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In this article, members of the American College of Radiology Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media propose a new term for symptoms reported after intravascular exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agents-Symptoms Associated with Gadolinium Exposure, or SAGE. This term is advocated in lieu of other proposed nomenclature that presumes a causal relationship that has not yet been scientifically verified. The purpose of this new term, SAGE, is to assist researchers and clinical providers in describing such symptoms without prematurely causally attributing them to a disease and to standardize reporting of these symptoms to allow for coherent interpretation of related studies.

Background Different instruments have been used to assess ability to perform everyday functional activities, such as activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). No measures of functional activity have been validated in cardiac surgery. We assessed the reliability and validity of the Standardized Assessment of Global activities in the Elderly (SAGE) scale. Methods We undertook an observational sub-study of VISION Cardiac Surgery. Patients were assessed post-discharge after cardiac surgery using SAGE and comparator measures to determine convergent validity. A blinded independent assessor administered SAGE by phone within 7 days to determine test–retest reliability. We sought to demonstrate a correlation of ≥0.5 between SAGE and each corresponding measure. We also sought to define the SAGE score corresponding to severe functional disability, defined using the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). Results There were 152 patients included. Inter-rater reliability was excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient=0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98–0.99). Convergent validity was evident, ranging from adequate for the overall SAGE score (0.54; 95% CI, 0.42–0.65) to very good for the SAGE mobility sub-score (0.80; 95% CI, 0.73–0.85). SAGE was initially poorly correlated with the IADL index (–0.24) but increased to –0.60 after post-hoc adjustment of SAGE scoring. A SAGE score ≥7 was associated with severe functional disability and occurred in 42/152 (27.6%) of patients. Conclusion These results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the SAGE scale as a measure of global function in patients discharged home after cardiac surgery. Clinical trial registration NCT01842568.

In this study, decoctions (herbal tea) of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L), two of the important medicinal plants, were analysed for antioxidant activity, antioxidants, and minerals (K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Ba, Ag and Ga) were determined in each sage and lemon balm dry leaves as well as decoctions by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The antioxidant activities of decoctions were evaluated by scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals, and varied from 19.4 to 109.1 mg trolox equivalent (TE) cup-1 for DPPH and from 35.0 to 168.0 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) cup-1 for H2O2. The highest antioxidant activity and antioxidants such as total phenolic, flavonoid and flavanol contents were found in the decoction of lemon balm. The analysed minerals were most efficiently observed in sage decoctions. The study also showed that the best sample amount in terms of the minerals was 3 g for both species, but decoction time was statistically insignificant for sage and 10 min more effective for lemon balm. As a result, it was tried to determine the most appropriate sample amount and decoction time for the decoctions of both species according to the analysed parameters.

This study aimed at reviewing the importance of medicinal plants for the treatment of common hair problems such as baldness, alopecis hair fall, gray hair, dryness and most comman drandruff. The various herbal ingredient are used in the formation are Aloe, Amla, Curry leaves, Camphore, Coconut oil, Eclipta alba, Hibiscus, Heena, Neem, Fenugreek, Sage, Apamarg, Onion, grape seeds, Jatamanshi, Rosamary, Thyme, Tulsi, Garlic and Neem. All ingredients provide essential nutrients such as Vitamin, terpenoids and many essential oils to maintain normal function of sebaceous gland and overall care of skin and hair. Keywords: Hair disease, Medicinal plants, Hair oil

Neobenedenia girellae is a pathogenic ectoparasite of many marine fishes, and it causes major epidemics in marine aquaculture. In this study, the efficacy of ethanol extracts of huangqi Astragalus membranaceus (known as milkvetch in North America), guanzhong Dryopteris setosa (known as beaded wood fern in North America), gancao Glycyrrhiza uralensis (known as Chinese licorice in North America), danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza (known as red sage in North America), and pomegranate Punica granatum, as well as seven phytochemicals (10-gingerol, curcumin, cynatratoside-C, emodin, kuwanon-G, kuwanon-O, and sophoraflavanone-G), against adult N. girellae was investigated. In vitro results indicated that pomegranate extract killed all adult N. girellae at a 62.5-mg/L concentration with an 8-h exposure, but gancao extract did not cause 100% mortality until a 1,000-mg/L concentration was used. Additionally, all adult N. girellae died after an 8-h exposure to cynatratoside-C, kuwanon-G, kuwanon-O, or sophoraflavanone-G at a concentration of 125 mg/L. Curcumin, emodin, and 10-gingerol at a concentration of 1,000 mg/L did not kill all parasites after an 8-h exposure. These findings demonstrate that plant extracts and active phytochemicals are potential sources of botanical drugs for controlling N. girellae infection in aquaculture.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial effect of dried sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on the traditional Hungarian sausage. We added 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 w/w% of sage to the sausages and tested them on the 0th, 7th and 14th day. The added dried sage had no effect on the tested microorganisms, but the sage extract inhibited Salmonella, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus.

