3,386 results
Search Results
2. Research Paper: The Modulatory Role of Orexin 1 Receptor in CA1 on Orofacial Pain-induced Learning and Memory Deficits in Rats
- Author
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Razieh Kooshki, Mehdi Abbasnejad, Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani, and Maryam Raoof
- Subjects
Orofacial pain ,Orexin 1 Receptor ,CA1 ,Learning and memory ,Capsaicin ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Introduction: Cognitive impairment is commonly associated with pain. The modulatory role of orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) in pain pathways as well as learning and memory processes is reported in several studies. The current study was designed to investigate the possible role of CA1-hippocampal OX1R on spatial learning and memory of rats following capsaicin-induced orofacial pain. Methods: Orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous intra lip injection of capsaicin (100 μg). CA1 administration of orexin A and its selective antagonist (SB-334867-A) were performed 20 minutes prior to capsaicin injection. Learning and spatial memory performances were assessed by Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. Results: Capsaicin treated rats showed impairment in spatial learning and memory. In addition, pretreatment with orexin A (20 and 40 nM/rat) significantly attenuated learning and memory impairment in capsaicin-treated rats. Conversely, blockage of OX1R via SB-334867-A (40 and 80 nM/rat) significantly exaggerated learning and memory loss in capsaicin-treated rats. Conclusion: The obtained results indicated that CA1 OX1R may be involved in modulation of capsaicin –induced spatial learning and memory impairment.
- Published
- 2017
3. Dynamic neurogenomic responses to social interactions and dominance outcomes in female paper wasps
- Author
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Sara E. Miller, Christopher M. Jernigan, Floria M. K. Uy, Natalie C. Zaba, Michael J. Sheehan, and Eshan Mehrotra
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Cancer Research ,Genome, Insect ,Wasps ,Gene Expression ,Social Sciences ,Insect ,QH426-470 ,Cognition ,Learning and Memory ,Sociology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Psychology ,Genetics (clinical) ,media_common ,Behavior, Animal ,Brain ,Genomics ,Aggression ,Dominance (ethology) ,Social system ,Long Term Memory ,Social Systems ,Female ,Anatomy ,medicine.symptom ,Transcriptome Analysis ,Research Article ,Social status ,Polistes fuscatus ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Foraging ,Social stimuli ,Biology ,Ocular System ,Memory ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Social Behavior ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Paper wasp ,Behavior ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Computational Biology ,Genome Analysis ,biology.organism_classification ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Evolutionary biology ,Cognitive Science ,Optic Lobes ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Social interactions have large effects on individual physiology and fitness. In the immediate sense, social stimuli are often highly salient and engaging. Over longer time scales, competitive interactions often lead to distinct social ranks and differences in physiology and behavior. Understanding how initial responses lead to longer-term effects of social interactions requires examining the changes in responses over time. Here we examined the effects of social interactions on transcriptomic signatures at two times, at the end of a 45-minute interaction and 4 hours later, in female Polistes fuscatus paper wasp foundresses. Female P. fuscatus have variable facial patterns that are used for visual individual recognition, so we separately examined the transcriptional dynamics in the optic lobe and the non-visual brain. Results demonstrate much stronger transcriptional responses to social interactions in the non-visual brain compared to the optic lobe. Differentially regulated genes in response to social interactions are enriched for memory-related transcripts. Comparisons between winners and losers of the encounters revealed similar overall transcriptional profiles at the end of an interaction, which significantly diverged over the course of 4 hours, with losers showing changes in expression levels of genes associated with aggression and reproduction in paper wasps. On nests, subordinate foundresses are less aggressive, do more foraging and lay fewer eggs compared to dominant foundresses and we find losers shift expression of many genes in the non-visual brain, including vitellogenin, related to aggression, worker behavior, and reproduction within hours of losing an encounter. These results highlight the early neurogenomic changes that likely contribute to behavioral and physiological effects of social status changes in a social insect., Author summary Aggressive interactions often create inequalities–some individuals win while others lose. Winning versus losing can lead to large physiological differences between individuals, including different neurogenomic profiles between winners and losers. How this information about contest outcome leads to distinct neurogenomic profiles is poorly understood. Here we examine gene expression in response to aggressive social encounters in paper wasps, which naturally form dominance hierarchies on their nests in the wild. Shortly following encounters winners and losers have similar expression profiles, likely because similar mechanisms are engaged by social experiences. Four hours later, we find divergent neurogenomic profiles between winners and losers, with losers showing larger shifts in expression compared to winners. Many of the most dynamically expressed genes have been previously associated with dominance and caste differences in paper wasps showing how a single interaction can engage many of the same genomic networks that are involved in mediating more dramatic differences in queen-worker behavioral differences are also involved in responses shortly following social interactions.
- Published
- 2021
4. Disadvantages in preparing and publishing scientific papers caused by the dominance of the English language in science: The case of Colombian researchers in biological sciences
- Author
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Valeria Ramírez-Castañeda
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Science and Technology Workforce ,Economics ,Writing ,Social Sciences ,lcsh:Medicine ,Multilingualism ,Careers in Research ,Mathematical and Statistical Techniques ,Learning and Memory ,Salaries ,Science communication ,Psychology ,Salary ,lcsh:Science ,media_common ,Language ,Grammar ,Principal Component Analysis ,Multidisciplinary ,Impact factor ,Publications ,Statistics ,Public relations ,Research Personnel ,Professions ,Publishing ,Physical Sciences ,Medicine ,Periodicals as Topic ,Research Article ,Science Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,English grammar ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Biological Science Disciplines ,Human Learning ,Political science ,Humans ,Learning ,Statistical Methods ,Scientific Publishing ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Linguistics ,Reading comprehension ,Labor Economics ,People and Places ,Multivariate Analysis ,Cognitive Science ,Scientists ,Population Groupings ,lcsh:Q ,business ,Mathematics ,Neuroscience - Abstract
The success of a scientist depends on their production of scientific papers and the impact factor of the journal in which they publish. Because most major scientific journals are published in English, success is related to publishing in this language. Currently, 98% of publications in science are written in English, including researchers from English as a Foreign Language (EFL) countries. Colombia is among the countries with the lowest English proficiency in the world. Thus, understanding the disadvantages that Colombians face in publishing is crucial to reducing global inequality in science. This paper quantifies the disadvantages that result from the language hegemony in scientific publishing by examining the additional costs that communicating in English creates in the production of articles. It was identified that more than 90% of the scientific articles published by Colombian researchers are in English, and that publishing in a second language creates additional financial costs to Colombian doctoral students and results in problems with reading comprehension, writing ease and time, and anxiety. Rejection or revision of their articles because of the English grammar was reported by 43.5% of the doctoral students, and 33% elected not to attend international conferences and meetings due to the mandatory use of English in oral presentations. Finally, among the translation/editing services reviewed, the cost per article is between one-quarter and one-half of a doctoral monthly salary in Colombia. Of particular note, we identified a positive correlation between English proficiency and higher socioeconomic origin of the researcher. Overall, this study exhibits the negative consequences of hegemony of English that preserves the global gap in science. Although having a common language is important for science communication, generating multilinguistic alternatives would promote diversity while conserving a communication channel. Such an effort should come from different actors and should not fall solely on EFL researchers.
- Published
- 2020
5. Ten simple rules for reading a scientific paper
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William A. Petri, Kevin L Steiner, and Maureen A. Carey
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Science and Technology Workforce ,Economics ,Social Sciences ,Scientific literature ,Careers in Research ,Key (music) ,Habits ,Learning and Memory ,Sociology ,Reading (process) ,Psychology ,Biology (General) ,media_common ,Simple (philosophy) ,Textbooks ,Ecology ,Library card ,Careers ,Publications ,Research Assessment ,Professions ,Editorial ,Computational Theory and Mathematics ,Modeling and Simulation ,Research Reporting Guidelines ,Educational Status ,Periodicals as Topic ,Employment ,QH301-705.5 ,Science Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Education ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Level of Effort ,Human Learning ,Genetics ,Mathematics education ,Learning ,Early career ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Publishing ,Behavior ,Research ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Advice (programming) ,Reading ,Labor Economics ,People and Places ,Scientists ,Cognitive Science ,Population Groupings ,Undergraduates ,Neuroscience - Abstract
“There is no problem that a library card can't solve” according to author Eleanor Brown [1]. This advice is sound, probably for both life and science, but even the best tool (like the library) is most effective when accompanied by instructions and a basic understanding of how and when to use it. For many budding scientists, the first day in a new lab setting often involves a stack of papers, an email full of links to pertinent articles, or some promise of a richer understanding so long as one reads enough of the scientific literature. However, the purpose and approach to reading a scientific article is unlike that of reading a news story, novel, or even a textbook and can initially seem unapproachable. Having good habits for reading scientific literature is key to setting oneself up for success, identifying new research questions, and filling in the gaps in one’s current understanding; developing these good habits is the first crucial step. Advice typically centers around two main tips: read actively and read often. However, active reading, or reading with an intent to understand, is both a learned skill and a level of effort. Although there is no one best way to do this, we present 10 simple rules, relevant to novices and seasoned scientists alike, to teach our strategy for active reading based on our experience as readers and as mentors of undergraduate and graduate researchers, medical students, fellows, and early career faculty. Rules 1–5 are big picture recommendations. Rules 6–8 relate to philosophy of reading. Rules 9–10 guide the “now what?” questions one should ask after reading and how to integrate what was learned into one’s own science.
- Published
- 2020
6. Research Paper: The Effects of Ripe Pistachio Hulls Hydroalcoholic Extract and Aerobic Training on Learning and Memory in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Male Rats.
- Author
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Gorabi, Sajad Abdi, Mohammadzadeh, Hasan, and Rostampour, Mohammad
- Subjects
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MNEMONICS , *PISTACHIO , *GLYCEMIC control , *RATS , *AEROBIC exercises - Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus has harmful effects on body functions, such as learning and memory. According to the role of exercise and medicinal plants on body health, the purpose of this study was to survey the effect of combined aerobic training and the use of Ripe Pistachio Hulls (RPH) hydro-alcoholic extract on learning and memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g were used in 6 groups with an equal number of 7 rats in each one. Streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg / kg)was used to induce diabetes, and the test protocol was applied for 8 weeks. Passive avoidance memory was assessed using a step-through passive avoidance apparatus (shuttle box). SPSS software was used to analyze the data and P<0.05 was significant. Results: The results showed that step-through latency in the acquisition trial (STLa) was not significantly different among groups. Step-through latency in retrieval (STLr 24) test significantly reduced and time spent in The Dark Compartment (TDC) decreased in treated groups compared with the diabetic control groups (P<0.001). Also, there was no significant difference between the STZ and saline diabetic groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the RPH hydro-alcoholic extract and aerobic exercise could improve passive avoidance memory in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Meanwhile, they might be an adjuvant therapy combined with other traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Research Paper: The Modulatory Role of Orexin 1 Receptor in CA1 on Orofacial Pain-induced Learning and Memory Deficits in Rats.
