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Insomnia is difficulty starting or maintaining sleep. There are several factors that are considered to be able to trigger and perpetuate insomnia, one of which is the sleep hygiene, which is included in the moderation factor. However, there is some controversy regarding the involvement of insufficient sleep hygiene towards insomnia. This study aims to determine the effect of sleep hygiene attitudes on the incidence of insomnia and a description of the incidence of insomnia and sleep hygiene in Mulawarman University students. The design of this study was observational analytic with a cross-sectional method, which consisted of 140 Mulawarman University students from 14 faculties. The sampling technique used is consecutive sampling. The data taken is primary data in 14 faculties of Mulawarman University. The research instrument used was the Insomnia Rating Scale questionnaire from the Kelompok Studi Psikiatri Biologi Jakarta and the Sleep Hygiene Index. The results of the study used the Chi-Square test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test obtained p value> 0.005. Based on the degree of insomnia, found 65% of respondents suffer from mild insomnia. The frequency of the sexes of women who suffer from insomnia more than men. Based on the degree of sleep hygiene attitudes, it was found that 78.6% of respondents had moderate sleep hygiene attitudes. This study concluded that there was no effect of sleep hygiene attitudes on the incidence of insomnia in Mulawarman University students.

There are no data available regarding the bronchospasmolytic activity and toxicity of water extract of Coptosapelta flavescens Korth root (WECFR). Therefore, this study aimed to determine: a. the in vitro tracheospasmolytic effect of WECFR; b. safety of WECFR using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and immobilization of Daphnia magna larvae (IDL). In study, a guinea pig tracheal ring was contracted with methacholine and cumulative doses of WECFR solution were administered. A dose-response curve (DRC) was plotted of the percentage of the tracheal ring relaxation response. To test whether the relaxation mechanism occured through stimulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors, the tracheal ring was incubated with propranolol. Data analyzed using analysis of variance, showed that the DRC of WECFR was obtained with p < 0.05 compared to the DRC of control, indicating that WECFR had a tracheospasmolytic effect. The DRC for propranolol-blocked WECFR did not shift to the right compared to the DRC of WECFR, confirming that the relaxation mechanism did not occur through the beta2-adrenergic receptors. Study b. assessed safety using BSLT and IDL. After exposing the larvae to WECFR and control for 24 and 48 h, respectively, the number of dead larvae was counted. Data analyzed using Probit program, showed that the lethal dose 50 of WECFR towards Artemia salina and Daphnia magna larvae was > 1000 ppm, which means that it was not toxic. This studies demonstrate that WECFR exhibits tracheospasmolitic effect, but not through beta2-adrenergic receptors; WECFR is safe for Artemia salina and Daphnia magna larvae.

Preeclampsia defined as new onset of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia is one of the three main causes of maternal mortality with an incidence of 128,273 each year or around 5.3% in Indonesia. Preeclampsia is classified as preeclampsia without severe features and severe preeclampsia. Severe preeclampsia can be a problem, both in the mother and the fetus due to vascular vasospasm. If uteroplacental blood flow to the fetus is limited, the fetus can be born under low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, intra uterine fetal death, and low Apgar score. The aim of this research is to determine the correlation of severe preeclampsia with fetal complication, that is intra uterine fetal death (IUFD), preterm labor, neonatal asphyxia, and low birth weight (LBW). The design of this research is case control study with 46 sample for both case and control groups. The data analysis used chi-square for 2x2 table and likelihood ratio for 2x3 table. The results of this this research is showed that there was correlation between severe preeclampsia with preterm labor (p=0,000)and severe preeclampsia with low birth weight (p=0,000), there was no correlation between severe preeclampsia with IUFD (p=0,822) and severe preeclampsia with neonatal asphyxia (p=0,060)

Background: aromatic ginger rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a member of Zingiberaceae family, has been known to have an antibacterial effect is used for everyday cooking spices, but the synergistic effect on broad spectrum antibiotics was unknown. Objective: this research was conducted to find out the synergistic effect of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome extract (KGR) on some broad-spectrum antibiotics against gram positive and negative bacterial pathogens in vitro. Method: KGR was taken from farmers in Samarinda City, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Extraction by maceration with ethanol solvent. Antibacterial activity test of KGR ethanol extract, antibiotic and synergistic effect using Mueller-Hinton agar, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on ampicillin, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Results were expressed in percentage increase of the inhibition zone. Statistical test with t-test, significantly different if p

