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"O autor de si mesmo" and "Mineirinho" are both chronicles written as reactions to newspaper reports about cases of extreme violence. Both are also texts published in the mainstream media of their time: Gazeta de Notícias, in the case of Machado de Assis, and the magazine Senhor, in the case of Clarice Lispector. This article seeks to analyze these texts in parallel, in order to investigate the modalities of reaction to the violence that they embody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research highlights mechanisms underlying transparency's influence on news engagement, as contingent upon perceptions of the news media's importance (PNMI). Employing an experimental design with randomized exposure to a transparency feature and contrasting source (regional vs. national newspaper) attributions, the study provides evidence of transparency fostering increased message credibility and (indirectly) news engagement. Transparency's indirect relationship with engagement intentions was shown to be strongest when average/high in PNMI. Notably, transparency's effect did not vary by source attribution and was demonstrated with only one of the two stories featured in the study—further highlighting limitations of transparency as a solution for declining news trust and engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exemplification is crucial for people's perception of the world and is common in mass media. Exemplars in news stories, however, are not necessarily accurate and could mislead audiences. This study relies on a content analysis to examine the extent of particular case reporting in a Chilean newspaper sample covering 25 years (1991-2015). Results show that particular cases (or exemplars) are widespread in the Chilean press, with a steady increase over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A social marketing campaign was introduced in California in 2012, promoting media adherence to consensus-based guidelines on reporting about suicide. We examine adherence to these guidelines by applying quantitative scores to articles in California and a national control group in two six-month intervals prior to and following campaign implementation. Utilizing a difference-in-difference approach, we found no significant effect of the campaign, though the type of article content was a significant indicator of the overall score. Findings also demonstrated a nation-wide downward trend in the quality of reporting. Qualitative results suggest a need for more flexible guidelines in light of a technologically driven news culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The personalization of politics has received much attention in both the political science and political communication literature, but the focus has almost entirely been on party leaders and prime ministers. This study investigates the personalization of ministerial communication in Norway, a type of decentralized personalization. It combines a survey of communication workers; in-depth interviews with politicians, communication workers, political reporters, and top-level civil servants; and ethnographic observation inside a ministry. The article goes beyond media-centered perspectives and identifies several potential drivers and barriers to personalization processes. Based on our mixed methods approach, we find that ministerial communication in Norway is strongly centered on the minister in both reactive media management and the proactive promotion of the minister and new policies. This decentralized personalization is driven by both demands from the media and the strategic adaptation by political and administrative actors within ministries. Based on the rich empirically grounded insights, the article discusses how the interplay between the logic of the contemporary commercial news media, political ambitions, internal administrative ambitions, and changes in executive government shapes the personalization of ministerial communication, and illuminates how these multiple drivers of personalization are mutually reinforcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under a traditional paradigm, only those with the expected background knowledge consume academic literature. The lay press, as well as government and non-government agencies, play a complementary role of extracting findings of high interest or importance and translating them for general viewing. The need for accurate reporting and public advising is paramount when attempting to tackle epidemic outbreaks through behavior change. Yet, public trust in media outlets is at a historic low. The Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model for media reporting on public health emergencies was established in 2005 and has subsequently been used to analyze media reporting on outbreaks of influenza and measles as well as smoking habits and medication compliance. However, no media analysis had yet been performed on the 2013–2016 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak. This study compared the EVD information relayed by lay press sources with general review articles in the academic literature through a mixed-methods analysis. These findings suggest that comprehensive review articles could not serve as a source to clarify and contextualize the uncertainties around the EVD outbreak, perhaps due to adherence to technical accuracy at the expense of clarity within the context of outbreak conditions. This finding does not imply inferiority of the academic literature, nor does it draw direct causation between confusion in review articles and public misunderstanding. Given the erosion of the barriers siloing academia, combined with the demands of today’s fast-paced media environment, contemporary researchers should realize that no study is outside the public forum and to therefore consider shifting the paradigm to take personal responsibility in the process of accurately translating their scientific words into public policy actions to best serve as a source of clarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A media storm is a sudden surge in news coverage of an item, producing high attention for a sustained period. Our study represents the first multi-issue, quantitative analysis of storm behavior. We build a theory of the mechanisms that drive media storms and why the “anatomy” of media storms differs from that of non-storm coverage. Specifically, media storm