The potential employment of 18 commercial Tunisian essential oils (EOs) as natural food preservatives was investigated. Their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against two food-borne bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Klebsiella pneumoniae) by the agar-well diffusion method and, subsequently, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); while their antioxidant activity was assayed by the DPPH test. Also, the main volatile constituents and inorganic elements were elucidated and discussed in relation to the biological activities. Excluding the wormwood EO, all EOs inhibited the growth of at least one reference strain. In particular, spearmint, sage and rosemary EOs had the lowest MICs against E. coli O157:H7 (0.09, 0.09, 0.07 mg mL−1, respectively); whereas sage EO was effective against K. pneumoniae at 0.41 mg mL−1. All EOs displayed also a promising antioxidant activity. Specifically, spearmint, bigroot geranium, and sage EOs showed the lowest IC50 values (0.024, 0.046 and 0.052 mg mL−1), and a behavior similar to that of butylated hydroxytoluene. EOs exhibited variegated and peculiar element profiles. Among minerals, Mg and K were in the range 1.72–14.12 mg Kg−1 and 0.57–20.90 mg Kg−1; while Cu and Fe were generally the most abundant trace essential metals (0.07–1.02 mg Kg−1 0.20–2.98 mg Kg−1, respectively). Very low and safe levels of heavy metals were also revealed. A statistical correlation analysis pointed out a significant positive correlation between some elements (K, Cu, and Fe) and the biological activities displayed. In conclusion, the selected Tunisian EOs had a marked potential applicability as antibacterial and antioxidant additive in food industry.

The world has been fighting against a pandemic for more than a year, caused by a highly infectious disease named COVID-19 rooted by the novel coronavirus 2019. It has already been spread out in most of the countries and a few of which are experiencing second wave. The Novel coronavirus-2019 (SARS CoV-2) incurred more than 1.6 million deaths and 76 million cases in the world population (till 20 December 2020). Although some vaccines are being launched, however, their effectivity and availability are still unknown. Maintaining personal hygiene and social distance are the best way of protection. Hand washing is the utmost recommendation for the maintenance of personal hygiene since hands can be contaminated by the droplets easily. Particularly, in pandemic situations, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization. The hand sanitization solely depends on the use of effective hand disinfecting agents. Natural formula-based disinfectants can be preferable to chemicals because of higher efficacy and lower adverse effects. Unani medicine is the system based on natural formulations. „Raihan‟ (common sage, Salvia officinalis) is frequently used in Unani medicine for its higher disinfectant role. Common sage extract with ethanol may provide superior efficacy against COVID-19. In this article, we presented information on common sage and its potentiality using with ethanol as a natural, skin-friendly hand sanitizer to prevent harmful action of chemical mixing synthetic sanitizer. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2020, 6(4): 611-617

In this study, it was aimed to determine the anti-bacterial activities of plant essential oils such as thyme, rosemary, sage, linden, black seed, bay leaf, peppermint, parsley, cinnamon and oleagen on vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) and pathogenic microorganisms of clinical importance. In the study, the inhibition zones of the plant extract of 10 plants prepared at 2.5 and 5 mg / mlconcentrations of VRE and various pathogenic microorganisms were detected by Disk Diffusion and Agar Well Diffusion Method. Following this, Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of these extracts were determined. The activities of plant extracts on DNA and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyzes were also performed. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the extracts of rosemary and sage plants showed high antibacterial effect against pathogenic bacteria. The rosemary extract was found to be the most effective extract on VRE strains, as well as medium-grade antibacterial effects on the VRE strains in oleaster, linden, thyme and mint extracts. It was also determined that extracts from different plants did not cause any change in the structure of DNA. In our study, it was determined that plant extracts that are especially effective on VRE strains have the potential to be used in the treatment of VRE. The results of this study should be taken into account in the research of drugs that can be used in the treatment of VRE and more in vitro and in vivo research should be carried out in this field.

Countless research have indicated that spices and herbs can be used for the remedial purposes and also the long times used in correlative & substitute therapy. Apparently it is most supernatural therapies feasible on our earth nowadays. Herbs used in dentistry to reduce swelling and healing as controlling microbial plaque agent in gingivitis and periodontitis to maintain healthy oral environment. Herbs have been used to prevent and treat disease for millennia. Herbal extracts work because they interact with certain chemical receptors in the body, and they are, in a pharmacotherapetic sense, medications. Patients have avoided many of the negative effects associated with traditional pharmaceuticals by exploit herbal remedies, but this does not mean that side effects do not occur. In every culture herbal medicines had been considered regularly nowadays. The most significant challenge and issue is a lack of knowledge about the effect of herbs on oral tissues, their mechanisms of action, and their adverse effects. Herbs are the source of a number of well-known conventional medications. Herbal medicines have dramatically fewer side effects and are safer to use than conventional drugs. Bloodroot, Caraway, Chamomile, Echinacea, Myrrh, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sage, Thyme Thyme, Aloe Vera, Propolis.

