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The digital age is characterized by rapid development, growth, innovation, and disruption. Organizations must adapt to the new digital landscape to remain competitive. Digital transformation involves more than just implementing new technologies. A digital transformation strategy is a plan for organizations to utilize IT technologies and methods to create new value and drive growth. The development and implementation of such a strategy have become central concerns for many organizations in research management. In this article, we discuss the technological potentials and challenges of digital transformation and propose a decision-making model using transformation technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was done for assessing how research information is being managed in University libraries in Tamil Nadu. The examination additionally tried to survey the difficulties that are in research information managed by University libraries in Tamil Nadu. Twenty five libraries of higher learning and different associations that manage research were chosen utilizing purposive inspecting to take an interest in the examination. An online questionnaire on Survey Monkey was sent to choose the members and telephone conversations were done to catch up with members who neglected to react on schedule. Information that was gathered utilizing interviews were entered manually into Survey Monkey for simple analysis. It was discovered that the required research information managing is not being done. Analysts were dealing with their very own examination information. Information is a byproduct of the research procedure where published results are the direct outcome. Increasingly more university libraries are getting keen on this information. Information could be as insights, experimental outcomes, observational information, interview recordings, and so forth. Sorting out the fluctuations in the information is a tough challenge for any university library. This is especially so in the present situation of continually changing advancements in technology for information storage and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the constructions and contributions of implications for practice (IFP) sections of management research manuscripts. Research was conducted on five management-related academic journals between the dates of 1992-1993 and 2003-2007. The authors believe that it is beneficial for management researchers to place IFP sections in research papers. Suggestions are provided on how researchers can enhance the usefulness of IFP sections. The authors assert that scholars should remember that researchers are not the only people who read academic articles.

The article focuses on possible changes in the discipline of management science, and how the methodology and presentation of its research might be improved. The main goals of management science scholars are to reach the level of influence enjoyed by the other social sciences, especially economics, in the real world applications of their disciplines and to have more effect on actual managerial practices. London Business School has created a management innovation laboratory to collaborate with businesses on the development of improved managerial practice, and this could serve as a model for others. The methodology of academic research and scholarly publishing operate in an entirely different time frame than actual management, a difficulty that may be impossible to fully overcome. An examination of articles previously published in this publication indicate that management scientists have too often shown a preference for theoretical discussion rather than the collection of information on actual management practices and their outcomes. The huge body of knowledge created by management science in the past 50 years, however, is more than capable of being transformed into real world applications of benefit to business and society.

The article examines how management science researchers and academics might more fruitfully collaborate with actual managers. The two groups are separated by, among many other things, the language and intellectual structure with which they attack management problems. The linear, structured "academic" methodology and language employed by management scientists is often baffling to managers trained to think more holistically about the issues confronting them. The articles previously published in the history of this publication are analyzed for the amount of information provided directly relating to management practice. The creation of relationships between management science academics and managers beyond collaborative research projects are shown to be desirable, and the difficulties of creating them acknowledged. Such relationships may well thrive in settings less formal than collaborative research projects.

I highlight the need to consider sample selection when developing theory. When a sample is the result of a selection process, the process may be (1) generating empirical relationships consistent with a theoretical explanation that plays no causal role or (2) canceling out an empirical relationship actually generated by a causal process associated with a proposed theory. I argue that firms' varying abilities to appropriately select new ventures and select in or out of samples of such investments can lead to empirical misinterpretation and inappropriate theoretical conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue contains six papers that address a variety of practical research process questions. The papers explore how theory and method inevitably interact in particular organization and management studies. Here we offer an overview of how theory and method have been treated to date by organization researchers and suggest that respecting both the primacy of theory and the primacy of evidence is no easy task but a necessary balancing practice that characterizes high-quality research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has demonstrated that organizational decision makers use categories and associated stereotypes to make hiring decisions. But what happens when a job applicant can be categorized in multiple ways? We use the social cognition literature to develop a model of category activation and inhibition in the hiring process. The model explains how situational and individual-difference variables influence which category will dominate the decision maker's impression of the job candidate and exert the greatest influence on the hiring decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I propose that the future vitality and success of our profession depends on making sure our research-based knowledge is relevant and useful. This will require the Academy of Management, as the professional embodiment of our field, to be far more engaged with the real world than has traditionally been the case. I identify ways that an engaged Academy can facilitate a closer partnership between researchers and practitioners to produce knowledge that is both scientifically valid and practical. I explore how the Academy's approach to knowledge transfer can be more visible, assertive, and persuasive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper articulates a theory of the conditions under which the alignment between individual and collective interests generates sustainable competitive advantage. The theory is based on the influence of tacitness, context specificity, and causal ambiguity in the determinants of different types of motivation (extrinsic, normative