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A restoration program is needed by West Lampung District, because 80% of the protected forests in this district have been damaged. Bina Wana (BW) Community Forest Group (CFG) has been successful in carrying out restoration program of 465 ha of Bukit Rigis protected forest. It resulted in an 80% increase in its members' income and an increase by 2.58% of the forest cover. To maintain the success of a sustainable restoration program, high commitment from the community is needed. This research has been conducted in June-July 2019 at West Lampung District, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The objective of this research is to analyse the social variables that affect restoration in the protection forest. The dependent variable is income and independent variables consist of respondents’ characteristics as individuals and social characteristics of the community. Based on the multiple regression linear analysis from 75 respondents, it was found that the significant variables for the sustainability of the restoration of Bukit Rigis protected forest are as follow: age, sex, education, status in CFG, distance from home to CF areas, social aids and social capital (networks, norms and trust). Existence of the youth groups namely Himpunan Pemuda Peduli Hutan dan Lingkungan (HPPHL) and Melati Women Forest Farmer Group (WFFG) plays an important role in implementing the restoration program. Establishment of HPPHL will ensure regeneration in maintaining the sustainability of restoration achievements. The role of WFFG is also important because their households’ income is supported by WFFG and enables the BW CFG members to be more concentrated in maintaining forest sustainability.

Las creencias sexistas se originan ante la percepción de diferencias entre hombres y mujeres respecto a características biológicas y sociales. Se trata de un constructo bidimensional compuesto por el sexismo hostil, que implica actitudes abiertamente negativas hacia las mujeres, y el sexismo benévolo, que se caracteriza por un tono afectivo positivo que idealiza a las mujeres al tiempo que enfatiza su debilidad. Ambos tipos de sexismo son perjudiciales y contribuyen a mantener las desigualdades sociales, por lo que es necesario conocer aquellas variables que pueden estar relacionadas con este tipo de actitudes. En este sentido, la autoestima sexual parece actuar como una variable predictora de actitudes más negativas hacia las mujeres. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la relación existente entre las dos dimensiones del sexismo, y la autoestima sexual en hombres y mujeres. Un total de 252 personas, de 18 a 69 años (68,25% fueron mujeres; 31,75% fueron hombres) participaron en el estudio. Los resultados sugieren que existen diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en sexismo hostil (t=-3,933; p=0,000) y en sexismo benévolo (t=- 4,470; p=0,000), siendo los hombres quienes presentan en mayor medida ambos tipos de sexismo. Por otra parte, parece que existe una relación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre sexismo benévolo y la autoestima sexual, únicamente en los hombres (r= 0,362; p=0,001), mostrando el análisis de regresión que la autoestima sexual alcanza a explicar un 13,1% del sexismo benévolo. En conclusión, nuestro estudio constata que la autoestima sexual y el sexismo benevolente son dos variables que, en el caso de los hombres, se hallan fuertemente relacionadas.

Culture for the individual is related to knowledge, but culture for society is related to social characteristics far from being cognitive because it results from the individual and society’s perception of science and knowledge in various areas of life. If development, in its essence, works to enhance the levels of coexistence among people and advance the lives of individuals in society, then development efforts can never be separated from the cultural formations of society. Culture plays a pivotal role in the development process. Through distinctive environment and society such as the city of Suez, with its rich history and heritage, so, what is the difficulty of designing mural derived from that heritage to affect the different categories of society in specific location in this city?

Learners must develop the ability to perceive linguistic and social meaning in their second language (L2) to interact effectively, but relatively little is known about how learners link social meaning to a single phonetic variable. Using a matched-guise test targeting coda /s/ (realized as [s] or debuccalized [h]), we explore whether L2 Spanish learners identify native speakers’ social characteristics based on phonetic variants. Our results indicate that advanced learners were more sensitive to sociophonetic information; advanced listeners who had completed a phonetics course were significantly more likely to categorize /s/ reducers as Caribbean and those who had studied abroad in aspirating regions recognized a relationship between coda /s/ and status. To account for the complex interplay among proficiency, explicit instruction, and dialectal exposure in the development of L2 sociophonetic perception, we suggest the union of the L2 Linguistic Perception Model with exemplar models of phonological representation and indexical meaning.

In a time when the world is facing social, political, public health, and environmental upheaval, Danes are lighting candles, baking cookies, and engaging in ‘hygge’, or ‘cozy togetherness’. Interes...

Iraq includes several traditional Islamic cities, and they share many spatial and social characteristics. A question has often been raised about these cities' ability to achieve spatial justice for their current residents. Therefore, the research aims to answer this question by following a specific methodology based on the derivation of factors and indices of spatial justice through previous literature, then measuring the indices derived in the ancient Najaf city as an example of traditional Islamic cities. The research found that there are five main factors for spatial justice, which are: spatial diversity, spatial connectivity, spatial resilience, spatial security, and spatial empowerment, which in turn are divided into ten indices. These indices were measured in Najaf city. It became clear that the mixed land use index, spatial connectivity indices, and spatial security indices were well achieved, while the mixed residential patterns and spatial empowerment indices did not achieve well. As for spatial resilience, changes occurred in the land uses. However, these changes were not the result of social and cultural changes or according to the city residents' needs. Instead, they occurred due to economic changes that primarily serve the visitors and arrivals to the city.

