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Widespread legalization is turning cannabis into big business. As cultivation, manufacturing, and retail sales expand in size and sophistication, the industry appears to be evolving into a commodit...

The purpose of this paper is presenting 2 examples of using English to teach history and economic subjects in universities and colleges. Another goal of this study is that we aim to enhance teaching quality in schools, colleges and universities through case teaching methods which can help students to expand discussion via open mind method. Al-Issa (2006) stated that for five decades there is an important international activity, that is English language teaching (ELT), which became a big business. And dominated by USA, it shows that English roles has been increasing on the world arena in the postcolonial/neocolonial age. For using English to teach History subjects we have to not only catch the historical terms and topics very well but we also combine language teaching with images, ICT tools, LCDs with effective history languages. For using English to teach economic subjects, we have to note there are key economic terms for each economic subjects as well as practice speaking and listening very often in order to deliver effective messages to students and facilitate effective communication inside classrooms. Huy, D.T.N., Hanh, N.T.T, Thao, N.T.P et al (2021) mention there is psychological and pedagogy issues when teaching at schools. We present a typical case teaching in economic subject: analyze stock price and beta CAPM determinants in a single case study of Vietinbank - CTG in Vietnam financial market during operation period 2011-2020. Next, we will present a case teaching in Indonesian revolution for history subject. Authors also present a process of applying English in teaching history and economic via 2 specific case examples.

The tools of running a business are big business themselves. Finding a way to efficiently streamline processes could save time, effort, and money, but getting to that point often requires retraining and fitting the process to the software rather than the software to the process. Having an all-in-one platform that adapts to business needs is the novel way some companies have begun to approach productivity tools, with Monday.com being a prime example of where the technology is leading. An easy-to-use interface depends on the user’s ability to grasp its setup, and by making an app-based platform, the founders are capitalizing on the iPhone generation. Monday.com is a prime example of a business offering a product for other businesses, and studying how they developed their software not only allows students to understand how such a tool can be useful in running a business, but also the innovative process behind creating a whole new way to do business.

The article is devoted to defining the role and importance of small and medium entrepreneurship (SME) in national economy, given the current situation of development of this sector of the economic system of Ukraine. In the presence of well-founded theories on the development of small economy, scientists and practitioners interpret small and medium-sized businesses differently, and some assertions are partially or not reflected in practice. Using the hypothetical-deductive methodology, methods of analysis and synthesis, logical generalization, systematization, comparison, graphical display of data, etc., the author's vision of necessity of considering the SME as an institution of national economy development was formed. This approach allowed, in addition to confirming or refuting the hypotheses about SME, to comprehensively assess the state of development of small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine, to identify the most painful problems and indicate the direction of their solution. The hypothesis that SME are forming around big business was refuted, on the contrary, it was confirmed that small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine are an independent institution, actively developing in small non-industrial towns. The second hypothesis regarding the value of SME in payments to budgets was partially confirmed, while it was noted that the most positive factor in the impact of SMEs on the national economy is employment. The third hypothesis involved finding the role of startups in starting a new business. True innovations require significant investments, so it is advisable to use government programs to promote innovation in SME. Regarding startups, the hypothesis was refuted, as such practical cases are needed as tools in the process of business education and business training of potential business entities. The position was expressed that it is more expedient to implement training on the basics of founding and running one's own business in combination with individual consulting support from such institutions of SME support infrastructure as business incubators. In this case, in addition to professional counseling, the future entrepreneur receives psychological assistance and a number of social benefits. With the appropriate potential for this, the formation of small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine as a development institution, unfortunately, did not happen, it is necessary to create an appropriate institutional environment.

Nowadays, grooming is considered an essential part of life to maintaining and up keeping a healthy and hygienic outlook which plays a key role in social bonding. As it turns out, the desire to looking good has spawned a wide range of beauty products causing the beauty industry to thrive and grow at a rapid rate. In other words the Malaysian Beauty Salon Markets have become big business today, driven by a rising population, disposable incomes, urbanisation and increasing influence of western culture to look good and to feel good. The beauty market is valued at USD 119.24 million and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.23% in the next five years, to USD 153.86 million in 2015. As a result of a highly fragmented in this market, the need for differentiation from other salons is impendency for this industry. This research aims to study the different attributes of customer's concerns and reveals the final factors that generate customer intention to visit facial spa treatment centres in Malaysia. The effort is devoted to identifying those dimensions of services provided in facial spa treatment centres for instance, atmospheric, service quality, price, brand image and location which aid to build up a greater relationship with their patrons. Data is collected via questionnaires distribution from the target population of the female with the age range from 16-63 years old. A sample size of 308 was studied and data analysis involving Structural Equation Modeling SmartPLS version 3.0 software were used. Service quality reached the conclusion as the strongest predictor in influencing customer intention to visit facial spa treatment centres, followed by the factors of price and brand image. Further to that, an Importance-Performance matrix analysis was conducted in order to identify factors that need to be given priority for spa owners in Malaysia. These findings made contributions beyond the high context services for instance beauty salons, massage salons, hair salons, nail salons, financial consulting and medical care with the matching services characteristics.

The article examines the degree of fragmentation and polarization of the socioeconomic space of Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk oblasts in the territory of the Middle Urals from Nizhny Tagil to Chelyabinsk. The study is based on an analysis of a number of statistical indicators for 29 municipalities and the results of expeditionary studies of cities and districts. The authors consider the specifics of individual areas, their evolution from the date of the first enterprise; population dynamics, including migration; the settlement pattern; the structure and current state of industry; and the main economic and environmental problems at the municipal level. It is clearly shown that the spatial trends of the 2000s in the Middle Urals as a whole correspond to the current all-Russian trends in concentration of the economy and growth of the largest centers and agglomerations. A peculiarity of the Urals is the increased role of big business, which controls the raw material industries, and the dependence of cities on industrial specialization and the state of key enterprises. The expeditionary survey of municipalities confirms the conclusion that the factory–town link conventional for the Middle Urals has been preserved. The main factors of survival were a successful “owner” (a large company whose products are in demand on the Russian and world markets) and the interest of the state, primarily in the defense industry. Nevertheless, analysis of various examples shows that, ceteris paribus, personal initiatives are also important for development. Environmental polarization in the Middle Urals is also very strong. With a multitude of ecological disaster sites, space, in which they alternate with vast areas of almost untouched nature, comes to the rescue.

