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Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is considered to be the standard procedure in patients with large renal calculus. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evidence-based literature regarding the “nephrostomy-free” or “tubeless” PCNL and to assess the safety, efficacy, possibility, and benefits of tubeless PCNL over standard PCNL. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to review and compare tubeless PCNL with standard PCNL. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective study done between August 2021 and December 2022. 100 cases of stone disease with stone size more than 2 cm who underwent PCNL in the Department of Urology, Govt hospital, Salem. Patients are divided into two groups (Group A and Group B) of 50 each depending on date of surgery. Results: In our study, we compared tubeless PCNL versus standard PCNL in patients with stone disease. Tubeless PCNL was performed with success in patients of age 13 years–65 years. 36 were female patients, whereas 64 were male patients in this study. All the results were presented in a tabulated form in our study. Conclusion: Tubeless PCNL is a safe and effective technique and is associated with decreased pain, low analgesic requirement, less operating time, and faster recovery. However, it has its own limitation that precludes secondary procedure for the treatment, removal of internal stent, dysuria, and need to visit hospital for subsequent removal of internal stent.

Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the preferred treatment of choice for renal calculi. PCNL has evolved remarkably since the eighties when it was first described. PCNL is the treatment of choice for renal stones ≥2 cm. Aims and Objectives: Our aim is to observe the various surgical outcomes of different types of PCNL. Materials and Methods: It is an observational study conducted in our institute a total of 160 pts of renal stone disease who presented to the outpatient department were included in the study. All patients underwent PCNL either in supine or prone position. The parameters such as stone free rate, body mass index (BMI), stone size, operative time, length of stay (LOS), in hospital, and complications were observed. Results: There were no significant differences in stone size between supine and prone PCNL patients. The supine group had a higher mean BMI, shorter mean surgical time, shorter mean LOS, and higher stone free rate. Prone PCNL patients had a higher rate of overall complications. Conclusion: PCNL is one of the best modalities for renal stones management, with supine and modified supine PCNL demonstrating better results in obese patients, and may be considered by all surgeons performing PCNLs.

Introduction: Reducing the Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) tract size in paediatric patients with renal stones reduces the morbidity associated with the procedure. Miniperc (Mini PCNL) is a modification of standard PCNL using small size instruments. Aim: To evaluate the postoperative outcome of Miniperc technique in the treatment of renal stones in paediatric age group. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective interventional study conducted at the Department of Urology, Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College & Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India from January 2020 to January 2022. There were 25 patients of renal stone disease belonging to paediatric age group (

Abstract Fire is a dangerous disaster that causes human, ecological, and financial ramifications. Forest fires have increased significantly in recent years due to natural and artificial climatic factors. Therefore, accurate and early prediction of fires is essential. While significant advancements have been made in traditional and Deep Learning (DL) methods for fire detection, challenges remain in accurately pinpointing and recognizing fire regions, especially in diverse and large environments, to prevent damage effectively. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel Federated Learning (FL)-based method called Indoor-Outdoor FireNet (IOFireNet) for detecting and localizing fire regions. The proposed method incorporates a Bilateral Filter (BF) to effectively preprocess fire images to reduce noise artifacts and enhance detection clarity. It employs Super Pixel-based Adaptive Clustering (SPAC) to precisely segment fire and non-fire regions. A global IOFireNet model is developed to aggregate parameters from local models, improving detection accuracy across varied environments, while MobileNet is used for efficient data processing, enabling predictions on fire spread, severity, and affected areas to support early warnings. The proposed FL-based IOFireNet attains an accuracy rate of 98.65% for fire detection and 97.14% of mean IoU for segmentation. The proposed SPAC model reaches a mean IoU of 4.06%, which is 2.45% better than the graph cut algorithm and CRF model. The proposed model achieves an accuracy of 0.23%, 4.20%, 3.29%, and 10.02%, better than VGG-19, ResNet-50, Inception, and Dense Net, respectively.

