatus to measure cyclic fatigue resistance within the artificial metallic simulating canal that has a 60° angle of curvature, the curvature radius was 5 mm, whereas the inner diameter of the canal was 1.5 mm. All the files were rotated in artificial canals until they fracture. The resistance to cyclic fatigue was determined by counting the number of cycles to fracture, and the time to failure was recorded in seconds then transformed to minutes. In addition to that the fractured fragment length was evaluated. Results: One-way analysis of variance test showed a significant difference (P

Here we report on the generation of solid-state nanopores with controllable sizes and shapes based on direct laser writing with a computer-aided two-photon polymerization process. Through a theoretical and experimental study of the accumulation effect during the two-photon polymerization, we have achieved nanopores with an inner diameter of down to ∼λ/10 (76.9 nm) for the first time, which is far beyond Abbe's diffraction limit. The generated nanopores can be stacked to form a channel with desired asymmetric shapes. This work provides the potential to integrate the solid-state nanopores into functional devices and opens up a new avenue for optimizing the gating properties of artificial membranes.

The design of induction motor for Electric Vehicle application is different from that of conventional induction motor, which is used in various drive applications. The performance parameters of an induction motor depend on various design parameters including electrical and mechanical. In this paper study of various parameters such as core axial length, stator inner diameter and rotor outer diameter is done. The effect of these parameters on induction motor characteristics is studied using analytical method. The analysis is done one two different induction motors and their performance is compared.

Sediment from the environmental damage and erosion in the watershed will settle in the bottom of the reservoir. It can reduce the capacity of the reservoir. Airlift pump technology is one effective method for lifting the sediment from the reservoir. The airlift pump has a simple working principle, the pressurized air is injected into a riser pipe containing water, so those air bubbles are created. Air bubbles move upward and it will lift the around liquid due to interface friction. In this present experimental study, the airlift pump was designed by the transparent acrylic pipe with 3.4 m length, and 56 mm inner diameter. Air and water were the working fluid. The water column in the riser pipe was set-up corresponds to the submergence ratio from 0.5 to 0.68, and the superficial gas velocity was changed from 0.00677 to 0.677 m/s. The mouth bell suction head was placed on the lower end of the riser pipe to mounting the two injectors. It was placed on the lower end of the suction head with the 45° direction of the horizontal and opposite output direction to produce the swirl flow. A high-speed camera was used to record the flow pattern. As the results, we know that the higher the submergence ratio, the greater the superficial water velocity at the same of the superficial gas velocity. It is implying the greater the efficiency and effectiveness of the pump. The swirl flow at the suction head is generated when QG>2.8 m3/hr. The consecutive slug becomes the main factor in the existence of the pulsation effect when the pump is operated. The variation of superficial gas velocity is the dominant effect of change in the flow pattern than the variation of the submergence ratio.

The separation of semi-coke powders from tars and gases during coal pyrolysis is of crucial importance to the coal chemical industry. This work describes an experimental study on semi-coke powder filtration using an experimental dual layer granular bed filter with an inner diameter of 100 mm. With an initial filtration velocity of 0.2 m/s, the dual layer granular bed filter had a filtration efficiency of 99.943% and a pressure drop across the filter of only 1456 Pa. When the initial filtration velocity was increased to 0.25 m/s, the filtration efficiency was 99.937% and the pressure drop was 1834 Pa. Our results indicated that the dual layer granular bed filter we developed and tested showed significant promise as a high-temperature dust collector in low-temperature coal pyrolysis.

An experimental system was built to investigate heat transfer characteristics of an ethane pulsating heat pipe (EPHP) based a Stirling cooler. The EPHP is made of copper pipe with an inner diameter of 2 mm, consisting of 20 tubes. The effects of filling ratios (FRs), heat inputs (HIs) and inclination angles (IAs) on the performance of the EPHP were studied under different temperature regions. During the cooling process, the EPHP shows a high heat transfer efficiency. The optimal FR corresponding to the lowest thermal resistance is about 30%. For the same FR, the best heat transfer performance of EPHP is not obtained at IA of 90°, but a specific IA between vertical and horizontal orientation. The thermal resistance increases slowly when the IA increases under anti-gravity condition, but when the IA is close to −90°, the thermal resistance increases rapidly.

