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Key Words: Social Venture Entrepreneurs, Exit, Ownership Social Venture Entrepreneurs invest in local and mostly bottom of pyramid (BoPs), and more so in developing economies. Different understanding and meanings given to the term exit and ownership, by social venture entrepreneurs and local communities with varied cultural business practices, are highlighted in this thesis. Results from this thesis show that it is important to factor in local and cultural practices into current social venture business models. This will help to ensure the sustainability and scale up of social ventures. The study explores exit options within business and development management literature. There were limited scientific related social entrepreneurship literatures on the subject matter at the inception of this study. The choice to conduct a qualitative case study was made in order to bring to out the forms and meanings of exit, as well as perceived exit, and ownership forms expected or anticipated by both the social venture entrepreneur and related stakeholders, such as communities and local partners, covered in this study

Key Words: Social Venture Entrepreneurs, Exit, Ownership Social Venture Entrepreneurs invest in local and mostly bottom of pyramid (BoPs), and more so in developing economies. Different understanding and meanings given to the term exit and ownership, by social venture entrepreneurs and local communities with varied cultural business practices, are highlighted in this thesis. Results from this thesis show that it is important to factor in local and cultural practices into current social venture business models. This will help to ensure the sustainability and scale up of social ventures. The study explores exit options within business and development management literature. There were limited scientific related social entrepreneurship literatures on the subject matter at the inception of this study. The choice to conduct a qualitative case study was made in order to bring to out the forms and meanings of exit, as well as perceived exit, and ownership forms expected or anticipated by both the social venture entrepreneur and related stakeholders, such as communities and local partners, covered in this study

In het Europese project Niche Markets is onderzocht wat de mogelijkheden voor boseigenaren zijn om maatschappelijke functies van het bos (recreatie, natuur, milieu) te vermarkten. Een beschrijving van de kenmerken van 'bosproducten', markten en marktinstrumenten, product-markt-combinaties, het institutionele kader, de rol van de bosbeheerder en van beleid en bestuur, en van beleidsmatige en praktische beperkingen voor vermarkting

Aan de hand van vier thema's wordt een aantal concrete actiepunten besproken om te komen tot een verbetering van de economische situatie in de Nederlandse bos- en houtsector en een verhoging van het houtgebruik in Nederland. Het gaat bij de thema's om voorlichting en promotie (duurzaamheid!), continuiteit van houtoogst en houtaanbod, vergroting afzetmogelijkheden (ketenaanpak), en ontwikkeling kennisinfrastructuur

The Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) project implemented by FAO in cooperation with the Department of Fisheries and WorldFish is funded by WTO. It will target 1,000 shrimp and prawn farmers in Southwest Bangladesh and focuses on improving their livelihoods and securing their market access. This study focuses only on the supply chain component of the STDF project. The situation in the shrimp and prawn sector is already changing, as a result of the supply chain innovation initiatives in Bangladesh. A premium supply chain that will provide premium quality traceable products and a fair distribution of profits among stakeholders is slowly being established (see Figure 1). The improved quality and traceability of the shrimp and prawn products from Bangladesh will contribute to an improved image of these products in the international market and to improved livelihoods of small-scale farmers and other stakeholders in the sector. The premium supply chain will initially only cover a small part of supply. However, it is expected that it will gradually expand when its business case is proven.

Farmers, traders and a commodity exchange -institutional change in Ethiopian sesame marketsGerdien W. MeijerinkWhen one thinks of Ethiopia, sesame is not the first that comes to mind. Sesame, however, is Ethiopia’s second most important agricultural export, and an important income source for many small-scale farmers. Ethiopia’s government established the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX) to improve the marketing of sesame.This study explores the impact of the ECX on the institutions undepinning sesame markets, by interviewing farmers and traders before and after the ECX became mandatory for sesame trade in 2009. It finds that the ECX improved transparency in sesame markets, and as a result improved farmers’ beliefs about opportunistic behaviour of traders, and farmers’ willingness to establish long-term relational contracting with traders. It finds however, that the ECX deteriorated the social capital relations between traders, resulting in a decrease in trade credit between traders. Boeren, handelaren en een goederenbeurs - Institutionele cerandering in Ethiopische sesam markten Gerdien W. Meijerink Denkend aan Ethiopië, is sesame niet het eerste dat opkomt. Toch is sesam het twee na belangrijkste export product van Ethiopië en een belangijkre bron van inkomsten voor veel kleinschalige boeren. De overheid van Ethiopië heeft de Ethiopische Goederen Beurs (ECX) opgericht om de marketing van sesame te verbeteren. Deze study verkent de invloed van de ECX op de instituties die sesam markten ondersteunen, door boeren en handelaren te interviewen voor en na het verplicht worden van de ECX voor sesamenhandel in 2009. Het vindt dat de ECX de transparantie in sesam markten heeft verbeterd, waardoor het beeld dat boeren hebben over opportunistich gedrag door handelaren verbeterde, en waardoor boeren sneller geneigd zijn op langere termijn een contractrelatie met handelaren aan te gaan. Het vindt daarentegen ook dat de ECX sociaal kapitaal relaties tussen handelaren heeft doen verslechteren, waardoor er minder handelskrediet tussen handelaren verstrekt wordt.

Farmers, traders and a commodity exchange -institutional change in Ethiopian sesame marketsGerdien W. MeijerinkWhen one thinks of Ethiopia, sesame is not the first that comes to mind. Sesame, however, is Ethiopia’s second most important agricultural export, and an important income source for many small-scale farmers. Ethiopia’s government established the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX) to improve the marketing of sesame.This study explores the impact of the ECX on the institutions undepinning sesame markets, by interviewing farmers and traders before and after the ECX became mandatory for sesame trade in 2009. It finds that the ECX improved transparency in sesame markets, and as a result improved farmers’ beliefs about opportunistic behaviour of traders, and farmers’ willingness to establish long-term relational contracting with traders. It finds however, that the ECX deteriorated the social capital relations between traders, resulting in a decrease in trade credit between traders.

The Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) project implemented by FAO in cooperation with the Department of Fisheries and WorldFish is funded by WTO. It will target 1,000 shrimp and prawn farmers in Southwest Bangladesh and focuses on improving their livelihoods and securing their market access. This study focuses only on the supply chain component of the STDF project. The situation in the shrimp and prawn sector is already changing, as a result of the supply chain innovation initiatives in Bangladesh. A premium supply chain that will provide premium quality traceable products and a fair distribution of profits among stakeholders is slowly being established (see Figure 1). The improved quality and traceability of the shrimp and prawn products from Bangladesh will contribute to an improved image of these products in the international market and to improved livelihoods of small-scale farmers and other stakeholders in the sector. The premium supply chain will initially only cover a small part of supply. However, it is expected that it will gradually expand when its business case is proven.

Het versterken van de positie van Nederlandse champignonbedrijven is nodig om de afzetmogelijkheden te verruimen. Drie deelprojecten zijn genoemd die in het kader van de afzet worden uitgevoerd. Het eerste dat gaat over de karakterisering van smaak, geur en textuur van verse champignons is in dit artikel uiteengezet

In dit artikel ligt het accent op vergelijking van de produktiekosten voor vleeskuikens in Amerika en Nederland en wordt kort ingegaan op de bedreiging die hieruit voortvloeit.

Sinds 2011 zijn Duitse ngo's, kennisinstellingen en marktpartijen stevig in beweging gekomen om het tussensegmentvlees in de markt te zetten. Het gaat hierbij vooral om de productie en vermarkting van diervriendelijker geproduceerd vlees. Op dit moment zijn vooral varkensvlees en kippenvleesproducten in de markt geïntroduceerd. Er lijkt in Duitsland een toenemende vraag te zijn naar vleesproducten uit het tussensegment. Door een toenemend consumentenbewustzijn op het gebied van dierenwelzijn neemt de vraag naar diervriendelijker geproduceerd vlees in Duitsland toe. In potentie liggen er dus kansen voor de afzet van Nederlands tussensegmentvlees in Duitsland. Exporteurs naar de Duitse markt moeten zeker rekening houden met diergerelateerde welzijnsindicatoren. Exporteurs die elk afbreukrisico willen vermijden wordt aanbevolen aan te sluiten bij de nieuwe standaard en het label dat door de Deutscher Tierschutzbund is ontwikkeld.

Sinds 2011 zijn Duitse ngo's, kennisinstellingen en marktpartijen stevig in beweging gekomen om het tussensegmentvlees in de markt te zetten. Het gaat hierbij vooral om de productie en vermarkting van diervriendelijker geproduceerd vlees. Op dit moment zijn vooral varkensvlees en kippenvleesproducten in de markt geïntroduceerd. Er lijkt in Duitsland een toenemende vraag te zijn naar vleesproducten uit het tussensegment. Door een toenemend consumentenbewustzijn op het gebied van dierenwelzijn neemt de vraag naar diervriendelijker geproduceerd vlees in Duitsland toe. In potentie liggen er dus kansen voor de afzet van Nederlands tussensegmentvlees in Duitsland. Exporteurs naar de Duitse markt moeten zeker rekening houden met diergerelateerde welzijnsindicatoren. Exporteurs die elk afbreukrisico willen vermijden wordt aanbevolen aan te sluiten bij de nieuwe standaard en het label dat door de Deutscher Tierschutzbund is ontwikkeld.

Dit model berekent per jaar de opname aan ruwvoer en krachtvoer van een koppel schapen alsmede het aantal afgevoerde schapen en lammeren met de bijbehorende afvoergewichten.

Markets are increasingly seen as vehicles to solve problems in developing countries. For example, improvements in market performance make potentially important contributions to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Access of smallholders to well-functioning markets is increasingly expected to contribute to poverty alleviation and improvement of both food security and environmental sustainability. This book presents the views of leading experts on where we stand and where we are heading in the field of markets, marketing and developing countries. Twenty essays in this book describe the role of marketing in achieving development goals, the track record of past market policies, the current functioning of value chains, the roles that market institutions play to facilitate market access for smallholders, as well as the potential to add value to farm produce through certification schemes, new technologies or innovation systems. The book is published in honour of the retirement of Aad van Tilburg, one of the pioneers in the field of marketing in developing countries. Early on in his career Van Tilburg recognised that improvements in the functioning of markets and marketing can be key to economic development with special reference to the livelihood of small producers and other market actors in developing countries.

Markets are increasingly seen as vehicles to solve problems in developing countries. For example, improvements in market performance make potentially important contributions to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Access of smallholders to well-functioning markets is increasingly expected to contribute to poverty alleviation and improvement of both food security and environmental sustainability. This book presents the views of leading experts on where we stand and where we are heading in the field of markets, marketing and developing countries. Twenty essays in this book describe the role of marketing in achieving development goals, the track record of past market policies, the current functioning of value chains, the roles that market institutions play to facilitate market access for smallholders, as well as the potential to add value to farm produce through certification schemes, new technologies or innovation systems. The book is published in honour of the retirement of Aad van Tilburg, one of the pioneers in the field of marketing in developing countries. Early on in his career Van Tilburg recognised that improvements in the functioning of markets and marketing can be key to economic development with special reference to the livelihood of small producers and other market actors in developing countries.

Markets are increasingly seen as vehicles to solve problems in developing countries. For example, improvements in market performance make potentially important contributions to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Access of smallholders to well-functioning markets is increasingly expected to contribute to poverty alleviation and improvement of both food security and environmental sustainability. This book presents the views of leading experts on where we stand and where we are heading in the field of markets, marketing and developing countries. Twenty essays in this book describe the role of marketing in achieving development goals, the track record of past market policies, the current functioning of value chains, the roles that market institutions play to facilitate market access for smallholders, as well as the potential to add value to farm produce through certification schemes, new technologies or innovation systems. The book is published in honour of the retirement of Aad van Tilburg, one of the pioneers in the field of marketing in developing countries. Early on in his career Van Tilburg recognised that improvements in the functioning of markets and marketing can be key to economic development with special reference to the livelihood of small producers and other market actors in developing countries.

