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This paper studies the relationship between mutual fund management's direct experience with air pollution and the fund's engagements with portfolio companies on environmental issues. We find that higher air pollution in a mutual fund's headquarter county increases the propensity of the fund to vote in support of shareholders' environmental proposals and to liquidate its holdings of portfolio firms with lower environmental ratings. We also find that greater air pollution exposure of a mutual fund predicts better environmental performance at its portfolio companies. To establish causality, we use elevated air pollution produced by large wildfires in a mutual fund's headquarter county as an instrument and identify similar effects on the outcome variables. These results suggest that a mutual fund's direct exposure to pollution can inform its environmental engagements at its portfolio companies.

This article focuses on the concept of worldviews, arguing that a change in managerial worldviews is the key lever for addressing the social and global challenges facing humanity. We draw from a new synthesis of science and spirituality, with the addition of “other ways of knowing” that go beyond rational-empirical analysis, to suggest that what we call Quantum Worldviews are capable of generating the prosocial and pro-environmental behavior consistent with humanistic management. Using the yin-yang symbol as a metaphor, we suggest that a transformation in consciousness, at the level of the paradigmatic assumptions held by managers about the nature of reality, can be understood through adult development theory. We also go beyond the metaphor to propose a quantum worldview based on a more literal interpretation of quantum science to fundamentally re-conceptualize what it means to be human, drawing on quantum research that suggests ontological wholeness and interdependence of all. Quantum Worldviews can help leaders, and the various systems of which they are a part, transition to a new science-based consciousness - long intuited by indigenous and nonwestern spiritual leaders - of an interconnected and dynamically coherent world. We identify a variety of practices that give managers a direct experience of Oneness, changing who they are at the deepest level of self-concept. Our research suggests that only when using such practices, and in sufficient numbers, will business leaders become agents of world benefit with the collective influence to bring about meaningful solutions to climate change and other wicked problems—in other words, needed system transformation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Strong integration between primary and secondary healthcare is essential. Health services across Australia have developed General Practice Liaison (GPL) services to improve communication and understanding between general practitioners (GPs) and hospitals. The aim of this study was to explore GPs' experiences of and interaction with a health service's GPL service and capture perspectives concerning future service expansion. METHOD This descriptive qualitative study used semi-structured interviews with 10 GPs in the catchment area of a large urban health service in Melbourne in 2018. Data were analysed thematically. RESULTS While GPs accepted the value of a GPL service, few had direct experience. Acknowledging the challenge of negotiating complex healthcare systems, they saw GPL services ideally staffed by a health professional, not necessarily a GP. DISCUSSION The results provide insight into what GPs want from a GPL service. This can inform development of the GPL role within health services.

This article discusses the historical development and dialectical interconnections between migration from Eritrea and knowledge construction since the 1960s by academics, migrants and the refugee regime. We explore how knowledge about Eritrea is grounded in dynamics of immediacy: the direct experience of persecution and refuge; fieldwork on the ground; and the urgency of responding to refugee claims and crises. Refugee narratives must also demonstrate exceptionality: how does one’s experience reflect individual persecution as well as “objective” country conditions? And yet, refugee narratives and experiences are historically contingent and thick, with the dynamics of persecution often rooted less in the immediate and exceptional, and more in the collective, sedimented past. By illuminating the relationships among the immediate, the exceptional and the historical in refugee migration and research, we show how substantive scholarship can be circumscribed and shaped by political conditions on the ground and by humanitarian imperatives.

Resumen: Desde hace algunos decenios, se ha coincidido en la necesidad de profundizar los estudios sobre las relaciones culturales y científicas entre las viejas metrópolis europeas y sus antiguas colonias. Por este motivo, se imponía realizar una primera revisión de cómo la Geografía académica española ha abordado la cuestión latinoamericana. Qué autores la han tratado de estudiar, a partir de qué teorías y obras centradas en el análisis territorial. En esta aproximación se descubren dos vías por las cuales los geógrafos españoles se han acercado a América Latina: la primera mediante discursos generales que oscilan entre el paternalismo, la justificación del período colonial o la denuncia de la expoliación de las riquezas de los territorios; la segunda desde una vivencia directa en algunos países y universidades latinoamericanas. Las interpretaciones resultantes, han estado muy condicionadas por las distintas etapas que ha atravesado la historia reciente de España. En los últimos tiempos, responden a un interés económico por proyectar una imagen amable de la antigua potencia colonial, sede de importantes empresas multinacionales interesadas en el negocio trasatlántico. La necesidad de recuperar este vínculo entre lo hispano o lo ibero-americano constituye el argumento final de un trabajo enmarcado en la historia y la teoría de la Geografía.

This chapter discusses some work with memory and imagination. Memory often works in a spontaneous manner, by way of association. One may catch a certain smell and all of a sudden one is cast back ten, fifteen or twenty years. Memory often works like this: one perception leads to a memory, which in turn leads to another memory and so on. These associative and resonant memories seem at first glance to be mostly unconscious, serendipitous and hard to predict. There are, however, ways of prompting such thought processes. Our memories are an infinite resource, but are not just made up of personal moments and individual detail. Writers have always found ways to overcome the difficulties presented by subjects that are either too close to them or just beyond their direct experience. Most psychological models of the creative process include an unconscious stage, sometimes called the ‘incubation period’, where ideas hatch and develop beyond our conscious control or awareness.

As the competition in the fresh food e-commerce market intensifies, it has become important to identify various drivers that influence customers’ perception of the e-commerce service. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the fresh food e-commerce trend and the customers’ perception of fresh food e-commerce service. We apply text mining to online review data which show voluntary and direct experience or feedback from customers. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to conduct latent Dirichlet allocation(LDA), a topic modeling approach, and word cloud to a large number of customer online reviews for investigating the e-commerce market and service. The results reveal the continuous interest in the delivery service and delivery speed for fresh food products in the e-commerce market. Furthermore, various topics and topics’ relative importance which represent customers’ perception of fresh food e-commerce service suggest the insights for the direction of e-commerce corporate. We expect that this paper could fill the gap in studies about the fresh food E-commerce. Furthermore, such results can provide valuable information for the fresh food E-commerce corporations in establishing operational strategies.