Introduction. The article explores the presence of French enterprises in the late Russian Empire in order to better understand the role and weight of French firms in global big business on the eve of World War I. The author argues that the presence of large industrial enterprises operated by French businesses should be taken into consideration when discussing the organizational capabilities of modern French enterprises. This may change the perception of France as a “follower in Western Europe” in the historiography of big industrial businesses. Materials and Methods. Large French enterprises operated in the late Russian Empire are identified based on primary sources (lists of enterprises and joint-stock companies), the RUSCORP database of Russian corporations compiled by Thomas Owen, and with the help of secondary sources. Results. The paper demonstrates that several companies operated in the Russian Empire, and owned or controlled by French businesses meet the criteria of “big business” by international standards. However, because they operated beyond the borders of France, scholars did not include these firms in the lists of French big business. In addition, many companies in the Russian Empire were established on French capital and run by French managers but registered as Russian firms. It seems that French businesses were more successful in establishing and running large industrial enterprises abroad than in the territory of their own country. This might explain why French companies are relatively poorly represented in the global ranks of the largest companies before World War I. Discussion and Conclusions. It was not only French businesses that created large industrial enterprises in Russia. There were also several British, German, Belgian, and American big businesses, so these should all be taken into account when discussing the presence of big foreign businesses in Russia. To have precise evaluations, we need to develop further the global list of the largest enterprises, which would include multinationals and free-standing companies as well. The argument of researchers who placed France to the cohort of the “followers in Western Europe” was that France, in principle, was retarded with creating large industrial enterprises. The transnational approach revealed that while in France, there were few big industrial businesses, French entrepreneurs developed them successfully outside the country. The Russian case demonstrates that French business was able to establish and operate large industrial enterprises. The presence of many large French manufacturing and mining enterprises abroad is the evidence against the thesis that French industrialists were unable to benefit from the scale and scope effect.

This article explores the economic policies of Sovrybflot, the Soviet fishing fleet, which was consolidated in 1965 within the USSR Ministry of Fisheries and oriented to a maritime fishing framewor...

The mainstream or neoclassical economics view that labor is rewarded according to its productivity has been extended to managers and management teams as justification for the levels of compensation...

The article deals with the role of small scale industry in India in achieving the sustainable development. The author draws attention to the fact that the small scale industry promotion policy impacts significantly not only on decreasing the unemployment rate as well as long-term and youth unemployment but also on solving such acute social problems as poverty, famine, undernourishment and food insecurity, lack of quality education, gender inequality and the empowerment of women. The author pays attention to the evolution of small business in India in 1950-2010s. It argues convincingly that due to significant number of population as well as low-skilled labor on the one hand and limited financial resources on the other one small business has been considered to be a buffer between modern big business and the bulk of the population remaining outside it. The author considers the effectiveness of the industrial policy through the prism of stimulating small-scale industry and changing its place in the Indian economy. The author examines the activity of the The National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) which is considered to be the most important institution which looks after the development of the small scale industries. The aim of NABARD was poverty reduction and development assistance (it’s one of the premier agencies providing developmental credit in rural areas). The article presents the definition of small scale industry in India both in terms of employment level and the investment limits as well as statistical data on number of units, its share in industrial production and exports and expansion of small scale sector in 2000-2010s. The author identified main problems facing cottage and small scale industries in India at the present time. The research is based on the systematic approach to the study of national economy using basic methods of scientific knowledge such as induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis.

Franchising is usually approached in economics literature as a search for the reasoning behind an organization’s decision to opt for this model. In light of this situation, this study aims to find whether the current economics literature is capable of taking the next step from the origins of the franchising network and explaining three patterns of franchise operations: growth of network, quality of network and franchisee satisfaction with the franchisor. The method utilized in this study is descriptive explanatory, with the use of multiple linear regressions for the data analysis, which allows for the analysis of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Secondary data were used from the Brazilian Franchising Association, from which the independent variables were taken, and from the Franchise Guide Journal of the Small Companies & Big Business Journal, from which the dependent variables were taken. These two sources are reliable authorities on the subject in the Brazilian market, and their complementary, mutual use for this research enhances the reliability of the database. The findings suggest that franchising in economics literature is not robust enough to explain growth and quality of networks, as well as franchisee–franchisor satisfaction, and it is suggested that the current theory needs to be further developed in order to take further steps in the concept of franchising.

Tourism has always meant big business. With the travel service sector being the economic backbone of several countries, heritage tourism becomes a key fiscal factor for growth. So far, technology in the travel and tourism industry primarily focused on customer engagement and service, aiming at a simplified digital experience from booking a trip and planning the itinerary to organizing payments and post-trip memories. However, with the world coming to terms with the devastation of the COVID-19 pandemic, digital heritage tourism becomes critical to local economies mainly to revive global interest and to keep domestic businesses going. A sustainable transformation to digital heritage tourism can support nations to vault over physical travel challenges during times such as these, and help governments collaborate with international organizations for positive future change.

Nowadays pollution from ships in ports/terminals of the Caspian Sea has a significant impact on surrounding nature and health. And the Kazakh oil company “Tengizchevroil” is about to realize a new big business project in terms of water area, which might lead to increased pollution. So, this research specifically concentrates on the reduction of environmental pollution problems at the new Terminal of Cargo Offloading Facility and Cargo Transportation Route of the North Caspian Sea. In order to reach this motive, the authors analyze IMO’s International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution and its initial strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships. In addition, efficiency of shore power supply, which is often used by developed countries for better environmental conditions for the port area, is also examined. Overall, the authors outline six proposals as to the best course of action, which needs to be implemented at the new Tengizchevroil terminal. The items such as calculation of damage and calculation of prices of pollution prevention measures will not be included in the research.