This paper examines the effect of home country characteristics on the internationalization of emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). Drawing on the institution-based view (IBV), we argue that institutional, political, and social characteristics will positively relate to the internationalization of EMNEs. Further, drawing on the knowledge-based view (KBV), we also argue that a firm’s knowledge stock (KS) will positively moderate the aforementioned relationship. Our research setting involves the incorporation of primary data collected from Iranian multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in the food and beverage industry. The results provide support for the hypotheses that home country characteristics positively impact the international growth of EMNEs but this does not lead to their further expansion. Also, supported was the hypothesis that EMNEs' knowledge stock positively moderates the relationship between home country characteristics and their international growth. These findings not only contribute to the current knowledge about the drivers of EMNE’s internationalization but also stress upon the idiosyncratic role of home country institutions and the impact of knowledge-specific capabilities on the internationalization of EMNEs, their international growth, and expansion.

The present study examines the constitutional principle of "social statehood" in Canada, considering the implemented model of a social state. The method and characteristics of securing a state's social guarantees are set out in the Canadian Constitution. Based on the analysis of the law, the authors concluded about the social characteristics of this state in Canada. By analyzing the reflection of the principle of "government sociality" in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Canada, the authors summarized its impact on the problems of a welfare state.

The relative sizes of secular and religious populations belong to the most important social characteristics of each country. In the wake of religious change, family behaviour, including marriage and childbearing, is likely to be altered. European demographic trends, including those of late childbearing and low fertility are also likely to change when there is a growth of religious groups where conversion/secularisation rates are low and childbearing levels are high. We project the membership size of the various religious groupings until 2051 for Austria, a country where the religion question is included in the census, allowing detailed and accurate projections to be made. We consider relative fertility rates, religion-specific emigration and immigration, conversion rates and intergenerational transmission of religious affiliation. Our estimates suggest that the Catholic proportion will decrease from 75% in 2001 to less than 50% in 2051. The Muslim population, which grew from 1% in 1981 to 4% in 2001, will represent 14% to 18% of the Austrian population by 2051, and could represent up to 32% of those below 15 years of age. The Protestants’ population share will be stable at around 4%, while up to 34% of the population will be without religion.

Throughout its European history, Australia has solved recurrent labor shortages by importing workers from overseas. Situated on shipping lanes between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the northern Australian pearlshelling industry became a significant locus of second-wave transnational labor flows (1870–1940) and by the 1880s was dependent on indentured workers from the Pacific and Southeast Asia. Exempted from the racially discriminatory Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, indentured Asian seamen, principally Japanese, maintained the industry until the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941. The Torres Strait pearlshelling industry, centered on Thursday Island in Far North Queensland, resumed in 1946 amid general agreement that the Japanese must not return. Nevertheless, in 1958, 162 Okinawan pearling indents arrived on Thursday Island in a controversial attempt to restore the industry's declining fortunes. This article is intended as a contribution to the history of transnational labor movements. It consults a range of sources to document this “Okinawan experiment,” the last large-scale importation of indentured Asian labor into Australia. It examines Australian Commonwealth-state tensions in formulating and adopting national labor policy; disputes among Queensland policy makers; the social characteristics of the Okinawan cohort; and local Indigenous reactions. Also discussed are the economics of labor in the final years of the Torres Strait pearling industry. This study thus extends our knowledge of transnational labor movements and the intersection of early postwar Australian-Asian relations with Queensland Indigenous labor policy. It also foreshadows contemporary Indigenous demands for control of local marine resources.

Advancement in communication technologies has fostered alternative transport modes, such as ride-sharing. Ride-sharing aims to increase vehicle occupancy rates by matching riders with the drivers, who have empty seats on their vehicles and have similar routes and time schedules. Regarding to the success of a ride-sharing system, many researchers have been interested in efficient ride-matching algorithms. Ride-matching optimization problem is considered as NP-Hard Problem. In most of the ride-matching algorithms in the literature, to be able find matches at short notice some parameters were omitted. Hence, social characteristics and choices of participants, such as gender, age, employment status and willingness to socialize, were not included in many ride-matching algorithms. In this paper, the effects of including such factors in a ride-matching algorithm on the performance and the quality of the matches are investigated. Several ride-matching algorithms in the literature are simulated with randomly generated data. The simulation results show that when social factors are included the computation times and the quality of the matches increase significantly.

Utilization of social characteristics presents a modern approach in the design of routing protocols for Mobile Social Networks. In this paper, we present a novel routing algorithm called the Social Characteristics-based Distributed Routing Algorithm (SCDRA) for a Mobile Social Network. SCDRA explores community and friendship as social features to effectively route messages. In SCDRA, nodes develop their community in a distributed way based on the concept of a familiar set. Merging of communities of nodes is governed by certain rules. Friendship in SCDRA evolves based on various factors like inter-contact duration, frequency of encounters and successful delivery of messages forwarded in a few past time intervals between the nodes. Routing of messages is accomplished by utilizing community and friendship as social characteristics. Extensive simulation studies performed show that the proposed algorithm performs better when compared to existing algorithms such as Bubble rap, SMART and EpSoc for performance metrics like delivery ratio, overhead ratio and average delivery latency in various scenarios.