Engaging with climate change involves broadening our empathetic understanding outside our own immediate experience to include more-than-human organisms. In addition to direct experience, storytelling through emotive, visual narratives can generate empathy, and is a skill in climate change communication worth developing in our students. We explore a case study of postgraduate students involved in an assignment to creatively articulate the effect of ocean heating on local marine organisms, in order to build empathetic understanding in a viewing audience. The resulting student works are described in terms of their conceptual diversity, their media form, and their effectiveness in building empathy. We share student perspectives on personal impacts of making the work, as well as the effect of the collective works on a viewing audience. Finally, the teaching approaches and learnings from an instructor’s perspective are explored. Collectively, these observations document a pedagogical model for integrating the arts and sciences to build empathic understanding about climate disruption affecting life beyond that of our species.

The paper shows that the critical analysis of Max Scheler’s and Immanuel Kant’s concepts of moral philosophy was a starting point of Karol Wojtyła’s own positive project of anthropology presented in the book The Acting Person. Its core lies in the recognition of the significance of human efficacy: human persons express and realize their full subjectivity through their actions. Wojtyła shows that genuine human actions are not motivated only by the emotional power with which particular values are given, but rather by the perception of their being true values. In the last analysis, Wojtyła’s theory might be described as transphenomenology, that is, a synthesis of phenomenology and metaphysics. According to him, what is immediately given to the subject can be fully explained by categories that transcend direct experience. In this way Wojtyła incorporates his vision of anthropology into a broader metaphysics, at the same time showing that in philosophy one should move from phenomenon to foundation.

In Thailand, the repercussions of sexual harassment are evident yet often overlooked. Legal protection is still in the development stage and the education system has not systematically incorporated sexual harassment based pedagogies within the national education agenda. Definitions and perceptions of sexual harassment vary and are often considered the byproduct of socialization and enculturation, yet gaining a better conceptualization of the subjective perception of harassment in Thailand is paramount to the development of protocols aimed at prevalence reduction. This article explores variances in Thai perceptions of sexual harassment and origins of participant knowledge of the topic. In-depth interviews were used to gain insight into this social phenomenon within the Thai context. Results indicate that the participants became aware of sexual harassment during secondary education either through media, direct observation or direct experience. Participants further distinguished varying acts of sexual harassment based on the psychological consequences of the act as opposed to the act itself. This article further discusses the influence of specific aspects of Thai culture such as conservativism, victimization and masculinity. Lastly, the authors offer an explanation for the varying conceptualizations of sexual harassment.

Theories of grounded cognition assume that conceptual representations are grounded in sensorimotor experience. However, abstract concepts such as jealousy or childhood have no directly associated referents with which such sensorimotor experience can be made; therefore, the grounding of abstract concepts has long been a topic of debate. Here, we propose (a) that systematic relations exist between semantic representations learned from language on the one hand and perceptual experience on the other hand, (b) that these relations can be learned in a bottom-up fashion, and (c) that it is possible to extrapolate from this learning experience to predict expected perceptual representations for words even where direct experience is missing. To test this, we implement a data-driven computational model that is trained to map language-based representations (obtained from text corpora, representing language experience) onto vision-based representations (obtained from an image database, representing perceptual experience), and apply its mapping function onto language-based representations for abstract and concrete words outside the training set. In three experiments, we present participants with these words, accompanied by two images: the image predicted by the model and a random control image. Results show that participants’ judgements were in line with model predictions even for the most abstract words. This preference was stronger for more concrete items and decreased for the more abstract ones. Taken together, our findings have substantial implications in support of the grounding of abstract words, suggesting that we can tap into our previous experience to create possible visual representation we don’t have.

Corona virus disease has spread to almost every country in the world and has become a global pandemic. Behavior change expected from communities is focused on increasing compliance with the Covid-19 preventive health protocol during the pandemic which is called new habit adaptation (IMR). IMR is our way of adapting by changing new behaviors, lifestyles, and habits in our daily activities. The new habit is implementing the 3M health protocol (wearing masks, washing hands with soap and running water, and maintaining a safe distance) so that we can remain productive without contracting Covid-19. Therefore, it is very important to carry out 5M socialization and independent isolation for patients suffering from Covid-19 in an effort to prevent the transmission and to handle Covid-19 in Semanding Hamlet, Sumbersekar Village, Malang Regency. Education program delivered using lecture method and utilizing media in the form of educational videos increases the understanding and knowledge of Semanding Hamlet residents. This type of education program can stimulate thoughts, feeling, attention, creativity, and innovation, and also provide direct experience to the audiences. But the audiences’ knowledge is affected by their education level and it has been shown when they were asked to choose those multiple choices about Covid-19 protocol that might be harder than to choose the best one on a dichotomous statement. On the other side, the audiences almost had done for all the Covid-19 protocols in daily acitivities but they still leave the house for some necessities.&nbsp

In many eighteenth-century agricultural texts, peasants were depicted as an impediment to agrarian improvement, superstitious and resistant to novelty. That was the stereotype one often encountered, in any case, in more programmatic writing about agriculture from this period. A closer look at the era's technical literature tells a more complicated story, however. Much as traveling European naturalists relied on local intermediaries in far corners of the globe, elite agricultural improvers back home relied on local rural knowledge as they drafted a new technical literature on farming. This article looks at Jacob Guyer (also known as Kleinjogg), a Swiss farmer who became an enlightened celebrity after the Zurich doctor Hans Caspar Hirzel published a biography of him in 1761. Hirzel called Kleinjogg a "philosophical farmer"; the article explores the implications of this title, and examines the various ways that elite eighteenth-century authors used contact with rural people and direct experience of farming as a source of authority.