Organic products are considered to have a major impact worldwide on sustainable development due to their contribution to a better environment and the improvement of animal welfare. On behalf of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, the market for organic products is being stimulated in the Netherlands. Market information is indispensable in this regard, but previous reports have only focused on organic production and consumption. This report provides insight into the trade of organic products, with the Netherlands in a central role

Organic products are considered to have a major impact worldwide on sustainable development due to their contribution to a better environment and the improvement of animal welfare. On behalf of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, the market for organic products is being stimulated in the Netherlands. Market information is indispensable in this regard, but previous reports have only focused on organic production and consumption. This report provides insight into the trade of organic products, with the Netherlands in a central role Biologische producten leveren wereldwijd een belangrijke bijdrage aan duurzame ontwikkeling, door een bijdrage te leveren aan een beter milieu en het vergroten van het dierenwelzijn. In opdracht van het ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit, wordt in Nederland de markt voor biologische producten gestimuleerd. Marktinformatie is daarbij onontbeerlijk, maar richtte zich tot nog toe op de productie en consumentenbesteding van biologische producten. Dit rapport biedt inzicht in de handel van biologische producten, waarbij Nederland centraal staat

Van productiegericht naar marktgericht werken is een doelstelling van het project PlattelandImpuls. Vanaf eind 2006 tot eind 2007 hebben ruim 350 ondernemers in 34 groepen deelgenomen aan dit project, wat uitgevoerd werd door Vrienden van het Platteland, LTO-Nederland, Wageningen UR en coöperatie Stadteland. De groepen, in verschillende regio’s, waren verdeeld over diverse vormen van verbreding, zoals natuur, educatie, zorg, recreatie, etc.

De markt voor biologische boomkwekerijproducten stagneert. Het huidige areaal biologische boomkwekerij is momenteel zo’n 120 ha; dat is minder dan 1% van het totale boomkwekerijareaal. De afgelopen vijf jaar is de biologische boomkwekerij vrijwel niet gegroeid. Aan de ene kant zijn biologische boomkwekers vaak genoodzaakt hun producten op de reguliere markt en tegen gangbare prijzen te verkopen. Aan de andere kant lukt het grote inkopers niet om hun biologische orders bij elkaar te krijgen. Een bewuste keuze van de inkoper voor biologisch kan de marktstagnatie doorbreken.

Het afmesten en afzetten van lammeren op een biologisch bedrijf is geen gemakkelijke weg. Aan de smaak van het vlees zal het niet liggen. De chevon, lammeren met een leeftijd van 5 tot 7 maand, geven vlees met karakter: een vleugje geit! De onbekendheid van het vlees vereist een zorgvuldige introductie in de markt. Onbekendheid leidt dikwijls naar vragen over de bereidingswijze. De potentiële kopers zullen hierin begeleid moeten worden. Omdat het vlees in het hogere marktsegment thuis hoort, vereist dit ook dat het vlees dit uitstraalt door de vormgeving en de bereiding.

Van productiegericht naar marktgericht werken is een doelstelling van het project PlattelandImpuls. Vanaf eind 2006 tot eind 2007 hebben ruim 350 ondernemers in 34 groepen deelgenomen aan dit project, wat uitgevoerd werd door Vrienden van het Platteland, LTO-Nederland, Wageningen UR en coöperatie Stadteland. De groepen, in verschillende regio’s, waren verdeeld over diverse vormen van verbreding, zoals natuur, educatie, zorg, recreatie, etc.

De markt voor biologische boomkwekerijproducten stagneert. Het huidige areaal biologische boomkwekerij is momenteel zo’n 120 ha; dat is minder dan 1% van het totale boomkwekerijareaal. De afgelopen vijf jaar is de biologische boomkwekerij vrijwel niet gegroeid. Aan de ene kant zijn biologische boomkwekers vaak genoodzaakt hun producten op de reguliere markt en tegen gangbare prijzen te verkopen. Aan de andere kant lukt het grote inkopers niet om hun biologische orders bij elkaar te krijgen. Een bewuste keuze van de inkoper voor biologisch kan de marktstagnatie doorbreken.

Het afmesten en afzetten van lammeren op een biologisch bedrijf is geen gemakkelijke weg. Aan de smaak van het vlees zal het niet liggen. De chevon, lammeren met een leeftijd van 5 tot 7 maand, geven vlees met karakter: een vleugje geit! De onbekendheid van het vlees vereist een zorgvuldige introductie in de markt. Onbekendheid leidt dikwijls naar vragen over de bereidingswijze. De potentiële kopers zullen hierin begeleid moeten worden. Omdat het vlees in het hogere marktsegment thuis hoort, vereist dit ook dat het vlees dit uitstraalt door de vormgeving en de bereiding.

De markt voor biologische boomkwekerijproducten stagneert. Het huidige areaal biologische boomkwekerij is momenteel zo’n 120 ha; dat is minder dan 1% van het totale boomkwekerijareaal. De afgelopen vijf jaar is de biologische boomkwekerij vrijwel niet gegroeid. Aan de ene kant zijn biologische boomkwekers vaak genoodzaakt hun producten op de reguliere markt en tegen gangbare prijzen te verkopen. Aan de andere kant lukt het grote inkopers niet om hun biologische orders bij elkaar te krijgen. Een bewuste keuze van de inkoper voor biologisch kan de marktstagnatie doorbreken.