Summary:This study starts from Labov’s proposal that distinguishes linguistic changes from above and from below based on the awareness that speakers have of a change. The basic question of this work is whether these two levels are recognizable in some changes – essentially pragmatic – in late Latin. The development of politeness forms is proposed as a change from above, while the development of minimizers, which sometimes results in terms of negation, as a change from below. In fact, using titles and address forms, related to formality and politeness, requires the speaker/writer be strongly aware of the social characteristics of his own and the interlocutor. Documents of the first centuries as letters by the Popes and the Christian hierarchies show signs of a socio-cultural change that results in new definitions of the self and, consequently, in the use of new address forms. On the contrary, everyday linguistic use, from below, shows how some recurring pragmatic needs determine developments that can affect different levels of the system in several ways. We will exemplify these changes from below with the expressions of small quantities used as minimizers (micam, guttam), showing how these forms are common in late Latin.

The current study examined whether the effect of gender and age discrimination had a different effect on the retirement of men and women later, focusing on the causes of the women's retirement crisis as a type compared to men in Egyptian society. This goal has been refuted into five sub-issues: (the basic social characteristics of the retired sex, the forms of gender and age discrimination to which the sex is before and after retirement, the types of emerging roles and roles excluded by sex and age before and after retirement, the dependency status of retired sexes, and the forms of planning For gender retirement and the nature of income and expenditure management after retirement, and finally the priority of problems facing the retired gender). The study started from the analyzes of socialist feminist theory and crisis theory, using the case study method, where an intentional sample was included that included selected cases consisting of 27 men and women from the city of Minya, who retired during the five years preceding the completion of the study. In general, the study concluded that: The difference in characteristics and individual privileges between the sexes does not qualify women to achieve a safe retirement in terms of gender compared to men. The results also monitored the vulnerability of women to inequality across institutional systems (family and work) to create gender benefits in favor of men. The results also revealed that women were negatively affected by opportunities lost due to gender and age in the public and private spheres throughout the life and at retirement period. The results also confirmed the impossibility of women practicing professional roles After retirement, women then adapted negatively to retirement by creating specific stereotyped roles and a pattern of expected dependency that would not be achieved with women enjoying luxury when retiring, unlike men in school cases. As a result, a more severe retirement environment is formed for women compared to men in study cases.

Research background: The search for factors influencing the evaluation of the quality of life in terms of subjective and objective socio-economic aspects was the background of the study. The search for perfect multivariate statistical methods in the describing of the assessments made by respondents in variable groups, as well as the categories was carried out. Purpose: The aim of the study was to recognize the natural areas of transferring subjective satisfaction with the level of social factors in the three groups describing: household, country of residence, and the EU. The determined natural relations between the factors were then compared with the established sets of those factors. The characteristics of behaviour were compared in three generations of the EU. Research methodology: The Standard Eurobarometer, autumn 2018, provided data describing adults from the generations Y, X, and BB. In the analysis a factor analysis and correspondence analysis were used. Results: The effect of the used methods is a multidirectional image of the evaluations made by the EU Generations Y, X and BB in the areas of an individual’s functioning: direct (the household), close (the country of residence), and further (Europe and the EU). Novelty: The conducted analysis indicates the need to use diverse methods in order that the assumed research objectives are thoroughly realized. The article indicates the possibility of modifying the approach in using the Burt matrix in connection with concatenated contingency tables.

The paper considers various aspects of gender issues of modern physical education. The main conceptual bases and preconditions of the gender approach introduction in physical education of children, teenagers and youth are stated and substantiated. Objective. Theoretically and methodologically substantiate the conceptual principles of gender differentiation in physical education of children, adolescents and youth. Methods. Analysis, generalization and systematization of data of scientific and methodical literature; sociological (questionnaires, surveys). Results. The main theoretical aspects and prerequisites for gender approach ntroduction in the physical education of children, adolescents and young people are presented. The correlation of biological and social characteristics of personality and their influence on the formation of individual physical culture of boys and girls is considered and characterized through the prism of the «gender» category. The main directions of research on the problem of gender approach introduction in the process of physical education are singled out. Conceptual bases of the gender approach in physical education of children, teenagers and youth are substantiated and developed. The findings show that the preconditions for the development of a gender approach are complex in research aimed at determining the indices of physical condition, motivational sphere, psychological sex of boys and girls in age, sex and gender aspects. It is determined that the introduction of a gender approach is associated with a new way of knowing the importance of physical culture, revealed the specifics of its application in the formation of individual physical culture of schoolchildren, effectively activating individual personal and physical qualities of boys and girls, taking into account gender motivation to engage in motor activity, whereas sexual dimorphism – during physical loads, motor mode, intensity and volume of exercise.

Social characteristics are prominent factors in mate selection, but they can be risk factors for intimate partner violence. Yet this prior work is limited, as it largely focuses on demographic differences (or asymmetries) between intimate partners. In addition to demographic asymmetries, we explored how differences in relational and risk behaviors were associated with intimate partner violence. Examining data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS) (n=828), we found that either partner's unemployment is associated with greater frequency of relationship violence; and, compared to same-race relationships, interracial relationships reported higher frequency of partner violence. Additionally, relationships in which men compared to their partners were more invested, were characterized by lower frequency of violence. Relationships characterized by any asymmetry in power, compared to those in which both partners held equal power, were also characterized by higher frequency of partner violence. Relationships in which the female partner was more successful at school or work compared to the male partner were associated with more frequent partner violence. Lastly, compared to relationships in which neither partner engaged in antisocial/criminal activity, those in which the male, but not female partner was antisocial/criminal and those in which both partners engaged in antisocial/criminal activity reported greater frequency of partner violence. These findings highlighted the importance of considering different types of asymmetries for understanding intimate partner violence in young adult relationships.