3D bioprinting is a novel platform for engineering complex, three-dimensional (3D) tissues that mimic real ones. The development of hybrid bioinks is a viable strategy that integrates the desirable properties of the constituents. In this work, we present a hybrid bioink composed of alginate and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and explore its suitability for extrusion-based bioprinting. This bioink possesses excellent shear-thinning property, can be easily extruded through the nozzle, and provides good initial shape fidelity. It has been demonstrated that the viscosities during extrusion were at least two orders of magnitude lower than those at small shear rates, enabling the bioinks to be extruded through the nozzle (100 µm inner diameter) readily without clogging. This bioink was then used to print a liver-mimetic honeycomb 3D structure containing fibroblast and hepatoma cells. The structures were crosslinked with CaCl2 and incubated and cultured for 3 days. It was found that the bioprinting process resulted in minimal cell damage making the alginate/CNC hybrid bioink an attractive bioprinting material.

There are limited data regarding optimal laser and energy settings during stone fragmentation. We assessed effects on fragmentation using a variety of energy and frequency settings with two laser systems.Artificial stones were created using BegoStone. A clear polyvinylchloride (PVC) tube with an inner diameter of 13 mm was closed at one end with a removable plug to create the in vitro ureteral and caliceal environments. The Lumenis Pulse 120H and the Cook Rhapsody H-30 holmium lasers were studied in the caliceal and ureteral models. A single urologist fragmented each stone to2 mm. The caliceal studies assessed the time to fragmentation (n = 56). The ureteral studies measured the retropulsion distance of each stone phantom after 5 minutes of laser treatment time using different pulse width settings (n = 15).Complete treatment of the stone with the 120H required 10.9 minutes at ≥1 J vs 26.9 minutes at1 J (p 0.001). The H-30 showed similar results with treatment times of 11.2 minutes at ≥1 J vs 22.8 minutes at1 J (p 0.001). There was no significant difference in treatment time when comparing the two lasers using settings of 0.8 J × 8 Hz and 1.5 J × 10 Hz (25.5 minutes vs 24.8 minutes, p = 0.861; and 13.2 minutes vs 9.5 minutes, p = 0.061; respectively). Retropulsion distances using the 120H were 13.9 cm using long pulse, 25.2 cm using medium pulse, and 56.6 cm using short pulse. Retropulsion distances using the H-30 laser were 7 cm using long pulse and 14.5 cm using short pulse, which differed from the 120H (p 0.001).Laser fragmentation was faster with both lasers when energy settings of ≥1 J were used. Treatment times using the 120H and the H-30 lasers were equivalent. Retropulsion distances were less with both lasers when longer pulse widths were used. The H-30 resulted in less stone retropulsion compared with the 120H.

A method for the formation of a tubular hollow self-heated cathode using magnetic-pulse pressing of a mixture of TiN (90%) and Ti (10%) powders with subsequent annealing and sintering during operation of the compact as a cathode in a high-current (5–45 А) discharge at temperatures of 2000–2200°C is described. Massive tubular cathodes with a 2.5-mm-thick wall and a large (up to 12 mm) inner diameter were manufactured. The erosion rate of a TiN cathode was 2.3 × 10–7 g/C for the operation in an Ar/N2 mixture and increased by a factor of 1.6 in the oxygen–argon plasma generation mode with separate feeding of gases.