- Author
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Kooshki, Razieh, Abbasnejad, Mehdi, Esmaeili-Mahani, Saeed, and Raoof, Maryam
- Subjects
- *
OREXINS , *OROFACIAL pain - Abstract
Introduction: Cognitive impairment is commonly associated with pain. The modulatory role of orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) in pain pathways as well as learning and memory processes is reported in several studies. The current study was designed to investigate the possible role of CA1-hippocampal OX1R on spatial learning and memory of rats following capsaicin-induced orofacial pain. Methods: Orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous intra lip injection of capsaicin (100 μg). CA1 administration of orexin A and its selective antagonist (SB-334867-A) were performed 20 minutes prior to capsaicin injection. Learning and spatial memory performances were assessed by Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. Results: Capsaicin treated rats showed impairment in spatial learning and memory. In addition, pretreatment with orexin A (20 and 40 nM/rat) significantly attenuated learning and memory impairment in capsaicin-treated rats. Conversely, blockage of OX1R via SB-334867-A (40 and 80 nM/rat) significantly exaggerated learning and memory loss in capsaicin-treated rats. Conclusion: The obtained results indicated that CA1 OX1R may be involved in modulation of capsaicin-induced spatial learning and memory impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Effects of an integrated intervention program for alcoholism (IIPA) on learning, memory and quality of life (QOL) in persons with alcohol dependence at the Centre for Addiction Medicine, Bengaluru, India
- Author
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Kumar, Rajesh, Kumar, Keshav J., Benegal, Vivek, Roopesh, Bangalore N., and Ravi, Girikematha S.
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- 2022
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9. The mechanism of enriched environment repairing the learning and memory impairment in offspring of prenatal stress by regulating the expression of activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated and insulin-like growth factor-2 in hippocampus
- Author
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Guan, Su-zhen, Fu, You-juan, Zhao, Feng, Liu, Hong-ya, Chen, Xiao-hui, Qi, Fa-qiu, Liu, Zhi-hong, and Ng, Tzi Bun
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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10. The mechanism of enriched environment repairing the learning and memory impairment in offspring of prenatal stress by regulating the expression of activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated and insulin-like growth factor-2 in hippocampus
- Author
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Su-zhen Guan, You-juan Fu, Feng Zhao, Hong-ya Liu, Xiao-hui Chen, Fa-qiu Qi, Zhi-hong Liu, and Tzi Bun Ng
- Subjects
Enriched environment ,Prenatal stress ,Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) ,Activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) ,Learning and memory ,Su-zhen Guan and You-juan Fu are coauthors of the paper. ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Prenatal stress can cause neurobiological and behavioral defects in offspring; environmental factors play a crucial role in regulating the development of brain and behavioral; this study was designed to test and verify whether an enriched environment can repair learning and memory impairment in offspring rats induced by prenatal stress and to explore its mechanism involving the expression of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) and activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) in the hippocampus of the offspring. Methods Rats were selected to establish a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model during pregnancy. Offspring were weaned on 21st day and housed under either standard or an enriched environment. The learning and memory ability were tested using Morris water maze and Y-maze. The expression of IGF-2 and Arc mRNA and protein were respectively measured by using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results There was an elevation in the plasma corticosterone level of rat model of maternal chronic stress during pregnancy. Maternal stress’s offspring exposed to an enriched environment could decrease their plasma corticosterone level and improve their weight. The offspring of maternal stress during pregnancy exhibited abnormalities in Morris water maze and Y-maze, which were improved in an enriched environment. The expression of IGF-2, Arc mRNA, and protein in offspring of maternal stress during pregnancy was boosted and some relationships existed between these parameters after being exposed enriched environment. Conclusions The learning and memory impairment in offspring of prenatal stress can be rectified by the enriched environment, the mechanism of which is related to the decreasing plasma corticosterone and increasing hippocampal IGF-2 and Arc of offspring rats following maternal chronic stress during pregnancy.
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- 2021
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11. Preclinical systematic review of ginsenoside Rg1 for cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease
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Xi-Le Zhang, Guo-Qing Zheng, Hai-Yong Liang, Yan-Ran Huang, Yan Lin, Yan-Yan Zheng, and Pei-Pei Zhang
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Genetically modified mouse ,Aging ,Ginsenosides ,Disease ,potential mechanisms ,Bioinformatics ,Synapse ,Ginseng ,Alzheimer Disease ,Memory impairment ,Medicine ,preclinical evidence ,Animals ,Humans ,Chronic stress ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Nootropic Agents ,business.industry ,Cognition ,Cell Biology ,Alzheimer's disease ,Ginsenoside Rg1 ,ginsenoside Rg1 ,learning and memory ,business ,Research Paper - Abstract
Ginseng has been used for the treatment of aging and memory impairment for thousands of years. Several studies have found that ginsenoside Rg1, as one of the main active components of ginseng, could potentially improve cognitive function in several different animal models. A preclinical systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 for ameliorating cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease is reported here. We searched six databases from their inceptions to January 2019. Thirty-two studies were selected, which included a total of 1,643 animals. According to various cognitive behavioral tests, the results of the meta-analyses showed that ginsenoside Rg1 significantly improved cognitive behavioral impairments in most Alzheimer's disease models (P < 0.05), but there were no significant effects in animals with neuronal degeneration induced by chronic stress or in SAMP8 transgenic mice. The potential mechanisms included antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, amelioration of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology, synapse protection, and up-regulation of nerve cells via multiple signaling pathways.
- Published
- 2021
12. Genistein enhances expression of extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, and learning and memory of mouse
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Paramanik Vijay and Kurrey Khuleshwari
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MAPK/ERK pathway ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Immunoblotting ,Estrogen receptor ,Genistein ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Biology ,Open field ,Learning and memory ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Internal medicine ,Extracellular ,medicine ,ERK1/2 ,Kinase ,General Neuroscience ,Neurogenesis ,Brain ,Novel Object Recognition ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Neuron differentiation ,RC321-571 ,Research Paper - Abstract
Genistein (GEN) is a well known phytoestrogen. It acts through estrogen receptor (ER) and performs plethora of functions in the brain. ERK1/2 is an activated kinase which involves in neuron differentiation, adult neurogenesis and several brain functions including learning and memory. However, GEN dependent expression of ERK1/2 and its effect in learning and memory of mice are unknown. In this study, Swiss albino male mice of 25weeks weighing 30 g were used for the experiments. Mice were placed in two groups- control (C) and genistein treated (GEN). Treated group received GEN dissolved in sesame oil (1 mg/kg/day) whereas the control group received sesame oil only. To study the effects of GEN on learning and memory, open-field (OF) test and novel object recognition (NOR) test were performed. Moreover, immunoblotting (IB) was performed to check the expression of ERK1/2 in the mouse brain of both groups. In the OF test, no significant change was observed in motor activity and anxiety in GEN treated mice as compared to control. Moreover, NOR test suggested that entry towards the dissimilar object was higher in case of GEN treated mice as compared to control. These findings suggest higher learning and memory of GEN treated mice than of control. IB showed that the expression of ERK1/2 was significantly high in GEN treated mouse brain as compared to control. Such study may be helpful to understand GEN mediated learning and memory involving ERK1/2., Highlights • The present paper reports that GENISTEIN enhances learning and memory of mouse at behavioral level. • GENISTEIN enhances ERK1/2 expression which is manifested at behavioral level. • The present paper links between the GENISTEIN and ERK1/2 from molecular level to behavioral level in the context of learning and memory.
- Published
- 2020
13. Cognitive Impairments of Sleep-Deprived Ovariectomized (OVX) Female Rats by Voluntary Exercise
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Vahid Sheibani, Fatemeh Mohtashami Borzadaranb, Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh, Khadijeh Esmaeilpour, and sina motamedy
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Morris water navigation task ,Ovariectomized (OVX) female rat ,Open field ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,Learning and memory ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,medicine ,Voluntary exercise ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,030304 developmental biology ,Sleep Deprivation (SD) ,0303 health sciences ,Clinical neuroscience ,business.industry ,Repeated measures design ,Anxiety-like behavior ,Cognition ,Sleep deprivation ,Ovariectomized rat ,Neurology (clinical) ,Analysis of variance ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Corticosterone ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Research Paper - Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies demonstrated that forced and voluntary exercise had ameliorative effects on behavioral tasks followed by Sleep Deprivation (SD) in intact female rats. The main goal of this research was evaluating the impact of voluntary exercise on cognitive functions while SD and ovariectomization is induced in female wistar rats. Methods: The rats were anesthesized combining dosage of ketamine and xylazine. Then, both ovaries were eliminated and 3 weeks after surgery the animals entered the study. The exercise protocol took 4 weeks of voluntary exercise in a wheel which was connected to home cage. For inducing a 72 hours deprivation the multiple platforms was applied. The cognitive functions were studied by exploiting the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Novel object recognition tests. Anxiety was evaluated by open field test and corticostrone measurement was carried out by ELISA method. One-way and two-way ANOVA and repeated measures were utilized for data analysis and P
- Published
- 2020
14. Effect of XingPiJieYu decoction on spatial learning and memory and cAMP-PKA-CREB-BDNF pathway in rat model of depression through chronic unpredictable stress.