Met een modulaire opbouw van productie en producten schikt de fabriek van de nabije toekomst zich naar een veranderende marktvraag. De gewenste gemaksproducten worden snel, vers en op maat gesneden afgeleverd in kleine productie-eenheden vlakbij de consument

In opdracht van het Ministerie voor LNV is een verkennende studie uitgevoerd naar de vraag en het aanbod van rondhout in de komende 20 jaar in ons land en het aangrenzende gebied van België, Nordrhein Westfalen en Niedersachsen. Als eerste stap is gekeken naar ontwikkelingen in vraag en aanbod gedurende de afgelopen 20 jaar. Vervolgens zijn voor verschillende scenario’s berekeningen gemaakt voor de te verwachten vraag en het te verwachten aanbod in de komende 20 jaar. De mogelijke kansen en knelpunten, die verschillen in verwachte vraag en aanbod kunnen opleveren voor zowel de bossector als de houtsector, worden besproken

This thesis analyzes the effects of market liberalization and deregulation in the grain marketing channel on farm households in three villages in a less favored area inChina, taking into account the effects of market access. Market access is defined as the distance between the village that farm households reside in and the closest consumer markets. It is measured by the costs that private traders make to transport rice from the village to their buyers. The marketing channel models used in this study are extensions of simple models of competition, i.e. monopsony, Cournot, quantity leadership, price leadership, and perfect competition. To account for other factors than rice market liberalization and deregulation affecting village rice exports a nonseparable household CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) model is developed. The model accounts for non-separability of household decision making and for imperfect competition in the village rice export market (rice purchase market). Data used in this study are collected through personal interviews conducted in the study areas by the SERENA ( S trengthening E nvironmental and R esource E conomics atN anjingA griculturalUniversity) and RESPONSE ( Re gional Food S ecurity Po licies for N atural Resource Management and S ustainable E conomies) projects. This thesis shows thatChina's government has gradually liberalized and deregulated its grain market and relieved the fiscal budget from subsidizing the SGTCs (State Grain Trading Companies). Competition between the private traders and the SGTCs has become more intensive in the rice purchase market in 2000-03. State grain policies favored the SGTCs, which created an unfair competition environment for private traders. The pressure for further reforms to create a fair competition environment remains. Rice producers benefit from market liberalization and deregulation. How much they benefit depends on the degree of market imperfections before market liberalization and deregulation and the degree of market access. It is found the degree of competition in the rice purchase market is already intense in 2000. The effects of market liberalization and deregulation on farm households are less when taking into account the production of other farm products and off-farm employment.

The goal of the pilot is to improve the cross-border tomato chain from Ngarenanyuki, Tanzania, to Mombasa Kenya, by increasing substantially (10%) the productivity (physical and financial yield per unit input), the product quality and the total market volume.

Keywords:Social capital,guanxinetworks, vegetable supply chains, buyer-seller relationships, channel performance,ChinaGuanxiis ubiquitous inChinaand significantly influences people's behaviour in social life and in business. Guanxi refers to personal relationships or connections and is widely recognised as a Chinese form of social capital. This book focuses on the questions, if, and if so, how small-scale producers, together with processors and exporters, can be more successfully integrated into high-value supply chains (i.e., processors, supermarkets and international markets). In particular, our focus is on how Chinese vegetable farmers can use their guanxi networks to be integrated into these modern supply chains and can improve their market performance. We study the effectiveness of both formal (contracts) and relational ( guanxi ) governance mechanisms to improve the integration of buyer-seller relationships and ultimately, to enhance chain performance. We apply various theoretical approaches, supply chain management, social capital theory and transaction cost economics, to develop propositions regarding the interrelation of support from guanxi networks (what guanxi can do for you), buyer-seller relationships (interpersonal trust, transaction specific investments and contractual governance) and market performance (compliance with delivery/quality requirements, efficiency, quality/price satisfaction, and profitability). We combine case study with survey analysis and use structural equation modelling techniques to test the propositions.Background analysis of the Chinese vegetable sector indicates that small-scale farmers usually fail to integrate into high-value market outlets. This is because these farmers face several constraints, such as small production scale, less possibilities to implement quality standards, low negotiation power, and information asymmetry. However, empirical analysis based on three different buyer-seller relationships, including farmers, processors and exporters/supermarkets, shows that support from guanxi networks and integration of buyer-seller relationships significantly contribute to market performance (especially with downstream partners). The effects of guanxi networks differ between primary producers, processors and exporters/supermarkets, and across marketing channels. Vegetable farmers and their buyers show an idiosyncratic way to rely on their guanxi networks in doing business. Furthermore, vegetable farmers and their buyers follow different approaches to achieve market performance. Interpersonal trust and compliance with delivery requirements are important factors for all parties in supply chains to achieve superior performance. Particularly, in relationships with downstream partners, the sellers tend to rely on their guanxi networks when conducting transactions. In relationships with upstream partners, guanxi networks and contractual governance are less often used. This study shows that the combination of formal (contract) and informal ( guanxi ) governance mechanisms seems to be the best way to improve chain performance in vegetable supply chains inChina. Policy should be directed to improve farmers' capacity to participate in modern high-value markets as well as to enhance the prospects forChina's vegetables in the world.

The role of producer organizations in market chains has received increasing attention in recent years, both from governments and donors. In order to lower transaction costs, markets demand that smallholder farmers operate in an organized manner. However, though the policy openings for support seem promising, smallholder market access through farmer-led economic organisations is not easy. This book presents various approaches to support producer organisations in terms of providing economic services to their members, with a focus on developing countries. Markets are increasingly fragmented in value chains that link farmers with specific processors, retailers and consumer segments. Several contributions in this book analyse these dynamics in specific value chains, such as the fair trade and organic agriculture and their potential to provide market outlets for smallholder farmers. The sixteen contributions in the book are organized in three sections: - organisational support for producer organisations; - value chain development with producer organisations; - changes in the institutional environment for producer organisations. This book is the result of a Dutch partnership between policy makers, researchers and practitioners designed to confront ideas with realities. Organized in a platform called Agri-ProFocus, members aim to provide more and better support to producer organisations in the South. Through so-called expert meetings, staff from donor organisations and knowledge centres, government officials, and business representatives, share their experiences and lessons learned. The experiences presented in this book are not recipes for instant success, but instead, highlight that support processes are often more fragile and slower moving than policy makers realise. This book is essential reading for scholars, practitioners and researchers interested in supporting and facilitating trajectories of change led by producer organisations in developing countries. Library holdings LEEUW ; 217-I/2007-008 ; Out on loan

The goal of the pilot is to improve the cross-border tomato chain from Ngarenanyuki, Tanzania, to Mombasa Kenya, by increasing substantially (10%) the productivity (physical and financial yield per unit input), the product quality and the total market volume.