Seeking health information is becoming more convenient with various health resources online. It would be beneficial to explore the perception of individuals’ health status in relation to health information seeking and eHealth literacy. With government employees in Putrajaya found to be at high risk of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD), based on the high rate of obesity, it is beneficial to explore the factors associated with OHISB among this population in order to ensure adequate attainment and sharing of health information and self-management resources. The Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking (CMIS) is used to measure the factors that influence online health information seeking behavior (OHISB). Based on previous studies, the CMIS is commonly used to examine cancer patient’s information seeking on health information behavior. However this paper will be focusing on government employee’s behaviour in using online information as their health reference. Previous studies have shown that information seeking has resulted in changes of behaviour of the cancer patients. It is believed that the outcome of this study will be beneficial in terms of developing strategies to encourage a healthier lifestyle among this population in order to prevent the occurrence of NCDs. Therefore, this paper elaborates some of the theories used in previous studies to enrich individual and community online health information seeking behavior and health knowledge dissemination. The findings of this study shows the direct relationships between trust in internet health and eHealth Literacy were significant towards OHISB. However, the direct relationships between direct experience, salience, unmet information needs and self-efficacy belief towards OHISB were not significant. Keywords: Comprehensive model of information seeking, online health information seeking behaviour, non-communicable diseases, ehealth literacy, government employees. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2021-3701-24

The author in this paper articulates how Watson’s caritas processes evolved to caritas-veritas light on virtues, facilitating unitary transformative experience. This shift builds harmonic coherence between major streams of consciousness that focus on (a) the physical and conceptually concrete (objective/quantitative/particulate/determinate); (b) the mental, emotional, meaningful/belief systems (subjective/qualitative/interactive/integrative); and (c) the gestalt of spirit and the natural environment (virtual/quantum/unitary/transformative). The lived experience of harmonically braided streams of consciousness melds human-environment, potentiating health, healing, love, and compassion. Unitary transformative pandimensional awareness unfolds in the consciousness and everyday life of the practicing nurse, facilitating a direct experience of sacred praxis.

The social pervasiveness of character-building education should be fiercely done for averting the deficiency of religion and nation values. There is evidence of the diminishing supreme moral values that can be witnessed from both printed and electronic media and even from the direct experience in society. Related to this, the implementation of supreme moral values is supposed to be effective through education. From that context, this study is regarded as important as one effort to integrate the academic realm with the supreme character values that are obtainable in a typical Islamic boarding campus. For the first year, this study purposes to (1) Observe the implementation of the character-building education in the State University of Surabaya (Unesa) and UIN Maliki Malang Islamic Boarding Campus; (2) setting up the draft of the model of the character building education based on Islamic boarding campus. In this study, the observation and interview are applied in collecting the data. The data is analyzed by creating the qualitative narrative about the application of the character building education in the State University of Surabaya (Unesa) and UIN Maliki Malang Ma’had/pesantren (Islamic boarding) Campus, followed by setting up the draft of the model of the character building education based on Islamic boarding campus. The results of this study are as follows: (1) the implementation of character building education in the State University of Surabaya (Unesa) and UIN Maliki Malang have their own trait and uniqueness; (2) the design of the model of the character building education has been arranged that can be used to be implemented in public campuses, such as Unesa.

The employment of artistic works on industries is a process of indirect documentation of the works of artists in various fields, from sculptures and paintings to applied works. OBJECTIVES: I proceed from this vision that traditional industries play an effective and rapid role in transferring an artistic legacy that has been practiced across generations alongside its beneficial role. METHODOLOGIES Descriptive Experimental CONCLUSIONS -Types and methods of documentation and revival: The first: is to copy the artwork as it is and put it and apply it appropriately to different industries and products, without interfering with it, which any responsible body can do without the artist’s intervention other than taking his approval and preserving his ownership rights. The second: the direct experience of the artist in drawing directly on the product without copying one of his previously executed works, which in turn involves the artist himself in the documentation process. The third: Documenting the presence of the artist himself, through a work that represents the shape and body of the artist in order to immortalize the artist's name. The fourth: is to draw inspiration from the artists ’works and take advantage of its elements in various ways to produce a new product based on the idea of inspiration.

Different from the conventional content-survey result comparison approach in agenda-setting research, which compares media agenda and public agenda at the aggregated level, this study investigates the perceived agenda-setting effect of media at the individual level in an international context. A survey of American respondents (N = 848) identifies perceived agenda-setting effect from individuals’ cognitive process, and finds that the U.S. audience are aware that their perception of China is shaped by media coverage of China-related topics. The study finds that media use, political interest in China, and media trust positively predict perceived agenda-setting effect, while direct experience with China produces no effect. The study also confirms the effect of media use on perceived agenda-setting effect mediated by political interest.

Resumen Se presenta un estudio de caso con una joven de 22 años (estudiante y entrenadora de baloncesto) que quería motivarse para perder peso y desarrollar hábitos saludables (buena alimentación y ejercicio físico regular). Se utilizó el modelo “La Jirafa de Cantón” como base de la intervención que consta de cuatro partes bien diferenciadas que son: la “cabeza” o meta; el “cuello” o las expectativas x valor; el “cuerpo” o la autoestima, autoeficacia y autoconcepto; y las “patas” de la base que se refieren a las cuatro vías de obtención de información (experiencia directa, experiencia indirecta, persuasión verbal y síntomas psicofisiológicos). El análisis de datos tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos se realizó mediante triangulación metodológica, midiendo en la participante las partes del modelo de la Jirafa de Cantón de manera cualitativa, y cuantitativamente el bienestar psicológico y la autoeficacia. Los resultados muestran una mejora de las variables motivacionales relacionadas con las partes del modelo, en consonancia con la mejora de las puntuaciones cuantitativas de bienestar psicológico y autoeficacia. También se observó un aumento y mantenimiento de hábitos saludables de nutrición, actividad física y pensamientos adecuados. Estos resultados están en la línea de los obtenidos en estudios anteriores similares. Abstract: A case study is presented with a 22-year-old female (student and basketball coach) who wanted to motivate herself to lose weight and develop healthy habits (good nutrition and regular physical exercise). The “Cantón’s Giraffe” model was used as the basis of the intervention, which consists of four well-differentiated parts that are: the “head” or goal; the “neck” or expectations x value; the “body” or selfesteem, self-efficacy and self-concept; and the base “legs” that refer to the four ways of obtaining information (direct experience, indirect experience, verbal persuasion and psychophysiological symptoms). The analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data was carried out through methodological triangulation, measuring the parts of the Cantón’s Giraffe model qualitatively in the parti- cipant, and quantitatively for psychological well-being and self-efficacy. The results show an improvement in the motivational variables related to the parts of the model, in line with the improvement in the quantitative scores for psychological well-being and self-efficacy. There was also an increase and maintenance of healthy habits of nutrition, physical activity and proper thinking. These results are in line with those obtained in previous similar studies.