A new LPCE column (LPCE-3) of 2 m packing height and 50 mm inner diameter expands the experimental potential of “EVIO” pilot plant. Fresh RCTU-3SM catalyst of somewhat greater average percentage of Platinum and a little larger dimension of SDBC carrier has been tested in LPCE-3. Both hydraulic and isotope separation characteristics of LPCE-3 filled with alternating layers of the catalyst and packing in the volume ratio of 1:4 (the same packing and ratio which are used in LPCE-1 and LPCE-2 columns) have been studied. The experimental results are presented in comparison with ones received on LPCE-1 and LPCE-2 earlier. This paper aims to the problem of comparing different columns operated at dissimilar conditions and separating different isotopes. In the search for an invariant, which would unambiguously present performance of LPCE, it is experimentally shown that performance expressed by a 3-fluid model characteristic, Kc – mass-transfer coefficient for catalytic exchange (at fixed mass-transfer coe...

In this study, we changed the existing S45C steel shafts applied to the drive shaft for power train of automotive to Al7003-T6 aluminum material. For this purpose, the optimal inner diameter of the aluminium shaft is established. And, analysis of the stresses and vibration characteristics of shafts were analyzed through finite element analysis. The final aluminum drive shaft was evaluated through the static torsional torque test and the frequency test. The Al7003-T6 aluminum drive shaft's weight is 67% comparing from 100% of shaft with existing steel, and with the performance of 3,276 N-m and 236 Hz, it satisfies requirements of the torsional torque of 3,000 N-m and vibration characteristic over 150 Hz required for drive shaft.

Furan is considered to have a potential carcinogenic effect on human health. Its presence was found in a number of foods including beer. Thus, it is necessary to have a fast and routine method for its determination. This study describes a procedure meeting these requirements using the head-space technique associated with gas chromatography. A capillary column with the length of 60 m, inner diameter of 0.32 mm and the film thickness of 0.25 μm was used for the determination of furan. A flame-ionization detector (FID) was used for the detection. The characteristics of the procedure are presented.

In this study, bobbin-type magnetic cameras for nondestructive inspection of small diameter tubes are reported. Two types of magnetic cameras were used to image eddy currents using exciting coils and annularly arrayed magnetic sensors, in order to detect and evaluate defects. The performance of both magnetic cameras was compared and verified using artificial defects introduced into the tubular test specimen of austenitic stainless steel 304 with 13.3 mm inner diameter.

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the vortexing behaviour during draining of a liquid (water at room temperature) from a cylindrical tank of inner diameter D = 96 mm through two circular drain ports (d1 and d2) placed at unequal eccentricities (e1 and e2) from the tank center. e2 is fixed as 42 mm, whereas e1 is varied giving e1/e2 ratios of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75. After imparting an initial rotation (N rpm), the liquid is drained from the cylindrical tank. The critical height of vortex formation ‘Hc’ and the corresponding time of draining were recorded. The results of the present study show that vortex formation gets completely suppressed at all diameters d1 when e1/e2 = 0.5 and 0.75. Furthermore through flow visualization experiments, an upward axial flow (above the drain port) establishment is observed in this study which is thought to influence the dynamics and characteristics of the vortex air-core formation. The phenomenon of vortex intermittency is also observed in the cases where vortex formation occurs. This attempt is the first of its kind in the research history of vortex dynamics.

In this study, the response surface (RS) method and forced rotordynamic analyses together with Finite-Element-Analysis (FEA) have been established to optimize the factors affecting the vibration characteristics. The spindle specification, bearings locations, cutting force, and motor-rotor unbalance mass are proposed to represent the design factors and then they are utilized to develop Machine Motorized Spindle (MMS). The FEA-based Design of Experiment (DOE) is adopted to simulate the output responses with the input factors, wherein these DOE design points are used to carry out the RS models to visualize more obvious factors affecting the dynamic characteristics of MMS. The sensitivities of these factors and their contributions to the vibration of imbalance response have been evaluated by using the RS models. The simulation results show that the motor-rotor shaft inner diameter, the distance of the back bearing location, and the rotating unbalance-mass are highly sensitive to the vibration characteristics compared to the other factors. It is found that more than two-fifths of total vibration response amplitude has been conducted by induced rotating imbalance mass. The results also showed that the proposed factors optimization method is practicable and effective in improving the vibration response characteristics.