Purpose of the study: To explore the consists of studying the opportunities for unlocking the potential of carrying out an entrepreneurial activity of big business within the Russian Arctic as a part of corporate social responsibility policy conducted by it. Methodology: The leading approach identified is the integrated approach which includes theoretical generalizations, analysis of practical activities of the corporations, and sociological methods of obtaining the information. Main Findings: The main concepts of big business management that contribute to boosting its entrepreneurial activity have been discussed, and opportunities for enhancing the entrepreneurial activity of big business within the Russian Arctic as a constituent of the corporate social responsibility policy have been found. Applications of this study: The materials of the paper are of practical importance for corporations working within the Russian Arctic. Novelty/Originality of this study: In the work, models of corporate social responsibility implemented by corporations of the Arctic states have been summarized.

International audience; En 2019, les anticorps monoclonaux (Acm) vont représenter un marché mondial annuel de plus de cent milliards de dollars, soit près de 90 milliards d’euros. Outre leur utilisation en clinique, les anticorps monoclonaux sont utilisés également dans de nombreux tests diagnostiques et sont toujours des outils précieux pour la recherche fondamentale et appliquée. Quarante-quatre ans après la publication de Georges Köhler et César Milstein [1], des dizaines de congrès et séminaires de toute nature sur les anticorps monoclonaux se tiennent annuellement à travers le monde. Mais 44 ans plus tard, les travaux scientifiques qui ont amené à cette publication sont peu à peu oubliés et, dans bien des esprits, les anticorps monoclonaux ne sont qu’un business d’un multi-milliard euros/dollars comme un autre, déterminé par les marchés financiers et les résultats des derniers essais cliniques… Il est grand temps de rendre hommage à toute une génération de chercheurs fondamentalistes, à ces fous de science du xx e siècle, à ces chercheurs connus et souvent désormais méconnus, disséminés aux quatre coins du monde, qui ont exploré les frontières de l’inconnu d’alors et qui ont modelé et ciselé un savoir qui a débouché sur une technique d’obtention de molécules qui ont permis l’une des plus grandes révolutions thérapeutiques de ces vingt-cinq dernières années.; En 2019, les anticorps monoclonaux (Acm) vont représenter un marché mondial annuel de plus de cent milliards de dollars, soit près de 90 milliards d’euros. Outre leur utilisation en clinique, les anticorps monoclonaux sont utilisés également dans de nombreux tests diagnostiques et sont toujours des outils précieux pour la recherche fondamentale et appliquée. Quarante-quatre ans après la publication de Georges Köhler et César Milstein [1], des dizaines de congrès et séminaires de toute nature sur les anticorps monoclonaux se tiennent annuellement à travers le monde. Mais 44 ans plus tard, les travaux scientifiques qui ont amené à cette publication sont peu à peu oubliés et, dans bien des esprits, les anticorps monoclonaux ne sont qu’un business d’un multi-milliard euros/dollars comme un autre, déterminé par les marchés financiers et les résultats des derniers essais cliniques… Il est grand temps de rendre hommage à toute une génération de chercheurs fondamentalistes, à ces fous de science du xx e siècle, à ces chercheurs connus et souvent désormais méconnus, disséminés aux quatre coins du monde, qui ont exploré les frontières de l’inconnu d’alors et qui ont modelé et ciselé un savoir qui a débouché sur une technique d’obtention de molécules qui ont permis l’une des plus grandes révolutions thérapeutiques de ces vingt-cinq dernières années.

According to the data presented in this article, in modern Russia, the level of trust in the banking system is lower than in most countries of the world, and it has been falling in recent years due to the financial crisis and a number of other factors. Among the main reasons for the low trust of Russians in the banking system, the author considers both the shortcomings in the organization of activities of domestic banks and the psychological consequences of the situation in the 1990s, as well as the peculiarities of the behavior of Russian bankers creating a negative image in mass consciousness. The problem of a low level of trust in modern Russian society, which is also projected onto the banking sector, is analyzed. The multilayer structure of trust in banks including such main levels as trust in society as a whole, trust in its social institutions, trust in entrepreneurship, trust in big business, trust in the banking sector of the economy, and trust in certain financial and credit institutions, is revealed. Recommendations for Russian banks are developed to increase the population’s trust in them.

This research will discuss about contractors with concrete suppliers and formwork suppliers. The research is conducted to look for ranking criteria and sub-criteria used by contractors to selecting and evaluating concrete and formwork suppliers. The criteria and sub-criteria are refer to Ho et al., (2007) and three new sub-criteria are added, which are a guarantee, lowest price guarantee, and payment term. The contractor classification is divided into four namely general classification, NPK classification consisting of non-classification; individual; small business, medium business classification, and big business classification. Ranking for criteria and sub-criteria are sought based on the mean value for each classification material both in the context of selection and evaluation. After finding the ranking, it is sought whether there is a difference of importance between the NPK classification, middle, and large of the priority sub-criteria in general classification using the Kruskal Wallis test.

The objective was to map young Indians’ views regarding the acceptability of surrogacy, and to delineate the circumstances under which surrogacy is considered as especially problematic. In India, the number of fertility clinics currently operating in the whole country is estimated at over 3,000, making India the international leader in surrogacy. Very recently, however, surrogacy has become controversial. Participants (N = 430) were presented with scenarios depicting the circumstances in which a couple has contracted with a surrogate mother, and they were asked to indicate the extent to which such a contract may pose a moral problem. The scenarios involved four factors: the type of surrogacy (traditional or gestational), the mother’s level of autonomy, the family context, and whether surrogacy was of the commercial or the altruistic kind. Four different personal positions were found: a group for which (a) surrogacy always posed a moral problem (22%), (b) traditional surrogacy but not gestational surrogacy always posed a moral problem (15%), (c) surrogacy did not pose a problem each time the husband agrees with the procedure (40%), and (d) a group that chose not to express any position (23%). Although surrogacy is legal and big business, young people’s opinion seems to be divided on this issue. Even those who consider that surrogacy is not within itself an unacceptable procedure disagree regarding the conditions of its acceptability. This complex set of diverging attitudes, if replicated on large, representative samples, may explain the current government wavering on this issue and its recent decision that surrogacy services are forbidden for foreigners.