In opdracht van het Ministerie voor LNV is een verkennende studie uitgevoerd naar de vraag en het aanbod van rondhout in de komende 20 jaar in ons land en het aangrenzende gebied van België, Nordrhein Westfalen en Niedersachsen. Als eerste stap is gekeken naar ontwikkelingen in vraag en aanbod gedurende de afgelopen 20 jaar. Vervolgens zijn voor verschillende scenario’s berekeningen gemaakt voor de te verwachten vraag en het te verwachten aanbod in de komende 20 jaar. De mogelijke kansen en knelpunten, die verschillen in verwachte vraag en aanbod kunnen opleveren voor zowel de bossector als de houtsector, worden besproken

This thesis analyzes the effects of market liberalization and deregulation in the grain marketing channel on farm households in three villages in a less favored area inChina, taking into account the effects of market access. Market access is defined as the distance between the village that farm households reside in and the closest consumer markets. It is measured by the costs that private traders make to transport rice from the village to their buyers. The marketing channel models used in this study are extensions of simple models of competition, i.e. monopsony, Cournot, quantity leadership, price leadership, and perfect competition. To account for other factors than rice market liberalization and deregulation affecting village rice exports a nonseparable household CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) model is developed. The model accounts for non-separability of household decision making and for imperfect competition in the village rice export market (rice purchase market). Data used in this study are collected through personal interviews conducted in the study areas by the SERENA ( S trengthening E nvironmental and R esource E conomics atN anjingA griculturalUniversity) and RESPONSE ( Re gional Food S ecurity Po licies for N atural Resource Management and S ustainable E conomies) projects. This thesis shows thatChina's government has gradually liberalized and deregulated its grain market and relieved the fiscal budget from subsidizing the SGTCs (State Grain Trading Companies). Competition between the private traders and the SGTCs has become more intensive in the rice purchase market in 2000-03. State grain policies favored the SGTCs, which created an unfair competition environment for private traders. The pressure for further reforms to create a fair competition environment remains. Rice producers benefit from market liberalization and deregulation. How much they benefit depends on the degree of market imperfections before market liberalization and deregulation and the degree of market access. It is found the degree of competition in the rice purchase market is already intense in 2000. The effects of market liberalization and deregulation on farm households are less when taking into account the production of other farm products and off-farm employment.

The European food industry has been regulated for a long time. Since the 1960s, the European market has been protected from imports by relatively high taxes. Companies in Europe therefore never had to fear real competition from outside the Union in their domestic markets. This changed, when, due to WTO negotiations, markets had to be more deregulated. Facing international competition, within the European food industry the concentration increased, leading to unified, oligopolistic markets. Trying to realise scale and scope effects, companies adopted growth strategies both within their national and international markets. Although scale and scope effects are still important, the focus to increase profitability and secure company survival is differentiation, or the creation of customer value in products and brands. Using such terms as 'demand-driven chains and networks', 'turning around chains', 'consumer orientation', 'customer orientation' or 'market orientation', a transition seems to take place from production-oriented to market-oriented firms and systems in agribusiness. The objective of this report is to increase our insights in the transition to marketoriented agribusiness. We develop this model from a theoretical perspective, building on industry evolution and punctuated equilibrium theory, as well as Tedlow's development model for marketing. We test this model and improve it by conducting a multiple, holistic case study in the dairy industry. The transition from production-oriented to market-oriented happened relatively recent in dairy, and its impact has been relatively dramatic. Within the European dairy industry, we compare two cases, i.e. Friesland Foods and Nordmilch. Overall, our cases provide support for the model. Both companies moved from a more fragmented industry structure, to a phase in which they increased scale and scope, and subsequently recognised the creation of customer value as a new key success factor (although Friesland was more able to respond to that than Nordmilch). An important exception is that our results also show that Friesland has throughout its history been an international company. The fact that Friesland (and some other European dairy firms) have operated in an international environment throughout its history and thereby learning from multinationals like Unilever and Nestlé that were encountered in the market, has influenced its mode of learning, development of marketing capabilities and brands, and contributes to the industry transition from production-oriented to market-oriented as a whole. To arrive at where it is now, Friesland adopted a pattern of continuous change early in its existence. Its brands, market positions abroad and marketing capabilities were gradually developed in a step-by-step manner. This contrasts strongly with the pattern of change we found at Nordmilch: for a long time it was successful with the strategy it had, due to its large domestic market and defining itself as a German rather than a European dairy firm, it could continue this strategy without being too much bothered by the changing environment of the European dairy industry. Once it received signals that the strategy was no longer feasible in the business environment (like a historically low milk price and the 10 entrance of a new competitor, Campina), it went through a transformation in which leadership, power structure, organisational structure, business unit strategy and core values and beliefs changed. These findings suggest that in order to become a company at the forefront of the industry, continuous change is a requirement rather than an advantage. Punctuated change leaves companies with the remaining strategic options in the industry, whereas companies that are also changing in a punctuated fashion but respond relatively late, are the ones that are absorbed by the others searching for scale advantages. On the basis of these results, implications are drawn for the dairy industry and extensions are drawn for other industries.