We consider moving singular points of systems of ordinary differential equations. A review of Painlevé’s results on the algebraicity of these points and their relation to the Marchuk problem of determining the position and order of moving singularities by means of finite difference method is carried out. We present an implementation of a numerical method for solving this problem, proposed by N. N. Kalitkin and A. Al’shina (2005) based on the Rosenbrock complex scheme in the Sage computer algebra system, the package CROS for Sage. The main functions of this package are described and numerical examples of usage are presented for each of them. To verify the method, computer experiments are executed (1) with equations possessing the Painlevé property, for which the orders are expected to be integer; (2) dynamic Calogero system. This system, well-known as a nontrivial example of a completely integrable Hamiltonian system, in the present context is interesting due to the fact that coordinates and momenta are algebraic functions of time, and the orders of moving branching points can be calculated explicitly. Numerical experiments revealed that the applicability conditions of the method require additional stipulations related to the elimination of superconvergence points.

Background and Objective: Pyrethroids (i.e., deltamethrin) are one of the most common insecticides that are used extensively in agriculture to control the insects. Oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms of pesticides, including deltamethrin, in developing toxicity. Many plants contain high levels of antioxidants that can play a role in absorbing and neutralizing free radicals. The current study aimed to assess the oxidative and protective role of Salvia officinalis extract (Sage) in alleviating the detrimental effect of deltamethrin and the induced oxidative stress on the kidneys of the male rats. Materials and Methods: In total, 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of six animals per group. Group 1 was considered the control group, and group II received deltamethrin (15mg/kg). Moreover, group III received deltamethrin and Salvia officinalis extract (100mg/kg), and group IV received deltamethrin (15mg/kg) and Salvia officinalis extract (200mg/kg). Group V received Salvia officinalis extract (100mg/kg). The treatment was extended for one month, and subsequently, the kidney tissues of all rats were evaluated to assess the malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase levels using appropriate assessment kits. It is worth mentioning that histopathological changes were also investigated in this study. Results: The results showed that Salvia extract significantly reduced the toxic effects of deltamethrin in the kidneys of the rats. Moreover, Salvia extract significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and improved glutathione peroxidase activity. The results of kidney tissue pathology also confirmed Salvia’s protective effect against deltamethrin. Conclusion: The protective effect of Salvia extract can be due to phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities, which can be used as an effective factor in the prevention and improvement of the toxic effects of deltamethrin.

Ready-to-eat salads are becoming more and more popular. However, due to their ingredients, they represent a suitable growth environment for different microbes. In the prevention of foodborne diseases, hygienic food preparation and appropriate storage conditions are very important. During this study, ten different ready-to-eat salads were analysed for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. Five different selective agar mediums were used for the enumeration and isolation of Listeria monocytogenes. The isolated bacterial strains were subjected to morphological and biochemical confirmation tests. The antibacterial effects of five different freshly squeezed vegetable juices (carrots, celery, beets, horseradish, and onions) and of five essential oils (dill, thyme, oregano, lemongrass, and sage) were determined against Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and L. monocytogenes strains isolated from ready-to-eat salads. Based on the results obtained from fresh vegetable juices, carrot juice exerted the highest antibacterial effect, while the others showed no or slight inhibitory effect (horseradish, beets, onions) against Listeria species. Among the essential oils, thyme, lemongrass, and oregano showed the strongest antibacterial effect against the studied Listeria species.

The paper proposes to improve the quality of butter with flavoring components during storage through the use of prescription ingredients containing natural antioxidants. The composition of the flavor component includes: tomato flakes; salt; olives, basil, onions, oregano, garlic, sugar, sage. According to the results of the scoring of the samples, the optimal dose of adding a flavoring component of 1.0% was established. Taking into account the recommended standards according to GOST 32899, the salt in the composition of the flavor component contains an insufficient amount, so it was added to the oil in addition to a total content of 1% in the product. In tomato flakes, which make up more than half of the entire mixture of the flavoring component, a high content of beta-carotene, vitamin C, PP, B1, B2, B6 is noted. Also, a high content of vitamin E in olives, basil, oregano; vitamin C - in sage; vitamin PP - in basil, oregano, sage; Vitamin B1 - in oregano, garlic, sage, Vitamin B2 - in basil, oregano and sage, B6 - in basil, onion, oregano, garlic, sage. Amperometric method found an indicator of the antioxidant activity of the taste component of 0.382 mg / g The resistance of fat oil with flavoring components was determined. The sample passed the test for 8 hours, no spoilage of fat was noted. Microscopic studies of oil samples were carried out using a Altami BIO digital microscope at a magnification of 200 times. The microstructure of butter with flavoring components is characterized as granular, plasma drops are evenly distributed in the sample. Some consistency indicators are identified. A good cut-through consistency was established and good heat resistance of the oil with taste components. Organoleptic characteristics of butter with flavoring components: taste and smell creamy, salty, piquant, aroma and taste of the introduced component; plastic consistency with inclusions of the added component, glossy surface; color light cream with grains of the introduced component. The main physicochemical parameters of butter with flavoring components were established experimentally: mass fraction of fat 62.0%; mass fraction of moisture 32.5%; salt - 1%. Microbiological indicators comply with regulatory requirements. The addition of a flavoring component to butter contributes to the formation of its dense structure, stable storage of the fat fraction, and uniform distribution of the oil plasma. The product has improved quality indicators.