- Author
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Chunye Wang, Jianyou Guo, and Rongjuan Guo
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MENTAL depression ,ANTIDEPRESSANTS ,ANALYTICAL biochemistry ,ANIMAL experimentation ,COLLECTION & preservation of biological specimens ,ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay ,GENE expression ,HERBAL medicine ,LEARNING ,CHINESE medicine ,MEMORY ,PAPER chromatography ,PROBABILITY theory ,PROTEINS ,RATS ,RESEARCH funding ,RNA ,STATISTICAL sampling ,PSYCHOLOGICAL stress ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ONE-way analysis of variance - Abstract
Background: Depression is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive low mood and loss of pleasure or interest in usual activities, and often results in cognitive dysfunction. The disturbance of cognitive processes associated with depression, especially the impairment of learning and memory, exacerbates illness and increases recurrence of depression. XingPiJieYu (XPJY) is one of the most widely clinical formulas of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and can improve the symptoms of depression, including learning and memory. However, its regulatory effects haven't been comprehensively studied so far. Recently, some animal tests have indicated that the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA)-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway in hippocampus is closely related to depression and the pathogenesis of cognitive function impairments. The present study was performed to investigate the effect and mechanism of XPJY on depression and learning and memory in animal model. Materials: The rat model of depression was established by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 21 days. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, CUS group, CUS + XPJY (1.4 g/kg, 0.7 g/kg and 0.35 g/kg) groups, and CUS + sertraline (10 mg/kg) group. The sucrose preference, open field exploration and Morris water maze (MWM) were tested. The expression of cAMP, CREB, PKA and BDNF protein in hippocampus was examined with Elisa and Western Blot. The mRNA level of CREB and BDNF in hippocampus was measured with PCR. Results: The results demonstrated that rats subjected to CUS exhibited decreases in sucrose preference, total ambulation, percentage of central ambulation, rearing in the open field test and spatial performance in the MWM. CUS reduced the expression of cAMP, PKA, CREB and BDNF in hippocampus of model rats. These effects could be reversed by XPJY. Conclusion: The results indicated that XPJY can improve depression and related learning and memory and the effect of XPJY is partly exerted through the cAMP-PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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15. Lowered levels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and elevated apoptosis in the hippocampus of brains from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and db/db mice
- Author
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Yang-Ting Dong, Yi Xu, Zhi-Zhong Guan, Wen-Feng Yu, Kun Cao, Jie Xiang, Yan Xiao, Xiao-Lan Qi, and Bing Guo
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Male ,Aging ,medicine.medical_specialty ,alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ,type 2 diabetes mellitus ,Spatial Learning ,Hippocampus ,Morris water navigation task ,Apoptosis ,Receptors, Nicotinic ,Pathogenesis ,Mice ,mice db/db ,Memory ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Maze Learning ,Aged ,postmortem human brain ,Acetylcholine receptor ,TUNEL assay ,business.industry ,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ,Cell Biology ,Endocrinology ,Nicotinic agonist ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,nervous system ,Female ,nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ,Autopsy ,learning and memory ,business ,Research Paper - Abstract
Cognitive impairment caused by diabetes has been gradually recognized. Generally, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play an important role in the pathogenesis in dementia disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the expression of nAChRs in the brains of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is unexplored. This study explored the alterations of nAChRs in the postmortem brains of patients with T2DM and brains of db/db mice. Morris water maze test was used to appraise the ability of spatial learning and memory; Western blotting and RT-qPCR were performed to determine the expressions of target protein and mRNA, respectively; TUNEL was used to detect the apoptosis of neurons. We found that the protein levels of nAChR α7 and α4 subunits were significantly decreased and the apoptosis rates in neurons elevated in the hippocampus of T2DM patients and db/db mice as comparison to controls. Furthermore, the db/db mice exhibited the impaired cognition, the elevated level of pro-apoptotic protein and the reduced level of anti-apoptotic and synaptic proteins. This study shows the lowered level of nAChR α7 and α4 subunits and the elevated apoptosis in the hippocampus of T2DM patients and db/db mice, which might help explain the impaired cognition in T2DM.
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- 2020
16. The Effects of Ripe Pistachio Hulls Hydro-alcoholic Extract and Aerobic Training on Learning and Memory in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Male Rats
- Author
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Hasan Mohammadzadeh, Sajad Abdi Gorabi, and Mohammad Rostampour
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,ripe pistachio hulls ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,Male rats ,medicine ,Aerobic exercise ,streptozotocin-diabetic rats ,Saline ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Clinical neuroscience ,medicine.disease ,Streptozotocin ,Endocrinology ,Neurology (clinical) ,Passive avoidance ,aerobic training ,learning and memory ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Research Paper ,Diabetic control ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus has harmful effects on body functions, such as learning and memory. According to the role of exercise and medicinal plants on body health, the purpose of this study was to survey the effect of combined aerobic training and the use of Ripe Pistachio Hulls (RPH) hydro-alcoholic extract on learning and memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g were used in 6 groups with an equal number of 7 rats in each one. Streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg / kg)was used to induce diabetes , and the test protocol was applied for 8 weeks. Passive avoidance memory was assessed using a step-through passive avoidance apparatus (shuttle box). SPSS software was used to analyze the data and P
- Published
- 2020
17. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the cognitive deficits in D-galactose and AlCl3-induced aging mice by restoring FGF2-Akt and BDNF-TrkB signaling axis to inhibit apoptosis
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Run-Ze Gu, Rongfeng Lan, Lin Wang, Xiao-Yan Qin, Wen-Hao Zhang, and Si-Jia Zhong
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Male ,Aging ,Ginsenosides ,Hippocampus ,Morris water navigation task ,Panax ,Apoptosis ,Tropomyosin receptor kinase B ,Pharmacology ,Neuroprotection ,Antioxidants ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ginseng ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cognition ,estradiol ,step down avoidance test ,Aluminum Chloride ,Animals ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Protein kinase B ,Membrane Glycoproteins ,Behavior, Animal ,Chemistry ,Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ,Galactose ,General Medicine ,Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ,ginsenoside Rg1 ,Disease Models, Animal ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ,Signal transduction ,learning and memory ,Morris water maze ,Behavior Observation Techniques ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ,Research Paper ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 is the main active ingredient of Panax ginseng with the activity of neuroprotective, antioxidant and strengthening the immune system. Therefore, we hypothesized that Rg1 may afford anti-aging effects although the mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, chemically induced aging mice were established by consecutive administration of D-galactose and AlCl3. We found that Rg1 effectively ameliorates spatial learning and memory deficits in aging mice demonstrated by their improved performance in step down avoidance tests and Morris water maze experiments. Rg1 restored aging-induced decline of FGF2 and BDNF, reactivated TrkB/Akt signaling pathways in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to inhibit apoptosis, for the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and apoptosis promoting enzyme cleaved-Caspase3 were antagonistically restored. Therefore, these results established the anti-aging effects of Rg1, and FGF2, BDNF and associated signaling pathways might be promising targets. Our data may provide a new avenue to the pharmacological research and diet therapeutic role of ethnic products such as Rg1 in anti-aging and aging associated diseases.
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- 2020
18. Improvement of cognitive and motor performance with mitotherapy in aged mice
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Zizhen Zhao, Ailing Fu, Zhenyao Yu, Le Zhang, and Yixue Hou
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Mitochondrial DNA ,Fluorescent Antibody Technique ,Biology ,Mitochondrion ,bioenergy ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,DNA, Mitochondrial ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,Cognition ,Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ,Memory ,Morris Water Maze Test ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Learning ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,Reactive oxygen species ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Atp content ,Cell Biology ,Metabolism ,motor ,Mitochondria ,Oxidative Stress ,Mitochondrial structure ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,learning and memory ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Function (biology) ,Developmental Biology ,Research Paper - Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial structure and function are mostly responsible for aging and age-related features. Whether healthy mitochondria could prevent aging is, however, unclear. Here we intravenously injected the mitochondria isolated from young mice into aged mice and investigated the mitotherapy on biochemistry metabolism and animal behaviors. The results showed that heterozygous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of both aged and young mouse coexisted in tissues of aged mice after mitochondrial administration, and meanwhile, ATP content in tissues increased while reactive oxygen species (ROS) level reduced. Besides, the mitotherapy significantly improved cognitive and motor performance of aged mice. Our study, at the first report in aged animals, not only provides a useful approach to study mitochondrial function associated with aging, but also a new insight into anti-aging through mitotherapy.
- Published
- 2020
19. IGFBP2 Plays an Essential Role in Cognitive Development during Early Life
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Shumsuzzaman Khan, Yi Li, Minchao Lv, Nicholas C. Spitzer, Zhi Yang, Meng-Chen Zhang, Ji-Zeng Du, Shuangshuang Liu, Xiao-Kang Xu, Fangyuan Xia, Xin-Jiang Lu, Jian Weng, Xue-Qun Chen, Gareth Leng, Qingyao Huang, and Jia-Wei Tang
- Subjects
Neurite ,Postsynaptic Current ,hippocampus ,General Chemical Engineering ,medicine.medical_treatment ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Neuropeptide ,02 engineering and technology ,IGFR1 ,Biology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,Behavioral and Social Science ,medicine ,General Materials Science ,lcsh:Science ,Full Paper ,Growth factor ,General Engineering ,neuropeptides ,Neurosciences ,Long-term potentiation ,Cognition ,Full Papers ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,nervous system ,Neurological ,Excitatory postsynaptic potential ,IGFBP2 ,NMDA receptor ,lcsh:Q ,learning and memory ,0210 nano-technology ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms underlying cognitive development in early life is a critical objective. The expression of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) in the hippocampus increases during neonatal development and is associated with learning and memory, but a causal connection has not been established. Here, it is reported that neurons and astrocytes expressing IGFBP2 are distributed throughout the hippocampus. IGFBP2 enhances excitatory inputs onto CA1 pyramidal neurons, facilitating intrinsic excitability and spike transmission, and regulates plasticity at excitatory synapses in a cell‐type specific manner. It facilitates long‐term potentiation (LTP) by enhancing N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐dependent excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), and enhances neurite proliferation and elongation. Knockout of igfbp2 reduces the numbers of pyramidal cells and interneurons, impairs LTP and cognitive performance, and reduces tonic excitation of pyramidal neurons that are all rescued by IGFBP2. The results provide insight into the requirement for IGFBP2 in cognition in early life., Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) regulates plasticity in a cell‐type‐specific manner at excitatory synapses in the hippocampus, facilitates long‐term potentiation (LTP) by IGFR1 and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR)‐s/evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs), and rescues LTP and cognitive performance and excitation in KO mice.