Twenty years ago Gibb suggested that despite an ‘explosion of research’ into enterprise, there had been ‘a growth of ignorance’. To see if that still applies, this paper looks at the nature of ‘knowledge’ and in particular at how our knowledge about enterprise has evolved. It suggests that to build our enterprise understanding, assumptions were made but not subsequently reviewed and verified. For instance it seems to have been assumed that enterprise is a sub-set of business, with the apparent consequence that big business-based thinking is applied also to small businesses.The paper concludes that there is a prima face case that ignorance about enterprise still prevails and there are examples which support this conclusion. In consequence, until the questionable assumptions are highlighted and their foundations recognised and corrected, we should not claim a leading role for our thinking or promote it as an appropriate basis for enterprise policy.

The fashion, beauty, and advertising industries have been positioned as key contributors to body dissatisfaction through the promotion of unrealistic and homogenous appearance ideals. Recently, some businesses within these industries have started to disrupt the status quo by taking actions that can be seen to be fostering positive body image (e.g., through representative and diverse imagery, body acceptance messages, and inclusive product ranges). The aim of this study was to explore the opportunities and challenges to foster positive body image from a business perspective. Participants were purposively selected based on their experience of leading business actions to foster positive body image in fashion, beauty, and/or advertising. In total, 45 individuals (82% women) took part in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and then analysed using thematic analysis. Four themes were identified: (1) Personal motivations for championing change, (2) Industry ingrained appearance standards, (3) Business barriers to fostering positive body image, and (4) Fostering positive body image as an effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy. This study provides future directions for research aimed at creating healthier body image environments in addition to considerations for businesses seeking to foster positive body image.

This article sets recent expressions of alarm about the monopoly power of technology giants such as Google and Amazon in the long history of Americans’ response to big business. I argue that we cannot understand that history unless we realize that Americans have always been concerned about the political and economic dangers of bigness, not just the threat of high prices. The problem policymakers faced after the rise of Standard Oil was how to protect society against those dangers without punishing firms that grew large because they were innovative. The antitrust regime put in place in the early twentieth century managed this balancing act by focusing on large firms’ conduct toward competitors and banning practices that were anticompetitive or exclusionary. Maintaining this balance was difficult, however, and it gave way over time—first to a preoccupation with market power during the post–World War II period, and then to a fixation on consumer welfare in the late twentieth century. Refocusing policy on large firms’ conduct would do much to address current fears about bigness without penalizing firms whose market power comes from innovation.

The smoking of tobacco cigarettes by millions of people over the past 100 or more years has had devastating public health consequences around the world. In some countries, this has been mitigated by the introduction of multiple regulatory strategies that have taken decades to implement. But even in the countries with most success at tobacco cigarette regulation, some smokers find it very hard to quit and need better treatment. Electronic cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have emerged in the last decade or so. Initially designed to help smokers quit and produced by small independent entities, ENDS have become big business, with major transnational tobacco companies competing hard for market share where, for example, in the United States, a single device came to dominate the market within a couple of years and where soaring uptake by adolescents reached levels high enough to alarm the FDA. No doubts remain about the damaging health consequences of tobacco cigarettes. Controversies persist about e-cigarettes—their efficacy, health impacts, development of addiction and whether or not they provide a “gateway” to tobacco cigarette smoking. The regulation of tobacco cigarettes falls under a global WHO treaty, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC); over 180 countries are party to the FCTC. The regulation of ENDS has no such treaty, varies considerably around the world and in many countries remains completely untrammelled by specific directives. This paper will not discuss the evidence for or against the of e-cigarettes in smoking cessation (effectively discussed in this issue by Dr. Wallace) but aims to review the current state of tobacco regulation around the world, identify key differences in ENDS regulation, examine the impact of industry influence on public health policy and determine how the lessons of tobacco control should apply to ENDS.

There has been a growing literature over the last several years on a possible decline in US entrepreneurship and the reasons for it. US small business formation and the jobs created by small businesses are supposed to be key elements in US economic growth. Many claim that without growth in small businesses and the jobs they provide that the US economy will either not grow at all or only very slowly. Therefore, small business formation is a possible key to understanding capitalism in the 21st century since under monopoly capital there is claimed to be a tendency toward economic stagnation. Some of the general causes mentioned for less US entrepreneurism include high levels of personal debt (mortgages, student loans, credit cards, etc.) among the US populace and the increasing challenges that small businesses face against larger ones. Another concern is the amount of increasing business regulation and government presence in the US economy with which small businesses struggle more than larger ones. If entrepreneurism requires risk taking, then high levels of household debt and large, well-financed potential competitors may be hindering prospective entrepreneurs. This exploratory paper finds that high levels of household debt, the increasing size of existing businesses, and government size are highly correlated with the slowdown in the entry rates of new firms into the US economy since the late 1970s as well as with a slowdown in the job creation rate of these firms.

There is growing international interest in how market imperatives interact with the socio-cultural and academic rationales of higher education internationalisation. This study provides new empirical material to examine the core rationales of international student recruitment in Latvia, where international students constitute 10% of the total tertiary enrolments. The nuanced analysis of narrative data from the interviews with university international officers is complemented by the analysis of policy documents and numeric data from the government and the UNESCO Institute of Statistics. By carefully interpreting the evidence, the study shows that international student recruitment has been stimulated by the demographic calculus and driven by the economic rationale. Universities have played an active role in increasing the numbers of mobile students and many institutions seem to benefit from working closely with student recruitment agencies. The scale of university–agency collaboration appears to vary by the type of institution; those with lower entry requirements have more extensive business relations with agencies than the relatively more reputable institutions. The study advances the understanding of internationalisation by arguing that a focus on market imperatives can undermine socio-cultural, academic and political benefits of inbound student mobility, which are viewed by universities as inferior to the immediate pecuniary interest.