The prevalence of acute respiratory diseases, the particular severity of their course, as well as the frequent relapses and complications require constant search for new, more effective and safe medicines for their prevention and treatment and introduction of these drugs into clinical practice. Generally, most of the medications used in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections have a number of side effects. Currently, one of the promising areas of pharmacy is the study of biologically active substances, the medicinal plant raw material, and production of extracts and herbal medicines based on them. Objective – pharmaceutical development of a scientifically based composition, technology for obtaining anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial tablets developed on the basis of a selected and standardized plant substance-a thick extract of the leaves of sage nutmeg, which grows in Tajikistan. When solving the task used the methods of evaluating the technological properties of LRS, physico-chemical properties of plant extracts, physical and technological properties of the mass for tabletting, pharmaco-technological tests of the developed tabletsa study of quantitative content of biologically active substances was determined by Pharmacopoeia methods. The developed solid dosage form with thick extract of sage leaves can be registered as a medicinal product, and the developed technology of tablets with thick extract of sage leaves can be of interest to manufacturers of medicinal products from plant raw materials. The developed methods can be used in laboratories for the detection and quantitative determination of BAS in plant raw materials of Clary sage leaves and medicinal products from this LRS. Thus, based on the results of pharmacological and technological research, we have developed a technology for obtaining a thick extract of sage nutmeg and tablets based on it for the treatment of otolaryngological diseases, which in turn is of interest for further research of the developed drug and its introduction into production.

From ancient times, herbs have been considered as food materials as well as medicinal values which help to minimize the risk of various diseases like cardiovascular disorders, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, diabetes, and cancer, etc. Nowadays, herbal medicine (HM) has become the bondage of complementary and alternative medicine and continuously introducing into the mainstream of healthcare systems. Herbs are the sources of various active phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, carbohydrates, coumarins, lignans, polyphenolics, saponins, terpenoids, and plant sterols. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in HMs showing usefulness for human health due to their antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiinflammatory activities. Herbal flavonoids act as free radical scavengers due to the presence of hydroxyl groups which prevent oxidative damage. The six main groups of flavonoids like flavonols, flavan-3-ols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, and anthocyanidins are available in the world of HMs. The most vulgarly applied herbal flavonoids include chamomile, dandelion, ginkgo, green tea, hawthorn, licorice, passionflower, milk thistle, onions, rosemary, sage, thyme, and yarrow. Herbal flavonoids have extensive biological properties that improve human health and help to prevent the risk of various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, CNS disorders, diabetes, inflammation, and improve the immune system of human health. The main objective of this chapter is to highlight the description of HM, sources of herbal flavonoids, classification of herbal flavonoids, and their chemical structure, application in the healthcare system.

In this study, physiological and molecular responses of sage (Salvia officinalis) to silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were studied. It is supposed that sage oxidative responses can be activated to overcome the negative effects of SNPs. Results showed the penetration of SNPs via leaf epidermis into the parenchyma cells after foliar application. A significant decrease of photosynthetic pigments and increase of cell injury indicators, the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and also the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants were observed after exposure of sage plants to 50 and 1000 mg l-1 SNPs compared to control plants. Phenolic compounds generally increased, but not in linear response to the dose level. The most abundant phenolic acid, rosmarinic acid (RA), increased more than eightfold at 100 mg l-1 SNPs. Furthermore, the content of RA, salvianolic acid A and B was positively correlated with the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and RA synthase, but not with tyrosine aminotransferase. It could be concluded that the content of phenolic compounds increased in response to lower SNPs concentrations (50 and 100 mg l-1 ). However, the oxidative stress responses continued above these concentrations.

The present study provides novel information about the pollen of Salvia assurgens. Pollen grains were collected and described based on their observed characters by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The species is distinguished from other Mexican salvias by having small pollen grains (14.2 × 18.2 µm), thin primary muri (0.2 µm thick), elongated primary lumina (1.03 µm long) and secondary lumina with relatively few perforations (9, range 5–14). Pollen characters are similar to those of the majority of American salvias. Regarding Mexican sages, there has been little palynological research, and only 23 species of 32 examined have been quantitatively studied. Standardization is needed in different aspects of palynological studies, especially in relation to measurement protocols and data analysis, as well as the increased use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), since the majority of differences among species are provided by SEM microscope observation.

In this study, we examine the association between social frailty and depression among older adults in Ghana over time. We employed longitudinal data analysis to examine the association between social frailty, socioeconomic status and depression using data from the WHO-SAGE survey. Our descriptive and cross-tabulation analyses show that the prevalence of depression and social frailty among older adults decreased considerably in 2014/2015 compared to 2007/2008. The finding also reveals a huge reduction in social frailty among older adults in northern Ghana–the most deprived regions in Ghana–compared to those in southern Ghana. The multivariate panel data analysis reveals that depression was significantly associated with social isolation, financial needs, and physical needs. The findings suggest an over time decline in social frailty and depression among older adults, as well as, reduction in regional differences in social frailty and depression among older adults in Ghana.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. Oxidative stress is the causative factor for a wide variety of diseases, including CKD.Medicinal plants used in the management of CKD are effective in renal detoxification and help the effects of dialysis treatment.This study was conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of sage (Salvia Officinal) and marjoram (Origanum Majoranum) on advanced chronic kidney patients under dialysis. The experiment was carried out on sixty patients (40-50 years old), diagnosis based on detailed clinical history, clinical examination and other relevant biochemical investigations.The patients were divided into 6 groups (each group contain 10 CKD patients under treatment with (hemodialysis and regular medical treatment for 3 months)as followed: control patients were treated with regular medical treatment, other patients consumed aqueous extracts of (5g sage, 5g marjoram, 10g sage, 10g marjoram, mixture of 5g sage +5g marjoram) twice today respectively. Results illustrated that the aqueous extract of marjoram or sage are rich in antioxidants components (Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, Oxygenated monoterpenes, Diterpenoids and Triterpenes), antioxidant capacity and phenolic content.Results clarify that glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) significantly decreased (P

Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) is a worldwide zoonotic protozoan parasite infects most mammalian hosts causing a major health problem. The present study investigated the efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale), ginseng (Panax ginseng) and sage (Salvia officinalis) methanolic extracts on the progression of cryptosporidiosis in the experimental mice.Forty five mice experimentally infected with C. parvum were treated with medicinal plants extracts (ginger, ginseng and sage) as compared to the reference drug, Nitazoxanide (NTZ). Mice fecal smears were examined daily for 4 weeks post infection (PI). The results interpreted by oocysts count and histological examination of mice intestinal mucosa.The obtained results recorded that there was a statistically significant reduction in oocyst shedding in high dose ginger, ginseng and NTZ treated groups till no oocysts were found at days 21 and 23 PI, respectively. The infected non-treated, NTZ and low dose of both, ginseng and sage treated mice groups returned to excrete oocysts at low levels at day 27 PI while the other animal groups’ feces were still negative for C. parvum oocysts. The histopathological examination showed that NTZ, high dose ginger and ginseng treated mice had more protective and curative effect on infected mice intestinal epithelium in comparison with other treatments used.In conclusion, these results proved the therapeutic efficacy of ginger, ginseng and sage medicinal plants against the C. parvum in experimentally infected mice, and that theginger extract had an obvious effect on infected mice than other treatments and such results could be adapted in similar infections in susceptible animals and man.

The current study was designed to detect estrogen role in adult male rats by giving aromatase inhibitor ( ltrozole 1 mg̷ Kg. B. W) for 60 days orally to inhibit aromatase enzyme activity and to study the effect of giving source of estrogen flax seeds (25 g ̷ 100 g diet) and aqueous extract sage (1000mg ̷ Kg. B.W.) orally. The study showed that adult male rats treated with ltrozole resulted in a significant decrease in the weight of testes, prostate , percentage of live sperms , number of sperms , number of mounting , intromission, ejaculation and in the time period from mixing with females to the first mounting , intromission and ejaculation , the time period between mount and another, intromission and another, ejaculation and another, and significant increase in the percentages of dead as well as abnormal sperms. Flax seeds treatment significantly reduced percentage of live sperms, number of sperms, number of mounting , intromission, and ejaculation, and significantly increased percentage of dead sperms compared with control group. Sage extract treatment caused a significant decrease in number of sperms, number of mounting, intromission and ejaculation , as well as a significant increase in the time period from mixing of female to the first mounting, first intromission and first ejaculation compared with control. The results showed that administration of sage extract with letrozole showed a significant increase in testis weight, percentages of live sperms and number of sperms, and asignificant decrease in dead and abnormal sperms compared with the letrozole group. Administration of flax seed with letrozole did not significantly change weight of the testis , prostate, percentage of live, dead , abnormal sperm and number of sperm compared with letrozole group. Administration of Flax seed and sage extracts to male rats treated with letrozole did not significantly change all the done tests of sex behavior. The study concluded that estrogen has an important role in the function of male reproductive system, which is shown through the negative effects of the aromatase inhibitor on the weights of the testis, prostate, live and dead and abnormal sperm, and sexual behavior. Sage extract, but not flax seed, has benefit effects on the defect induced by aromatase inhibitor letrozole both flax seed and sage do not produce positive effects on sexual behavior .

Sage and Oregano, both are well-known culinary herbs with potential medicinal uses. Sage is mostly used to cease wounds bleeding, treating sores, swelling, cough and ulcers back in the first century and was called as the fertility drug since it reduces excessive bleeding during menstruation. On the other hand Oregano was found to be effective in treating stomach discomforts, bacterial/fungal infection, inflammatory bowel disease etc. Therefore due to their therapeutic and native applications, Sage and Oregano is of high economic worth.

Biopolymer films were prepared using pectin extracted from underutilized mandarin peel. Antioxidant property of the mandarin peel pectin (MPP) films was increased by the incorporation of sage leaf extract (SLE)s and the developed films can be used for food application.