En este estudio se evalúan las propiedades psicométricas -validez/confiabilidad- de un Inventario de Autoatribución (IAA) de adjetivos relacionados con características físicas, de personalidad y sociales, que mide autoconcepto/autoestima en niños(as) de 8-12 años. La muestra no aleatoria con N=2656 participantes, se dividió para la aplicación de: Análisis Factoriales, Exploratorio (AFE) y Confirmatorio. Los análisis confirman la estructura arrojada por el AFE, produciendo un modelo con 31 atributos distribuidos en 5 factores teórica y empíricamente congruentes –áreas importantes del autoconcepto/autoestima y valores acordes con índices establecidos para alta bondad de ajuste–. El Análisis Discriminante mostró un 100% de predicción/clasificación sin error de los participantes a grupos de autoatribución positiva vs autoatribución negativa. El IAA, obtuvo valores α(.84) y ω(.92), con un tamaño del efecto (.84), mostrando su utilidad al cubrir necesidades de medición en importantes áreas cognoscitivas en una difícil etapa del desarrollo.

Nguyen Binh Khiem (1491 - 1585), a great thinker of Vietnam in the sixteenth century, contributed to the history of Vietnamese thought with many valuable ideas, including the “leisure” viewpoint. The thought “leisure” was originated from Vietnamese social characteristics in the the sixteenth century and inherited values in the traditions of national culture and the quintessence of human culture, especially under the profound and clear inuence of ideology on human life of Taoism and Lao-tzu. Nguyen Binh Khiem proposed a very profound and idyllic “leisure” viewpoint to deal with the uctuations of social history at that time through two issues, namely the thought on the category “leisure” and the content of the category “leisure” through human beings' relations with nature and dealing with themselves. His “leisure” viewpoint, due to objective and subjective circumstances, could not overcome the limitations of the times. However, in the current historical and social conditions, if we know how to inherit the values and overcome limitations, the “leisure” viewpoint still has modern meanings.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the imam hatip high school student’s perception and experience of being an imam hatip student. The research has been carried out among 10th, 11th, and 12th grade students from 5 different anatolian imam hatip high schools in Maltepe, Istanbul, affiliated to General Directorate of Religious Education (Ministry of Education), based on voluntariness. In the study, qualitative research design and phenomenology method have been used. Within the context of the study, literature review has been done, 20 students have been asked 7 open-ended questions and interviewed face to face through semi-structured interview method. In the analysis of the outcome, codes have been designated in accordance with the students’ reference opinions and themes/subthemes have been created. The outcome of the study is as follows: When imam hatip high school students’ perception and thoughts about their school have been evaluated, it has been seen that, not only the quality of education and training programs applied but also the socio-cultural environment at school have met the expectations of the students on a higher level compared to those graduated from other schools. In addition to this, when the students’ perception of school and the achievements affecting the formation of their imam hatip identities are analysed it has primarily been found out that social roles and responsibilities, followed by personal and social characteristics together with piety are the most outstanding features that contributed the formation of this identity. In some cases, students have reported that they are facing prejudice and insultation in the relationship with others.

El objetivo del estudio es analizar y presentar características demográficas y sociales de los estudiantes de pregrado en Ecuador, para lo cual se ha realizado un análisis estadístico descriptivo y un análisis estadístico multidimensional utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo del año 2017. El 86.26% de los estudiantes matriculados en Universidades del Ecuador vive en área urbana y el 13.74% en área rural; el 89.39% se consideran mestizos, el 3.35% indígenas, el 4.25% afroecuatorianos, negros o mulatos, el 1.67% se consideran montubios y el 1.29% blancos; el 66.60% de los alumnos de pregrado en Ecuador estudia en universidades públicas y el 32.54% en universidades particulares; el 8.27% se consideran pobres.

The authors investigate the psychological aspect of creativity through the giftedness phenomenon and its manifestations in real activity. The article presents the content analysis results of students’ ideas about giftedness and creativity, obtained by the associative experiment method. According to the authors, implicit notions and the giftedness theory have a significant impact on attitudes towards gifted people. The methodology of hierarchical person’s image structure (HPIS) was used as a research tool. The purpose of this study is to identify the image of a gifted person based on implicit ideas of students of various specialities and universities. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the basis of the structure and content of the gifted person image is made up of intellectual characteristics, with the acquisitive characteristics being the most unpopular in the respondents’ answers. In the second place, in terms of occurrence frequency, there were social characteristics, which are more typical for the students of humanitarian specialities. This group is also characterized by a more frequent indication of the negative qualities of a gifted person, while students of the technical specialities used positively colored words more often. When describing a gifted person, names and qualities of activity were more often used in the group of technical students. The data obtained by the authors confirm the special extraordinary, creative nature of a gifted person in the implicit representations of people.