Business school rankings are “big business”, influencing donors and potential students alike, holding much sway over decanal and faculty priorities, particularly with respect to the curriculum as well as the focus and destination of research publications (i.e., in so-called “top” journals). Over the past several years, the perverse effects of these priorities have begun to be acknowledged, and new ratings and ranking systems have emerged. One promising newcomer is the Positive Impact Rating (PIR), which uniquely and exclusively focuses on student perceptions of their business school’s priorities and the learning experience. In addition, it organizes schools by tier, in an effort to foster collaboration and continuous improvement, as opposed to ranked competition. If this new approach is to achieve its stated objective and help shift the focus of business schools to developing future business leaders and research output in alignment with a more sustainable world (and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals), it is essential that the metrics used be and be perceived as both valid and reliable. The current research aims to make a contribution in this regard, analyzing the results at one business school in detail and making recommendations for strengthening these aims. Results show that the parametric properties of the survey are highly interrelated, suggesting that the predictive utility of the separate elements within the scale could be improved. Additionally, biases in scores may exist depending on where the responses are collected and who solicited them, as well as the students’ perception of their overall academic experience and on socio-cultural factors.

Over the last two decades, the academy has made positive strides toward gender equality across its academic and administrative functions. However, the structural discriminatory constructions of the academy as a workplace for women of color persist, including geographic, remuneration, promotion, tenure appointments, and research support (Marwell, Rosenfeld, & Spillerman, 1979). In South Africa, a country with a historical heritage of racial and gender discrimination, the experiences of women of color in business schools are amplified in relationships with students, white male-dominated big business organizations, peers, and colleagues. Subliminal and overt questioning of the academic legitimacy of women of color and, by inference, the education quality of Previously White Institutions that hire women of color is exclusionary. This autoethnographic narrative describes lived experiences of questioned professional “legitimacy” that impact career progression and collegial relationships. I also reflect on practical approaches and tools that have been effective in enabling professional thriving in spite of the persistent challenges.

The article examines the leading enterprises of the energy sector of Ukraine, their mission, purpose and specifics. A comparative analysis of the activities of the leading enterprises of the energy sector of Ukraine in 2019 in the field of corporate social responsibility. The implemented measures are compared with the goals of sustainable development of the UN. The importance of leading companies in the energy sector for the formation and development of corporate social responsibility practices is noted. The relationship of actions taken by the organization with its intangible assets (business reputation, image, brand) is considered. The importance of interaction with stakeholders for the development of the company is noted. According to the results of the comparison, the most important goals of sustainable development for the leaders of the Ukrainian energy industry have been identified. Emphasis is placed on the leading role of corporate social responsibility of big business for the development of both the individual organization and the energy sector as a whole., В статье исследованы ведущие предприятия энергетической отрасли Украины, их миссия, цель и специфика деятельности. Осуществлен сравнительный анализ деятельности ведущих предприятий энергетической отрасли Украины за 2019 год в сфере корпоративной социальной ответственности. Осуществлен сравнительный анализ ​​реализованных мероприятий с Целями устойчивого развития ООН. Отмечена важность ведущих компаний энергетической отрасли для формирования и развития практик корпоративной социальной ответственности на национальном уровне. Рассмотрена взаимосвязь действий, осуществляемых организацией, с ее нематериальными активами (деловой репутацией, имиджем, брендом). Отмечается значимость взаимодействия со стейкхолдерами для развития компании. По результатам сравнения выделены наиболее важные Цели устойчивого развития для лидеров украинской энергетической отрасли. Акцентируется внимание на ведущей роли корпоративной социальной ответственности крупного бизнеса для развития как отдельной организации, так и национальной энергетической сферы в целом., У статті досліджено провідні підприємства енергетичної галузі України, їх місія, мета і специфіка діяльності. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз діяльності провідних підприємств енергетичної галузі України за 2019 рік в сфері корпоративної соціальної відповідальності. Зіставлено реалізовані заходи з Цілями сталого розвитку ООН. Зазначена важливість провідних компаній енергетичної галузі для формування і розвитку практик корпоративної соціальної відповідальності на національному рівні. Розглянуто взаємозв'язок дій, здійснюваних організацією, з її нематеріальними активами (діловою репутацією, іміджем, брендом). Зазначається значимість взаємодії зі стейкхолдерами для розвитку компанії. За результатами порівняння виділені найбільш важливі Цілі сталого розвитку для лідерів української енергетичної галузі. Акцентується увага на провідній ролі корпоративної соціальної відповідальності великого бізнесу для розвитку як окремої організації, так і національної енергетичної сфери в цілому.

Molecular diagnostics are fast becoming a big business, with the promise of personalized medicine fueling the growth of “blockbuster” tests with high expectations for health system impact and commercial success. We investigate the polycentric regulatory regime for molecular diagnostics in the US, drawing attention to the prominent role of coverage and reimbursement systems in setting regulatory standards for this industry. We hone in on the private consultants who assist molecular diagnostics companies to gain broad clinical uptake of their products. Through a web-based search of consulting companies, analysis of their online materials, and 13 qualitative interviews with consultants, we describe the role of these actors in the coverage and reimbursement of novel diagnostics and highlight the production of evidence as a critical part of the process. We argue that consultants operate as regulatory intermediaries, helping to develop the evidentiary standards for payment decisions that ultimately benefit their clients, the manufacturers. We suggest that public policy discussions over how best to realize the promise of personalized medicine should be re-oriented to consider whose interests are represented in the regulatory regime governing access to these technologies.

There is an incredible enthusiasm for small and medium businesses (SMBs) as a significant tool for destitution decrease in Bangladesh. The economic condition of Bangladesh is improving day by day through big business as well as small and medium business. Many small and medium enterprises are currently playing a significant role in the economic development of this country. While many merchants are keen to set up online businesses to keep Bangladesh's economy afloat, they are facing a challenge in implementing their idea due to a lack of adequate e-commerce tools. To solve this problem, we have created an online-based web application through which small and medium business people will benefit. This web application focused on elite designing nearby ability to make an online business stage very much adjusted to the novel needs of these dealers and conveys a benevolent experience for the client. Predominantly it is a legitimate structure for the small and medium business and f-trade new companies.