Aims: The aim of this study is to describe the age-related risk of overweight/obesity among Ghanaians using data from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Ghana; 2014-2015. Methodology: Primary study variables were extracted onto Microsoft Excel 14.0 spreadsheet. Secondary variables were generated through grouping, recategorization and combination of primary variables. Descriptive statistics were calculated for age and BMI. Associations between respondents’ characteristics and BMI were evaluated with chi square(χ2) and odds ratio (OR) at 95% confidence level. Results: Data of 1322 respondents were included in data analysis. In all, 520 (39.3%) of the respondents were overweight/obese and nearly half (46.62%) were middle-aged adults. Middle-aged adults were nearly twice as likely to be overweight/obese compared with old adults (AOR=1.62; CI: 1.25-2.10) and the risk was higher for middle-aged females (AOR=2.38; CI: 1.84-3.09). Overall, being middle-aged (OR=1.73; CI: 1.35-2.21); living in an urban community (OR=2.01; CI: 1.61-2.52); being a female (OR=2.69; CI: 2.1-3.44); not engaging in regular physical activity (OR=1.49; CI: 1.18-1.88); and being an occasional drinker of alcoholic beverage (OR=1.58; CI: 1,12-2.22) were significantly associated with overweight/obesity. Conclusion: Obesity/overweight are lifestyle driven phenomenon and can be controlled by risk modification. Public sensitization, imposition of special taxes on sugary beverages, promotion of healthy local staples and creation of enabling community environments to encourage physical activity may be useful approaches in controlling the epidemic.

The study was designed to investigate estrogen effect on testis, accessory sex glands and sex hormones in male rats from weaning age at 21 days by using aromatase inhibitor letrozole ( 1 mg ̷ kg b. w. ) orally till 90 days of age and investigate Phytoestrogens effect ( sage extract Salvia Officinalis ) (1000 mg ̷ kg b.w.) orally and flaxseed (25 gm ̷ 100 gm diet ) with diet till 90 days of age . Study groups include : Group one control. Group two treated with letrozole and caused a significant decrease in body and testis weights, sperm number (zero sperms), serum estrogen hormone and luteinizing hormone concentration, and significant increase in serum follicule stimulating hormone concentration. Group three treated with flaxseed and caused significant decrease in body and prostate weight, live sperm percentage, sperms number and significant increase in the dead sperm percentage and serum lutinizing hormone concentration. Group four treated with sage extract and caused significant decrease in the body and prostate weight, sperms number. Group five Treated with letrozole and flaxseed caused significant decrease in seminal vesicle weight, serum testosterone and follicular stimulating hormone concentration and significant increase in the sperms number, live sperm percentage. Sixth group treated with letrozole and sage extract and caused significant increase in sperms number and life sperm percentage, serum estrogen hormone concentration and significant decrease in serum testosterone hormone concentration. It was concluded that inhibition and reduction of estrogen hormone concentration in male rats by treatment with aromatase inhibitor letrozole produced negative effects by decreasing the body and testes weight, live sperm percentage, sperms count, concentration of estrogen hormone while administration of flaxseed and sage extract produced positive effects in reproductive efficiency through the increase in the percentage of live sperm, estrogen and luteinizing hormone concentrations and spermatogenesis in adult rats. We concluded from the study the important role of estrogen hormone in reproductive function of male rats which cleared by the negative effects that resulted from lowering estrogen hormone level by using aromatase inhibitor letrozole and the administration of flaxseed and sage extract improved some effects produced by estrogen hormone deficiency.

Cognitive decline can occur with normal ageing and in age-related brain disorders, such as mild cognitive impairment and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, with limited pharmacological therapies available. Other approaches to reduce cognitive decline are urgently needed, and so, the role of dietary interventions or nutraceuticals has received much attention in this respect. In this review, we examine the evidence for dietary plants and their chemical constituents as nutraceuticals, relevant to both cognitive decline in normal ageing and in dementia. Pharmacological (in vitro and in vivo), clinical and epidemiological evidence is assessed for both frequently consumed plants and their dietary forms, including tea, coffee, cocoa (chocolate), red wine, grapes, citrus and other fruits; in addition to plants used less frequently in certain diets and those that cross the blurred boundaries between foods, nutraceuticals and medicinal plants. For the latter, turmeric, saffron, sage, rosemary and lemon balm are examples of those discussed. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc.

The article considers the midpoint scheme as a finite-difference scheme for a dynamical system of the form ̇ = (). This scheme is remarkable because according to Cooper’s theorem, it preserves all quadratic integrals of motion, moreover, it is the simplest scheme among symplectic Runge-Kutta schemes possessing this property. The properties of approximate solutions were studied in the framework of numerical experiments with linear and nonlinear oscillators, as well as with a system of several coupled oscillators. It is shown that in addition to the conservation of all integrals of motion, approximate solutions inherit the periodicity of motion. At the same time, attention is paid to the discussion of introducing the concept of periodicity of an approximate solution found by the difference scheme. In the case of a nonlinear oscillator, each step requires solving a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. The issues of organizing computations using such schemes are discussed. Comparison with other schemes, including those symmetric with respect to permutation of and .̂

The third meeting of WHO’s Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) was held in June 2016, with a remit to revisit the pathogen areas for which significant progress has occurred since recommendations from the 2015 meeting, as well as to consider new advances in the development of vaccines against other pathogens. Since the previous meeting, significant progress has been made with regulatory approvals of the first malaria and dengue vaccines, and the first phase III trials of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidate has started in the elderly and pregnant women. In addition, PDVAC has also supported vaccine development efforts against important emerging pathogens, including Middle Eastern Coronavirus (MERS CoV) and Zika virus. Trials of HIV and tuberculosis vaccine candidates are steadily progressing towards pivotal data points, and the leading norovirus vaccine candidate has entered a phase IIb efficacy study. WHO’s Immunization, Vaccine and Biologicals (IVB) department is actively working in several pathogen areas on the recommendation of PDVAC, as well as continuing horizon scanning for advances in the development of vaccines that may benefit low and middle income countries (LMICs), such as the recent licensure of the enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine in China. Following on from discussions with WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization, PDVAC will also look beyond licensure and consider data needs for vaccine recommendation and implementation to reduce the delay between vaccine approval and vaccine impact.