- Published
- 2019
20. 5-HT6R null mutatrion induces synaptic and cognitive defects
- Author
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Chenjian Li, Chen Chen, Bingjie Wang, Zhang Yan, and Zehui Sun
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0301 basic medicine ,Aging ,Central nervous system ,Dendrite ,Biology ,Ciliopathies ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,primary cilia ,Alzheimer Disease ,medicine ,5‐HT6R ,Animals ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Receptor ,neuronal excitability ,Original Paper ,Cilium ,Cell Biology ,Original Articles ,medicine.disease ,Axon initial segment ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Schizophrenia ,Receptors, Serotonin ,Synapses ,Serotonin ,learning and memory ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Serotonin 6 receptor (5‐HT6R) is a promising target for a variety of human diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. However, the detailed mechanism underlying 5‐HT6R activity in the central nervous system (CNS) is not fully understood. In the present study, 5‐HT6R null mutant (5‐HT6R−/−) mice were found to exhibit cognitive deficiencies and abnormal anxiety levels. 5‐HT6R is considered to be specifically localized on the primary cilia. We found that the loss of 5‐HT6R affected the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway in the primary cilia. 5‐HT6R−/− mice showed remarkable alterations in neuronal morphology, including dendrite complexity and axon initial segment morphology. Neurons lacking 5‐HT6R exhibited increased neuronal excitability. Our findings highlight the complexity of 5‐HT6R functions in the primary ciliary and neuronal physiology, supporting the theory that this receptor modulates neuronal morphology and transmission, and contributes to cognitive deficits in a variety of human diseases, such as AD, schizophrenia, and ciliopathies., Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with changesin synaptic morphology, nervous system dysfunction, and cognitive decline. Lossof 5‐HT6R elevates anxiety and decreases learning and memory ability in mice.Meanwhile, changes in ciliary signaling, dendrites, synaptic plasticity, andneuronal excitability are found in 5‐HT6R mutant mice, suggesting that5‐HT6R has potential therapeutic value in impeding AD progression.
- Published
- 2021
21. The mechanism of enriched environment repairing the learning and memory impairment in offspring of prenatal stress by regulating the expression of activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated and insulin-like growth factor-2 in hippocampus
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Feng Zhao, Hong-ya Liu, Xiao-hui Chen, Zhi-hong Liu, You-juan Fu, Fa-qiu Qi, Su-zhen Guan, and Tzi Bun Ng
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Offspring ,Hippocampus ,Morris water navigation task ,Nerve Tissue Proteins ,Biology ,Social Environment ,Learning and memory ,Random Allocation ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) ,Su-zhen Guan and You-juan Fu are coauthors of the paper ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ,Pregnancy ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Learning ,Chronic stress ,Rats, Wistar ,030304 developmental biology ,Memory Disorders ,0303 health sciences ,Environmental enrichment ,Arc (protein) ,Enriched environment ,Learning Disabilities ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Prenatal stress ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,Cytoskeletal Proteins ,Endocrinology ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) ,Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ,Female ,Stress, Psychological ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Prenatal stress can cause neurobiological and behavioral defects in offspring; environmental factors play a crucial role in regulating the development of brain and behavioral; this study was designed to test and verify whether an enriched environment can repair learning and memory impairment in offspring rats induced by prenatal stress and to explore its mechanism involving the expression of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) and activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) in the hippocampus of the offspring. Methods Rats were selected to establish a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model during pregnancy. Offspring were weaned on 21st day and housed under either standard or an enriched environment. The learning and memory ability were tested using Morris water maze and Y-maze. The expression of IGF-2 and Arc mRNA and protein were respectively measured by using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results There was an elevation in the plasma corticosterone level of rat model of maternal chronic stress during pregnancy. Maternal stress’s offspring exposed to an enriched environment could decrease their plasma corticosterone level and improve their weight. The offspring of maternal stress during pregnancy exhibited abnormalities in Morris water maze and Y-maze, which were improved in an enriched environment. The expression of IGF-2, Arc mRNA, and protein in offspring of maternal stress during pregnancy was boosted and some relationships existed between these parameters after being exposed enriched environment. Conclusions The learning and memory impairment in offspring of prenatal stress can be rectified by the enriched environment, the mechanism of which is related to the decreasing plasma corticosterone and increasing hippocampal IGF-2 and Arc of offspring rats following maternal chronic stress during pregnancy.
- Published
- 2021
22. A Feasibility Study with Image-Based Rendered Virtual Reality in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.
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Manera, Valeria, Chapoulie, Emmanuelle, Bourgeois, Jérémy, Guerchouche, Rachid, David, Renaud, Ondrej, Jan, Drettakis, George, and Robert, Philippe
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FEASIBILITY studies ,MILD cognitive impairment ,DEMENTIA ,VIRTUAL reality ,MEDICAL rehabilitation ,DISEASES in older people ,TASK performance ,COGNITIVE training ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool in many domains of therapy and rehabilitation, and has recently attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians working with elderly people with MCI, Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Here we present a study testing the feasibility of using highly realistic image-based rendered VR with patients with MCI and dementia. We designed an attentional task to train selective and sustained attention, and we tested a VR and a paper version of this task in a single-session within-subjects design. Results showed that participants with MCI and dementia reported to be highly satisfied and interested in the task, and they reported high feelings of security, low discomfort, anxiety and fatigue. In addition, participants reported a preference for the VR condition compared to the paper condition, even if the task was more difficult. Interestingly, apathetic participants showed a preference for the VR condition stronger than that of non-apathetic participants. These findings suggest that VR-based training can be considered as an interesting tool to improve adherence to cognitive training in elderly people with cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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23. Ketamine administered pregnant rats impair learning and memory in offspring via the CREB pathway
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Yue Li, Lina Li, Wenhan Liu, Xinran Li, Yu Chen, Cen Guo, Li Gao, Yuxin Wang, Yanan Li, and Yiming Zhang
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0301 basic medicine ,MAPK/ERK pathway ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,ketamine ,Offspring ,Morris water navigation task ,CREB ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Memory ,Pregnancy ,Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Learning ,Research Paper: Neuroscience ,Rats, Wistar ,Protein kinase A ,Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein ,Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ,biology ,Chemistry ,Kinase ,CREB pathway ,rat offspring ,pregnant rats ,Rats ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,Oncology ,Anesthesia ,biology.protein ,Female ,learning and memory ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Neuroscience ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
// Xinran Li 1 , Cen Guo 1 , Yanan Li 1 , Lina Li 1 , Yuxin Wang 1 , Yiming Zhang 1 , Yue Li 1 , Yu Chen 1 , Wenhan Liu 1 and Li Gao 1 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China Correspondence to: Li Gao, email: // Keywords : CREB pathway, ketamine, learning and memory, pregnant rats, rat offspring, Neuroscience Received : December 21, 2016 Accepted : January 27, 2017 Published : February 16, 2017 Abstract Ketamine has been reported to impair the capacity for learning and memory. This study examined whether these capacities were also altered in the offspring and investigated the role of the CREB signaling pathway in pregnant rats, subjected to ketamine-induced anesthesia. On the 14 th day of gestation (P14), female rats were anesthetized for 3 h via intravenous ketamine injection (200 mg/Kg). Morris water maze task, contextual and cued fear conditioning, and olfactory tasks were executed between the 25 th to 30 th day after birth (B25-30) on rat pups, and rats were sacrificed on B30. Nerve density and dendritic spine density were examined via Nissl’s and Golgi staining. Simultaneously, the contents of Ca 2+ /Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II (CaMKII), p-CaMKII, CaMKIV, p-CaMKIV, Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases (ERK), p-ERK, Protein Kinase A (PKA), p-PKA, cAMP-Response Element Binding Protein (CREB), p-CREB, and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) were detected in the hippocampus. We pretreated PC12 cells with both PKA inhibitor (H89) and ERK inhibitor (SCH772984), thus detecting levels of ERK, p-ERK, PKA, p-PKA, p-CREB, and BDNF. The results revealed that ketamine impaired the learning ability and spatial as well as conditioned memory in the offspring, and significantly decreased the protein levels of ERK, p-ERK, PKA, p-PKA, p-CREB, and BDNF. We found that ERK and PKA (but not CaMKII or CaMKIV) have the ability to regulate the CREB-BDNF pathway during ketamine-induced anesthesia in pregnant rats. Furthermore, ERK and PKA are mutually compensatory for the regulation of the CREB-BDNF pathway.
- Published
- 2017
24. TRPV1 activation alleviates cognitive and synaptic plasticity impairments through inhibiting AMPAR endocytosis in APP23/PS45 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
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Weihong Song, Yu Tian Wang, Junjie Li, Yayan Pang, Yehong Du, Min Fu, Zhilin Huang, Xin Tian, and Zhifang Dong
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0301 basic medicine ,Agonist ,Aging ,medicine.drug_class ,Long-Term Potentiation ,long‐term potentiation ,TRPV1 ,Spatial Learning ,TRPV Cation Channels ,Mice, Transgenic ,AMPA receptor ,Hippocampal formation ,Biology ,Endocytosis ,capsaicin ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Alzheimer Disease ,Memory ,medicine ,Animals ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Receptors, AMPA ,Maze Learning ,CA1 Region, Hippocampal ,Original Paper ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology ,Long-term potentiation ,Cell Biology ,Alzheimer's disease ,AMPA receptor endocytosis ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,nervous system ,Synaptic plasticity ,Synapses ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,learning and memory ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly. The accumulation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides is one of the pathological hallmarks of AD and leads to the impairments of synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a nonselective cation channel, is involved in synaptic plasticity and memory. However, the role of TRPV1 in AD pathogenesis remains largely elusive. Here, we reported that the expression of TRPV1 was decreased in the brain of APP23/PS45 double transgenic AD model mice. Genetic upregulation of TRPV1 by adeno‐associated virus (AAV) inhibited the APP processing and Aβ deposition in AD model mice. Meanwhile, upregulation of TRPV1 ameliorated the deficits of hippocampal CA1 long‐term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning and memory through inhibiting GluA2‐containing α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an agonist of TRPV1, dramatically reversed the impairments of hippocampal CA1 LTP and spatial learning and memory in AD model mice. Taken together, these results indicate that TRPV1 activation effectively ameliorates cognitive and synaptic functions through inhibiting AMPAR endocytosis in AD model mice and could be a novel molecule for AD treatment., Aging reduces TRPV1 activity to lead to AMPAR endocytosis and active APP processing to promote Aβ deposition. Increased AMPAR endocytosis and Aβ result in LTP impairment and subsequently induce memory deficits. Genetic upregulation or pharmacological activation of TRPV1 is able to reverse AD‐related neuropathologies in AD model mice.
- Published
- 2019
25. On the evolution of epigenetics via exaptation: A developmental systems perspective.
- Author
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Moore, David S.