Against the background of weakening face-to-face social interaction, the mental health of college students deserves attention. There are few existing studies on the impact of audiovisual interaction on interactive behavior, especially emotional perception in specific spaces. This study aims to indicate whether the perception of one’s music environment has influence on college students’ emotion during communication in different indoor conditions including spatial function, visual and sound atmospheres, and interior furnishings. The three-dimensional pleasure–arousal–dominance (PAD) emotional model was used to evaluate the changes of emotions before and after communication. An acoustic environmental measurement was performed and the evaluations of emotion during communication was investigated by a questionnaire survey with 331 participants at six experimental sites [including a classroom (CR), a learning corridor (LC), a coffee shop (CS), a fast food restaurant (FFR), a dormitory (DT), and a living room(LR)], the following results were found: Firstly, the results in different functional spaces showed no significant effect of music on communication or emotional states during communication. Secondly, the average score of the musical evaluation was 1.09 higher in the warm-toned space compared to the cold-toned space. Thirdly, the differences in the effects of music on emotion during communication in different sound environments were significant and pleasure, arousal, and dominance could be efficiently enhanced by music in the quiet space. Fourthly, dominance was 0.63 higher in the minimally furnished space. Finally, we also investigated influence of social characteristics on the effect of music on communication in different indoor spaces, in terms of the intimacy level, the gender combination, and the group size. For instance, when there are more than two communicators in the dining space, pleasure and arousal can be efficiently enhanced by music. This study shows that combining the sound environment with spatial factors (for example, the visual and sound atmosphere) and the interior furnishings can be an effective design strategy for promoting social interaction in indoor spaces.

Marital name use and marital name changes in the second half of the 20th century The study examines changes in the use of marital names and their connections from a novel perspective based on new source material. Its broader subject matter is the changes in the use of official marital names in the second half of the 20th century, which brought about an expansion, and never before seen diversity in the name forms that could be chosen in marriage. (Considering an example of a husband called [examples given in Hungarian name order, with family names first] Hunyadi János and his wife Szilágyi Erzsébet, the wife could at first only be (i) Hunyadi Jánosné using the -né suffix, meaning ‘wife of’. From 1953 the wife could choose to be (ii) Hunyadi Jánosné Szilágyi Erzsébet or (iii) Szilágyi Erzsébet. 1974 brought even more choices with (iv) Hunyadiné Szilágyi Erzsébet or (v) Hunyadi Erzsébet. In 2004 the options (vi) Hunyadi-Szilágyi Erzsébet and (vii) Szilágyi-Hunyadi Erzsébet were added. Nevertheless, the study focuses not on the name forms chosen at the time of marriage but later changes that realised movement between the name forms available to women in a given period. The source material of the study is a selected subset of the request documents submitted to the responsible ministry. The study examines the change requests submitted by married women and those submitted by divorced or widowed women separately. The legal background of the phenomenon is explored, alongside the possible motivations for the changes based on written statements and factors that can be deduced from the processes. The proportion of changed and newly chosen name forms, temporal changes in these trends, and the social characteristics of those submitting requests are examined throughout the period that brought significant changes. The paper hopes to contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence the use, change and connections of names used by women in the Modern Age with this study.

The objective of the study is to examine the social profile of Basic and Secondary Education students in Ecuador by means of a statistical analysis of this sector of the Ecuadorian population based on data from the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment from 2015. The variables investigated were: area, sex, age, language spoken, ethnic self-identification, condition of activity and inactivity, school enrollment, use of smartphone, use of computer during the last months, use of internet during the last 12 months, natural region, income poverty, occupational group and the level of happiness at work. The results of the study may be used as a tool for the development of the Basic and Secondary Education studies in Ecuador in accordance with the social profile and the needs of the students in the country.

Objectives: Drunk frequency of senior vary greatly by generation and culture. The objective of the study is to clarify the rate of daily drinker and impact of daily drinking to their health and social characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study of community dwelling older people in Japan. Results: The average age of participants was 71.7 years old, ranged from 60 to 90 years old. According to the questionnaire answers, 23.3% of them were drinking as daily routine. People who drink alcohol everyday are reported to be healthy, live with spouse, having work or live actively, and also have a good sleep quality, from the previous studies. On the other hand, depression trend is common among the people who do not drink alcohol every day. Conclusion: This study gave us an information of daily alcohol habit impacts to health factors (e.g. mental factors). In the future work, we should consider quantitatively impacts including harmful revel of alcohol intake and frequency.

This study endeavoured to establish the characteristics of effective teachers and how these characteristics assisted teachers to improve learner performance. To address this aim, a case study design was employed as a methodology for the study, consisting of five rural schools. A literature study was conducted, alongside semi-structured individual interviews with five school principals and focus group interviews with twenty eight teachers from the same rural schools from where school principals were drawn. The collected data was analysed thematically, by establishing themes and their emerging categories. The established themes and their categories were interpreted and discussed to answer the research questions. The major findings of the study revealed that an effective teacher has a blend of three characteristics, namely, professional characteristics, personality characteristics and social characteristics. The blend of characteristics contribute to the quality of teaching and learning processes. The study recommended that educational practitioners in diversity should be cognisant of the characteristics of effective teachers and nurture them appropriately as these characteristics have a life-transforming effects on the lives of the learners.