ABSTRACT Identifying neurometabolic disorders that lead to neonatal encephalopathy is difficult, and access to exome sequencing is a significant advantage in developing countries. We present a case of neonatal encephalopathy characterized by refractory seizures and significant apnea resulting from glutaminase deficiency, along with elevated levels of glutamine and glycine in the cerebrospinal fluid. Although the condition was fatal, it was possible to offer genetic counseling and recommendations for future pregnancies following exome sequencing.

It is now widely recognized that advances in exploring genome organization provide remarkable insights on the induction and progression of chromosome abnormalities. Much of what we know about how mutations evolve and consequently transform into genome instabilities has been characterized in the spatial organization context of chromatin. Nevertheless, many underlying concepts of impact of the chromatin organization on perpetuation of multiple mutations and on propagation of chromosomal aberrations remain to be investigated in detail. Genesis of genome instabilities from accumulation of multiple mutations that drive tumorigenesis is increasingly becoming a focal theme in cancer studies. This review focuses on structural alterations evolve to raise a variety of genome instabilities that are manifested at the nucleotide, gene or sub-chromosomal, and whole chromosome level of genome. Here we explore an underlying connection between genome instability and cancer in the light of genome architecture. This review is limited to studies directed towards spatial organizational aspects of origin and propagation of aberrations into genetically unstable tumors.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a twelve-week manual therapy intervention in preventing and managing shoulder injuries among female volleyball players through a randomized controlled trial. Material and Methods: Forty college female volleyball players aged 18-25 years with a history of shoulder pain or dysfunction were recruited and randomly assigned to either a manual therapy intervention group or a control group. The intervention group received a comprehensive manual therapy program, including soft tissue mobilization, joint mobilization, and tailored exercise therapy, administered by a licensed physical therapist. Outcome measures, including shoulder range of motion, strength, pain levels, functional performance, and incidence of shoulder injuries, were assessed at baseline, post-intervention (twelve weeks), and follow-up (three months post-intervention). Statistical analysis was conducted using Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests. Results: Significant improvements were observed in shoulder range of motion, strength, and functional performance in the intervention group compared to the control group at post-intervention and follow-up assessments. Specifically, the intervention group exhibited notable enhancements in shoulder range of motion and strength. Moreover, a significant reduction in baseline pain levels was observed among participants in the intervention group. Conclusions: The findings suggest that a comprehensive twelve-week manual therapy program holds promise in effectively addressing shoulder injuries among female volleyball players. Manual therapy techniques, including soft tissue and joint mobilization, alongside tailored exercise therapy, may serve as valuable adjuncts to traditional preventive strategies in sports injury management.