Este trabajo plantea la relación de las producciones artísticas contemporáneas en relación con el entorno sociopolítico donde se practican. Pero, además, reflexiona sobre sus posibilidades de expansión paisajística, de lo local a lo global, a partir de un estudio de caso llevado a cabo por el propio autor mediante una experiencia directa de diseño gráfico, color e instalación sobre el terreno que tuvo lugar en Canadá durante 2015. Como conclusión, podemos destacar cómo este hecho de expansión afianza al ente creador, proponiéndose como un principio para tener en cuenta en las manifestaciones de arte venideras de cualquier artista.

Introduction: Patient education is a fundamental component of effective physiotherapypractice. Current literature suggests that physiotherapists may not be adequately prepared for patient education practice; however, perception of graduate preparedness for professional practice has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate newgraduate physiotherapists’ self-efficacy for practising patient education and explore their perceived preparedness for transitioning into this professional role.Methods: This study utilised a sequential mixed-methods design. New-graduate physiotherapists completed the Patient Education Self Efficacy Scale at the conclusion of their pre-professional training (n = 149). Following entry to the workforce, a randomised sample of 15 of these individuals participated in semi-structured interviews exploring perceptions and experiences of practising patient education. Interview data were subject to framework analysis.Results: Highest scoring self-efficacy items were: understanding the role of patient education and questioning to seek the patient’s perceptions and concerns about their condition. The lowest scoring item was: recognising and effectively managing barriers to effective education. Five themes emerged: (1) patient education is a powerful tool, (2) individualised education is highly valued, (3) decreased confidence when facing complexity, (4) overcoming patient-related barriers is challenging and (5) practical experience is critical for skill development.Conclusion: New-graduate physiotherapists demonstrated high self-efficacy and perceived preparedness in most aspects of patient education. Interview findings corroborated survey results indicating that new graduates perceive difficulty in managing barriers to patient education and are challenged when facing complex situations. Direct experience was perceived as the most beneficial for enhancing self-efficacy and preparedness for patient education.

Exposure to different kinds of traumatic events is common among adolescents. This brief report study examined whether shame proneness and guilt proneness were associated with direct and indirect experience of potentially traumatic events (PTEs). We investigated the relationship between gender, PTEs, shame, and guilt among adolescents (n = 314, age = 15–20 years). We hypothesized that shame proneness and guilt proneness would be associated with direct experience of interpersonal and sexual PTEs, that both direct and indirect experience of potentially traumatic sexual event/s would correlate with female gender, and that potentially traumatic direct and indirect interpersonal event/s would correlate with male gender. Shame was positively associated with having experienced direct sexual trauma and with female gender. Girls had more often experienced potentially traumatic direct sexual events and boys had more often experienced potentially traumatic direct interpersonal events. Indirect experiences of traumatic events were not related to either gender or shame. We conclude that the relation between shame, PTEs, and gender is complex with both types of traumas and gender interact with shame. This study found that shame and direct experience of sexual traumatic events were associated among adolescent girls. Gender and what type of traumatic events adolescents’ direct experience is most likely related but not gender and what type of indirect experienced trauma.

In general, learning media is a tool for teaching and learning processes or anything that can be used to stimulate students ' minds, feelings, attention and skills so that they can encourage the learning process. Integrative thematic learning is learning that integrates multiple topics into a theme. This integrative thematic learning provides students with direct experience, and requires students to be more involved in providing comprehensive learning and not being separated.This integrative thematic learning also involves the inculcation of spiritual values and social values which are taught together with the provision of general learning materials.It is very important to use and apply the learning media in integrative thematic learning in elementary schools.This is also focused on the age of children who are still in elementary school and, of course, learning will be of great interest for them when using media that can stimulate and motivatethem to learn. By using appropriate learning media, teachers and students are expected to be able to achieve the planned objectives. Especially students are expected to gain meaningful experience in the spiritual, social, knowledge and skills domains. Thus, learning in schools, particularly at the elementary level can be a foundation for students when they go through adult life so that they become successful humans when they grow up

El temor que produce el delito reconfigura el habitar urbano en los vecindarios. Y es que, éste no remite a la experiencia directa del crimen, sino que a una multiplicidad de factores que se desenvuelven en la escala de la calle, del barrio y de la ciudad. La literatura ha dado cuenta que detrás del temor al delito se esconden diversos miedos y preocupaciones que experimentan los sujetos. Un aspecto menos explorado por los estudios urbanos y la criminología refiere a cómo este sentimiento, que se configura subjetivamente en la vida cotidiana, está imbricado en procesos y trasformaciones de escala ciudad. A partir de un estudio cualitativo realizado en la comuna de Maipú en Santiago de Chile, este artículo indaga en los juicios y valoraciones asociados al peligro y el delito y cómo estos se relacionan con los cambios urbanos y sociales percibidos en entornos vecinales. Los resultados muestran que, en un territorio afectado por profundas transformaciones urbanas, emerge la figura del “empeligrosamiento” hacia los desconocidos, el que constituye una forma de relacionamiento que resignifica las interacciones sociales, al mismo tiempo que moviliza la pérdida de control subjetivo sobre el espacio vecinal en el que se habita.

The biophilic design, which connects nature with space, allows people to experience relaxation, stress reduction, and recovery. It also enhances concentration and creativity of workers in large office buildings in Seoul. The scope of this research particularly focuses on medium and spacious offices in Gwanghwa-mun and Eulji-roarea. The research chose to focus on these areas since they are the main office districts in Seoul. This research method is primarily based on literature reviews and case studies. From theses literature reviews and case studies, this study extracts major characteristics of lobby spaces. The study then constructs an analysis frame to make connection between characteristics of lobby space and biophilic design factors. The results from the case analysis are as follows: First , the overall level of biophilic design application in lobby spaces are low. Therefore, it is necessary to plan different practical uses of biophilic design, considering the characteristics of lobby space. Second, the level of application concerning connectivity was the highest. However, within those factors, a variable about creating an environment that provides direct experience in nature was lower than others. Third, symbolism and decorativeness were not used enough in lobby design aside from connectivity and safety. For instance, many lobby designs use multisensory stimulus, which is a special environments that bring emotions or reactions about the nature. Multisensory stimulus may use water and natural images and shapes. Therefore, it is significant to consider various biophilic design and planning factors concerning the characteristics of lobby space in an office building. These considerations may improve a working environment and user’s lives.