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- *
GENOMES , *EPIGENETICS - Abstract
Evolution and development are interrelated processes influenced by genomic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Epigenetic processes serve critical roles in development and operate as intermediaries that connect the genome to the rest of the world. Therefore, it is of interest to consider the evolution of epigenetic processes. The developmental systems perspective offers a distinctive, coherent, integrative way to understand the relationships between evolution, epigenetics, development, and the effects of experienced contexts. By adopting this perspective, this paper draws attention to the role of exaptation in the evolution of epigenetics in the RNA world and addresses the role of epigenetics in the later evolution of developmental processes such as cellular differentiation, learning, and memory. In so doing, the paper considers the appearance and functions of epigenetics in evolutionary history—sketching a pathway by which epigenetic processes might have evolved via exaptation and then contributed to the later development and evolution of phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Neuroendocrine immunomodulation network dysfunction in SAMP8 mice and PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice: potential mechanism underlying cognitive impairment
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Shengqi Wang, Tongxing Wang, Jianhui Wang, Jun-Ping Cheng, Wenxia Zhou, Fei Li, Xiaorui Zhang, Xiao-Rui Cheng, Yongxiang Zhang, Feng Liu, Bo Xiaochen, and Wenjian Xu
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Eotaxin ,Chemokine ,T cell ,Mice, Transgenic ,Adrenocorticotropic hormone ,Immunomodulation ,Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Research Paper: Gerotarget (Focus on Aging) ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Alzheimer Disease ,mental disorders ,Presenilin-1 ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Gene Regulatory Networks ,PrPhAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice ,Cellular Senescence ,Behavior, Animal ,biology ,Gerotarget ,business.industry ,Monocyte ,Alzheimer's disease ,Colony-stimulating factor ,medicine.disease ,Neurosecretory Systems ,neuroendocrine immunomodulation ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Oncology ,Immunology ,Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 strain (SAMP8) ,biology.protein ,learning and memory ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
// Jian-hui Wang 1,2,* , Xiao-rui Cheng 1,2,* , Xiao-rui Zhang 1,2 , Tong-xing Wang 1,2 , Wen-jian Xu 3 , Fei Li 3 , Feng Liu 1,2 , Jun-ping Cheng 1,2 , Xiao-chen Bo 3 , Sheng-qi Wang 3 , Wen-xia Zhou 1,2 and Yong-xiang Zhang 1,2 1 Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China 3 Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China * These authors contributed equally to this work and as co-first authors Correspondence to: Xiao-rui Cheng, email: // Wen-xia Zhou, email: // Yong-xiang Zhang, email: // Keywords : Alzheimer's disease, neuroendocrine immunomodulation, Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 strain (SAMP8), PrPhAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice, learning and memory, Gerotarget Received : February 14, 2016 Accepted : March 18, 2016 Published : March 28, 2016 Abstract Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 strain (SAMP8) and PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1 ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice are classic animal models of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease and familial AD respectively. Our study showed that object recognition memory, spatial learning and memory, active and passive avoidance were deteriorated and neuroendocrine immunomodulation (NIM) network was imbalance in SAMP8 and APP/PS1 mice. SAMP8 and APP/PS1 mice had their own specific phenotype of cognition, neuroendocrine, immune and NIM molecular network. The endocrine hormone corticosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, chemotactic factor monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted factor and eotaxin, pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-23, and the Th1 cell acting as cell immunity accounted for cognitive deficiencies in SAMP8 mice, while adrenocorticotropic hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone, colony stimulating factor granulocyte colony stimulating factor, and Th2 cell acting as humoral immunity in APP/PS1 mice. On the pathway level, chemokine signaling and T cell receptor signaling pathway played the key role in cognition impairments of two models, while cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity were more important in cognitive deterioration of SAMP8 mice than APP/PS1 mice. This mechanisms of NIM network underlying cognitive impairment is significant for further understanding the pathogenesis of AD and can provide useful information for development of AD therapeutic drug.
- Published
- 2016
27. The effect of resveratrol on beta amyloid-induced memory impairment involves inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 related signaling
- Author
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Xiaoqing Feng, Ling Chen, Gang Wang, Ruochuan Cheng, Han-Ting Zhang, Xiaoyu Pan, Jiechun Chen, Yingcong Yu, Weijie Wang, James M. O'Donnell, Fan Wu, Liqun Wang, and Ying Xu
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Amyloid ,Water maze ,Resveratrol ,Pharmacology ,resveratrol ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research Paper: Gerotarget (Focus on Aging) ,Alzheimer Disease ,Stilbenes ,Medicine ,Memory impairment ,Animals ,Neuroinflammation ,Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ,Memory Disorders ,Mice, Inbred ICR ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Traditional medicine ,business.industry ,Gerotarget ,apoptosis ,medicine.disease ,Peptide Fragments ,Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,Oncology ,chemistry ,Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors ,Signal transduction ,Alzheimer's disease ,learning and memory ,PDE4 ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,beta amyloid peptide ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol found in red wine, has wide spectrum of pharmacological properties including antioxidative and antiaging activities. Beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) are known to involve cognitive impairment, neuroinflammatory and apoptotic processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activation of cAMP and/or cGMP activities can improve memory performance and decrease the neuroinflammation and apoptosis. However, it remains unknown whether the memory enhancing effect of resveratrol on AD associated cognitive disorders is related to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) subtypes and subsequent increases in intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP activities. This study investigated the effect of resveratrol on Aβ1-42-induced cognitive impairment and the participation of PDE4 subtypes related cAMP or cGMP signaling. Mice microinfused with Aβ1-42 into bilateral CA1 subregions displayed learning and memory impairment, as evidenced by reduced memory acquisition and retrieval in the water maze and retention in the passive avoidance tasks; it was also significant that neuroinflammatory and pro-apoptotic factors were increased in Aβ1-42-treated mice. Aβ1-42-treated mice also increased in PDE4A, 4B and 4D expression, and decreased in PKA level. However, PKA inhibitor H89, but not PKG inhibitor KT5823, prevented resveratrol's effects on these parameters. Resveratrol also reversed Aβ1-42-induced decreases in phosphorylated cAMP response-element binding protein (pCREB), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and anti-apoptotic factor BCl-2 expression, which were reversed by H89. These findings suggest that resveratrol reversing Aβ-induced learning and memory disorder may involve the regulation of neuronal inflammation and apoptosis via PDE4 subtypes related cAMP-CREB-BDNF signaling.
- Published
- 2016
28. Localisation of Formyl-Peptide Receptor 2 in the Rat Central Nervous System and Its Role in Axonal and Dendritic Outgrowth
- Author
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Joled Kong-Ze Koh, Christabel Fung-Yih Ho, John Jia En Chua, Yee-Kong Ng, Yi-Hua Low, Saravanan Gunaseelan, Nadia Binte Ismail, and Wei-Yi Ong
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Central Nervous System ,Male ,Cerebellum ,Omega-3 fatty acid ,Deep cerebellar nuclei ,Biochemistry ,LXR receptor ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cognition ,iPLA2 ,sPLA2 XIIA ,Axon ,Receptors, Lipoxin ,Chemistry ,Brain ,General Medicine ,FPRL1 ,Brain development ,Cell biology ,DHA ,Docosahexaenoic acid ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Spinal Cord ,Arachidonic acid ,Cerebellar cortex ,FPR2 ,cPLA2 ,Cell Survival ,FPR-L1 ,Central nervous system ,Pain ,Alox15 ,Neurite ,Resolvin D1 ,Synaptic plasticity ,Learning and memory ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Neuropil ,medicine ,Neurites ,Animals ,Rats, Wistar ,Brain Chemistry ,Original Paper ,Spinal trigeminal nucleus ,Dendrites ,Lipoxin A4 ,Spinal cord ,Alox5 ,LXA4R ,Axons ,Rats ,030104 developmental biology ,nervous system ,LXA4 receptor ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,PUFA - Abstract
Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) released by the action of phospholipases A2 (PLA2) on membrane phospholipids may be metabolized by lipoxygenases to the anti-inflammatory mediators lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and resolvin D1 (RvD1), and these can bind to a common receptor, formyl-peptide receptor 2 (FPR2). The contribution of this receptor to axonal or dendritic outgrowth is unknown. The present study was carried out to elucidate the distribution of FPR2 in the rat CNS and its role in outgrowth of neuronal processes. FPR2 mRNA expression was greatest in the brainstem, followed by the spinal cord, thalamus/hypothalamus, cerebral neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and striatum. The brainstem and spinal cord also contained high levels of FPR2 protein. The cerebral neocortex was moderately immunolabelled for FPR2, with staining mostly present as puncta in the neuropil. Dentate granule neurons and their axons (mossy fibres) in the hippocampus were very densely labelled. The cerebellar cortex was lightly stained, but the deep cerebellar nuclei, inferior olivary nucleus, vestibular nuclei, spinal trigeminal nucleus and dorsal horn of the spinal cord were densely labelled. Electron microscopy of the prefrontal cortex showed FPR2 immunolabel mostly in immature axon terminals or 'pre-terminals', that did not form synapses with dendrites. Treatment of primary hippocampal neurons with the FPR2 inhibitors, PBP10 or WRW4, resulted in reduced lengths of axons and dendrites. The CNS distribution of FPR2 suggests important functions in learning and memory, balance and nociception. This might be due to an effect of FPR2 in mediating arachidonic acid/LXA4 or DHA/RvD1-induced axonal or dendritic outgrowth.