intrinsic, and hedonic instinsic) under varying conditions of environmental dynamism. The analysis indicates the need to consider motivational processes as a complement to current resource- and competence-based approaches in a comprehensive theory of competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a contemporary and inclusive review of initial applications of gamification to various management fields, such as finance, corporate governance, risk management, human resource management, etc. It defines and contextualizes gamification within the field of management. This allows to understand the main elements of a general gamified system and its main applications. Via a systematic review of 203 studies addressing management contexts and gamification, it develops a holistic framework for the analysis of gamification in management areas. The study concludes by setting out a list of questions to direct future research in order to increase the impacts of this innovative and strategic research area within businesses and organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine plastic waste has become an ever-increasing environmental threat in the world's ocean largely due to their unique properties and ubiquitous occurrence. They include diverse forms of land- and ocean-based sources of plastics and are estimated to account for up to 85% of marine debris worldwide. As secondary pollutants, marine microplastic particles (<5 mm) are derived from pellet loss and degradation of macroplastics. Up to now, several reports have proposed negative impacts of both macro-sized and micro-sized plastics on marine biota. As one of the rapidly growing economies, China is the topmost contributor of plastic waste in the world. China's massive impact on the plastic levels of the ocean are a definite cause of concern and is developing multiple economic, environmental and biological complications. The research of plastics impact on coastal environments in China is only incipient. Here we review the available information on plastic waste, their impacts on marine biota and human health, and Chinese government policies and management initiatives. Although Chinese coastal environments (surface water, coastal sediments, water column) are affected by microplastics pollution, both from land-based and sea-based activities, their impacts on marine biota remain to be elucidated. Though national-level policies are modern and well suited for minimizing the impacts of plastic pollution, there is hardly any legislation for containment of microplastic pollution. Our objective is to review and summarize the information about the occurrence, impacts, and management of plastic pollution in the Chinese coastal environments in order to comprehend their widespread repercussions. Microplastics are increasingly being detected and quantified in Chinese coastal environments and legislation for containment of such pollution is highly recommended. Image 10356 • Microplastic increasingly being detected in Chinese coastal environments. • Few studies on presence, fate, and effects in coastal waters of China. • Chinese legislation for containment of plastics pollution is required. • Risk assessments needed on toxic effects of plastics and associated contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting & Finance / Oblìk ì Fìnansi is the property of Institute of Accounting & Finance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Renewed interest in the resource-based theory of the firm has focused attention on the role of heterogeneous organizational 'competence' in competition. This paper attempts to measure the importance of these effects in the context of pharmaceutical research. We distinguish between 'component' and 'architectural' competence, and using internal firm data at the program level from 10 major pharmaceutical companies show that together the two forms of competence appear to explain a significant fraction of the variance in research productivity across firms. Our results raise some intriguing questions about the nature of competencies and the ways in which they diffuse over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses data on 23 process development projects in pharmaceuticals to explore the broader issue of how organizations create, implement, and replicate new routines. A framework is presented which links approaches to experimentation and the structure of underlying knowledge. Although the concept of learning-by-doing is well accepted in the literature, the framework here suggests that where underlying scientific knowledge is sufficiently strong, effective learning may take place outside the final use environment in laboratories (i.e., 'learning-before-doing'). This proposition is tested by comparing how an emphasis on laboratory experimentation impacts process development lead times in two different technological environments: traditional chemical-based pharmaceuticals and new biotechnology-based pharmaceuticals. The data indicate that in chemical-based pharmaceuticals--an environment characterized by deep theoretical and practical knowledge of the process technology--more emphasis on laboratory experimentation (learning-before-doing) is associated with more rapid development. In contrast, in biotechnology-based pharmaceuticals--an environment in which process technology is often characterized as being more of an 'art' than a science--a greater emphasis on laboratory experimentation does not seem to shorten process development lead times. These results suggest that there is no one best way to learn, but that different approaches may be required in different knowledge environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision to build market share has major resource-allocation implications. To aid managers in assessing these implications, research was conducted to determine general relationships between changes in market share and variables representing market strategies and competitive position. The research was based on multiproduct, cross-sectional regression analyses and includes variables that are--or should be--readily available to most businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three models with the potential to explain significant organizational research outcomes are described and evaluated. One model focuses on antecedent conditions, another on research processes, and the third on characteristics of research outcomes. Fifty-six organizational scholars reported about one of their significant and one of their not-so-significant research projects. Significance was operationally defined by ten attributes, including citations, awards, and positive responses from other researchers. The retrospective data identified several reported factors that occurred prior to and during research projects that were related to research outcomes. The model dealing with the research process itself differentiated significant from not-so-significant research better than either of the other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the importance of maintaining a good business relationship with a marketing research firm during a research procedure. The author focuses on methods that can be employed by a corporation's marketing research department in order to maintain a working relationship with a hired research firm during a research trial. It is suggested that a corporation's research department develop a Standard Operating Procedure document to share with the hired research firm. The document should detail the style in which the corporation would like the research data to be presented.

