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Objective: To examine the association between recalled exposure to point-of-sale (POS) cigarette marketing (ie, pack displays, advertisements and promotions such as discounts) and reported cravings to smoke while visiting a store., Methods: Data were collected using a telephone survey of a cross-sectional sample of 999 adult smokers in Omaha, Nebraska. Recalled exposure to POS cigarette marketing was measured by asking respondents about noticing (a) pack displays, (b) advertisements and (c) promotions in store in their neighbourhood. A 3-item scale indicating the frequency of experiencing cravings to smoke in locations where cigarettes are sold was created by asking respondents: (1) "feel a craving for a cigarette?" (2) "feel like nothing would be better than smoking a cigarette?" and (3) "feel like all you want is a cigarette?" The association between recalled exposure to POS cigarette marketing and cravings was estimated using ordinary least squares linear regression models, controlling for nicotine dependence, gender, age, race/ethnicity, income, education, frequency of visiting stores in one's neighbourhood and method of recruitment into the study., Results: Recalled exposure to POS cigarette displays (p<0.001) and advertisements (p=0.002), but not promotions (p=0.06), was associated with more frequent cravings to smoke., Conclusions: Recalled exposure to POS cigarette marketing is associated with cravings to smoke as predicted by laboratory studies on the effects of smoking cues on cigarette craving. Policies that reduce or eliminate POS cigarette marketing could reduce cigarette cravings and might attenuate impulse buying of cigarettes., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/)

The aim was to assess the association of exposure to point-of-sale (POS) tobacco marketing with quit attempt and quit success in a prospective study of smokers in the United States. Data were collected via telephone-interview on exposure to POS tobacco marketing, sociodemographic and smoking-related variables from 999 smokers in Omaha, Nebraska, in the United States. Exposure to POS tobacco marketing was measured by asking respondents three questions about noticing pack displays, advertisements, and promotions in their respective neighborhoods stores. These three variables were combined into a scale of exposure to POS tobacco marketing. About 68% of the respondents participated in a six-month follow-up phone interview and provided data on quit attempts and smoking cessation. At the six-month follow-up, 39.9% of respondents reported to have made a quit attempt, and 21.8% of those who made a quit attempt succeeded in quitting. Exposure to POS marketing at baseline was not associated with the probability of having made a quit attempt as reported at the six-month follow-up (p = 0.129). However, higher exposure to POS marketing was associated with a lower probability of quit success among smokers who reported to have attempted to quit smoking at six-month follow-up (p = 0.006). Exposure to POS tobacco marketing is associated with lower chances of successfully quitting smoking. Policies that reduce the amount of exposure to POS marketing might result in higher smoking cessation rates.

Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, this study explores whether perceptions of critical hiring criteria for entry-level sales positions differ across sales managers and sales representatives. This research also examines which classroom activities and skills these individuals perceive to be most important for strengthening the desired skill set and whether an MBA degree is an added advantage when candidates are being considered for entry-level sales positions. Results indicate that managers believe objective assessment, technical skills, experiential learning, acquired skills, college accomplishments, and extracurricular activities are more important than do sales representatives. Sales representatives deem basic skills, educational experiences, and interactive skills as more important than how managers assess these skills and attributes. Neither group believes that having an MBA is a necessary prerequisite for these positions. Recommendations for marketing educators are offered. (Contains 6 tables.)

Although there is little agreement over the best definition or even name for covert marketing, many policymakers and commentators agree that covert marketing may deceive consumers to their detriment. This study proposes that some forms of covert marketing also impose a type of unavoidable consumer injury that we call marketer control of consumer engagement. This injury, if aggregated to be substantial, can violate legal prohibitions against unfair acts and practices. To reach this conclusion, this study first proposes a name mnemonic and then develops a typology of covert marketing practices that may deceive and also unfairly injure consumers. It concludes by discussing policy implications of this two‐ rather than one‐dimensional analysis of covert marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family is a very dynamic institution in the United States, and public policy influencing it is seemingly as variable. The situation is so chaotic that Dowds concluded that ‘‘There is a void in public policy about families.’’ Issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage are very controversial and may cause extremely strong emotions among American citizens. In general, the highly individualistic culture has engendered a perspective that family is somewhat sanctified and should be isolated from governmental influence. This article seeks to weave perspectives on what ‘‘family’’ entails currently together with marketing and public policy. The authors hope that such juxtaposition of these views will stimulate discussion and research on the family and more attention to its role as an understudied stakeholder in macromarketing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines co-shopping frequency (mothers shop- ping with children) from a consumer socialization perspective. It also compares consumer orientations and socialization behaviors of heavier, moderate and lighter co-shoppers. Results indicate that these groups differ in desires to develop children's consumer competence, consumer roles played kv children, consumption motivations and values, and potential efforts to mediate marketing influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]