This article presents an assessment of the effectiveness of orthopedic treatment of patients with partial and complete absence of teeth based on quality of life. It was identified as a result of a complex of clinical investigations with analysis of orthopedic dentures. The question of life quality, which is directly related to the health of the patient, is one of the most relevant positions in quality treatment. Evaluating the quality of life of patients is needed not only to achieve the planned rehabilitation result, but also to assess the effectiveness of the schemes and technologies used in orthopedic treatment. A clinical examination and subjective analysis of patients who was treated by removable dentures was conducted. To determine the social characteristics of patients and their level of quality of life, and to formulate an individual questionnaire, special research methods were used. Standardization of the data collection procedure was provided using questionnaires. As a result of surveys conducted on the early stages of development, in particular, we choose an actual questions and significant problems associated with treatment by removable dentures. The obtained data were subjected to the scaling process, turning into scores for simplification of statistical analysis. Answers to questions were evaluated by a 5-point system. The results of the study showed that there is less information about life’s quality of patients using removable dentures, despite the high level of morbidity, which determines this problem as a priority in the system of orthopedic dentistry rehabilitation of patients with partial and complete absence of teeth. Depending on which dentures were restorations of dental defects, it was found that the initial and final levels of quality of life were different. The quality of life of patients on all scales of the special questionnaire substantially changes in the direction of improvement in a month and a half after treatment and is stored in time, which explains the stability of the therapeutic effect, which is determined by the correctness of the chosen orthopedic design and qualitatively performed treatment. Based on our investigations, life quality of patients is one of the main question in successful and qualitative orthopedic treatment and it should be taken into account in practical activity of orthopedic dentists.

En este documento se exploran las diferencias en la percepción del riesgo que presentan los habitantes de la ciudad de Mexicali, a partir de la clasificación de información obtenida mediante una encuesta que involucra variables relacionadas con el tipo de peligro, las características sociales de los sujetos, la vía de adquisición del conocimiento y las acciones preventivas que se realizan. Entre los resultados se obtuvieron cuatro grupos perceptuales: dos extremos (amplificadores y atenuadores) y dos intermedios (de percepción focalizada o selectiva), cuyas características particulares ameritan ser consideradas en materia de prevención de desastres.

Te article describes the results of a study of risk factors for the development of PTSD in patients with rectum cancer, who underwent colostomia. Te results of a comparative analysis of social characteristics and developmental peculiarities among patients with PTSD and stress-resistant pations are presented. It was found that in the group of patients with PTSD previous traumatic events related to physical violence, the experience of divorce, and participation in road accidents were more frequent. As a result of the regression analysis, it was revealed that the following factors affect the level of PTSD severity: the «Constructive external I-delineation» scale of the «I-structural test of Ammon», the value of the dysfunctional fault indicator of the «SGSS», the «Risk» scale of « Te Hardness Lifestyle Test «. Risk factors for the development of PTSD were identifed: difculties in establishing boundaries with others, the presence of dysfunctional guilt, the tendency to avoid mistakes instead to accepting risk, an insufciently formed personal identity

A smart city must be planned to efficiently manage its material and human resources to improve each citizen’s quality of life. This paper proposes that the large amount of data generated daily by citizens could be collected, filtered, and processed by Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) installed throughout several sectors in a smart city. However, it is necessary to have a better interaction between machines and humans. Intelligent agents in the CPS can add new social characteristics, morals, and ethics to enhance the smart city’s performance and produce less biased decisions. Thus, this paper describes how smart city problems could be solved by considering both technical aspects and social features to potentiate the smart city’s performance. The Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) must become Social Cyber-Physical Systems (SCPS). Achieving an integral, efficient smart city necessarily integrates ethical principles and morality in AI in almost all engineering areas. The education issues surrounding this are discussed at the end of the paper.

In this chapter Millennials, the target of the study (Chap. 10), are described, in terms of personal and social characteristics, and purchase behavior. This generation has been chosen due to their familiarity with technology and the aptitude toward hedonistic products and experiential consumptions. To better focus their peculiarities, a comparison among other generations over time has been provided.

Perceptions of others’ social characteristics are essential for guiding social behaviour and decision making. Recent research has demonstrated that increased facial redness facilitates both positive (e.g. health, attractiveness, happiness) and negative (e.g. dominance, anger) social evaluations. Given that similar facial colouration can lead to diverging evaluations, it is unclear how people integrate these cues to inform social decisions (e.g. approach-avoidance). We suggest that the influence of facial redness on social perceptions and decisions depends on contextual information, including facial-muscular emotion expressions. We test this hypothesis across two studies where participants view faces either increasing or decreasing redness, evaluate them on a range of social characteristics (i.e. aggressiveness, attractiveness, health, friendliness, dominance) and decide whether to approach or avoid them. Increased facial redness facilitated, and decreased redness impeded (to a greater extent), perceptions of each social characteristic. However, the extent of this influence was moderated by the muscular expression (i.e. neutral, happy, angry). Further, we found that the influence of facial redness on approach-avoidance was largely mediated by evaluations of attractiveness and health. Altogether, the current work provides nuanced insights into facial colouration’s role as a social signal that informs social perception and decision making.