A seven-day-old female baby born of second-degree consanguineous marriage presented to the Casualty Department with a history of feeding difficulty, irritability, and seizures for one day. There were abnormal movements of the upper and lower limbs lasting less than five minutes, with 4-5 episodes in a day suggestive of bilateral multifocal chronic seizures. The baby was conscious on arrival and was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The baby was delivered by lower segment caesarean section with a normal Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration (APGAR) score of 8 and was discharged on day 3. There was no history of fever. On examination, the baby was dull and lethargic with normal vital parameters. The blood investigations were sent which included serum electrolytes, calcium, magnesium, glucose, ammonia, lactates, anion gap, pH, and ketone profile which were within normal limits. Because of the seizure and feeding difficulty, an inborn error of metabolism was suspected and the baby was subjected to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain. MRI of the brain showed no signal abnormalities in T2/Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) images [Table/Fig-1a,b] with restricted diffusion in the subcortical, periventricular white matter of bilateral fronto-parieto-temporal lobes, external capsule, bilateral thalami, and corpus callosum [Table/Fig-2a-d]. Basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, and occipital white matter were spared. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) over basal ganglia was normal (Table/Fig 3). This imaging features with selective diffusion restriction involving subcortical, periventricular white matter of bilateral fronto-parieto-temporal lobes, external capsule, bilateral thalami, and corpus callosum were characteristic of Human Parechovirus (HPeV) encephalitis. On further workup for inborn errors of metabolism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry (TMS) 55 screening was normal. The baby was started on a loading dose of intravenous (IV) phenobarbitone, followed by an IV Levipil maintenance dose. On day 4 of admission, IV Levipil was changed to oral Levipil. On day 7 of admission, oral Levipil was stopped. The baby had no further seizures. Paediatric neurology opinion was obtained and an electroencephalogram (EEG) was taken on day 8 of admission, which turned out to be normal. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) examination confirmed the finding of HPeV encephalitis. The baby improved symptomatically over the next few days with conservative management.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ApiA is a trimeric autotransporter outer membrane protein (Omp) that participates in multiple functions, enabling A. actinomycetemcomitans to adapt to a variety of environments. The goal of this study is to identify regions in the apiA gene responsible for three of these functions: auto-aggregation, buccal epithelial cell binding, and complement resistance. Initially, apiA was expressed in Escherichia coli. Finally, wild-type A. actinomycetemcomitans and an apiA-deleted version were tested for their expression in the presence and absence of serum and genes related to stress adaptation, such as oxygen regulation, catalase activity, and Omp proteins. Sequential deletions in specific regions in the apiA gene as expressed in E. coli were examined for membrane proteins, which were confirmed by microscopy. The functional activity of epithelial cell binding, auto-aggregation, and complement resistance were then assessed, and regions in the apiA gene responsible for these functions were identified. A region spanning amino acids 186–217, when deleted, abrogated complement resistance and Factor H (FH) binding, while a region spanning amino acids 28–33 was related to epithelial cell binding. A 13-amino-acid peptide responsible for FH binding was shown to promote serum resistance. An apiA deletion in a clinical isolate (IDH781) was created and tested in the presence and/or absence of active and inactive serum and genes deemed responsible for prominent functional activity related to A. actinomycetemcomitans survival using qRT-PCR. These experiments suggested that apiA expression in IDH781 is involved in global regulatory mechanisms that are serum-dependent and show complement resistance. This is the first study to identify specific apiA regions in A. actinomycetemcomitans responsible for FH binding, complement resistance, and other stress-related functions. Moreover, the role of apiA in overall gene regulation was observed.

Hobnail hemangioma is a rare, benign vascular growth that typically presents in the third and fourth decades of life. It classically presents as a targetoid lesion with a violaceous central papule surrounded by a peripheral ecchymotic rim. Common sites of involvement include extremities and trunk. We present this case of hobnail hemangioma in a 10-year- old boy because of its rarity.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common complication during pregnancy, typically diagnosed in the second or third trimester. Factors such as advanced maternal age, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle contribute to its prevalence. The pathophysiology involves insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, gluconeogenesis, adipose tissue dysfunction, gut microbiota dysbiosis and oxidative stress. GDM is associated with maternal and neonatal complications, both short-term and long-term. Managing GDM requires interventions such as medication, dietary adjustments and regular physical activity. However, early detection in low-risk populations remains challenging. The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is the gold standard for diagnosis but is limited by its inconvenience and reliance on multiple blood samples. The present review focuses on novel biomarkers for early and accurate GDM diagnosis. It discusses emerging biomarkers such as vitamin D, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, preptin, angiopoietin-like protein 8, adiponectin, chemerin, omentin-1, leptin, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), homocysteine, C-peptide, irisin, adropin, nesfatin-1, Afamin, fetuin A, amylin, galectin, osteocalcin, resistin, visfatin and Fatty Acid-binding Protein 4 (FABP4). The review explores the pathophysiology of these biomarkers in GDM and presents preliminary study findings.