The institutional response to the social outbreak of 18/O in Chile was the National Referendum for a new Constitution, which had an overwhelming result in favor of approving the constitutional change. However, within the minority group that voted against the change, there is part of the large Chilean business community. This article seeks to show the foundations of the main business leaders of two employers' organizations in Chile: the National Society of Agriculture and the Sociedad de Fomento Fabril, who rejected the idea of a new Constitution years before the social outbreak, as a result of the Constitutional Process promoted between 2015 and 2016 by the government of former President Michelle Bachelet. From 40 interviews with members of the business elite, it is concluded that uncertainty, fear and aversion support this conservative stance with a complex base, marked by its institutional trust and fear of the creation of a new political order. The analysis is interesting, because possibly the magnitude of the social outbreak and its consequences, managed to change the public positioning of some business leaders.

In this chapter, Luxemburg’s attempts to develop new forms of a strategic offensive after the first Russian revolution and until World War I are discussed. The years immediately following the first Russian revolution saw Rosa Luxemburg push increasingly hard and increasingly desperately against the passivity of the SPD with respect to imperialism, militarism and the authoritarian and quasi-feudal structures of the German empire. Luxemburg campaigned hard for a commitment to finally push through universal suffrage in Prussia, agitated for a republic in order to end the dominance of the clique surrounding the Kaiser and the alliance between the Junkers and big business, and demanded that German workers not take up arms against their class brothers should war break out. In the dark years of World War I, in which she spent long periods locked up in the Kaiser’s prisons, Luxemburg was absolutely convinced of one thing: this defeat of the social democracy movement, this world-historical catastrophe of a war between imperialist states, would produce a counter-reaction that would place socialism firmly on the agenda.

Personality resource of the individual as the subject of economic activity is an integral part of the human capital. The content study of the collective subjects’ representations in the process of educational and training activities gives an opportunity to estimate the personality efficiency in the future entrepreneurship, build an individual strategy of the personality adaptation to the market economy, and form the ability for the Humanities University graduate to start up a small business. The article gives a comparative analysis of representations about successful entrepreneur’s personality resource in the Humanities University graduates’ consciousness and representations of Far Eastern entrepreneurs having small businesses and foreign big business owners. The study of the personal qualities correlation structure in the respondents’ minds by means of stratification of correlation matrix method revealed differences between the three groups of responders. In the Humanities University students’ consciousness, such personal qualities of a successful entrepreneur as greed—slyness—education level and industriousness—initiative are connected at a medium level. In the small business entrepreneurs’ consciousness some other personal qualities are connected at the same (medium) level: entrepreneurial spirit—honesty and responsibility—communicability, while at a lower than medium level—responsibility—industriousness—benevolence. Big business representatives have the following variables connected at a higher than medium level: commitment to the cause—team spirit—self-confidence—ability to anticipate, patience—generosity—ability to anticipate, and at a medium level such qualities as ‘determination—adventurism’. Recommendations for building individual strategies of the future entrepreneur’s personality development in crisis economic conditions are offered.

Early support for expert policymaking through administrative agencies was rooted in concerns over political power. In a context of formal universal male suffrage, late 19th-century liberals (typically well-educated, urban professionals) opposed policies to regulate business out of fear of working-class radicalism. Yet by the 1910s, liberals supported redistributive policies---through administrative agencies. We use a formal model to show how potential policy feedback effects made an anti-business coalition between liberals and populists unachievable, and how, by diminishing feedback effects, agencies facilitated a successful progressive-liberal coalition. Because administrative agencies guaranteed a central policymaking role for credentialed urban professionals, liberals could support farmers and industrial workers against big business while no longer fearing the rising power of their coalition partners. In this way, the strategic dilemma created by a changing distribution of power among social groups explains the development of broad political support for bureaucratic agencies.

Spain joined with enthusiasm and internal consensus the EMU. The economic cycle of adopting the euro opened the way to unbridled indebtedness. A long credit, real estate and immigration boom, followed. Spanish big business went multinational for first time in modern history. Nevertheless, exceptional macroeconomic imbalances appeared that made Spain highly vulnerable. When the bursting of the bubble came, a major banking and building crisis and mass unemployment followed. As the euro was under pressure, the era of zero risk premiums came to an end and an enormous fiscal crisis went out of control. Many policy reforms had to be designed in a rush to rescue banks, devalue labour and protect pensions. The European Central Bank policy change was decisive to stop the road to monetary disaster and to restart growth.

The real story about leaving Earth and venturing into space isn’t about the tech stuff. It’s not even about courageous adventures or boldly going to brave new worlds. It’s about the profit stuff. It’s about private investors, big business, and entrepreneurs who are creating our civilization’s next industrial revolution in space. Naturally, there is uncertainty and risk along the way. But uncertainty goes together with two underlying truths of business: (1) High risk enables high reward and (2) risk avoidance guarantees there will be no reward. Entrepreneurs will seek to create new businesses in space because the prospect of high stakes rewards for the risk takers is just too good to pass up. The inevitable failures are just collateral damage on the path to defining the new trans-planetary economy. Sometimes it all boils down to a matter of courage.

Management’s conventional historical narrative is that ‘the father’ of Management is F.W. Taylor. While efficiency has been a universal concern of all great civilizations, Taylor was the first to preach the ‘gospel of efficiency’ and develop theories that enabled managers to achieve it. This origin story reinforces the belief that the good that defines Management is economic efficiency. However, the counter-history developed in this chapter looks at the period prior to Taylor’s publication of the book seen as Management’s first document in 1911, to investigate where the approach attributed to Taylor—Scientific Management—came from. We unearth a forgotten founder with a very different view. Louis Brandeis developed Scientific Management in 1910. It was shaped by his professional practice over three decades and Brandeis defined its good or motive as conservation: or what we today might term sustainability.