Plant essential oils have been widely used against several plant pathogens due to their antimicrobial effects. In this study, inhibitory effects of three essential oils including lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus L.), Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) were explored against Colletotrichum nymphaeae, causing strawberry anthracnose under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Furthermore, qualitative parameters of strawberry fruit including weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and total phenol were measured exposed to those EOs after 8 days storage. In vitro tests indicated that the three EOs were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of C. nymphaeae in both contact and vapour phases significantly compared to control. Among the three tested EOs, C. citratus had the lowest median effective concentration (EC50) value against the pathogen (12.97 ppm). Under in vivo condition, the higher concentrations of EOs, reduced fruit decay development significantly compared to untreated control. Overall, C. citratus EO was the superior in reduction of the mycelial growth of the pathogen and decay of fruits compared to other EOs. In addition, EOs preserved fruit-quality traits such as firmness, total soluble solids (TSS) and juice chemical properties (ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity and total phenol), while they had no any effect on weight loss of strawberry fruits. This study demonstrated that the application of C. citratus EO has a potential to reduce strawberry anthracnose disease, without any negative effect on the qualitative traits properties of strawberry fruit.

Snails were fed with three medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family (rosemary, sage, and peppermint) in order to test their effects on those animals with high nutritive values. The media of raising were flour containing different percentages of the cited plants ranging from 1% to 9%. The feed had benefits on the raised snails depending on the plant and its percentage. Minerals in those aromatic plants, especially zinc and magnesium, had their effect on protein synthesis in snails fed with those plant percentages. Rosemary was the most profitable plant with the highest protein amount, the lowest mortality rate, and reduced microbial charge. Furthermore, it was a good regulator of the specific catalase activity which confirmed the role of the antioxidant activity of rosemary during raising snails.

Oxidative stability of hempseed and soybean oils, was evaluated after heating at 180 °C, followed by a subsequent 14-day storage at 38 °C. Natural plant extracts (Rosemary, Sage, and Thyme) were added to oils, to evaluate the carry-over stabilizing potential. Heated oils exhibited a relatively faster (P < 0.05) onset of lipid oxidation, as depicted by the analysis of the peroxides and aldehydes formed during the lipid oxidation process, with hempseed oil being more susceptible to lipid oxidation than soybean oil. There were notable losses in ω-3 PUFA and ω-6-GLA during storage of heat treated hempseed oil (P < 0.05). Moreover, peroxide values measured from hempseed oil remained low after high-temperature heating but progressed at a relatively greater rate than that observed in soybean during storage (P < 0.05). The addition of different plant extracts to oils did not prevent oxidation due to heating, but effectively inhibited the generation of hydroperoxides during subsequent storage (P < 0.05). This stabilizing effect was attributed to retention of tocopherols, in particular, γ-tocopherol. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research demonstrates the use of plant extracts like rosemary, sage and thyme, for improving the shelf-life and nutritional stability of hempseed and soybean oil. We demonstrate the deterioration of fatty acid profiles and vitamin E levels in the oil on heating and subsequent storage, and show the efficacy of using plant extracts in slowing down these deteriorations. This research will be applicable in food industries using or producing oils for use in food during cooking, and also as dressing on already processed food products.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Salvia officinalis L. (sage) preparations on the storage stability of vacuum-packed low-pressure mechanically separated meat (MSM) from chickens stored at −18°C for 9 mo. Chilled low-pressure MSM coming from 4 production batches was obtained from the plant located in north-eastern Poland. All sage preparations—a water extract, ethanol extracts, and an essential oil—were prepared and added to the MSM under laboratory conditions. Five samples of low-pressure MSM were prepared that differed in terms of the type of sage preparation added: control—without addition of sage, WE—2.0% addition of water extract from sage, E40—2.0% addition of 40% (vol/vol) ethanol extract from sage, E70—2.0% addition of 70% (vol/vol) ethanol extract from sage, and EOS—0.1% addition of essential oil from sage. The MSM samples were assessed immediately after arrival into the laboratory and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 mo of storage. The quality changes of MSM samples were determined on the basis of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) index and microbial analyses. On the basis of the TBARS index it was proved that addition of essential oil and (40% and 70% (vol/vol)) as well as water extracts of sage significantly (P 0.05) differences between the preparations. In conclusion, it was found that sage preparations are rich in bioactive compounds. Due to their antioxidant and antibacterial properties, especially sage oil and ethanol extracts may be recommended as an auxiliary factor to prolong the storage stability of frozen, vacuum-packed low-pressure MSM from chickens.