coverage should change less explosively over time, but be more sharply skewed across issues, compared to non-storm coverage. We offer a new method of operationalizing media storms and apply our operationalization to U.S. and Belgian news. Even in these two very different cases, we find a common empirical storm anatomy with properties that differ from those of non-storm coverage in the predicted fashion. We illustrate the effects of media storms on the public through discussion of four key examples, showing that online search behavior responds strongly to media storms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The media plays an important role in relation to public service. As a result, it faces a great need for information regulation, especially in relation to major events, such as disasters and humanitarian crises. The media, however, does appear committed to solving problems related to their coverage of highly sensitive topics and events. For this study, we analysed newsroom codes of conducts, stylebooks, and other tools of self-regulation, noting the absence of specific recommendations for properly following reporting etiquette in these types of scenarios. Furthermore, an additional study of documents from professional, academic and social organizations showed fragmented and unfocused recommendations for proper etiquette when reporting on sensitive situations. We used these fragments as a starting point to develop a compendium of proposals to help instill the social function of journalism when reporting on disasters and humanitarian crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the press agency information flow, the figure of special correspondent appears to be the preferred way for the media to study in depth the problems of countries in conflict. The analysis of the articles by French journalists (Le Monde and Liberation) shows the inclusion of subjectivity in their discourses, an expressive dimension which is a result of direct contact with Colombian realities which are difficult to understand. Our motivation to analyze the way Colombia is described in the French press is to try to understand how special correspondents use their own experiences on the spot, in order to provide an easier to comprehend view of what seems to be "the Colombian problem". From this point of view we propose to examine some writing strategies which are used to compose a normative narrative inside of which the knowledge, the information, but especially the emotional experience, take form in a synthesis of the event and personal experience with "the other". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis of 100 blogs finds that local public affairs bloggers do not rely on newspapers for the majority of their sources. They are more likely to use originial sources and original reporting, particularly when writing about local topics commonly ignored by the news media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge (or acknowledgement) of texts produced to media helps the historic comprehension and the retrieval of close issues related to the press and the cultural diversity. This present study retakes as reference the processes and sources of text construction published in the Brazilian press in the 70's (20th century) in books and alternative newspapers . Always taking into account of technological resources from each time, it presents a segment of Brazilian journalists' productions which have been very little studied. We highlight, for example, the reading of two texts by journalist Marcus Faerman: "The trapped words", reflections written on Versus Journal, number 7, from December 1976, and "The long adventurous of news reports", statement given to the book Reporters, organized by the journalist Audálio Dantas in 1997. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing press offices was a step forward for the communication within organizations- as it will be demonstrated in the present study- despite the fact that the journalists, organized into a kind of a union, had the initiative and, with the approval of the Home Affairs Ministry, founded the first structure that was to relate with media. The legal establishment of the other press services within ministries and the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, due to the great amount of ministry's decisions that regulated the activities of those institutions, proves the importance of the existence of some specialized structures that maintained efficient relations with the press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have persistently shown deficiencies in medical reporting by the mainstream media. We have been monitoring the accuracy and comprehensiveness of medical news reporting in Australia since mid 2004. This analysis of more than 1200 stories in the Australian media compares different types of media outlets and examines reporting trends over time. Methods and Findings: Between March 2004 and June 2008 1230 news stories were rated on a national medical news monitoring web site, Media Doctor Australia. These covered a variety of health interventions ranging from drugs, diagnostic tests and surgery to dietary and complementary therapies. Each story was independently assessed by two reviewers using ten criteria. Scores were expressed as percentages of total assessable items deemed satisfactory according to a coding guide. Analysis of variance was used to compare mean scores and Fishers exact test to compare proportions. Trends over time were analysed using un-weighted linear regression analysis. Broadsheet newspapers had the highest average satisfactory scores: 58% (95% CI 56-60%), compared with tabloid newspapers and online news outlets, 48% (95% CI 44-52) and 48% (95% CI 46-50) respectively. The lowest scores were assigned to stories broadcast by human interest/current affairs television programmes (average score 33% (95% CI 28-38)). While there was a non- significant increase in average scores for all outlets, a significant improvement was seen in the online news media: a rise of 5.1% (95%CI 1.32, 8.97; P 0.009). Statistically significant improvements were seen in coverage of the potential harms of interventions, the availability of treatment or diagnostic options, and accurate quantification of benefits. Conclusion: Although the overall quality of medical reporting in the general media remains poor, this study showed modest improvements in some areas. However, the most