Keywords:Social capital,guanxinetworks, vegetable supply chains, buyer-seller relationships, channel performance,ChinaGuanxiis ubiquitous inChinaand significantly influences people's behaviour in social life and in business. Guanxi refers to personal relationships or connections and is widely recognised as a Chinese form of social capital. This book focuses on the questions, if, and if so, how small-scale producers, together with processors and exporters, can be more successfully integrated into high-value supply chains (i.e., processors, supermarkets and international markets). In particular, our focus is on how Chinese vegetable farmers can use their guanxi networks to be integrated into these modern supply chains and can improve their market performance. We study the effectiveness of both formal (contracts) and relational ( guanxi ) governance mechanisms to improve the integration of buyer-seller relationships and ultimately, to enhance chain performance. We apply various theoretical approaches, supply chain management, social capital theory and transaction cost economics, to develop propositions regarding the interrelation of support from guanxi networks (what guanxi can do for you), buyer-seller relationships (interpersonal trust, transaction specific investments and contractual governance) and market performance (compliance with delivery/quality requirements, efficiency, quality/price satisfaction, and profitability). We combine case study with survey analysis and use structural equation modelling techniques to test the propositions.Background analysis of the Chinese vegetable sector indicates that small-scale farmers usually fail to integrate into high-value market outlets. This is because these farmers face several constraints, such as small production scale, less possibilities to implement quality standards, low negotiation power, and information asymmetry. However, empirical analysis based on three different buyer-seller relationships, including farmers, processors and exporters/supermarkets, shows that support from guanxi networks and integration of buyer-seller relationships significantly contribute to market performance (especially with downstream partners). The effects of guanxi networks differ between primary producers, processors and exporters/supermarkets, and across marketing channels. Vegetable farmers and their buyers show an idiosyncratic way to rely on their guanxi networks in doing business. Furthermore, vegetable farmers and their buyers follow different approaches to achieve market performance. Interpersonal trust and compliance with delivery requirements are important factors for all parties in supply chains to achieve superior performance. Particularly, in relationships with downstream partners, the sellers tend to rely on their guanxi networks when conducting transactions. In relationships with upstream partners, guanxi networks and contractual governance are less often used. This study shows that the combination of formal (contract) and informal ( guanxi ) governance mechanisms seems to be the best way to improve chain performance in vegetable supply chains inChina. Policy should be directed to improve farmers' capacity to participate in modern high-value markets as well as to enhance the prospects forChina's vegetables in the world.

The European food industry has been regulated for a long time. Since the 1960s, the European market has been protected from imports by relatively high taxes. Companies in Europe therefore never had to fear real competition from outside the Union in their domestic markets. This changed, when, due to WTO negotiations, markets had to be more deregulated. Facing international competition, within the European food industry the concentration increased, leading to unified, oligopolistic markets. Trying to realise scale and scope effects, companies adopted growth strategies both within their national and international markets. Although scale and scope effects are still important, the focus to increase profitability and secure company survival is differentiation, or the creation of customer value in products and brands. Using such terms as 'demand-driven chains and networks', 'turning around chains', 'consumer orientation', 'customer orientation' or 'market orientation', a transition seems to take place from production-oriented to market-oriented firms and systems in agribusiness. The objective of this report is to increase our insights in the transition to marketoriented agribusiness. We develop this model from a theoretical perspective, building on industry evolution and punctuated equilibrium theory, as well as Tedlow's development model for marketing. We test this model and improve it by conducting a multiple, holistic case study in the dairy industry. The transition from production-oriented to market-oriented happened relatively recent in dairy, and its impact has been relatively dramatic. Within the European dairy industry, we compare two cases, i.e. Friesland Foods and Nordmilch. Overall, our cases provide support for the model. Both companies moved from a more fragmented industry structure, to a phase in which they increased scale and scope, and subsequently recognised the creation of customer value as a new key success factor (although Friesland was more able to respond to that than Nordmilch). An important exception is that our results also show that Friesland has throughout its history been an international company. The fact that Friesland (and some other European dairy firms) have operated in an international environment throughout its history and thereby learning from multinationals like Unilever and Nestlé that were encountered in the market, has influenced its mode of learning, development of marketing capabilities and brands, and contributes to the industry transition from production-oriented to market-oriented as a whole. To arrive at where it is now, Friesland adopted a pattern of continuous change early in its existence. Its brands, market positions abroad and marketing capabilities were gradually developed in a step-by-step manner. This contrasts strongly with the pattern of change we found at Nordmilch: for a long time it was successful with the strategy it had, due to its large domestic market and defining itself as a German rather than a European dairy firm, it could continue this strategy without being too much bothered by the changing environment of the European dairy industry. Once it received signals that the strategy was no longer feasible in the business environment (like a historically low milk price and the 10 entrance of a new competitor, Campina), it went through a transformation in which leadership, power structure, organisational structure, business unit strategy and core values and beliefs changed. These findings suggest that in order to become a company at the forefront of the industry, continuous change is a requirement rather than an advantage. Punctuated change leaves companies with the remaining strategic options in the industry, whereas companies that are also changing in a punctuated fashion but respond relatively late, are the ones that are absorbed by the others searching for scale advantages. On the basis of these results, implications are drawn for the dairy industry and extensions are drawn for other industries.

Preface, 7 Part 1. Introduction Management and organization in international agri-food chains and networks, 15 J. Bijman, S.W.F. Omta, J.H. Trienekens, J.H.M. Wijnands and E.M.F. Wubben Part 2. Governance Does guanxi matter for vegetable supply chains in China? A case study approach, 31 H. Lu, J.H. Trienekens and S.W.F. Omta Is more vertical integration the future of food supply chains? Empirical evidence and theoretical considerations from German pork production, 49 B. Schulze, A. Spiller and L. Theuvsen Contracts in agribusiness: A survey in the Hungarian dairy sector, 65 G.G. Szabo and K. Bardos Part 3. Horizontal collaboration Producer groups as a form of entrepreneurship and a tool for strengthening the competitive position of private farms in Poland, 83 M. Adamowicz and M. Lemanowicz The role of producer organizations in the process of developing an integrated supply chain experiences from Quinoa chain development in Bolivia, 97 G. Ton and J. Bijman Horizontal cooperation among small and medium-sized supermarkets as a tool for strengthening competitivenes, 113 F.A. Ghisi, D.P. Martinelli and T. Kristensen Part 4. Supply Chain Management Logistics outsourcing in food supply chain networks: Theory and practices, 135 H.I. Hsiao, J.G.A.J. van der Vorst and S.W.F. Omta About the preparedness of dairy companies for ECR, 151 T. Obersojer and H. Weindlmaier. Using data mining to improve operations management in food supply networks, 163 Y. Li, M.R. Kramer, A.J.M. Beulens and J.G.A.J. van der Vorst Tailored improvement of supply chain processes in agri-food networks, 179 M. Fritz and T. Hausen Part 5. Power A power-based approach to the analysis of the food system, 199 V. Sodano Chain management challenges and market power in the Chinese fresh produce sector, 217 B.J. Revell and X. Liu Bargaining power in mango supply chains: An experimental gaming approach, 231 G. Zuniga-Arias, S. Meijer, R. Ruben and G.J. Hofstede Part 6. Performance Modelling the recall costs of consumption milk in relation to time, 259 A.G.J. Velthuis, C. van Erve and M.P.M. Meuwissen Alliances between wholesalers and retailers in the fresh vegetable industry, 269 J.H.M. Wijnands, W.B. Koot and S. Rosenkranz Part 7. Quality, safety and sustainability Hybrid forms in the supply of safe food, 287 G. Martino and C. Perugini Quality assurance and vertical alliances: Case studies in the UK and Brazilian beef chains, 303 M.D. de Barcellos, G.C. Ferreira and L.M. Vieira Vertical coordination, quality management and firm performance of the pork processing industry in China, 319 J. Han, J.H. Trienekens, T. Tan, S.W.F. Omta and K. Wang Improving quality and ecological sustainability of natural resources in international supply chains: The role of market-based incentives, 333 E. Kambewa, P. Intenbleek, A. van Tilburg and I. van der Lans Assessing and stimulating environmental pro-activeness in food supply chains, 343 D.J. Haverkamp, H.J. Bremmers and S.W.F. Omta. Part 8. Case studies Mapping and quantification of the milk chain in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 359 M.F. Neves, M.A. Consoli, F.F. Lopes, E.M. Campos and H.A.B. Paiva Impacts of the rapid development of supermarkets on China's dairy industry, 373 D. Hu, F. Fuller and T. Reardon Organizational learning in the context of an agri-food chain, 387 A.J. Dunne Authors and affiliations, 403.