Coptosapelta flavescens Korth. is a liana plant from the Rubiaceae family. In East Kalimantan, it is also known as “Akar Tambolekar” or “Merung”, it is called “akar” or root as its trunk spreads like a root. The plant’s stems are used by ethnic Dayak in East Kalimantan to overcome high blood pressure and it has been proven to induce vasorelaxation on blood vessels, but the its action mechanism in the endothelial or vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are unknown. Vasorelaxation on the blood vessels could be mediated by endothelial or by the VSMC. This research aims to study in vitro which of them is the mechanism of action of Coptosapelta flavescens Stems (CFS) extract. CFS were taken from the secondary forest in Paser Regency, East Kalimantan Province. Its simplicia were macerated with methanol solvent for three days and twice repeated. Vasorelaxation activity of the blood vessels was tested with rats’ isolated thoracic aorta with endothelial and with the endothelial removed (endothelium-denuded). Both aorta of 3 mm length were soaked into Krebs-Henselheit solution at 37°C, pH 7.4 and aerated with carbogen gas. After they have acclimatized, both aortas were contracted with phenylephrine solution, after reaching peak contraction and plateau, the solution of extract or its solvent (Control) was administered in cumulatively increasing doses. The results show that CFS extracts induce vasorelaxation both in the endothelial-intact aorta and in the endothelial-denuded aorta. At high concentrations, the vasorelaxation activity in the endothelial-intact aorta was weaker than that on endothelial-denuded aorta. This study proves that action mechanism of blood vessels’ vasorelaxation induced by the methanol extract of CFS were more dominantly mediated by the blood vessels smooth muscle; and at high concentrations the endothelial actually weakened the VSMC vasorelaxation activity. Further study is necessary on the mechanism of action vasorelaxation through the modulation of intracellular or extracellular calcium ion channels of VSMC Keywords: Coptosapelta flavescens, vasorelaxation, extract, aorta, in vitro

 Death  caused  by  cardiovascular  and  cerebrovascular diseases  are  still  the  highest.  Atherosclerosis  due  to hypercholesterolemia is a predispositioning factor of both diseases. Curcumin has an antioxidant character that can inhibit lipid peroxidase to atherogenesis process. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of curcumin in decreasing total cholesterol level, LDL-cholesterol, the number of  F2-isoprostan and foam cell of aorta’s wall of white rats strain wistar after giving atherogenic diet for 10 weeks. There were 6 groups in this study (n=24): atherogenic diet group (group I as positive control), atherogenic diet group + curcumin 50 mg/kg b.w. per day (group II), atherogenic diet group + curcumin 100 mg/kg b.w. per day (group III), atherogenic diet group + curcumin 200 mg/kg b.w. per day (group IV), atherogenic diet group + curcumin 400 mg/kg b.w. per day (group V), normal diet group (group VI as negative control). After 10th, the level of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were measured by spectrofotometri. Staining F2-isoprostan was done with Avidin Biotin Complex imunohystochemistry method, and staining foam cell with HE-oil Red O. The number of  F2-isoprostan and foam cells were counting semi quantitatively using  light microscope. The highest total cholesterol level was found in group I (275,15 ± 10,01; Mean ± SD), the highest LDL-cholesterol level was found in group I (158,15 ± 12,19). Statistically total cholesterol level and LDL-cholesterol level in group I were significantly higher (p ≤ 0,05) than other

Engkuduk talun plant (Fagraea racemosa) grows in East Kalimantan forest. Stages Extraction research of petroleum eter-cloroform-metanol from leaves, root skin, root, stem skin and Fagraea racemosa’s stem toward radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) is proven that the extract of methanol leaves have the strongest scavenger effect, this can be interpreted that the leaves have the strongest antioxidant potency from all plant parts that have been examined. The given single dose 1 gram/kg b.w of the methanol extract from Fagraea racemosa leaves do not caused the death at the female Wistar rats. On the inhibitor test of forming MDA of rat’s liver the very high of absorbance value has accurred on control by CCl4 ( 0.508 ± 0.039 ), significant if compared to CCl4 added with the vitamin E ( 0.224 ± 0.006 ) and CCl4 added with three doses of methanol extract from the Fagraea racemosa’s leaves ( p=0.000 ) Keywords: Fagreae racemosa, lipid peroxidation, CCl4, vitamin E ABSTRAK Tumbuhan engkuduk talun (Fagraea racemosa) banyak terdapat di hutan Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian ekstraksi bertingkat petroleum eter-kloroform-metanol dari daun, kulit akar, akar, kulit batang dan batang Fagraea racemosa terhadap pereaksi radikal 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) terbukti pada ekstrak metanol daun mempunyai efek peredaman paling kuat, ini dapat diartikan daun mempunyai potensi antioksidan yang paling kuat dari semua bagian tumbuhan yang diamati. Pemberian dosis tunggal 1 gram/kgBB ekstrak metanol daun Fagraea racemosa tidak menunjukkan kematian pada hewan coba tikus Wistar betina. Pada uji hambatan pembentukan MDA hepar tikus terjadi peningkatan nilai absorbansi yang sangat tinggi pada kontrol dengan CCl4 (0.508 ± 0,039), berbeda bermakna jika dibandingkan CCl4 yang ditambah dengan vitamin E (0.224 ± 0,006) dan CCl4 yang ditambah dengan tiga dosis ekstrak metanol daun Fagraea racemosa (p=0.000). Kata Kunci: Fagraea racemosa, peroksidasi lipid, CCl4, vitamin E