In this chapter, author argues that as a structure of multiple relations of production and exchange and as a mode of accumulation as associated with these relations, Contract Farming has an important condition of existence: the state. CF is internally related to the state. It is a deeply political project and not just an economic one. The capitalist Indian state has been creating conditions for ‘neoliberal agriculture’ that are conducive to contract farming. Indeed, the state has been directly promoting contract farming. The state has been doing this, more or less, in the interest of big business (domestic and foreign), ideologically justifying its actions in the name of national development. Using secondary data sources and analysing the documents produced by the state, including the most recent farm bills passed by the Government of India in 2020, it is argued that there is a definite shift towards corporatisation of Indian Agriculture in the very discourse—vision—of the Indian State. Aided by the state, a few corporate giants are controlling the means of production that is vital for agricultural development. Such monopolistic tendencies have severe implications.

In this chapter, the author argues that capitalist accumulation can indeed occur without dispossession. Here, David Harvey’s theory of Accumulation by Dispossession (ABD) that has been accepted by many progressive thinkers as, indeed, the dominant form of accumulation under the mantra of neoliberalism backed by the state policies, both in developed or in developing economies, has been critiqued. Further, an alternative is provided where it is shown how a class of petty capitalist farmers (petty, in comparison to corporate capital) is encouraged to maintain its private property (land) and to enter into commercial contracts with big productive capital/industrial (multinational) companies to deliver certain farm products at a predetermined price. These companies have no intention to dispossess the farmers, and they do not have to. As a structure of multiple class actors (big business; capitalist farmers; rural labour), contract farming is a process that represents centralisation (and concentration) of capital and points to the ways in which agrarian and industrial capitals are intertwined. An important fact that emerges from this narrative is that CF is about capital accumulation without dispossession of the farmer—i.e., without disturbing the farmer–land relation. This is a previously published paper.

GREDEG Working Paper No. 2020-56; During the 1920s, two different proposals of a regulated competition competed in the US. The first, inspired by trade associations, was advocated by Herbert Hoover. This approach echoes a managerialist view of a coordinated competition under state support. The second - promoted by Louis Brandeis - provides an alternative view of what a regulated competition should be: avoiding a ruinous competition through information exchange among small firms. From his involvement in the Wilson’s campaign team in 1912, to his dissent in the American Colum ruling of the US Supreme Court in 1923 and his position against the National Industrial Recovery Act in Schechter Poultry in 1935, we argue that Louis Brandeis was constant in his opposition to such a convergence between Big Business and Big Government. His intemporal coherence relies in his Jeffersonian approach advocating for a dispersion of economic powers for both efficiency and political purposes. At the opposite, both the trade associations’ movement and the NIRA experience pertain to a Hamiltonian perspective that is based on an equilibrium between the economic gains resulting from concentration or coordination and a strong political control.Available at: http://www.gredeg.cnrs.fr/working-papers/GREDEG-WP-2020-56.pdf

Gustave Flaubert, en La Educación sentimental, realiza un análisis penetrante del comportamiento de toda una generación que nacida en la segunda y tercera década del siglo XIX vivirá muy joven la instauración del régimen orleanista cuya burguesía capitaneó los primeros pasos del despegue industrial de Francia y asistirá a la revolución de 1848, el nacimiento de la segunda república y el golpe de estado de Luís Napoleón. El mundo de los grandes nego-cios, la especulación financiera y la banca, junto con el de la respuesta social en forma de conspiraciones y críticas es relatado en esta obra, que a través de la historia de un joven de provincias que se traslada a estudiar a París, como trasfondo, se recogen las pasiones y los intereses permanentemente enfrentados en el escenario de la Francia de mitad del siglo XIX. In Sentimental Education, Gustave Flaubert carries out a penetrating analysis of the behavior of a whole generation born during the second and third decades of the nineteenth century that will live, at a very young age, the introduction of the Orleanist regime whose bourgeoisie captained the first steps of the industrial boom of France. This generation will likewise attend the 1848 revolution, the birth of the Second Republic and the coup of Louis Napoleon. The world of big business, financial speculation and banking, along with the social response in the form of conspiracy and criticism is reported in this work. Through the story of a young provincial student moving to Paris as background, the passions and interests permanently confronted on the stage of the mid-nineteenth century France are collected.

No Latin American dictatorship had a closer relationship with big business than that of Chile helmed by Augusto Pinochet (1973–1990). This dictatorship aimed to radically transform the Chilean economic model its Marxist predecessor created, as well as the import substitution industrialization model built decades earlier. New policies included the reversal of the agrarian reform program, laws limiting the power of labor unions, and mass privatizations. The last led to the concentration of several economic sectors in the hands of a small group of large business groups. We study Pinochet’s policies favoring both the business groups that existed before 1973 and the new ones created around exports and retail. Our analysis allows us to understand how the persistence of wealth concentration during the post-1990 democratic regime is linked both to the continuity of dictatorial institutions, such as the 1980 Constitution, and to the perdurance of business practices acquired in dictatorship, such as anti-union, monopolistic, and collusive corporate practices.

This introductory chapter puts the volume’s contributions in dialogue with three academic fields. First, we show how the historiography of Latin American authoritarian regimes and the corporate sector benefits from debates on the role of big business in Nazi Germany. At the same time, we point out important differences to avoid inaccurate generalizations about such relationships. Second, we discuss the contributions to the dominant interpretations among scholars on Latin American history on the relationship between large corporations and authoritarian regimes, particularly focusing on the dependency and neo-institutional approaches. Lastly, we put the volume in the context of recent findings in labor studies, human rights, and Transitional Justice regarding the role played by corporations during the Cold War military dictatorships in Latin America.