Agrarische ondernemers en natuurorganisaties hadden een wens: samen nieuwe vormen van regionale landbouw ontwikkelen in harmonie met natuur en landschap. Met als resultaat producten en diensten, die zowel de consument, de producent als het Vechtdal zelf ten goede komen. Dit rapport werkt dit Vechtdal-concept uit

Naar aanleiding van de op handen zijnde regelgeving in het Verenigd Koninkrijk (VK) tot het huisvesten van niet-lacterende zeugen in groepen is de relatie onderzocht tussen de export van Nederlandse bacon naar het VK en de hiervoor benodigde productieomvang op varkensbedrijven in het VK, Denemarken en Nederland.

Description: This thesis deals with product-innovation in small firms. It aims at a better understanding of the determinants of product innovation in small firms, particularly those determinants that are related to the market orientation of small firms. The focus of the study is on small firms that supply more or less homogeneous products to the market. A general framework is developed to investigate the relationship between market orientation and product innovation in small firms. The main elements of this general framework are the following. Product innovation in small firms is modeled as an individual decision-making process and personal traits of the manager are supposed to be important influencers of decision making. It is hypothesized that innovativeness, as an important personal trait of the manager, influences market orientation and product innovation. It is argued that product innovation in small firms usually is not the development of a new product by the small firm itself but rather the adoption of a concept developed by customers or third parties. This puts forward the important role of marketing channel partners in product innovation by small firms. Small firms¿ market orientation is expected to rely heavily on its current customers. This general framework is elaborated in specific models for the adoption of product innovation and radical product innovation. In case of radical product innovation separate models for the adoption and the intention to adopt refine the analysis. Finally a model has been proposed to explain the formation of expectations of small firms about their future performance. The models have been tested using data from Dutch rose growers and poultry farms. The empirical results show that elements of a small firm¿s market orientation drive product innovation and also radical product innovation. It appears that customer market intelligence stimulates product innovation. In the case of radical product innovation expressed needs of current customers but not those of potential customers stimulate the adoption of radical product innovation. Innovativeness influences a small firm¿s market orientation and product innovation, also radical product innovation. It appears that market orientation may inhibit or stimulate product innovation, depending on whether the innovativeness of the firm in the respective product domain is high or low. The influence of the manager¿s attitude towards a radical product innovation on intention to adopt is larger, the higher the manager¿s innovativeness. Also, expressed needs by potential customers for radical product innovation only influence the decision to adopt the radical product innovation if the manager is highly innovative. The expectations of small firms about future performance appear to be not a simple extrapolation of current success. Other factors which influence these expectations are amongst others: (a) whether or not the firms recently adopted a radical product innovation; (b) whether current customers expressed needs for that radical product innovation, and (c) whether the firm is dependent on current customer. Toelichting: Het onderwerp van dit proefschrift is productinnovatie door ondernemingen. Productinnovatie is een belangrijke ondernemingsbeslissing, met name voor het marktbeleid van een onderneming. Er is reeds veel onderzoek verricht naar productinnovatie. Hierin komt onder meer naar voren dat marktgerichtheid van ondernemingen nauw gerelateerd is aan succesvolle productinnovatie. Onderzoek naar productinnovatie door kleine ondernemingen is echter nog beperkt. Dit onderzoek tracht de leemte op dit gebied aan te vullen. Kleine ondernemingen worden daarbij opgevat als ondernemingen die door de eigenaar worden geleid en bestuurd. Er wordt verondersteld dat de karakteristieken van kleine ondernemingen specifieke gevolgen hebben voor productinnovatie. Zo zijn deze ondernemingen als gevolg van hun bescheiden omvang niet in staat om voldoende personele en financiële middelen in te zetten voor zelfstandige productontwikkeling. Ook lijken de wetenschappelijke modellen en theorieën, die op het gebied van productinnovatie zijn ontwikkeld, moeilijk toepasbaar op kleine ondernemingen omdat de strategische planning en de implementatie ervan bij kleine ondernemingen vaak moeilijk onderscheiden kunnen worden van elkaar. Het doel van deze studie is, om meer inzicht te verwerven in de factoren die productinnovatie door kleine ondernemingen beïnvloeden. Hierbij gaat de aandacht in het bijzonder uit naar de invloed van marktgerichtheid. Dit onderzoek richt zich op kleine ondernemingen die min of meer homogene producten voortbrengen, zoals landbouwbedrijven. Deze ondernemingen zetten hun producten af in een markt waarvan de marktvorm bij benadering kan worden getypeerd als volledige mededinging. Het onderzoek richt zich niet op kleine ondernemingen die heterogene, op de behoeften van de klant afgestemde, producten en diensten leveren. Dit type onderneming komt met name in de dienstverlening veel voor.