Importing philosophical musings on architecture in design and review of building is one of the concerns of the contemporary world and especially Iran. It should be noted that finding a true perspective to express the thoughts of one philosopher is more difficult than expressing his thoughts. However, if attention is not paid from the beginning the mind can be placed in a route that without hesitation and realistic assessment would consider those thoughts entirely rejected or accepted. Meantime, nearly half a century ago the philosophical sense of phenomenology developed among philosophers, but how this approach can be used in the analysis and interpretation of an architectural work, will be the key question. Phenomenology as a method to study the nature of phenomena and objects have been proposed based on the originality of the witnesses; the general rule is to return to objects away from prejudice, in other words putting in parenthesis the unnecessary parts of a phenomenon that Husserl mentions it as “epoche”, till the time you achieve its nature as well as suspending cultural, social, ideological, biased assumptions and the effect of new sciences, this is the goal that phenomenologists through it aims to achieve direct experience of the world around. One of the effects of this philosophy school in the field of theoretical architecture, is opening the topics in location phenomenology, place of text in architectural design, as well as the importance of issues such as mental phenomenology and its impact on the criticizing the architectural works. It’s an experimental approach based on observation that seeks for better identification of the location and structure to attain better communicate and accompany human being and the environment around him. Togetherness of the man and the world around (subject and object), in facing the Cartesian thought is one of the main objectives of phenomenology. In this approach the people and the environment are not separate, but intertwined, and each one is causing the other. In this study, based on concepts of phenomenology and especially the ideas of Heidegger from the perspective of hermeneutic text the architecture of the Azadi Tower has been studied and analyzed. Therefore through survey method and using descriptive - inferential method studied the construction of the Azadi Tower looked and the results indicated that Heidegger approach can be used in reading an architectural work and from qualitative descriptive approach to this tower to what extent it is the symbol of a 2500 years old civilization.

This study examines dispute resolution processes available to higher education faculty in a nonunion context who are attempting to resolve adverse employment conditions. It assesses the efficacy of those processes for producing outcomes of value both to individual faculty members and to a university. Key areas of interest include faculty knowledge about and levels of confidence in campus systems for dispute resolution, how campuses prepare for and conduct hearings, and the potential for dispute resolution processes to enact organizational justice and produce institutional learning. A survey of faculty affiliated with the 16 constituent higher education institutions of The University of North Carolina and interviews conducted with faculty having direct experience with campus hearings provided data to examine these issues. The data indicates that for dispute resolutions processes to function effectively, there must be greater support of persons engaged in the processes, additional training for administrators, advisors and hearing panel members, and increased transparency in reaching and reporting the outcomes of these processes.

This paper proposes a theoretical inquiry on the nature of the relation between the use of new media and the eco-modernist approach on the reduction of pollution. Starting with a deep-reflection on several collected works of literature regarding the Anthropocene, the post-humanism and the technological determinism, the research aggregates 2 sets of data collected during the Coronavirus pandemics crises, regarding the decrease of the pollution and, in the same time, the increase of the media consumption. Admitting that a direct relation in between the two phenomena cannot yet be established, the paper addresses the problem of what a future technology-dominant society using artificial intelligence and robots to produce and distribute media contents could relate to a programmatic change in human behaviour. In a future where media could provide all the necessary contents (information and entertainment) in the most satisfying shape (impressive resolution and sensorial devices), the issue raised is that of the signification: man would consume the representation of representation and would lose access to primary signs (Baudrillard, 2004). In isolation and with reduced traffic needs, without the direct experience of reality and environment, the man would lose the human condition and his humanity, especially in the context of a dominant technology taking over control and replacing man. This technological post-humanism would compromise moral barriers and destroy the credibility of the human condition (Hayles, 2008) but would allow nature to restore, thus avoiding the imminent ecological disaster proposed by the theories of the Anthropocene.

The paper analyses possible reasons for the gap between teachers’ actions and intentions, reported by research on practices with the use of ICT. The theoretical approach is informed by teachers’ beliefs, which are discriminated in two categories: pedagogical and epistemic. A qualitative fieldwork research undertaken in eight public primary schools in Rio de Janeiro between 2014 and 2019 presents empirical evidence of the relationship between ICT use in the classroom and teachers’ beliefs. Data collection took place in two phases, and the data set consists of: (1) sixty four semi-structured interviews with teachers of the eight schools; (2) two focus groups with teachers in two schools, selected among the eight initial schools. Main findings show the importance of ICT self-efficacy at the core of teacher’s pedagogical beliefs, as skills and knowledge are built upon direct experience and observation of others. Furthermore, epistemic beliefs are strongly related to pedagogical beliefs and teachers’ attitudes. Findings show that the most innovative teachers are those who conceive ICT as a cultural artefact, have an ecological view of the classroom, and translate their intentions into actions, facing uncertainty and possible failure.

Esta pesquisa discute o potencial pedagógico dos patrimônios geomorfológicos como espaços de formação cidadã, por se constituírem como locais acessíveis à construção e a difusão de conhecimentos nas diferentes fases educacionais. Neste sentido, como forma de usufruir das potencialidades formativas dos patrimônios geomorfológicos, propôs-se por meio de uma prática interdisciplinar entre Geografia e Arte, um estudo, in loco, no Parque Estadual de Vila Velha, no município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil. O objetivo foi aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre formas de relevo e estrutura geológica da Terra, bem como, estimular o potencial artístico e criador dos estudantes, do sexto ano do ensino fundamental de um colégio em Londrina/Paraná, por meio da realização de vídeos e fotos. O Parque Estadual Vila Velha é constantemente visitado para este fim, visto que se trata de um sítio geológico, tombado como Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Estadual em 1966. Como resultados, verificou-se como o parque, enquanto patrimônio geomorfológico, apresenta potencial para o desenvolvimento de atividades de educação ambiental. O trabalho proporcionou uma percepção frente aos problemas ambientais da contemporaneidade, assim como, a sensibilização dos sujeitos para a temática ambiental. Conclui-se que a realização de trabalhos de campo com escolares em locais de geoconservação reverbera em aprendizado para a vida, uma vez que coloca os estudantes numa experiência direta com os locais visitados.