- Published
- 2018
29. A comparative analysis of colour preferences in temperate and tropical social bees
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Hema Somanathan, Elizabeth Nicholls, G. S. Balamurali, and Natalie Hempel de Ibarra
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030110 physiology ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Sensory ecology ,Pollination ,Ultraviolet Rays ,Stingless bee ,media_common.quotation_subject ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Foraging ,Color ,Zoology ,Flowers ,Insect ,Choice Behavior ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Learning and memory ,03 medical and health sciences ,Species Specificity ,Animals ,Learning ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Apis cerana ,Foraging decisions ,media_common ,Original Paper ,Tropical Climate ,biology ,ved/biology ,Sensory bias ,General Medicine ,Bees ,biology.organism_classification ,Bombus terrestris ,Tetragonula iridipennis - Abstract
The spontaneous occurrence of colour preferences without learning has been demonstrated in several insect species; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. Here, we use a comparative approach to investigate spontaneous and learned colour preferences in foraging bees of two tropical and one temperate species. We hypothesised that tropical bees utilise different sets of plants and therefore might differ in their spontaneous colour preferences. We tested colour-naive bees and foragers from colonies that had been enclosed in large flight cages for a long time. Bees were shortly trained with triplets of neutral, UV-grey stimuli placed randomly at eight locations on a black training disk to induce foraging motivation. During unrewarded tests, the bees’ responses to eight colours were video-recorded. Bees explored all colours and displayed an overall preference for colours dominated by long or short wavelengths, rather than a single colour stimulus. Naive Apis cerana and Bombus terrestris showed similar choices. Both inspected long-wavelength stimuli more than short-wavelength stimuli, whilst responses of the tropical stingless bee Tetragonula iridipennis differed, suggesting that resource partitioning could be a determinant of spontaneous colour preferences. Reward on an unsaturated yellow colour shifted the bees’ preference curves as predicted, which is in line with previous findings that brief colour experience overrides the expression of spontaneous preferences. We conclude that rather than determining foraging behaviour in inflexible ways, spontaneous colour preferences vary depending on experimental settings and reflect potential biases in mechanisms of learning and decision-making in pollinating insects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00114-017-1531-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2018
30. A hybrid neural network for large-scale expressway network OD prediction based on toll data.
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Fu, Xin, Yang, Hao, Liu, Chenxi, Wang, Jianwei, and Wang, Yinhai
- Subjects
ARTIFICIAL neural networks ,TOLL collection ,SHORT-term memory ,TRAFFIC monitoring ,EXPRESS highways - Abstract
Accurate Origin-Destination (OD) prediction is significant for effective traffic monitor, which can support operation decision in traffic planning and management field. The enclosed expressway network system like toll gates system in China can collect mounts of trip records which can be gathered for OD prediction. The paper develops a novel neural network, which is named Expressway OD Prediction Neural Network (EODPNN) for toll data-based prediction. The network consists of the following three modules: The Feature Extension Module, the Memory Module, and the Prediction Module. In the process, the attributes data which can reflect the city attribute such as GDP, population, and the number of vehicles are considered to embeded into the notwork to increase the accuracy of the model. For the applicability improvment of the model, we categorize the cities in multiple classes based on their economy and population scales in this paper, which can provide a higher accurate prediction of OD by EODPNN. The results shows that, comparing to the traditional model like ARIMA and SVM, or typical neural networks like Bidirectional Long Short-term Memory, the EODPNN delivers a better prediction performance. The method proposed in this paper has been fully verified and has a potential to transplant to the other OD data-based management systems for a more accurate and flexible prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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31. Deficits of learning and memory in Hemojuvelin knockout mice
- Author
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Ying Zhou, Hongju Liu, Elizabeth Rao, Xiaoping Chen, Jinjing Song, Wei Ren, Weidong Li, Jinglong Li, Peng Zhang, and Eiki Takahashi
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Regulation of gene expression ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Mutation ,Full Paper ,General Veterinary ,apoptosis ,hemojuvelin ,Hippocampus ,Morris water navigation task ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,medicine.disease ,Juvenile hemochromatosis ,Endocrinology ,Laboratory Animal Science ,Internal medicine ,Knockout mouse ,Immunology ,medicine ,learning and memory ,Prefrontal cortex ,mouse ,Hemojuvelin - Abstract
Iron is involved in various physiological processes of the human body to maintain normal functions. Abnormal iron accumulation in brain has been reported as a pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairments. Hemojuvelin (HVJ) is a membrane-bound and soluble protein in mammals that is responsible for the iron overload condition known as juvenile hemochromatosis. Although iron accumulation in brain has been related to neurodegenerative diseases, it remains unknown the effect of mutation of HVJ gene on cognitive performance. In our studies, HJV(−/−) mice showed deficits in novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Furthermore, the expression ration of apoptotic marker Bax and anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex showed higher levels in HJV(−/−) mice. Our results suggested that deletion of HJV gene could increase apoptosis in brain which might contribute to learning and memory deficits in mutant mice. These results indicated that HJV(−/−) mice would be a useful model to study cognitive impairment induced by iron overload in brain.
- Published
- 2015
32. THRESHOLD FOR LEARNING: THE CASE FOR PRIORITIZING THE IN-BETWEEN SPACES IN EDUCATION.
- Author
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Xiaodi Zhou
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LEARNING - Abstract
In this paper, the author analyses learning as a function of the threshold between parties and ideas. Using Bakhtinian dialogic theory, literacy learning in particular is envisioned as a dialogue of the threshold. This instructional threshold is viewed both in pedagogical and biological terms. The physiological process of learning is described, making a biological case for instructional scaffolding and the gradual release of responsibility in the classroom. The dialogue of different disciplines serves as integration of several thresholds and further strengthening of learning. Curriculum integration is then promoted as a means to lasting learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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33. Effect on intensity of treadmill running on learning, memory and expressions of cell cycle-related proteins in rats with cerebral ischemia
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Shuxing Li, Changxiang Chen, Yaning Zhao, Jianmin Li, and Cheng-Jing Xue
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cyclin E ,Time Factors ,Cell Survival ,cyclin A ,Cyclin A ,Ischemia ,Cell Cycle Proteins ,Water maze ,Hippocampus ,cerebral ischemia ,Brain Ischemia ,Running ,Brain ischemia ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Memory ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Hippocampus (mythology) ,Animals ,treadmill running ,Maze Learning ,Neurons ,biology ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Intensity (physics) ,Surgery ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,Oncology ,biology.protein ,learning and memory ,business ,Reperfusion injury ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Research Paper - Abstract
// Ya-Ning Zhao 1 , Jian-Min Li 2 , Chang-Xiang Chen 1 , Shu-Xing Li 1 and Cheng-Jing Xue 2 1 Nursing and Rehabilitation College, North China University of Science and Technology, 063000, China 2 The Neurosurgery of Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, 063000, China Correspondence to: Jian-Min Li, email: lijianmjm@126.com Keywords: cerebral ischemia, treadmill running, learning and memory, cyclin A, cyclin E Received: November 01, 2016 Accepted: February 22, 2017 Published: March 24, 2017 ABSTRACT Objective: We discussed the intensity of treadmill running on learning, memory and expression of cell cycle-related proteins in rats with cerebral ischemia. Method: Eighty healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, intensity I group and intensity II group, with 20 rats in each group. The four-vessel occlusion method of Pulsinelli (4-VO) was used to induce global cerebral ischemia. Brain neuronal morphology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining at 3h, 6h, 24h and 48h after modeling, respectively. Hippocampal expressions of cyclin A and cyclin E were detected by immunohistochemistry. At 48h after modeling, the learning and memory performance of rats was tested by water maze experiment. Result: Compared with the normal group, the other three groups had a significant reduction in surviving neurons, prolonging of escape latency and decreased number of passes over the former position of the platform (P
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- 2016
34. Neuroprotective effects of rutaecarpine on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury
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Yan, Chunlin, Zhang, Ji, Wang, Shu, Xue, Guiping, and Hou, Yong
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free radical ,malondialdehyde ,traditional Chinese medicine ,rutaecarpine ,glutathione peroxidase superoxide dismutase ,Research and Report Article: Traditional Chinese Medicine and Neural Regeneration ,grants-supported paper ,cerebral ischemia reperfusion ,learning and memory ,neural regeneration ,infarct volume ,neuroregeneration - Abstract
Rutaecarpine, an active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Tetradium ruticarpum, has been shown to improve myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Because both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are forms of ischemic vascular disease, they are closely related. We hypothesized that rutaecarpine also has neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. A cerebral ischemia reperfusion model was established after 84, 252 and 504 μg/kg carpine were given to mice via intraperitoneal injection, daily for 7 days. Results of the step through test, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride dyeing and oxidative stress indicators showed that rutaecarpine could improve learning and memory ability, neurological symptoms and reduce infarction volume and cerebral water content in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Rutaecarpine could significantly decrease the malondialdehyde content and increase the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in mouse brain. Therefore, rutaecarpine could improve neurological function following injury induced by cerebral ischemia reperfusion, and the mechanism of this improvement may be associated with oxidative stress. These results verify that rutaecarpine has neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia reperfusion in mice.
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- 2013
35. Mannotriose regulates learning and memory signal transduction in the hippocampus
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Zhang, Lina, Dai, Weiwei, Zhang, Xueli, Gong, Zhangbin, and Jin, Guoqin
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Rehmannia ,Research and Report Article: Cognitive and Neural Regeneration ,traditional Chinese medicine ,hippocampus ,corticosterone ,grants-supported paper ,mannotriose ,neurons ,learning and memory ,neural regeneration ,neuroregeneration - Abstract
Rehmannia is a commonly used Chinese herb, which improves learning and memory. However, the crucial components of the signal transduction pathway associated with this effect remain elusive. Pri-mary hippocampal neurons were cultured in vitro, insulted with high-concentration (1 × 10(-4) mol/L) cor-ticosterone, and treated with 1 × 10(-4) mol/L mannotriose. Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay and western blot analysis showed that hippocampal neuron survival rates and protein levels of glucocorti-coid receptor, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinase, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were all dramatically decreased after high-concentration corticosterone-induced injury. This effect was reversed by mannotriose, to a similar level as RU38486 and donepezil. Our findings indicate that mannotriose could protect hippocampal neurons from high-concentration corticosterone-induced injury. The mechanism by which this occurred was associated with levels of glucocorticoid receptor protein, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinase, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
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- 2013
36. FoxO6 regulates memory consolidation and synaptic function
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Atul J. Butte, Azad Bonni, Dervis A. Salih, Ruo P. Zhu, Evan Ee Santo, Mehrdad Shamloo, Alexander A. Morgan, Luis de la Torre-Ubieta, Christina J. Cole, Daniel V. Madison, Sheena A. Josselyn, Damien Colas, Anne Brunet, Keerthana Devarajan, Duygu Ucar, Asim J. Rashid, and Oncogenomics
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Male ,Aging ,Dendritic spine ,hippocampus ,Hippocampus ,Cell Count ,FoxO transcription factors ,Hippocampal formation ,Inbred C57BL ,Bioinformatics ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Mice ,Premovement neuronal activity ,Cells, Cultured ,Cultured ,FOXO Family ,Forkhead Transcription Factors ,Long-term potentiation ,Biological Sciences ,Impaired memory ,Mental Health ,Myogenic Regulatory Factors ,Neurological ,Memory consolidation ,learning and memory ,Research Paper ,Biotechnology ,Dendritic Spines ,Cells ,1.1 Normal biological development and functioning ,Biology ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,Memory ,Underpinning research ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Genetics ,Animals ,synaptic function ,insulin signaling ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,Neurosciences ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,nervous system ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Synapses ,consolidation ,Neuroscience ,Gene Deletion ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
The FoxO family of transcription factors is known to slow aging downstream from the insulin/IGF (insulin-like growth factor) signaling pathway. The most recently discovered FoxO isoform in mammals, FoxO6, is highly enriched in the adult hippocampus. However, the importance of FoxO factors in cognition is largely unknown. Here we generated mice lacking FoxO6 and found that these mice display normal learning but impaired memory consolidation in contextual fear conditioning and novel object recognition. Using stereotactic injection of viruses into the hippocampus of adult wild-type mice, we found that FoxO6 activity in the adult hippocampus is required for memory consolidation. Genome-wide approaches revealed that FoxO6 regulates a program of genes involved in synaptic function upon learning in the hippocampus. Consistently, FoxO6 deficiency results in decreased dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons in vitro and in vivo. Thus, FoxO6 may promote memory consolidation by regulating a program coordinating neuronal connectivity in the hippocampus, which could have important implications for physiological and pathological age-dependent decline in memory.