striking finding was the continuing very poor coverage of health news by commercial current affairs television programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In relation to the press coverage of matters connected with the European Union, we have established a map of coordinates based on research carried out during a period of time. Firstly, we have identified and described the methods and attitudes used by journalists, especially by press correspondents located in Brussels covering EU community news. At the same time, we have studied the ideological and cultural conditioning factors of these correspondents in relation to their professional work. Once we had identified their professional practice, on the one hand, and the ideological and cultural attitudes of European journalists on the other, we carried out a study on the articulation of the different types of discourse in order to obtain a series of interrelations that establish the limits of different open spaces regarding the future of European journalism. In this article, we have used the information gathered and applied it to a conceptual framework in order to study the journalistic coverage given by the Spanish press to a very important European community event: the implementation of the Euro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tracks the evolution of "eyewitnessing" as a journalistic key word. It argues that three dimensions have helped establish eyewitnessing as a way to understand journalism - the eyewitness as report, eyewitness as role, and eyewitness as technology. These dimensions have functioned as different carriers of meaning about journalism over time, establishing a seemingly consensual understanding of journalism and journalistic practice while strengthening journalism's claim to authority in questionable circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fourth and latest release in a series of publications on the impact of media and changes in societal culture in Asia, this book provides a study of the subnational conflicts across Asia and the global ‘War on Terror.’ The authors examine the condition of free press, access to media, and diversity in news reporting to explore how media is used as a tool to facilitate ideological coalition, shelter populations, and maintain political stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newsmedia foreign correspondents are among the most celebrated transnational migrants of our times. Drawing on an extensive anthropological multi-sited study of this occupational group, its organisation, background and working conditions, as well as its reporting, this article discusses its relationship to notions of cosmopolitanism - both in terms of the personal orientations and experiences of the practitioners and their contribution to the shaping of informed citizens of the world in their audiences. Variations in correspondent mobility patterns are delineated in terms of a contrast between spiralists and long-timers, and current changes in newsmedia foreign coverage are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine newspaper coverage of mental illness in children and adults taken from 6 weeks during a 1-year period. Articles were coded for (1) type of article; (2) types of disorders named or described; (3) themes related to crime, attributions of the disorder, treatments and critiques of the mental health system; and (4) "elements of responsible journalism," including inclusion of perspectives from mental health experts, statistics related to mental illness, referrals to additional sources of information and avoidance of slang terminology. We examine how these variables differ by the age of the group discussed in the article: children/adolescents and adults/older adults. One thousand two hundred fifty-two articles were coded for these four clusters as well as age of group discussed in the article. Inter-rater correlations of two independent judges were satisfactory for 10% of the stories. Age group comparisons revealed that the child articles contained a significantly higher proportion of feature articles; were significantly more likely to discuss behavior and conduct disorders, alcohol and drug abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and to contain themes of causation, treatment, and critiques of the mental health system. The adult articles contained a significantly higher proportion of episodic news stories and were significantly more likely to present themes of dangerousness and crime. Our analysis found that child articles were significantly more likely to incorporate elements of responsible journalism, while adult articles were significantly more likely to use stigmatizing terminology. Our report encourages journalists to develop contextually comprehensive and informative presentations of mental illness and issues surrounding the mental health system for all population groups in order to provide readers with accurate information within the context of general social trends and relevant expert opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, the commercialisation of the media in Norway has prompted two opposing theories concerning the impact of commercial news criteria; the first suggests it restrains, the second that it stimulates, investigative journalism. But the two theories draw the same normative conclusion, namely that commercialisation has negative implications for the contribution of media to democracy. This article presents the two theories, and puts their empirical assumptions to the test, using the distribution of awards for outstanding investigative journalism as a yardstick. The test results are discussed in the light of economic theory. It seems that critics of media commercialisation have placed too much emphasis on the cost-cutting aspect of a capitalist economy, and too little on capitalism as “the free-market innovation machine”. The conclusion is that commercial news criteria stimulate investigative journalism more than they restrain it, and that investigative journalism's contribution to democracy is more positive than negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to contribute to the ongoing discussion about the critical potential of tabloid journalism. It does so through a comparison of two popular journalism campaigns: the “Maiden Tribute” campaign in the London newspaper the Pall Mall Gazette in 1885 (dealing with underage prostitution), and the “naming-and-shaming” campaign