It's time to shatter the popular corporate legend of the invincible scientist who can do no wrong, and it should be the mission of the research administrator to lure these gifted "brains" down from Cloud Nine and into the essential business of producing marketable products, this Engineering Director believes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing magnitude and complexity pose major difficulties for the administration of scientific and technological endeavors. Traditional methods of administration frequently are inappropriate when applied to a scientific enterprise. The authors suggest that three areas in particular deserve more emphasis: (a) investigation of research organization, particularly with regard to the individual engaged in research; (b) training in research administration, from the bench scientist through project leader to the top administrator, and (c) effective communication, not across artificial disciplinary language barriers alone, but throughout the hierarchical form which is most conducive to research creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss some organizational problems of the new research corporation from the point of view of an administrator and a researcher. A tool for improving communication between them is described, and its use in planning a large-scale research program is outlined. G. H. Putt is research administrator and J. L. Kennedy is head of the Psychology Research Department at The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, a nonprofit organization engaged in research for the United States Air Force and Atomic Energy Commission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Metropolitana de Sustentabilidade is the property of Revista Metropolitana de Sustentabilidade - RMS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The limited reach of management research results in missed opportunities to support the decision-making processes of business professionals and policy makers. To strengthen the impact of management research and overcome barriers posed by text-heavy representation, we advocate for the use of creative mediums (e.g., collage, film, poetry) to showcase the product of an inquiry, either alone or as a supplement to traditional reporting. We provide a rationale for how these mediums trigger interest, foster a multisensory experience, convey complex meaning, and spark contemporary, inclusive dialogues. Each of the four rationales is discussed by showing an example of previous use, and explaining how the respective barrier to research representation is overcome. We finally offer recommendations for how management researchers can employ creative mediums to enhance the fertility of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work was carried out with the objective of analyzing the main limitations of science and innovation in Cuba, with emphasis in the context of the scientific institutions of the province of Santiago de Cuba. For the development of the research, theoretical and empirical studies were carried out, which allowed the evaluation of the main aspects addressed in the study. In order to contribute to reversing the defined deficiencies, the impact management process is proposed, which by its characteristics is presented as an institutional strategy, linked to society, based on the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present paper is to introduce some features of fake/bogus conferences and some viable approaches to differentiate them from the real ones. These fake/bogus conferences introduce themselves as international conferences, which are multidisciplinary and indexed in major scientific digital libraries. Furthermore, most of the fake/bogus conference holders offer publishing the accepted papers in ISI journals and use other techniques in their advertisement e-mails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research capacity development is one of the most critical challenges facing HEIs in the Asian countries. Growing the number and quality of researchers is a strategic issue. For academia, developing research capacity can help enhance academic fulfilment as well as provide career advancement. The notion that excellent people are a resource to be treasured has led to increased attention being paid to how to attract, support and retain them, thereby building research capacity. This paper is part of an Erasmus plus co-funded project called ASCENT, which focuses on building the research and innovation capacity (R&I) of Higher Education Institutions (HEI) on disaster resilience related studies. This paper particularly aims at reviewing the current context and gaps in the literature with regards to the indices used to assess the research capacity of the higher education institutions. Qualitative systematic review approach was adopted at the initial stage, followed by three-round Focus Group Discussion with high -level academics from 14 countries in Asia and Europe. Twenty-one Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of HEIs Research and Innovation Capacity were identified, which were grouped into three themes: Structure, System, and Policy; Skills and Training; and Staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the idea that the methodology, as a research system, consists of the use of methods, according to the rigor of a methodology appropriate to the researched subject (Ristea, Franc, 2009, p. 33), constructivist approch in research and tendances in European sistem of research we have tried to identify the main research tools and steps used in economic sciences. The conclusions of the study briefly describe the importance of strategic planning made through Horizon 2020 Program in ensuring the competitiveness of European scientific research, and the need to use specific tools to validate research results in a constructivist approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research questions:Fantasy sport is an increasingly significant social phenomenon. But what do we actually know about participation in fantasy sport? We examined the extant literature to ask: how has fantasy sport participation been conceptualised; what theoretical frameworks and research approaches have been used; what are their strengths and weaknesses; and what further research is needed to improve our understanding? Research methods:We conducted a systematic review of academic journal articles relating to fantasy sport participation. Seventy-one articles met the inclusion criteria and we analysed them on several dimensions. We then conducted a meta-evaluation of the research approaches used in the 71 studies and extended this through critical discussion