- Published
- 2012
37. Social biases determine spatiotemporal sparseness of ciliate mating heuristics
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Kevin B. Clark
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Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,primitive intelligences ,sensorimotor encoding and representation ,Representativeness heuristic ,decision making ,Courtship ,protozoa ,Honesty ,media_common ,network attachment rules ,business.industry ,Concept Paper ,Deception ,Associative learning ,strategy formation ,Mate choice ,Artificial intelligence ,learning and memory ,mate selection ,microbes ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Heuristics ,business ,Social heuristics ,social perception and logic ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Ciliates become highly social, even displaying animal-like qualities, in the joint presence of aroused conspecifics and nonself mating pheromones. Pheromone detection putatively helps trigger instinctual and learned courtship and dominance displays from which social judgments are made about the availability, compatibility, and fitness representativeness or likelihood of prospective mates and rivals. In earlier studies, I demonstrated the heterotrich Spirostomum ambiguum improves mating competence by effecting preconjugal strategies and inferences in mock social trials via behavioral heuristics built from Hebbian-like associative learning. Heuristics embody serial patterns of socially relevant action that evolve into ordered, topologically invariant computational networks supporting intra- and intermate selection. S. ambiguum employs heuristics to acquire, store, plan, compare, modify, select, and execute sets of mating propaganda. One major adaptive constraint over formation and use of heuristics involves a ciliate’s initial subjective bias, responsiveness, or preparedness, as defined by Stevens’ Law of subjective stimulus intensity, for perceiving the meaningfulness of mechanical pressures accompanying cell-cell contacts and additional perimating events. This bias controls durations and valences of nonassociative learning, search rates for appropriate mating strategies, potential net reproductive payoffs, levels of social honesty and deception, successful error diagnosis and correction of mating signals, use of insight or analysis to solve mating dilemmas, bioenergetics expenditures, and governance of mating decisions by classical or quantum statistical mechanics. I now report this same social bias also differentially affects the spatiotemporal sparseness, as measured with metric entropy, of ciliate heuristics. Sparseness plays an important role in neural systems through optimizing the specificity, efficiency, and capacity of memory representations. The present findings indicate sparseness performs a similar function in single aneural cells by tuning the size and density of encoded computational architectures useful for decision making in social contexts.
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- 2012
38. 性激素对两性学习记忆能力影响机制的差异.
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秦亚涵, 潘盈佳, 综述,孙支唐, and 审校
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health is the property of Journal of Modern Medicine & Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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39. The microbiota-gut-hippocampus axis.
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Salami, Mahmoud and Soheili, Masoud
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GUT microbiome ,PROBIOTICS ,ORGANS (Anatomy) ,NERVOUS system ,TEMPORAL lobe ,LONG-term synaptic depression - Abstract
Introduction: It is well known that the intestinal bacteria substantially affect physiological processes in many body organs. Especially, through a bidirectional communication called as gut-microbiota-brain axis, the gut microbiota deeply influences development and function of the nervous system. Hippocampus, as a part of medial temporal lobe, is known to be involved in cognition, emotion, and anxiety. Growing evidence indicates that the hippocampus is a target of the gut microbiota. We used a broad search linking the hippocampus with the gut microbiota and probiotics. Methods: All experimental studies and clinical trials published until end of 2021 were reviewed. Influence of the gut microbiota on the behavioral, electrophysiological, biochemical and histological aspects of the hippocampus were evaluated in this review. Results: The effect of disrupted gut microbiota and probiotic supplements on the microbiota-hippocampus link is also considered. Studies show that a healthy gut microbiota is necessary for normal hippocampus dependent learning and memory and synaptic plasticity. The known current mechanisms are production and modulation of neurotrophins, neurotransmitters and receptors, regulation of intracellular molecular processes, normalizing the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory and oxidative/antioxidant factors, and histological stability of the hippocampus. Activity of the hippocampal neuronal circuits as well as behavioral functions of the hippocampus positively respond to different mixtures of probiotic bacteria. Discussion: Growing evidence from animal researches indicate a close association between the hippocampus with the gut microbiota and probiotic bacteria as well. However, human studies and clinical trials verifying such a link are scant. Since the most of papers on this topic have been published over the past 3 years, intensive future research awaits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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40. Correlation between the cumulative analgesic effect of electroacupuncture intervention and synaptic plasticity of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons in rats with sciatica
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Qiuling, Xu, Tao, Liu, Shuping, Chen, Yonghui, Gao, Junying, Wang, Lina, Qiao, and Junling, Liu
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Research and Report Article: Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Neural Regeneration ,synaptic plasticity ,grants-supported paper ,neurobiology ,acupuncture analgesia ,cumulative effect ,acupuncture and moxibustion ,electroacupuncture ,chronic neuropathic pain ,hypothalamus ,learning and memory ,neural regeneration ,photographs-containing paper ,neuroregeneration - Abstract
In the present study, a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain was established by ligation of the sciatic nerve and a model of learning and memory impairment was established by ovariectomy to investigate the analgesic effect of repeated electroacupuncture stimulation at bilateral Zusanli (ST36) and Yanglingquan (GB34). In addition, associated synaptic changes in neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus were examined. Results indicate that the thermal pain threshold (paw withdrawal latency) was significantly increased in rats subjected to 2-week electroacupuncture intervention compared with 2-day electroacupuncture, but the analgesic effect was weakened remarkably in ovariectomized rats with chronic constrictive injury. 2-week electroacupuncture intervention substantially reversed the chronic constrictive injury-induced increase in the synaptic cleft width and thinning of the postsynaptic density. These findings indicate that repeated electroacupuncture at bilateral Zusanli and Yanglingquan has a cumulative analgesic effect and can effectively relieve chronic neuropathic pain by remodeling the synaptic structure of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
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- 2012
41. Open source software security vulnerability detection based on dynamic behavior features.
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Li, Yuancheng, Ma, Longqiang, Shen, Liang, Lv, Junfeng, and Zhang, Pan
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OPEN source software ,FEATURE extraction ,SOURCE code ,INVESTMENT analysis ,SOFTWARE engineering ,COMPUTER software - Abstract
Open source software has been widely used in various industries due to its openness and flexibility, but it also brings potential security problems. Therefore, security analysis is required before using open source software. The current mainstream open source software vulnerability analysis technology is based on source code, and there are problems such as false positives, false negatives and restatements. In order to solve the problems, based on the further study of behavior feature extraction and vulnerability detection technology, a method of using dynamic behavior features to detect open source software vulnerabilities is proposed. Firstly, the relationship between open source software vulnerability and API call sequence is studied. Then, the behavioral risk vulnerability database of open source software is proposed as a support for vulnerability detection. In addition, the CNN-IndRNN classification model is constructed by improving the Independently Recurrent Neural Net-work (IndRNN) algorithm and applies to open source software security vulnerability detection. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed open source software security vulnerability detection method based on dynamic behavior features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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- View/download PDF
42. Emotion classification using a CNN_LSTM-based model for smooth emotional synchronization of the humanoid robot REN-XIN.
- Author
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Liu, Ning and Ren, Fuji
- Subjects
HUMANOID robots ,LONG-term memory ,SHORT-term memory ,ROBOT control systems ,SYNCHRONIZATION - Abstract
In this paper, we propose an Emotional Trigger System to impart an automatic emotion expression ability within the humanoid robot REN-XIN, in which the Emotional Trigger is an emotion classification model trained from our proposed Word Mover’s Distance(WMD) based algorithm. Due to the long time delay of the WMD-based Emotional Trigger System, we propose an enhanced Emotional Trigger System to enable a smooth interaction with the robot in which the Emotional Trigger is replaced by a conventional convolution neural network and a long short term memory network (CNN_LSTM)-based deep neural network. In our experiments, the CNN_LSTM based model only need 10 milliseconds or less to finish the classification without a decrease in accuracy, while the WMD-based model needed approximately 6-8 seconds to give a result. In this paper, the experiments are conducted based on the same sub-data sets of the Chinese emotional corpus(Ren_CECps) used in former WMD experiments: one comprises 50% data for training and 50% for testing(1v1 experiment), and the other comprises 80% data for training and 20% for testing(4v1 experiment). The experiments are conducted using WMD, CNN_LSTM, CNN and LSTM. The results show that CNN_LSTM obtains the best F1 score (0.35) in the 1v1 experiment and almost the same accuracy of F1 scores (0.366 vs 0.367) achieved by WMD in the 4v1 experiment. Finally, we present demonstration videos with the same scenario to show the performance of robot control driven by CNN_LSTM-based Emotional Trigger System and WMD-based Emotional Trigger System. To improve the comparison, total manual-control performance is also recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Exploring the unintended consequences of learning a new language at a South African university.