Description: This thesis deals with product-innovation in small firms. It aims at a better understanding of the determinants of product innovation in small firms, particularly those determinants that are related to the market orientation of small firms. The focus of the study is on small firms that supply more or less homogeneous products to the market. A general framework is developed to investigate the relationship between market orientation and product innovation in small firms. The main elements of this general framework are the following. Product innovation in small firms is modeled as an individual decision-making process and personal traits of the manager are supposed to be important influencers of decision making. It is hypothesized that innovativeness, as an important personal trait of the manager, influences market orientation and product innovation. It is argued that product innovation in small firms usually is not the development of a new product by the small firm itself but rather the adoption of a concept developed by customers or third parties. This puts forward the important role of marketing channel partners in product innovation by small firms. Small firms¿ market orientation is expected to rely heavily on its current customers. This general framework is elaborated in specific models for the adoption of product innovation and radical product innovation. In case of radical product innovation separate models for the adoption and the intention to adopt refine the analysis. Finally a model has been proposed to explain the formation of expectations of small firms about their future performance. The models have been tested using data from Dutch rose growers and poultry farms. The empirical results show that elements of a small firm¿s market orientation drive product innovation and also radical product innovation. It appears that customer market intelligence stimulates product innovation. In the case of radical product innovation expressed needs of current customers but not those of potential customers stimulate the adoption of radical product innovation. Innovativeness influences a small firm¿s market orientation and product innovation, also radical product innovation. It appears that market orientation may inhibit or stimulate product innovation, depending on whether the innovativeness of the firm in the respective product domain is high or low. The influence of the manager¿s attitude towards a radical product innovation on intention to adopt is larger, the higher the manager¿s innovativeness. Also, expressed needs by potential customers for radical product innovation only influence the decision to adopt the radical product innovation if the manager is highly innovative. The expectations of small firms about future performance appear to be not a simple extrapolation of current success. Other factors which influence these expectations are amongst others: (a) whether or not the firms recently adopted a radical product innovation; (b) whether current customers expressed needs for that radical product innovation, and (c) whether the firm is dependent on current customer. Toelichting: Het onderwerp van dit proefschrift is productinnovatie door ondernemingen. Productinnovatie is een belangrijke ondernemingsbeslissing, met name voor het marktbeleid van een onderneming. Er is reeds veel onderzoek verricht naar productinnovatie. Hierin komt onder meer naar voren dat marktgerichtheid van ondernemingen nauw gerelateerd is aan succesvolle productinnovatie. Onderzoek naar productinnovatie door kleine ondernemingen is echter nog beperkt. Dit onderzoek tracht de leemte op dit gebied aan te vullen. Kleine ondernemingen worden daarbij opgevat als ondernemingen die door de eigenaar worden geleid en bestuurd. Er wordt verondersteld dat de karakteristieken van kleine ondernemingen specifieke gevolgen hebben voor productinnovatie. Zo zijn deze ondernemingen als gevolg van hun bescheiden omvang niet in staat om voldoende personele en financiële middelen in te zetten voor zelfstandige productontwikkeling. Ook lijken de wetenschappelijke modellen en theorieën, die op het gebied van productinnovatie zijn ontwikkeld, moeilijk toepasbaar op kleine ondernemingen omdat de strategische planning en de implementatie ervan bij kleine ondernemingen vaak moeilijk onderscheiden kunnen worden van elkaar. Het doel van deze studie is, om meer inzicht te verwerven in de factoren die productinnovatie door kleine ondernemingen beïnvloeden. Hierbij gaat de aandacht in het bijzonder uit naar de invloed van marktgerichtheid. Dit onderzoek richt zich op kleine ondernemingen die min of meer homogene producten voortbrengen, zoals landbouwbedrijven. Deze ondernemingen zetten hun producten af in een markt waarvan de marktvorm bij benadering kan worden getypeerd als volledige mededinging. Het onderzoek richt zich niet op kleine ondernemingen die heterogene, op de behoeften van de klant afgestemde, producten en diensten leveren. Dit type onderneming komt met name in de dienstverlening veel voor.

Dit onderzoek bestond uit twee onderdelen, in de eerste plaats is met behulp van enquêtes de bestaande teelt en afzet van biologische asperges onderzocht, in de tweede plaats zijn er teeltproeven met biologische kasasperges gedaan.

Dit rapport bevat de resultaten van een studie naar de mogelijkheden voor het ontwikkelen en vermarkten van een streekproduct varkensvlees uit het Limburgse Heuvellandgebied. Ingegaan wordt op de resultaten van het onderzoekstraject gericht op de ontwikkeling van het streekproduct en op het opzetten van een bijpassende afzetketen

Dit rapport bevat de resultaten van een verkennend marktontwikkelingsonderzoek naar nieuwe mogelijkheden voor de afzet van streekproducten en gerelateerde diensten in de markt voor toerisme en recreatie. Dit onderzoek is geïnitieerd door producenten van streekproducten en gerelateerde diensten, die hun marktpositie in hun eigen regio willen versterken. Op basis van kenmerken van de markt voor toerisme en recreatie zijn drie verschillende nieuwe afzetmogelijkheden onderzocht. Tevens wordt inzicht verschaft in de bijbehorende randvoorwaarden en consequenties voor producenten van streekproducten en gerelateerde diensten die in het algemeen betrekking hebben op de markt voor toerisme en recreatie en in het bijzonder op de drie verschillende afzetmogelijkheden.

Dit rapport bevat de resultaten van een studie naar de mogelijkheden voor het ontwikkelen en vermarkten van een streekproduct varkensvlees uit het Limburgse Heuvellandgebied. Ingegaan wordt op de resultaten van het onderzoekstraject gericht op de ontwikkeling van het streekproduct en op het opzetten van een bijpassende afzetketen