Visual impairments have a substantial impact on the well-being of older people, but their impact among older adults in low- and middle-income countries is under-researched. We examined risk factors for self-reported cataract symptoms, diagnosis, and surgery uptake in India. Cross-sectional data from the nationally representative WHO SAGE data (2007–2008) for India were analysed. We focused on a sub-sample of 6558 adults aged 50+, applying descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Nearly 1-in-5 respondents self-reported diagnosed cataracts, more than three-fifths (62%; n = 3879) reported cataract symptoms, and over half (51.8%) underwent surgery. Increasing age, self-reported diabetes, arthritis, low visual acuity, and moderate or severe vision problems were factors associated with self-reported diagnosed cataracts. Odds of cataract symptoms were higher with increasing age and among those with self-reported arthritis, depressive symptoms, low visual acuity, and with moderate or severe vision problems. Odds of cataract surgery were also higher with increasing age, self-reported diabetes, depressive symptoms, and among those with low visual acuity. A public health approach of behavioural modification, well-structured national outreach eye care services, and inclusion of local basic eye care services are recommended.

Peppermint leaf, sage leaf, thyme herb, and their preparations are common components of herbal medicinal products (HMPs). According to the European Pharmacopoeia guidelines, the above-mentioned plant substances are standardized for the content of essential oils, omitting polyphenols, which also have a significant impact on their activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of the predominant polyphenols—rosmarinic acid, luteolin-7-O-β-glucuronide, and eriocitrin—in selected commercial liquid HMPs containing thyme, sage, and peppermint under long-term, intermediate, and accelerated testing conditions. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of these polyphenols were performed by the previously optimized and validated HPLC-DAD method. Rosmarinic acid stability was better in hydroethanolic than in an aqueous solution. The effect of the solvent on the stability of luteolin-7-O-β-glucuronide and eriocitrin could not be determined and requires further investigation. The present study is the first to analyze the stability of these compounds in commercial herbal medicinal products. The expiration dates proposed by the manufacturers of the tested HMPs did not guarantee stable levels of all analyzed polyphenols throughout the stated period. However, this study is preliminary and requires continuation on a larger number of medicinal products.

Sage is a widely used herbal ingredient rich in bioactive compounds suitable for various applications. This study compared encapsulated Salvia officinalis L. powders derived from extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SESP) and hydro-distillation (HESP) for their characterisation and antioxidant activities. The SESP powder showed bulky agglomerated bio-feature from the morphology study, whereas the HESP powder showed more in individually separated round shape particles. The chemical functional groups’ analysis also revealed the presence of molecular interface between bio-components in both samples. Thermo-molecular analysis also revealed the SESP sample had more stable thermal changing behaviour than the HESP sample with increasing temperature. The total phenolic content (TPC) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) value of HESP were significantly higher than that of SESP, at 29.419 ± 0.662 mgGAE/g ESP and 2011.494 ± 19.909 μM TE/g ESP, respectively. Additionally, high antioxidant activity was recorded in HESP based on its significantly low EC50 value as estimated in the DPPH assay, at 0.317 ± 0.002 mg/mL. Nonetheless, the performance of antioxidant activities for SESP was superior to that of unencapsulated sage extract obtained from similar extraction processes as reported in the literature. Thus, the results imply that SESP has a promising future as a natural alternative substituent for synthetic antioxidants in food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications.

Background Little research has evaluated patient bleeding risk perceptions in comparison with calculated bleeding risk among oral anticoagulant users with atrial fibrillation. Our objective was to investigate underestimation of bleeding risk and to describe the characteristics and patient‐reported outcomes associated with underestimation of bleeding risk. Methods and Results In the SAGE‐AF (Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Elements in Atrial Fibrillation) study, a prospective cohort study of patients ≥65 years with atrial fibrillation, a CHA 2 DS 2 ‐VASc risk score ≥2 and who were on oral anticoagulant therapy, we compared patients’ self‐reported bleeding risk with their predicted bleeding risk from their HAS‐BLED score. Among the 754 participants (mean age 74.8 years, 48.3% women), 68.0% underestimated their bleeding risk. Participants who were Asian or Pacific Islander, Black, Native American or Alaskan Native, Mixed Race or Hispanic (non‐White) (adjusted OR [AOR], 0.45; 95% CI, 0.24–0.82) and women (AOR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40–0.95) had significantly lower odds of underestimating their bleeding risk than respective comparison groups. Participants with a history of bleeding (AOR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.73–5.44) and prior hypertension (AOR, 4.33; 95% CI, 2.43–7.72), stroke (AOR, 5.18; 95% CI, 1.87–14.40), or renal disease (AOR, 5.05; 95% CI, 2.98–8.57) had significantly higher odds of underestimating their bleeding risk. Conclusions We found that more than two‐thirds of patients with atrial fibrillation on oral anticoagulant therapy underestimated their bleeding risk and that participants with a history of bleeding and several comorbid conditions were more likely to underestimate their bleeding risk whereas non‐Whites and women were less likely to underestimate their bleeding risk. Clinicians should ensure that patients prescribed oral anticoagulant therapy have a thorough understanding of bleeding risk.