- Author
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Murray, Mike
- Subjects
AFRICAN languages ,SOUTH Africans ,PROPENSITY score matching ,LANGUAGE policy ,LANGUAGE schools ,RESEARCH ethics - Abstract
The University of KwaZulu-Natal has introduced a new language policy requiring all students who have not done Zulu as a first (or second) language at school to complete a six-month course in Zulu as part of their undergraduate curriculum. Given that English is the medium of instruction that is being used for all their other courses, the time that these students have had to spend learning this new language may be adversely affecting the marks that they could be getting for their other courses. Having to do a course in Zulu is also preventing them from being able to take another course in their chosen area of study. If one were able to randomly assign students to the group who have to take the Zulu course, then any difference in performance between the two groups could be directly attributed to the new language policy that is being introduced at the university. Given the context of this paper, however, such a random allocation is not possible. Students who have not done Zulu at school have to eventually complete a course in Zulu before graduating. If this cohort differs (in any other way) from those who do not have to take this course, then any observed difference in overall performance between the two groups may be a result of these group differences rather than the new rule that has been implemented. Methodology: This paper uses regression adjustment and entropy matching to achieve an appropriate balance between the two groups. Having achieved this balance any difference in the overall performance between the two groups can then be attributed directly to the new language policy that has been implemented. Our results indicate, after matching, that a significant difference in performance between the two groups occurs with Black African Zulu home language speakers in particular not performing as well as students from the other race and language groups. The data came from the University of KwaZulu-Natal and the study has been approved by the University Ethics committee and Research committee. Results and conclusions: Using a weighted mean of marks to measure performance, the ATT estimates that result indicate that students in the treated group would all perform significantly better had they been allowed instead to enrol in the non-treated group. Furthermore, Zulu home language speakers, who are not actually forced to take this course, are significantly underperforming whether they have chosen to take this course in Zulu or not. Surprisingly, their underperformance is worse in the treated group. Because one would expect them to be scoring a higher mark for Zulu in this treated group, forfeiting the chance to take another course in their chosen area of study is clearly affecting the type of mark they could be getting for their other courses had they chosen to remain in the non-treated group. With English being the medium of instruction at this university, should the university not also consider introducing a compulsory course in English for these Zulu home language speakers? Females are doing better than males in both groups. The effect being stronger in the treated group suggests that females appear to cope better with the learning of a new language. Significant college effects are also being observed, suggesting that this new language rule possibly needs to be adjusted for the college a student wants to study in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A deadline constrained scheduling algorithm for cloud computing system based on the driver of dynamic essential path.
- Author
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Shao, Xia, Xie, Zhiqiang, Xin, Yu, and Yang, Jing
- Subjects
COMPUTER scheduling ,CLOUD computing ,COMPUTER systems ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
To solve the problem of the deadline-constrained task scheduling in the cloud computing system, this paper proposes a deadline-constrained scheduling algorithm for cloud computing based on the driver of dynamic essential path (Deadline-DDEP). According to the changes of the dynamic essential path of each task node in the scheduling process, the dynamic sub-deadline strategy is proposed. The strategy assigns different sub-deadline values to every task node to meet the constraint relations among task nodes and the user’s defined deadline. The strategy fully considers the dynamic sub-deadline affected by the dynamic essential path of task node in the scheduling process. The paper proposed the quality assessment of optimization cost strategy to solve the problem of selecting server for each task node. Based on the sub-deadline urgency and the relative execution cost in the scheduling process, the strategy selects the server that not only meets the sub-deadline but also obtains much lower execution cost. In this way, the proposed algorithm will make the task graph complete within its deadline, and minimize its total execution cost. Finally, we demonstrate the proposed algorithm via the simulation experiments using Matlab tools. The experimental results show that, the proposed algorithm produces remarkable performance improvement rate on the total execution cost that ranges between 10.3% and 30.8% under meeting the deadline constraint. In view of the experimental results, the proposed algorithm provides better-quality scheduling solution that is suitable for scientific application task execution in the cloud computing environment than IC-PCP, DCCP and CD-PCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Novel Insights into the Ontogeny of Nestmate Recognition in Polistes Social Wasps.
- Author
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Signorotti, Lisa, Cappa, Federico, d’Ettorre, Patrizia, and Cervo, Rita
- Subjects
POLISTES ,ONTOGENY ,GENOMIC imprinting ,INSECT behavior ,INFORMATION retrieval ,SENSORY perception - Abstract
The importance of early experience in animals’ life is unquestionable, and imprinting-like phenomena may shape important aspects of behaviour. Early learning typically occurs during a sensitive period, which restricts crucial processes of information storage to a specific developmental phase. The characteristics of the sensitive period have been largely investigated in vertebrates, because of their complexity and plasticity, both in behaviour and neurophysiology, but early learning occurs also in invertebrates. In social insects, early learning appears to influence important social behaviours such as nestmate recognition. Yet, the mechanisms underlying recognition systems are not fully understood. It is currently believed that Polistes social wasps are able to discriminate nestmates from non-nestmates following the perception of olfactory cues present on the paper of their nest, which are learned during a strict sensitive period, immediately after emergence. Here, through differential odour experience experiments, we show that workers of Polistes dominula develop correct nestmate recognition abilities soon after emergence even in absence of what have been so far considered the necessary cues (the chemicals spread on nest paper). P. dominula workers were exposed for the first four days of adult life to paper fragments from their nest, or from a foreign conspecific nest or to a neutral condition. Wasps were then transferred to their original nests where recognition abilities were tested. Our results show that wasps do not alter their recognition ability if exposed only to nest material, or in absence of nest material, during the early phase of adult life. It thus appears that the nest paper is not used as a source of recognition cues to be learned in a specific time window, although we discuss possible alternative explanations. Our study provides a novel perspective for the study of the ontogeny of nestmate recognition in Polistes wasps and in other social insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The DDHD2-STXBP1 interaction mediates long-term memory via generation of saturated free fatty acids
- Author
-
Akefe, Isaac O, Saber, Saber H, Matthews, Benjamin, Venkatesh, Bharat G, Gormal, Rachel S, Blackmore, Daniel G, Alexander, Suzy, Sieriecki, Emma, Gambin, Yann, Bertran-Gonzalez, Jesus, Vitale, Nicolas, Humeau, Yann, Gaudin, Arnaud, Ellis, Sevannah A, Michaels, Alysee A, Xue, Mingshan, Cravatt, Benjamin, Joensuu, Merja, Wallis, Tristan P, and Meunier, Frédéric A
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Differences Between Consistent and Inconsistent Handedness Remain Consistently Interesting: Ten Years of Research on the Consistency of Handedness With the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory.
- Author
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Prichard, Eric C., Clarkson, Evan M., and Christman, Stephen D.
- Subjects
MEMORY ,HANDEDNESS ,LEARNING strategies ,DECISION making ,MOTOR ability - Abstract
Almost 10 years ago Prichard et al. (2013) published a literature review on consistency of handedness. They described how consistency of handedness, typically measured by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI), predicted outcomes in memory and decision-making paradigms better than direction of handedness. In the last 10 years, new research has extended these findings and added new theoretical perspectives. The goal of this short form review is to highlight and summarize some of these more intriguing findings and to encourage researchers in the fields of memory and decision making to incorporate handedness as a variable in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Benchmarking for Bayesian Reinforcement Learning.
- Author
-
Castronovo, Michael, Ernst, Damien, Couëtoux, Adrien, and Fonteneau, Raphael
- Subjects
BAYESIAN analysis ,BENCHMARKING (Management) ,MARKOV processes ,ALGORITHMS ,LIBRARIES - Abstract
In the Bayesian Reinforcement Learning (BRL) setting, agents try to maximise the collected rewards while interacting with their environment while using some prior knowledge that is accessed beforehand. Many BRL algorithms have already been proposed, but the benchmarks used to compare them are only relevant for specific cases. The paper addresses this problem, and provides a new BRL comparison methodology along with the corresponding open source library. In this methodology, a comparison criterion that measures the performance of algorithms on large sets of Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) drawn from some probability distributions is defined. In order to enable the comparison of non-anytime algorithms, our methodology also includes a detailed analysis of the computation time requirement of each algorithm. Our library is released with all source code and documentation: it includes three test problems, each of which has two different prior distributions, and seven state-of-the-art RL algorithms. Finally, our library is illustrated by comparing all the available algorithms and the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Modeling Dynamic Systems with Efficient Ensembles of Process-Based Models.
- Author
-
Simidjievski, Nikola, Todorovski, Ljupčo, and Džeroski, Sašo
- Subjects
DYNAMICAL systems ,MACHINE learning ,SET theory ,DECISION making ,SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
Ensembles are a well established machine learning paradigm, leading to accurate and robust models, predominantly applied to predictive modeling tasks. Ensemble models comprise a finite set of diverse predictive models whose combined output is expected to yield an improved predictive performance as compared to an individual model. In this paper, we propose a new method for learning ensembles of process-based models of dynamic systems. The process-based modeling paradigm employs domain-specific knowledge to automatically learn models of dynamic systems from time-series observational data. Previous work has shown that ensembles based on sampling observational data (i.e., bagging and boosting), significantly improve predictive performance of process-based models. However, this improvement comes at the cost of a substantial increase of the computational time needed for learning. To address this problem, the paper proposes a method that aims at efficiently learning ensembles of process-based models, while maintaining their accurate long-term predictive performance. This is achieved by constructing ensembles with sampling domain-specific knowledge instead of sampling data. We apply the proposed method to and evaluate its performance on a set of problems of automated predictive modeling in three lake ecosystems using a library of process-based knowledge for modeling population dynamics. The experimental results identify the optimal design decisions regarding the learning algorithm. The results also show that the proposed ensembles yield significantly more accurate predictions of population dynamics as compared to individual process-based models. Finally, while their predictive performance is comparable to the one of ensembles obtained with the state-of-the-art methods of bagging and boosting, they are substantially more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae improves learning and memory capabilities in ovariectomized rats
- Author
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Pengtao Li, Yuefen Wang, Ya Xu, Yanshu Pan, Weihong Li, Wei Zhang, Yang Liu, and Jing Jia
- Subjects
Traditional Chinese Medicine and Neural Regeneration ,cognition ,traditional Chinese medicine ,ovariectomy ,Developmental Neuroscience ,advanced glycation end products ,grants-supported paper ,Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae ,oxidative stress ,Alzheimer's disease ,learning and memory ,neural regeneration ,neuroregeneration - Abstract
Kidney-tonifying recipe can reduce the accumulation of advanced glycation end products, prevent neuronal degeneration and improve cognitive functions in ovariectomized rats. Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae alcohol extracts may dose-dependently inhibit non-enzymatic saccharification in vitro. This study aimed to examine the effect of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae on advanced glycation end products and on learning and memory capabilities in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized rats were treated with Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae alcohol extracts (containing 1.5 g/kg crude drug) or 0.1% aminoguanidine for 12 weeks and behavioral testing was performed with the Y-electrical maze. This test revealed that Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae and aminoguanidine could improve the learning and memory capabilities of ovariectomized rats. Results of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that treatment with Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae or aminoguanidine reduced the accumulation of advanced glycation end products in the frontal cortex of ovariectomized rats, while increasing content in the blood and urine. Biochemical tests showed that treatment with Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae or aminoguanidine decreased superoxide dismutase activity in the serum and frontal cortex, and increased serum levels of glutathione peroxidase in ovariectomized rats. In addition, there was no apparent effect on malondialdehyde levels. These experimental findings indicate that Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae inhibits production of advanced glycation end products and its accumulation in brain tissue, and improves learning and memory capabilities in ovariectomized rats. These effects may be associated with an anti-oxidative action of the extract.
- Published
- 2013
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