Social Networks (SNs) bring new types of privacy risks threats for users, which developers should be aware of when designing respective services. Aiming at safeguarding users’ privacy more effectively within SNs, self-adaptive privacy preserving schemes have been developed, considered the importance of users’ social and technological context and specific privacy criteria that should be satisfied. However, under the current self-adaptive privacy approaches, the examination of users’ social landscape interrelated with their privacy perceptions and practices, is not thoroughly considered, especially as far as users’ social attributes concern. This study, aimed at elaborating this examination in depth, in order as to identify the users’ social characteristics and privacy perceptions that can affect self-adaptive privacy design, as well as to indicate self-adaptive privacy related requirements that should be satisfied for users’ protection in SNs. The study was based on an interdisciplinary research instrument, adopting constructs and metrics from both sociological and privacy literature. The results of the survey lead to a pilot taxonomic analysis for self-adaptive privacy within SNs and to the proposal of specific privacy related requirements that should be considered for this domain. For further establishing of our interdisciplinary approach, a case study scenario was formulated, which underlines the importance of the identified self-adaptive privacy related requirements. In this regard, the study provides further insight for the development of the behavioral models that will enhance the optimal design of self-adaptive privacy preserving schemes in SNs, as well as designers to support the principle of PbD from a technical perspective.

This chapter aims both to reflect upon the emergence of Public Private Partnerships (PPP), and the PPP literature, and to offer a means by which the significance of PPPs can be assessed. On the other hand, case studies across different countries and different sectors reveal considerable heterogeneity in the origins, incidence, and outcomes associated with PPPs. How PPPs, and other forms of provisioning, are indicative of neoliberalisation is addressed in the following section by reference to the systems of provision approach. Once again, in almost every analytical direction in which we turn, we find controversy, not least as social reproduction has become a focus of enhanced attention, especially in examining oppression by gender, race, and other social characteristics. And a step has been to emphasise the variegated nature of neoliberalism so that there can be no analytical templates as such for fitting our understanding of PPPs.

The social characteristics of students have in recent studies shown to be highly influential in their learning and achievement (academic and non-academic). Of the many characteristics, proactivity has been seen to be an essential attribute for success in areas such as workforce, health and education sectors. This research paper considers the possible association between proactivity and gender. Three measures of proactivity namely proactive personality, proactive confidence and proactive behaviour were used. The analytics and tests showed that the proactivity levels do not differ between genders, at least in the unique settings of South Pacific. The results were attributed to the Pacific way of life and the unique culture and tradition of the South Pacific region.

Objectives: This study investigated self-reported events that were rated as stressful and being affecting wellbeing among older people. It also examined the variables associated with the perception of overcoming these stressful events. Methods: Face-to-face survey on a representative sample of 1,431 older people in Santiago-Chile. Instruments included open-ended questions for distinguishing events as losses, problems, conflicts, and others’ difficulties. The associations between the occurrence and overcoming of events with individual and social characteristics were examined through multivariate logistic regression. Results: 39.5% mentioned at least one stressful event, being mostly perceived as solvable problems rather than losses. Higher-income, better health, self-efficacy, and social support were associated with a higher perception of event overcoming. Conclusion: The occurrence and the probability of events’ overcoming does not increase in old-old age in this sample group. Better health and individual and social resources such as self-efficacy and social support, are protective resources for overcoming the stressful events, but they are not generally considered in public policies.

Today, for about five online communities promoting aggressive ideology are registered daily in the largest Russian social network Vkontakte. These youth communities advocate aggression and suicide. Community administrators are gradually forming a large group of young people for whom aggression is normal. Although there are a lot of studies on school shooting phenomenon, most of them are focused on media issues, the psychology of shooters, and a legal characteristics Current study was aimed to identify the real audience (followers) of school shooting online communities in the social network and their gender, age and social characteristics. Over the course of three months, we collected and analyzed data from 9 online communities. We found that school shooting community followers were mostly males aged 15 to 22. We suggested this age and gender group of young people the most vulnerable in front of the destructive information influence in social media. We also noted that the policy of banning school shooting communities for security reasons is effective as a barrier for spreading dangerous ideas among youth. Nevertheless, the rules and regulations including banning also make specific barriers for researchers, who investigate community content, behavior and characteristics of their followers.

This article aims to analyse the process of radicalization of young Western Muslims employing the Merton’s strain theory as an interpretative factor. Without necessarily underestimating other approaches, applying Merton’s theory to this field means choosing to deal with it mainly from a sociological point of view, taking into account its political, economic, structural and social characteristics and embedding the individual paths within this framework. As is known, in 1949 Merton conceived a ...

Whether stress-related behaviors or social factors are associated with diabetes (DM) in African-born blacks living in the United States is unknown. Thus, African immigrants who identified as healthy underwent OGTT and had extensive questioning about lifestyle and socioeconomic status. Neither participants nor investigators knew the outcome of the OGTT at the time surveys were administered. The participants were 470 African-born blacks living in Washington, DC (male: 66%, age 38±10y, range 20-65y, BMI 27.6±4.5, range 19.5-39.9). DM was diagnosed by glucose criteria for the OGTT or A1C≥6.5%. DM was identified in 9% (40/470) of participants. Age, BMI and years in the United States were higher in the group with DM (age: 44±10 vs. 38±10y; BMI: 29.8±4.9 vs. 27.4±4.4; Years in U.S.:16±10 vs. 12±10y, all P0.5). Overall, undiagnosed DM was associated with stress-related behaviors such as alcohol intake, smoking and diet. Whereas, difficult to address social characteristics such as education, income and health insurance did not differ by DM status. Combining DM screening with counseling on stress may lead to improved health for African immigrants. Disclosure N.H. Osei-Tutu: None. T. Hormenu: None. E.M. Shoup: None. A.F. Hobabagabo: None. C. DuBose: None. S.T. Chung: None. L. Mabundo: None. A.E. Sumner: None.