Abstract The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) one of the important food borne pathogen from milk, which was investigated in this study. The isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance, enterotoxin genes, biofilm formation, spa typing, coagulase gene polymorphism and accessory gene regulator types. The prevalence of S. aureus in milk samples was 34.4% (89/259). Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found at 27% (24/89) of the isolates, were classified as community acquired based on SCCmec typing. The 24.71% (22/89) isolates demonstrated multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) pattern. However, none of the isolates carried vancomycin and mupirocin resistance genes. The isolates were positive for sea and sed enterotoxin genes and exhibited high frequency of biofilm formation. The High-Resolution Melting and conventional spa typing revealed that the isolates had both animal and community-associated S. aureus clustered origins. Coagulase gene polymorphism and agr typing demonstrated variable genotypic patterns. The finding of this study establishes the prevalence of community associated, enterotoxigenic, biofilm forming and antimicrobial resistance among S. aureus from milk in Chennai city. This emphasizing a potential threat to public health which needs a continuous monitoring system and strategies to mitigate their spread across the food chain and achieve food safety.

Abstract Acrylamide (ACR) with its extensive industrial applications is a classified occupational hazard toxin and carcinogenic compound. Its formation in fried potatoes, red meat and coffee during high-temperature cooking is a cause for consideration. The fabrication of chitosan-coated probiotic nanoparticles (CSP NPs) aims to enhance the bioavailability of probiotics in the gut, thereby improving their efficacy against ACR-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Nanoencapsulation, a vital domain of the medical nanotechnology field plays a key role in targeted drug delivery, bioavailability, multi-drug load delivery systems and synergistic treatment options. Our study exploited the nanoencapsulation technology to coat Lactobacillus fermentum (probiotic) with chitosan (prebiotic), both with substantial immunomodulatory effects, to ensure the stability and sustained release of microbial load and its secondary metabolites in the gut. The combination of pre-and probiotic components, called synbiotic formulations establishes the correlation between the gut microbiota and the overall well-being of an organism. Our study aimed to develop a potent synbiotic to alleviate the impacts of heat-processed dietary toxins that significantly influence behaviour, development, and survival. Our synbiotic co-treatment with ACR in fruit flies normalised neuro-behavioural, survival, redox status, and restored ovarian mitochondrial activity, contrasting with several physiological deficits observed in the ACR-treated model.

Abstract In December 2023, we observed a notable shift in the COVID-19 landscape, when JN.1 omicron emerged as the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant with a 95% incidence. We characterized the clinical profile, and genetic changes in JN.1, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest. Whole genome sequencing was performed on SARS-CoV-2 positive clinical specimens, followed by sequence analysis. Mutations within the spike protein sequences were analysed and compared with the previously reported lineages and sub-lineages, to identify the potential impact of the unique mutations on protein structure and possible alterations in the functionality. Several unique and dynamic mutations were identified herein. Molecular docking analysis showed changes in the binding affinity, and key interacting residues of wild-type and mutated structures with key host cell receptors of SARS-CoV-2 entry viz., ACE2, CD147, CD209L and AXL. Our data provides key insights on the emergence of newer variants and highlights the necessity for robust and sustained global genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.

A 59-year-old male presented to the orthopaedics department with complaints of pain and swelling in the right knee for one week. The pain was insidious in onset with gradual progression, dull aching, non-radiating, and aggravated on weight bearing and knee movements with no relieving factors. The patient also had a similar history of pain and swelling in both knee joints on and off for the past three years. The patient also gave a history of pain in the neck region radiating to both upper limbs for the past two months. The patient was not a known hypertensive, diabetic, not a smoker or alcoholic. The patient consumed a vegetarian diet. The medical history of the patient revealed chronic gout for four years, diagnosed elsewhere and the patient was on intermittent treatment with allopurinol. The general examination of the patient was unremarkable.