The objective of this study was to understand the organizational context of nurses' use of advance care plans (ACPs). We use a modified version of Bandera's social cognitive theory model to understand relationships between organizational constructs such as experience with ACPs and satisfaction with organizational support and oncology nurses' knowledge, behaviors, and perceptions around ACPs. The sample included practicing registered nurses with a major focus in oncology who were members of the Oncology Nursing Society in the United States, and nurses at medical hospital or community care settings were included. Institutional review board approval was obtained, and permission was granted from the oncology nursing organization for online surveys. A validated ACP survey was used to measure nurses' experiences and perceptions of working with ACP. Perceptions of ACP by patients, vicarious experience with ACP, direct experience of ACP, having received training, and perceptions of organizational support for ACP were all predictive of total ACP behaviors in the workplace. The final regression model had 3 independent variables and accounted for 33% of the variance in total ACP behaviors. Both vicarious and direct experience with ACP was associated with ACP behaviors in workplaces. This implies the need for more vicarious and direct training experiences, as well as organization support, to build self-efficacy to perform ACP.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the current service provision offered by a mental health service in a young offenders institute (YOI) in England. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative exploratory approach was adopted. Five prison officers (POs) (four male and one female) with direct experience supporting young people through mental health intervention were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed using thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006), which allowed evaluation of the current mental health provision to evolve. Findings Five overarching themes (process of referrals; intervention and its impact; role and function of the health and well-being team; collaboration and involvement; and feedback, communication and intervention) were found to be highly salient when evaluating service provision. Notably all themes interrelated with one another, demonstrating that changes or improvements made to the service need to consider all factors individually and collectively. Research limitations/implications This study was based on a small sample of POs in only one YOI in England, and therefore cannot be generalised to the entire prison estate. However, it does offer a rich insight into local service provision from the perspective of a group whose opinion is rarely sought. Practical implications POs’ perspectives of service provision are important in informing service developments. Lessons can be learnt from their unique insight into how prison mental health services are run to improve processes and collaborative working in the management of young offenders with mental health difficulties. Originality/value This preliminary and exploratory study is, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the first study evaluating service provision by using the perspectives of POs. The findings suggest that POs make valuable contributions to the service development and should be involved in similar evaluations in future.

Risk perception has been largely examined in studies that have aimed to explain and predict preparedness behavior in the context of natural hazards. Findings from studies on the relationship between previous experience, preparedness, and risk perception in disaster situations have been inconsistent. Hence, the main goal of this work was to explore the influence of physical and emotional experience on risk perception regarding natural hazards. This study was conducted in a statistically representative sample of the city of Iquique, in northern Chile (n = 701), who completed a survey one month after the occurrence of an earthquake and tsunami (8.2 Mw). The survey assessed the experience and preparation actions of survivors in relation to this event. Using a structural equation model, we examined nine proposed relationships, six of which were significant. The final model had an adequate fit (χ² = 752.23, df = 283, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.90, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.049). Direct experience showed the greatest influence on risk perception: while direct physical experience (i.e., the physical and material consequences associated with the earthquake) maintained a direct positive effect on risk perception, direct emotional experience (i.e., the fear of experiencing an earthquake) produced an indirect positive effect (through worry). Emotional experience, however, did not directly influence current preparedness and risk perception. Implications for understanding the relationship between risk perception and direct experience are discussed.

This study aims to find out the Ethics of Colonial Lecturers to understand Millennial students in communicating to be able to unite their perceptions, to find out Millennial Student Ethics hold and uphold custom and culture as a guideline in communicating or democracy critically in the education and community environment to create creative ideas in innovation, and to find out the Ethical Trade Off of Colonial Lecturers and Millennial Students in Critical Thinking to improve Communication and Teaching and Learning processes in the campus environment. This research was conducted through direct experience and observation in teaching. The research method used is descriptive qualitative approach and phenomenology. The main informants are 4 students and 2 lecturers. This research was conducted at Indonesia-Bali University of Technology campus. The research results obtained that through a personal approach and understanding, the character of millennial students and treating them as a friend, friend and even a child, from a lecturer, were able to make positive changes in the world of education. Because they feel valued and even given the opportunity to express their opinions and develop creative ideas, but within the boundaries of good ethics in accordance with eastern customs that we have. So that millennial children have a character that can bring them into critical thinking to grow and develop and innovate in accordance with technology. Keywords: Trade Off Ethics, Colonial Lecturers, Millennial Students, Critical Thinking

This article examines how slavery has been remembered in the urban space of Cape Town over time. It explores how individuals and groups have commemorated the history of slavery from the late nineteenth century onwards. It outlines how memory of slavery faded as the number of people with direct experience of enslavement decreased, with burgeoning racial segregation influencing the way that the past was viewed. It then examines how post-1994 democracy in South Africa has once again changed approaches to history. Colonial-era abuses such as slavery have not always been readily remembered in an urban space where their legacies are visible, and this article examines the interplay of politics and identity at the heart of public memorialization of these contested pasts.

BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability experience a higher prevalence of dementia, at an earlier age, than the general population. The aim of this review was to establish the psychological interventions and outcomes for individuals with intellectual disability and dementia. METHODS A search of eight electronic databases and reference lists of all included articles was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Data were synthesized using an integrative method. RESULTS Initial searching produced 2,331 papers. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were deductively categorized into behavioural, systemic and therapeutic. All studies reported positive findings for individuals and for the systems which support them, but limited by methodological issues and neglect of the direct experience and impact on individuals themselves. CONCLUSIONS The findings are discussed in relation to the wider literature and evidence base. Future research should aim to adopt methodologically robust designs that are inclusive of the individual experience of people with intellectual disability.

The Tangibles in Operations Strategy (TANGOS) exercise provides students with the direct experience of designing a firm’s operations function. Specifically, students must engage in decision making with respect to the structural decision areas in a firm’s operations strategy, by considering the firm’s product strategy and span of control, process choice, capacity, and layout. The exercise, divided into three parts, spans a period of 6–8 weeks, to coincide with the teaching of these operations management topics. Part 1 involves deciding on the product models to be made, the span of control, and the process choice. Part 2 examines capacity issues. Part 3 deals with the plant layout. The exercise is not resource intensive, and it offers flexibility, where instructors could choose to focus on any single part of the exercise, as well as alter constraints to limit or expand the scope of each decision. Student feedback reflects a high rating of the exercise.