and analysis of future research possibilities. Results and findings:Fantasy sport participation has been conceptualised in several ways, but most commonly as a form of consumer behaviour. Studies have used various theoretical frameworks and methodologies, but a majority, to date, have employed quantitative, survey-based approaches. These have advantages, enabling researchers to build on each other’s work, but also have certain conceptual and methodological limitations. Implications:If we are to understand the social significance of fantasy sport and develop appropriate managerial policies around it, we require a well-developed understanding of fantasy sport participation. This research synthesis highlights the strengths and weaknesses of existing research and offers suggestions for how future researchers can advance knowledge in this area. In particular, the synthesis suggests we need to offer more multi-level, critical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service-dominant logic (SDL) emerged over a decade ago as a potential framework and paradigmatic lens for rethinking the role of service in exchange and value creation. The growth of SDL reflects a major shift in service research. However, SDL's relationship to prior service literature and its potential for future development in this field have not been empirically examined. We explore the foundational research areas and evolution of SDL research through a systematic investigation, which combines cocitation analysis with a novel text mining tool, Leximancer. Specifically, we investigate the research streams connected with SDL and compare core themes across two time periods (2004 to 2008 vs. 2009 to 2015). The findings reveal SDL's interdisciplinary theoretical heritage and significant changes in the structure of focal themes and concepts over time. Our analyses identify current limitations and subsequent research areas and questions to further develop strategic approaches for SDL and advance a service ecosystems view. These include open innovation, dynamic capabilities, organizational microfoundations, and service systems, as well as social capital and consumer culture theories. Integration of midrange theories and strategic frameworks in these particular areas can help to guide managers in improving service innovation and enhancing value creation in service ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper is presented how to establish a working system for the achievement of scientific results that characterize a university. These results must be evaluated by international standards, but also they have to be relevant for the impact that they have on the country where the university. The fundamental objective of the present work is the cycle management application for the administration of science identifying at each stage the elements that must be considered. Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría is used as a case study, CUJAE, located in Havana, Cuba. The results obtained in the last four years show progress in most measured indicators, demonstrating that this process has been developed efficiently and effectively, through rational use of resources, especially teachers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains how the Consortia Advancing Standards in Research Administration Information (CASRAI) might be used to share research information in an open and sustainably governed approach, led by research organisations. CASRAI is an international non-profit organisation dedicated to reducing administrative burden and improving outcomes and impact reporting through good stewardship of information requirements by research organisations (universities, colleges, teaching hospitals and other research centres). The objective is to improve the flow of information within and between research stakeholders. The approach sees the ‘user-led’ development and maintenance of standard information agreements. These agreements include (a) specifications defining what data elements (entities) are needed for various key business processes in the research lifecycle and (b) definitions for all the terms appearing in these specifications. The open and standardised definitions are curated and maintained in an open online dictionary that can then be used by system providers and others to exchange information in a standard, agreed format e.g.by using CERIF-XML as the transfer mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PTCRIS (Portuguese Current Research Information System - https://ptcris.pt/ ) is a program aiming at the creation and sustained development of a national integrated information ecosystem to support research management, according to the best international standards and practices. This ecosystem includes outcomes and outputs modules, in particular institutional repositories managed by the nationwide service RCAAP (Scientific Open Access Repository of Portugal – http://www.rcaap.pt/ ). In order to achieve such vision, PTCRIS has two main goals. The first one is to define a regulatory framework based on the best international standards and practices. The second is to foster the adoption of such framework in the various information systems, both national (including RCAAP) and local (at the institution level). This paper reports the context, strategy and work developed thus far to make the Portuguese repositories network (RCAAP), with more than 40 repositories, compliant with the national research ecosystem (PTCRIS) by adopting its regulatory framework. Integrating RCAAP within the PTCRIS ecosystem will greatly contribute to promote open scholarship, open data and open science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a case study to explore how we continue to develop our CRIS and support the University's research needs and how it has become an embedded tool for researchers to manage their research outputs and to enable Open Access and Open Data. The paper will show how we used researchers’ feedback and comments to develop a simple and easy to remember workflow mapped against existing and familiar research lifecycles. We examine some of the technical, practical and cultural issues we have encountered in implementing these workflows, and show how the CRIS as a single portal has streamlined tasks and reduced duplication of effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses an approach allowing researchers – users of some CRIS – to initiate and maintain scholarly pre-publication communication. The pre-publication communication takes place between authors of some research outputs and researchers who use these outputs on a stage of preparing their own research papers. Such