Abstract Compact multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be operated in many challenging environmental conditions. In case the UAV requires certain considerations in designing like lightweight, efficient propulsion system and others depending upon the application, the hybrid UAV comes into play when the usual UAV types cannot be sufficient to meet the requirements. The propulsion system for the UAV was selected to be coaxial rotors because it has a high thrust-to-weight ratio and to increase the efficiency of the propulsion system, a unique propeller was proposed to achieve higher thrust. The proposed propeller was uniquely designed by analyzing various airfoil sections under different Reynolds’s number using X-Foil tool to obtain the optimum airfoil section for the propellers. Since the design with duct increases efficiency, the Hybrid UAV presented in this paper has the modified novel convergent–divergent (C–D)-based duct which is a simplified model of a conventional C–D duct. The yawing and rolling maneuverings of the UAV could be achieved by the thrust vectoring method so that the design is simpler from a structural and mechanical perspective. The use of UAVs has risen in recent years, especially compact UAVs, which can be applied for applications like surveillance, detection and inspection, and monitoring in a narrow region of space. The design of the UAV is modeled in CATIA, and its further performance enactment factors are picked from advanced computational simulations relayed bottom-up approach. The predominant computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and fluid structure interaction (FSI) investigations are imposed and optimized through Computational Analyses using Ansys Workbench 17.2, which includes analysis of structural behaviour of various alloys, CFRP and GFRP based composite materials. From the structural analysis Titanium alloy came out to be the best performing materials among the others by having lower total deformation and other parameters such as normal and equivalent stress. The dynamics control response is obtained using MATLAB Simulink. The validations are carried out on the propeller using a thrust stand for CFD and on the duct through a high-jet facility for structural outcomes to meet the expected outcome.

Abstract The rapid advancement of modern communication technologies necessitates the development of generalized multi-access frameworks and the continuous implementation of rate splitting, augmented with semantic awareness. This trend, coupled with the mounting pressure on wireless services, underscores the need for intelligent approaches to radio signal propagation. In response to these challenges, intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) have garnered significant attention for their ability to control data transmission systems in a goal-oriented and dynamic manner. This innovation is largely attributed to equitable resource allocation and the dynamic enhancement of network performance. However, the integration of rate-splitting multi-access (RSMA) architecture with semantic considerations imposes stringent requirements on IRS platforms to ensure seamless connectivity and broad coverage for a diverse user base without interference. Semantic communications hinge on a knowledge base-a centralized repository of integrated information related to the transmitted data-which becomes critically important in multi-antenna scenarios. This article proposes a novel set of design strategies for RSMA-IRS systems, enabled by reconfigurable intelligent surface synergizing with semantic communication principles. An experimental analysis is presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of these design guidelines in the context of Beyond 5G/6G communication systems. The RSMA-IRS model, infused with semantic communication, offers a promising solution for future wireless networks. Performance evaluations of the proposed approach reveal that, despite an increase in the number of users, the delay in the RSMA-IRS framework incorporating semantics is 2.94% less than that of a RSMA-IRS system without semantic integration.

Abstract This article presents a one-step ultrasonication technique for generating biomass carbon dots (BCDs) from neem bark (Azadirachta indica) powder. The BCDs were characterized using modern techniques such as UV–Vis, FTIR, Raman, XRD, HRTEM, FESEM, EDAX, and Zeta potential analyses. Unlike traditional nanocomposite bed systems, this study utilized BCDs as a liquid-phase adsorbent for the regenerative adsorption of the environmentally harmful dye, methylene blue (MB), through an in-situ precipitation reaction. This involved the formation of BCDs-MB adduct via an electrostatic mechanism. The adsorption capacity and percentage of removal were remarkable at 605 mg g–1 and 64.7% respectively, exceeding various solid-based adsorption methods in the literature. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics model provided an excellent fit for this system. The calculated thermodynamic parameter, Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) was negative, indicating a spontaneous, exothermic, and physisorption-based mechanism. The regenerative capacity of our system was further demonstrated by successfully extracting and recovering the MB dye (64%) using ethyl alcohol as the solvent. This method provides an efficient means of recovering valuable cationic organic dye compounds from contaminated environments.