Mentoring and mentorship in the implementation of curricular and extracurricular activities are characteristic of higher education. Since the quality and effectiveness of mentoring are determined by the distinctive characteristics and quality of the communication that takes place within this relationship, this paper aims to explore the communicative aspect of mentorship in higher education. The study was conducted using a sample of University of Nis students who have had direct experience of mentoring in the production of their senior and master's theses. The study sought to examine their attitudes to: mentoring communication skills; the ways in which communication takes place; communication styles in mentoring; and the communicative aspects of quality mentoring. Our findings indicate that the most highly rated quality in mentors is openness to questions. Email communication predominates, while other modern forms of communication, such as apps and social networks, are used to a far lesser extent. Mentors were rated as active listeners who provide timely, clear, comprehensible and positive feedback. Although our findings suggest that the mentoring practices studied are characterized by communication of a very high quality, the paper draws certain pedagogical implications. The emphasis of these pedagogical implications is on: continued pedagogical-methodological enhancement and support for mentors and mentees; developing higher quality communication; developing communicative competences; nurturing mutual respect, understanding and trust; developing empathy and the ability to accept another's opinion, suggestions and ideas.

O estudo aborda as empresas de previsão de tendências de moda, bureaux de style, e a ampla rede de relacionamentos por elas organizada no sistema de moda, demonstrando sua centralidade na criação de valor para produtos de moda. Primeiramente, discute-se a perspectiva de Giddens sobre a modernidade e o desencaixe da experiência direta, cujo vácuo foi preenchido por instituições especializadas. No sistema de moda, uma das expertises mais valorizadas ao longo da cadeia é o conhecimento das tendências, cuja institucionalização se dá por meio dos bureaux de style nos anos 1960. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o papel dos bureaux de style no atual sistema de moda. Para esse fim, os representantesmais relevantes foram investigados para desvendar as modalidades e as estratégias de informação de tendências da moda – e de si mesmos como especialistas. A pesquisa documental envolveu a coleta de imagens e de textos das empresas de pesquisa de tendências: Peclers, Promostyl, Carlin, DMI, View, WGSN, Use Fashion, TrendsTop e TrendUnion. Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software MAXQDA e com base nos fundamentos da GroundedTheory. Os resultados levam a questionar a fé depositada nessas agências. Considera-se que as “grandes” casas de estilo sustentam sua legitimidade graças aos seus discursos e à circulação de representações específicas, que podem ser vistas como estratégia de marca. Os bureaux de style mantêm e reiteram seu status de especialistas à medida que continuam a articular demanda, produção e consumo na moda.

The authors are social workers and lawyers in an interprofessional setting providing legal and social services to detained immigrants in deportation proceedings who have serious mental health conditions. Drawing on direct experience working in the setting, as well as survey responses and feedback from other involved providers, the authors (a) identify barriers to self-care for social workers and lawyers that prevent them from effectively addressing the effects of secondary trauma; (b) propose a relationship-centered framework that, as an alternative to individualized practices of self-care, serves as a way to overcome those barriers; and (c) apply that framework to a case example from their interprofessional setting. The authors advocate for a relationship-centered, recovery-based approach to self-care to manage trauma exposure responses for social workers and lawyers in their specific interprofessional setting and for those working together in similar settings.

Celebrated for her 1936 discovery of the Earth’s inner core, seismologist Inge Lehmann (1888–1993) has often been portrayed as a trailblazing female scientist, unwilling to accept discrimination in her pursuit of an academic profession. Yet, a close reading of her experiences suggests that Lehmann faced severe restrictions early on in her career. Only by being pragmatic about her situation did she successfully establish herself as a professional scientist. Having attended a progressive co-educational school before studying mathematics at the University of Copenhagen, Lehmann had little direct experience of gender discrimination. After receiving her bachelor’s degree, she entered Cambridge University in 1911, along with Niels Bohr, but found herself unprepared for the gendered social segregation practiced there. Exhausted from overwork, Lehman abandoned her studies and returned to Denmark. Over the next six years, she came to understand how severely her gender limited her career options. In 1918, Inge Lehman returned to the University of Copenhagen to complete her studies, and became a teaching assistant for a professor of actuarial science in 1923. Because her chances for obtaining a scientific post at the university were slim, she joined Professor Niels Erik Nørlund in his efforts to reform the Danish Geodetic Service. In 1928, Professor Nørlund rewarded Lehmann's voluntary change of academic discipline from mathematics to seismology by appoint her as Director of the Seismology Department.

Wildfires represent a natural phenomenon with detrimental effects on natural resources and human health. A better knowledge, perception, and awareness of wildfire risk may help communities at risk of exposure to prevent future events and safeguard their own lives. The aim of this study is to explore differences between individuals with and without previous wildfire experience, in terms of (1) subjective and advanced wildfire knowledge, (2) self-reported perceptions, (3) level of information, (4) self-protection measures, and (5) importance of community involvement. As a second step, we investigated differences in the same variables, focusing more deeply on a group of individuals with previous wildfire experience, classifying them according to fire-related employment (fire-related workers vs. non-workers) and wildland–urban interface (WUI) proximity (WUI residents vs. non-WUI residents). The Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to establish differences between the pairs of subsamples. Our results partially confirmed our hypothesis, that direct experience leads individuals to have a greater preparedness on the topic of wildfires. Perception of knowledge is reflected only at a shallow level of expertise, and, therefore, no relevant within-group differences related to fire-related employment or to WUI proximity were detected. Moreover, available information was perceived to be insufficient, thus we report a strong need for developing effective communication to high-risk groups, such as homeowners and fire-related workers.

Purpose This study aims to adopt Carroll’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) pyramid framework as a theoretical lens for examining employee perspectives on South Korean hotels operating as quarantine facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a qualitative approach consisting of the following components: in-depth interviews with employees and stakeholders of quarantine hotels, including frontline staff, government officials and medical staff, field observations and data from one researcher’s direct experience in a quarantined hotel. Findings Six themes regarding the experience of operating quarantine hotels emerged from the in-depth interviews and field observations. The findings also showed an interplay between the hotel employees’ perspectives, the four components of the CSR pyramid and the benefits and costs to hotels operating as quarantine facilities. Research limitations/implications This study focusses on the particular case of quarantine hotels in South Korea, and therefore caution is required in generalising the findings. Practical implications The findings suggest that strategic partnerships can help to protect local communities whilst alleviating the hotel industry’s financial difficulties. They also explore an opportunity for business revitalisation in the midst of a global pandemic. Originality/value This study finds that the voluntary decision of hotels to operate as coronavirus quarantine facilities is aligned with CSR because its ultimate aim is to protect the community from the risk of coronavirus from overseas arrivals. This study broadens the CSR literature in the fields of COVID-19 and hospitality.