The acoustic environment is one of the factors influencing emotion, however, existing research has mainly focused on the effects of noise on emotion, and on music therapy, while the acoustic and psychological effects of music on interactive behaviour have been neglected. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of music on communicating emotion including evaluation of music, and d-values of pleasure, arousal, and dominance (PAD), in terms of sound pressure level (SPL), musical emotion, and tempo. Based on acoustic environment measurement and a questionnaire survey with 52 participants in a normal classroom in Harbin city, China, the following results were found. First, SPL was significantly correlated with musical evaluation of communication: average scores of musical evaluation decreased sharply from 1.31 to &minus, 2.13 when SPL rose from 50 dBA to 60 dBA, while they floated from 0.88 to 1.31 between 40 dBA and 50 dBA. Arousal increased with increases in musical SPL in the negative evaluation group. Second, musical emotions had significant effects on musical evaluation of communication, among which the effect of joyful-sounding music was the highest, and in general, joyful- and stirring-sounding music could enhance pleasure and arousal efficiently. Third, musical tempo had significant effect on musical evaluation and communicating emotion, faster music could enhance arousal and pleasure efficiently. Finally, in terms of social characteristics, familiarity, gender combination, and number of participants affected communicating emotion. For instance, in the positive evaluation group, dominance was much higher in the single-gender groups. This study shows that some music factors, such as SPL, musical emotion, and tempo, can be used to enhance communicating emotion.

Predicting the course of an epidemic is difficult, predicting the course of a pandemic from an emerging virus even more so. The validity of most predictive models relies on numerous parameters, involving biological and social characteristics often unknown or highly uncertain. COVID-19 pandemic brings additional factors such as population density and movements, behaviours, quality of the health system. Data from the COVID-19 epidemics in China, Japan and South Korea were used to build up data-driven deterministic models. Epidemics occurring in selected European countries rapidly evolved to overtake most Chinese provinces, to overtake South Korean model for France and even Hubei in the case of Italy and Spain. This approach was applied to other European countries and provides relevant information to inform disease control decision-making.

Background The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in self-perceived health status and mental health among participants in an active labour market policy (ALMP) of Barcelona, and to assess whether the results differed according to the participants’ social characteristics and their program trajectories. Methods A pre–post intervention study was designed, including unemployed people participating in a return-to-work ALMP in 13 deprived neighborhoods of Barcelona; using one survey upon entering the program (pre), and another 1 year later (post). We assessed the prevalence of poor self-perceived health status and poor mental health (Goldberg-12 questionnaire) in both periods of time. We fit five Poisson regression models using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to measure changes in self-perceived health and mental health between pre- and post-intervention. Results About 696 individuals (48% women) participated in the study, mainly manual workers. In both sexes, mental health improved (prevalence ratio [PR]—comparing post- and pre-periods for women: 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39–0.61 and men: PR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.32–0.53), whereas self-perceived health status remained stable or worsened. Men who remained unemployed reported poorer self-perceived health status, while no such association was observed among women. Conclusions This study shows a mental health improvement among male and female participants.

As a result of the importance of academic collaboration at smart conferences, various researchers have utilized recommender systems to generate effective recommendations for participants. Recent research has shown that the personality traits of users can be used as innovative entities for effective recommendations. Nevertheless, subjective perceptions involving the personality of participants at smart conferences are quite rare and haven't gained much attention. Inspired by the personality and social characteristics of users, we present an algorithm called Socially and Personality Aware Recommendation of Participants (SPARP). Our recommendation methodology hybridizes the computations of similar interpersonal relationships and personality traits among participants. SPARP models the personality and social characteristic profiles of participants at a smart conference. By combining the above recommendation entities, SPARP then recommends participants to each other for effective collaborations. We evaluate SPARP using a relevant dataset. Experimental results confirm that SPARP is reliable and outperforms other state-of-the-art methods., Comment: 12 pages, 13 figures

This study examines the relationship between regional agriculture and the effective conservation of farmlands through broad-based community agreements under the direct payment policy to hilly and mountainous areas by studying the characteristics of such broad-based community agreements. Using the data taken from community agreements under a direct payment policy in the hilly and mountainous areas of the Shimane prefecture and the data collected from the Census of Agriculture and Forestry, we arrive at four main findings. First, the average overall effectiveness of integrated community agreements is 0.48 as efficiency score in DEA. Moreover, there were large disparities in the first divisional efficiency of production. Second, community agreements covering large areas are more effective as compared to small- and mid-scale community agreements. In addition, geographical conditions of locations also influence the effectiveness of community agreements. Third, differences in effectiveness level in clusters were related to regional social characteristics such as area scale of agreements, the level of readjustment of the paddy fields, diversification of farm size, and diversification of supporters for conservation of farmland. These facts indicate that it is important to consider diversity of broad-based community agreements to improve the effective conservation of farmland in hilly and mountainous areas.