in the News of the World in 2000, concerning child abuse and paedophilia. The main research question is whether any or both of these campaigns can be viewed as contributions to an alternative public sphere, as defined using concepts from Örnebring and Jönsson (2004) and Atton (2002). Three aspects of the campaigns are compared: (1) How they discursively frame the issue at hand, (2) How they discursively frame the key actors present in the texts, and (3) What mode of address is employed. The purpose of this comparison is to examine whether the campaigns open up alternative possibilities in how they frame and present the issue and the actors, and in how they address and give space to their audiences. The main result is that the Pall Mall Gazette campaign has the greater claim to being a contribution to an alternative public sphere in terms of how it frames the issue and the actors. The article further argues that while there is a distinct potential of tabloid journalism to contribute to an alternative public sphere in certain circumstances, this potential should not be overstated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Press coverage of crime and punishment was central to the development of mid-Victorian journalism and extensive coverage of murder trials and public executions was a staple of middle-class newspapers. This article explores the tensions between traditional frameworks for reporting “rituals of retribution”, class-based codes of civility and squeamishness, and the emergence of early modern styles of fact-based and empathic newspaper reporting in the handling by Lincolnshire newspapers of the first private execution in the county, in 1868, when journalists were enlisted as “witnesses” on behalf of the “public”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using as a case study examples from a range of Lincolnshire newspapers, the article examines the emergence of sports journalism at a local level. Towards the end of the 19th century, provincial newspapers’ content was becoming increasingly local in orientation as attempts were made to distinguish themselves from the cheap, popular national dailies. With the growth of commercialised leisure and professional sport, increasing coverage within the local press became devoted to the reporting of such activities. The article examines the development of sports journalism between 1870 and 1914, a period of significant change within the provincial press. The work of several historians such as Richard Holt and Dave Russell have suggested that the coverage of sports news within the local newspaper played a part in forging local and regional identities: this article will assess the degree to which an analysis of the Lincolnshire press supports this argument. Increasingly, the identity of local press titles was, to an extent, shaped and defined through their sports coverage. This enabled newspapers to distinguish themselves from neighbouring rivals. The article will examine the ways in which local sports reporting competed with or complemented that appearing within the popular national press and the specialist sports papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This frame analysis of blogs active during the second Gulf War found that overall, bloggers worked within existing discourses about the war, primarily employing pro-war and anti-war frames. The blogs also promoted blogging itself as a solution to the problems of reporting on war as some bloggers saw themselves as improvements on mainstream media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many travelers who crossed the Atlantic in 2002 and 2003, and who also read the news and watched television, the widening Euro-American gap in reporting on Iraq was a source of increasing wonder. How could the American and European political cultures, which had been so close for so long, have drifted so far apart and so rapidly? Much of this drift was over one issue: How to deal with the threat of weapons of mass destruction allegedly possessed by Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How were Americans persuaded to support the invasion of Iraq when citizens elsewhere were not? U.S. press coverage in the days leading up to war portrayed protest as unpatriotic and the arguments against war as irrelevant, when it spoke of these phenomena at all. But the case for deliberation and against a rush to war was given much more legitimacy by the European press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article confronts the antirealist analysis of news journalism by introducing a realist perspective based on an application and an extension of some of John Searle's ideas on the subject. This realist point of view proposes two original hypotheses, namely that news is formally based on a prior reality and that this prerequisite reality is ultimately a given reality. Defending the first hypothesis is the idea that news is intentional in that it represents a state of affairs in a mind-to-world direction of fit. The second hypothesis argues that the social reality on which news is essentially based is almost always constructed from a brute reality through a process of iteration. The article then proposes a typology of journalistic brute facts: natural phenomena, biological facts, non-intentional mental facts, human accidents, selective actions, continuous behaviours, tendencies, dispositions, and other natural propensities and, finally, verbal manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What role does the local media, particularly the local press play, in the local constituency campaign during UK general elections? Drawing on interviews with MPs and candidates and evidence from a series of content analysis studies of local newspapers, this article reviews the extent to which the local press offers coverage to political actors during and outside the period of the election campaign. It argues that the pressure to court the local media and to build a local profile is rarely matched by extensive coverage and that this should raise questions about the place of the local press in the local constituency campaign. The paper also sets out the strategies used by MPs and candidates to court the local press and argues that this reflects the very limited role that the local press plays within the local constituency in respect of its political coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a profile of Nepalese journalists