communication is initiated when a researcher who uses CRIS tools is manipulating with a research output text and/or with the text fragments to create his/her own research outputs. In this paper a SocioRePEc CRIS is presented, which is being designed specifically to allow researchers in economics (who belong to a bigger international community of RePEc users) to make experiments with the pre-publication communication. By this, researchers get capacity to use research outputs available at RePEc (metadata and/or full texts in PDF) in so-called “interactive” mode. The discussion explains that this interactive usage mode leads to better adjustment of the researchers’ supply and demand, and opens an opportunity for the further wider/deeper research cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Principal investigators are responsible for a myriad of leadership and management activities in their work. The practices they use to navigate these responsibilities ultimately influence the quality and integrity of research. However, leadership and management roles in research have received scant empirical examination. Semi-structured interviews with 32 National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded genetic researchers revealed that they considered leadership and management essential for effective research, but their scientific training inadequately prepared them. We also report management practices that the researchers described using in their labs, as well as their perceptions of a proposed intervention to enhance laboratory leadership. These findings suggest best practices for the research community, future directions for scientific training, and implications for research on leadership and management in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responsiveness has become a central concept in the increasing debate on responsible research and innovation (RRI), which aims to define new objectives for research and innovation (R&I) governance. This article aims to elaborate on the different understandings of responsiveness as an input to the discussions on how we create R&I governance that is responsive and therefore better able to address current and future societal challenges. This is done by analysing how the literature on R&I governance describes the role of responsiveness in three aspects of governance: defining objectives, setting process requirements and understanding drivers. On the basis of the analysis I develop six propositions for the role of responsiveness in governance, which are defined and unfolded. Together they show a complex picture of the understandings of responsiveness and the ways in which the concept can contribute to the operationalisation of RRI and the work on R&I governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a theoretical investigation on the decrease in grip coefficient of a car due to the car mass changes for three different running conditions straightforward, motion in curve and braking. The grip of two types of cars - with forward and rear traction, equipped with three models of tires are studied. The results show a significant decrease of the grip coefficient in longitudinal and lateral directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss added value in the context of current research information systems (CRISs) based on metadata enrichment. Design/methodology/approach – This discussion paper uses literature review as well as analysis of CRISs specifications to discuss added value possibilities. Findings – Added value of the CRISs is in their integration and interoperability with the same and similar information systems. Since metadata plays key roles in interoperability of information systems, therefore focussing on metadata-related issue can add considerable values to CRISs. Two types of metadata can be distinguished in every CRISs including macro- and micro-metadata. In terms of macro-metadata common European research information format (CERIF) by itself is an added value for CRIS because it draws a complete view of the research landscape including entities and their relations. CERIF metadata structure is designed in such a way that supports micro- and macro-metadata. Originality/value – There is a lack of literature on adding value to research information systems especially CRIS and particularly how value can be added in CRISs still is an unanswered question. CRIS developers can use this paper as a road map to choose the most valuable strategy for adding value to their systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous motivation, a fundamental factor influencing research success, can be undermined when people feel pressured, managed or controlled. So how do universities - which are under increasing external pressure to manage research activities to produce outcomes - exert management control without threatening the autonomous motivation of their researchers? We address this question through an exploratory case study of the management control systems used in two university faculties. Our results confirm the importance of autonomous motivation in driving researchers' activity and show how incentives, performance evaluation and cultural-administrative structures can be designed to not only preserve, but also enhance and leverage this motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite many investigations concerning the outcomes of affective organizational commitment (AC) in the workplace, very few studies so far have analyzed the long-term development of AC within individuals over time. Existing research either focused on individuals' initial employment stage or was restricted to a specific organizational context. To provide supplemental evidence, we examined the development of AC over 6 years in a group of employees that had passed their initial year of employment. Results from a factorial-invariant latent change score model with 1004 individuals from different organizations in Korea indicated an overall increase of AC over time. To further explore why individuals differ in their growth patterns, we related intra-individual changes of AC to individuals' income in two aspects: levels and changes. Cross-lagged regression models firstly revealed positive reciprocal relationships between AC level and income level, showing an individual accumulation of AC over time. Furthermore, the study showed a significantly positive impact of income changes on AC changes, but not vice versa, illustrating the transition of AC at the individual level. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, revealing future research on the development of commitment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]