Marketing and branding practices are well-established among contemporary megachurches (Ellingson 2013; Mautner 2010). Defined as Protestant religious organizations of 2,000 or more people (Thumma and Travis 2007), megachurches often experience rapid growth and expansion, and are labelled a secularized form of religion (Ostwaldt 2003) because of their business-like approach. Proselytizing the Gospel occurs alongside the selling of merchandise such as music, self-help books, television ministries, self-improvement events and hosting of annual conferences that attract global attendees. In a U.S. context where both marketing originated (Bartels 1962) and megachurches flourished, church marketing is big business (Mautner 2010). Religious organizations are exhorted to compete in a ‘spiritual marketplace’ (Miller 2002; Roof 1999) and develop their ‘faith brand’ (Einstein 2008), differentiating themselves from other churches and offering products and services that can be packaged and marketed like any other consumer good. This trend towards the marketization of religion reflects broader social trends in many Western countries where previously non-commercial sectors, such as education, healthcare and not-for-profit welfare, are reframed around the model of the market. However, outside Western and North American contexts, the branding of megachurches is potentially more complex and fraught, particularly in countries where Christianity is not the dominant religion. In this chapter, we present a case study of a young megachurch brand Jakarta Praise Community Church—operating in the world’s largest Muslim majority country, Indonesia, where there are longstanding tensions between religious and racial groups but also the largest emerging middle class in Southeast Asia. We show how this church is able to construct a brand in this context, through a process of story-telling that blends elements of globalization, marketing and transnational affiliations, attractive to an upwardly mobile middle class. We focus in particular on how it responds to the potential conflicts and inconsistencies characterizing its environment. While the normative ideal of a brand is that it should appear stable and cohesive, they are inherently paradoxical and generated at the nexus of contradictions (Christensen, Morsing and Cheney 2008). Heilbrunn (2006) explains this idea with reference to differentiation, an element central to brand identity. A brand needs to communicate it is somehow new, different and better than what is currently available. Yet it cannot be totally new or it would be too strange, perhaps unintelligible. A brand therefore has to make a claim of novelty in relation to what currently exists and using familiar resources. Brands thus embody tensions between difference and similarity, novelty and familiarity that only make sense in relation to particular contexts. In this case, JPCC constructs its own purpose and meaning through its brand story in relation to a politically volatile, economically growing and socio-culturally complicated context that is both predominantly non-Western and non-Christian. Through an affiliative strategy that mirrors and reinterprets the Hillsong Australia church model, it is able to differentiate itself from other well-established traditional and denominational Christian churches, and navigate the complex Indonesian religious, political and social context by constructing a version of church that appeals to an aspirational, consumer-oriented and modern Indonesian churchgoer.

This special issue celebrates the career of Youssef Cassis The introduction will outline his major contributions from his initial work on social characteristics of the financiers of the City of London, and their relationship with landed aristocrats and industry, through his analysis of a succession of financial centres, the comparative study of big business, the relationship between finance and politics, to his new project on the memory of financial crises Then, we will draw on Youssef's mode of analysis to consider some of the more pressing issues in the era since the global financial crisis and the impact of Covid-19 We will consider the role of central banks, the challenge of fintech, the impact of low interest rates on inequality, savings and debt, and the potential shift in financial centres and reserve currencies with the rise of China We will conclude by arguing that the mode of analysis developed by Cassis over his long and productive career has never been more pertinent Copyright © The Author(s), 2020 Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of European Association for Banking and Financial History

Corporate concentration in the United States has been on the rise in recent years, sparking a heated debate about its causes, consequences, and potential remedies. In this study, we examine a facet of public policy that has been largely neglected in current debates about concentration: corporate taxation. As part of our analysis we develop the first empirical mapping of the effective tax rates (ETRs) of nonfinancial corporations disaggregated by size and broken down by jurisdiction. Our findings reveal a striking and persistent tax advantage for big business. Since the mid-1980s, large corporations have faced lower worldwide ETRs relative to their smaller counterparts. The regressive worldwide ETR is driven by persistent regressivity in the domestic ETR and a marked drop in the progressivity of the foreign ETR over the past decade. We go on to show how persistent regressivity in the worldwide tax structure is bound up with the increasing relative power of large corporations within the corporate universe, as well as a shift in firm-level power relations. As large corporations become less disposed to investments that may indirectly benefit ordinary workers, they become more disposed to shareholder value enhancement that directly benefits the asset-rich. What this means is that the corporate tax structure is connected not only to rising corporate concentration, but also to widening household inequality.

Илья Александрович Матвеев – кандидат политических наук, доцент, факультет сравнительных политических исследований, Северо-Западный институт управления РАНХиГС. Адрес: 199178, Санкт-Петербург, Средний пр. В.О., д. 57/43. E-mail: matveev.ilya@yahoo.com Цитирование: Матвеев И.А. (2019) Крупный бизнес в путинской России: старые и новые источники влияния на власть // Мир России. Т. 28. № 1. С. 54–74. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2019-28-1-54-74 В научной литературе преобладает точка зрения, согласно которой российский крупный бизнес в путинский период оказался полностью подчинен власти, что выражается, в частности, в полном запрете на поддержку оппозиции и принудительном финансировании важных для государства проектов. Однако стремительный рост числа российских миллиардеров и их совокупного состояния в 2000–2010-е годы указывает на формирование в России политической и институциональной среды, благоприятной для крупного бизнеса. В настоящей статье утверждается, что картина политического влияния крупных собственников остается неполной без учета таких факторов, как структурная власть бизнеса (зависимость государства от экономических решений, принимаемых крупными компаниями), информационная асимметрия между государством и капиталом (преимущество крупных компаний в области информации и экспертизы), а также инструментальная власть бизнеса (формальные и неформальные каналы влияния). Если в 1990-е годы российский крупный бизнес обладал крайне высокой инструментальной, но низкой структурной властью, то в 2000-е и 2010-е годы на первый план выходит именно структурная зависимость государства от капитала: руководство страны проводит политику, выгодную крупным собственникам, с целью поддержать уровень инвестиций и экономического роста. В то же время у крупного бизнеса появляются новые каналы неформального влияния на власть, такие как сближение с бизнесменами из путинского ближнего круга. Согласно собранной в рамках исследования информации из открытых источников, 9 из 96 миллиардеров из российского рейтинга Forbes за 2017 год имеют или имели в прошлом широкие деловые связи с четырьмя близкими к В.В. Путину бизнесменами. Все эти факторы позволяют российскому крупному бизнесу играть активную, а не подчиненную роль в отношениях с государством.