CONTEXT: The United States is the only high-income country that relies on employer-sponsored health coverage to insure a majority of its population, and millions of Americans lost employer-sponsored health insurance during the COVID-19-induced economic downturn. We examine public opinion toward universal health coverage policies in this context. METHODS: Through a survey of 1,211 Americans in June 2020, we examine the influence of health insurance loss on support for Medicare for All (M4A) in two ways. First, we examine associations between pandemic-related health insurance loss and M4A support. Second, we experimentally prime some respondents with a vignette of a sympathetic victim losing employer-sponsored coverage during COVID-19. As a secondary outcome, we examine the effect of these exposures on support for the Affordable Care Act. FINDINGS: We find that directly experiencing recent health insurance loss is strongly associated (10 pp, p

Engaging politically polarized publics surrounding climate science is a vital element in the effort to enact climate mitigation policy. Science communication experts have identified several models of public engagement with science, including the deficit, dialogue, participation, and lay expertise model. Existing research suggests that the deficit model in particular is a largely ineffective model of engagement for controversial science like climate change. There is very little research, however, regarding the engagement preferences of political groups, or how those preferences differ. This study assesses preferences for climate change engagement in the state of Oregon in the United States and examines the relationship between those preferences and epistemic beliefs about climate science. Overall, we find that liberals are significantly more likely than moderates or conservatives to view climate science as certain and simple and to rely on expert knowledge more than their own direct experience. By contrast, conservatives are significantly more likely than liberals or moderates to view climate science as uncertain and complex and to rely on their own direct experience over the knowledge of content experts. We also find that perceived certainty and simplicity are positive predictors of a preference for the deficit model of science communication. Implications for public engagement with climate change and suggestions for future research are discussed.

When individuals learn from observing the behavior of others, they deploy at least two distinct strategies. Choice imitation involves repeating other agents’ previous actions, while emulation proceeds from inferring their goals and intentions. Despite the prevalence of observational learning in humans and other social animals, a fundamental question remains unaddressed: how does the brain decide which strategy to use in a given situation? In two fMRI studies (the second a pre-registered replication of the first), we identify a neuro-computational mechanism underlying arbitration between choice imitation and goal emulation. Computational modelling, combined with a behavioral task that dissociated the two strategies, revealed that control over behavior was adaptively and dynamically weighted toward the most reliable strategy. Emulation reliability, the model’s arbitration signal, was represented in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction and rostral cingulate cortex. Our replicated findings illuminate the computations by which the brain decides to imitate or emulate others.

This article introduces Psychobionomy as a general system seeking to explain and utilize the laws governing the mind, which it views as the source of all life. Although its remit is a great deal wider, herein, the system is discussed with particular reference to the pressing need for new paradigms in personality psychology. I describe the basics of the system and discuss how it can help address, recast, or transcend a range of enduring challenges in personality and individual differences, relating to issues of definition, structure, and practical application. Psychobionomy offers an original way of attending to and interpreting one's own direct experience of the phenomenal world. It places the Generic Ground of Pure Knowing at the heart of human experience, which gets progressively transmuted into Thinking, Feeling, Perceiving, and, finally, Acting in the world. In contrast to conventional approaches to information accumulation, Psychobionomy is an absolute psychological system that views the world as part of the individual, rather than the individual as part of the world. I provide examples of how two contemporary personality theories (trait emotional intelligence theory and belief-importance theory) can be accommodated within Psychobionomy and, subsequently, present a generic application of the system in the area of clinical counselling. I close with a discussion of two key challenges in personality psychology (viz., the integration of idiographic and nomothetic approaches and the restoration of the centrality of self-perceptions and their methodologies) from the perspective of Psychobionomy, which is recommended as a pathway to the realization of Self-Knowledge.

Junior doctors describe a need for greater support and training in end of life care (EoLC) communication skills. The Second Conversation project was designed by a multi-professional steering group as a workplace based training intervention for junior doctors to improve their skills and confidence in undertaking EoLC conversations. Qualitative interviews were carried out with 11 junior doctors and five senior doctors across two sites who took part in, or facilitated, a ‘second conversation’. This is a three-step training intervention that involves 1) observation – the junior doctor observes an EoLC conversation between a senior doctor and patient/caregiver; 2) direct experience – the junior doctor undertakes a follow-up second conversation with the patient/caregiver; and 3) reflection – the junior doctor discusses and reflects on the experience with a senior colleague. Interviews were analysed using framework analysis and findings informed iterative changes to the intervention and its implementation using ‘Plan, Do, Study, Act’ cycles. Benefits that were identified included the flexibility of the intervention and its positive impact on the confidence and skills of junior doctors. The Second Conversation was felt to be of most value to newly qualified doctors and worked well on wards where length of stay was longer and EoLC conversations frequently happen. Further evaluation and exploration of patient and caregiver experiences is required.

Public perceptions play a crucial role in wider adoption of autonomous vehicles (AVs). This paper aims to make two contributions to the understanding of public attitudes toward AVs. First, we explore opinions regarding the perceived benefits and challenges of AVs among vulnerable road users – in particular, pedestrians and bicyclists. Second, the paper evaluated whether interaction experiences with AVs influence perceptions among vulnerable road users. To explore this, we examined survey data collected by Bike PGH, a Pittsburgh based organization involved in programs to promote safe mobility options for road users. Analysis of the data revealed that respondents with direct experience interacting with AVs reported significantly higher expectations of the safety benefits of the transition to AVs than respondents with no AV interaction experience. This finding did not differ across pedestrian and bicyclist respondents. The results of this study indicate that as the public increasingly interacts with AVs, their attitudes toward the technology are more likely to be positive. Thus, this study recommends that policy makers should provide the opportunities for the public to have interaction experience with AVs. The opportunities can be provided through legislation that allows auto manufacturers and technology industries to operate and test AVs on public roads. This interactive experience will positively affect people's perceptions and help in wider adoption of AV technology.