The explosion characteristics of hydrogen-air mixtures in a wide range of equivalence ratios in closed vessels were investigated experimentally. The maximum explosion pressure, maximum pressure rise rate (along with deflagration index), explosion time and heat loss were evaluated. Three vessels with low asymmetry ratios ( H / D ) of 0.146, 0.244 and 0.341 were used to study the effect of vessel height on explosion parameters, in which H and D are the height and inner diameter of the vessel, respectively. In the H / D = 0.341 vessel, the effect of ignition position on explosion behaviors was also considered. The results show that, with the increase of the vessel height, the maximum explosion pressure increase correspondingly, and the explosion time decreases orderly. In the lowest height vessel ( H / D =0.146), the ignitor-regulating column acts as a ‘turbulence-generator’. Thus, the maximum rate of pressure rise could be increased significantly while the heat loss could be decreased. Compared with the central ignition scenario, both the maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate are decreased for the asymmetrical ignition; meanwhile, the explosion time and the heat loss during the explosion are increased.

Herein, we developed a simple approach for quantitative metering of nanoliter-scale liquids in parallel based on a capillary array and applied it in high throughput screening protein crystallization conditions. The quantitative metering of liquids was achieved by using capillary force to spontaneously introduce the liquids into short capillaries with fixed length and inner diameter, and the nanoliter-scale droplets were generated by using a pneumatic pump to deliver liquids out from the capillary channels. We adopted measures of sharpening the capillary tips and performing a hydrophobic treatment on the tip surface to significantly reduce the capillary residues during the liquid aspirating and dispensing process, and thus improved the precision to 0.2%–3.5% relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 3) in metering droplets in the range of 280 pL-90 nL. We evaluated the performance of the system in metering liquids of different surface tensions and viscosity. On the basis of this approach, we built a capillary array system with 12 capillaries, by which parallel generation of 12 nL droplets of 12 samples could be achieved in 40 s with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.2%. We applied the system in the screening of lysozyme crystallization conditions of 48 precipitants with 7.5 nL precipitant and 7.5 nL protein solutions in each crystallization droplet reactor, to demonstrate its potentials in large-scale high-throughput screening and analysis with different samples.

Chill-down by the constant rate of liquid oxygen was investigated experimentally in a pipe with an inner diameter (Di) of 20 mm upstream of an injector. For fitting the condition in cryogenic engine, the pressure range was extended to around 0.6~3.5 MPa. The present set of data was combined with the previous set from a Di = 15 mm pipe to examine the reliabilities and generalities of the correlations on the temperature and heat flux of the inner wall when boiling transition happening (Zhang et al., 2020). The conclusions show that, pressure dominates the inner wall temperatures on both the Leidenfrost point (LFP) and critical heat flux (CHF), which causes by involving the effect of pressure, inner wall temperatures on LFP and CHF could be well correlated. New correlations were recommended by fitting the combined data and by which reliable predictions could be given. On the other hand, both pressure and pipe length play significant roles on the heat fluxes on LFP and CHF. In this way heat flux on CHF was correlated well to pressure and pipe length. However, the present correlation on heat flux on LFP has not involve the effect of pipe length for more experimental studies have to be given.

Hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs) with tunable sizes have been successfully prepared by the calcination of hollow copolymer nanospheres. Our findings indicate that compared to the counterpart solid carbon particle, HCNs all achieve substantially enhanced microwave absorption, suggesting that hollow structure plays an important role during microwave absorption. Moreover, further investigation on the effect of different HCNs sizes upon microwave absorption has been conducted. It is found that HCNs with an outer diameter of ∼70 nm and inner diameter of ∼30 nm exhibit the champion EM absorption performance, a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −50.8 dB at 13.5 GHz with a thickness of 1.9 mm, along with the corresponding bandwidth of RL less than −10 dB (90% absorption) covering 4.8 GHz. Notably, such excellent microwave absorption performance, probably as a result of well-matched impedance together with multiple reflection induced by the distinctive hollow structure, demonstrates HCNs to be one of the most competitive carbon-based absorbers to date. More importantly, this study provides an effective strategy to tune the microwave performance via tailoring the sizes of HCNs.