in terms of their opinions about traits of government and private media, influences on their reporting, press freedom in Nepal, and their professional benefits. The profile is based on a convenience sample of 132 journalists, in the major cities of Kathmandu and Pokhara, representing all the major newspapers radio stations, and the government television station. Despite reports of the dismal condition of the press in Nepal and confirmation in this study of the low pay journalists receive and the barriers they face, journalists in Nepal seem to be optimistic about their freedoms and idealistic in the reasons for which they join the profession. At the same time, they are realistic about the pressures and influences they face as they report, about the importance of material benefits in their jobs, and, to some extent, even about the traits and roles they ascribe to private and government media. And while differences exist, particularly by whether they work for government or private media, in how they view all of these-ratings, roles, and reasons-the similarity of their responses overrides their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typically, the New York Times isn't strong on presenting Canadian news to its readers - unlike the Canadian counterpart, The Globe and Mail, which features a daily diet of American news - politics and entertainment. In the last year the New York Times's Canadian-focused articles included topics such as anti-smoking legislation in Nunavut, potential terrorist ties to Canada, acrimonious debates over border safety, the travails of ageing boomers and seniors crossing the border to avail themselves of cheaper Canadian pharmaceuticals, legalized gay marriages, hockey, sordid politics (a patronage scandal in the Liberal party), softwood lumber disputes under NAFTA, the decriminalization of marijuana, and the synergy between Prime Minister Martin and rock star Bono. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two main theoretical concepts to interrogate news content were adopted in this study. The Frankfurt School concepts of ideology (and in particular Althusser's concept ideological state apparatus) and the British Cultural Studies concept, moral panic, help document how 2 examples of print media covered a local encounter between young Black men and the police in one community. By reconceptualizing the press as an ideological state apparatus and using the concept moral panic, the authors include dimensions that may more forcefully illustrate links between media content and lived experience. The news concerning the death of Black Panther leader, Fred Hampton, challenged the existing status quo by bringing race and class issues to the forefront. The Black press (Chicago Daily Defender) provided an alternative understanding to the one offered by the general press (Chicago Tribune). Evidence is offered for how and under what circumstances the discourse of journalism professional values and norms suppress or obscure minority voices. Incorporating the concept moral panic provides a tool for explaining the distinctive narratives offered by the 2 Chicago newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the relationship between the nature of newspaper coverage of social protests and the level of deviance and type of protest. A content analysis of 280 protest news stories from the Milwaukee Journal. Wisconsin State Journal. Sauk Prairie Star. Watertown Times, and Park Falls Herald from, 1960 to 1499 was conducted to compare indicators of the protest paradigm between protests that either support the status quo, endorse moderate reform, or seek radical reform. Additional analyses looked at the role that the type of protest played in adherence to the protest paradigm. Results of analyses indicate that moderate reform and radical reform protests were more likely to be treated critically in both the headline and main body of the article as well as have greater emphasis plated on specific events rather than themes end goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, based on depth interviews with journalists, is an analysis of the social context of journalistic deception. Borrowing from Elliot and Culver's (1992) comprehensive definition of journalistic deception that covered not only newsgathering practices but also the potential for deception in journalists' relationships with news audiences, as well as the omission--commission distinction, this research is an empirical attempt to locate the occupational and individual-grounded buses for deception. Why do journalists use deceptive methods such as impersonations, nonidentifications, and fabrication in their work? Deception is located in a moral-pragmatic framework based on harm-benefit, the altruism elf the act, and instrumental utilities such as convenience, personal safety, and the bottom line. Woven into the journalists' accounts are attempts to normalize deceptive behavior--consistent with the notion of deception as a prima facie wrong--and the salience of organizational pressures such as legal and business concerns. As car occupational construct, journalistic deception is shaped by professional demands. Tacit rule's govern what is acceptable and unacceptable deception based on assessments of the target of deception (newsmakers vs. news audiences), the perceived character of the person deceived (good vs. bad), and the nature of the act (omission vs. commission). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores perceptions of media bias by manipulating expectations of bias and news topic. Branches of the examination of media bias; Structural elements in a news report and their role in the perception of media bias; Types of statement readers consider to be biased.

This study provided mixed support for traditional expectations on the impact of exposure to international news in the U.S. The study questioned whether different news media have a differential impact on knowledge, attitudes, and opinions about international subjects. The medium seemed to make a difference under certain circumstances and for certain topics. Not all media, however, had equal impact. The study also questioned whether knowledge and views espoused by an adult audience are made more homogeneous as exposure to international news increases. The media were not likely to promote homogeneity or cognitive and attitudinal dependence in their audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]