Introduction: Infection-related glomerulonephritis, IRGN in adults is increasing in prevalence in India. However, there are only a few prospective studies from south India on the long term prognosis of this disease. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study on patients above 18 years of age, with biopsy proven IRGN, at a tertiary care centre in south India with a minimum follow up of 6 months. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study. Peak incidence was in the age group of 40-60 years (n=45, 45%) with a male preponderance (n=56,56%). The most common co-morbidities were diabetes mellitus (n=27, 27%) and alcohol intake (n=13,13%). The most common source of infection was skin and soft tissues (n=41, 41%). Streptococcus and Staphylococcus were the most common isolated organisms. One patient had IRGN following SARS C0V-2 virus infection. Twenty three (n=23, 23%) required dialysis initiation. The mean follow up was 31.4 weeks. 3 patients died within 1 month of illness. At the end of 6 months, out of the 97 surviving patients, 34 (n=34,35%) patients had chronic kidney disease, CKD (eGFR 40 years, associated diabetes mellitus,underlying CKD, dialysis requiring renal failure at presentation,presence of crescentric GN and moderate to severe Interstitial Fibrosis and Tubular Atrophy in renal biopsy were identified as risk factors for development of CKD by univariate analysis. Conclusion: Adult IRGN is as an important cause of CKD and end stage renal disease in Indian adults especially in diabetics and those above 40 years of age.

A 64-year-old male patient was admitted to the General Medicine ward for uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease. On examination, there was presence of neck swelling on the right-side. The swelling was insidious in onset, initially small in size, and slowly progressed to its current size over the past five years. There was no associated pain. There was no history of fever, nausea, vomiting or difficulty in swallowing or breathing. There was also no history of loss of appetite, weight loss, or weight gain. On examination, the swelling moved with deglutition and was noted in the right lower neck in the region of thyroid gland. The approximate size of the swelling was 4×4 cm and the lower border of the swelling was visible. On palpation, the swelling was firm in consistency and partially mobile. There were palpable lymph nodes on the right-side of the neck in level IB and III regions. Clinically, a diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma was kept, in view of palpable lymph nodes. Blood investigations showed a reduced haemoglobin level of 10.4 g/dL. Rest of the investigations, including thyroid function tests were normal.

A 24-year-old nulliparous unmarried woman presented to the Gynaecological Department with complaints of abdominal pain for two years that has worsened over the past two days. The pain was dull aching with no aggravating or relieving factors. It was continuous in nature and was associated with a few episodes of vomiting. There was no history of fever or other constitutional symptoms. Vital signs were normal. The patient had primary amenorrhoea and cyclical abdominal pain, for which she was examined and diagnosed with vaginal atresia. Following this, she underwent neovaginoplasty 10 years ago, using the McIndoe vaginoplasty technique. However, the patient failed to undergo periodic vaginal dilatation.

A 46-year-old male presented with complaints of chest pain and dyspnoea on moderate exertion for the past month. The patient was a known case of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and has been on treatment for the past five years. He was not a smoker or alcoholic. Suspecting coronary artery disease, a diagnostic work-up was performed. Blood investigations revealed dyslipidaemia. Electrocardiography (ECG) showed sinus rhythm with a limited right bundle branch block with ST-T changes. Echocardiogram showed biventricular dysfunction. Since the patient was reluctant to undergo catheter coronary angiography, a Computed Tomography (CT) Coronary angiogram was performed first. A 128-slice Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography revealed an anomalous high origin of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA) arising from the anterior wall of the ascending aorta approximately 2 cm above the sinotubular junction at an acute angle of 45° [Table/Fig-1,2] [Video-1]. The anomalous RCA followed its normal course without any intramural course noted. Mixed plaques were observed in the RCA, with involvement distal to the acute marginal artery, causing a maximum of 90% stenosis or complete occlusion. The Left Coronary Artery (LCA) was found to be normal, arising from the left cusp of the coronary sinus and dividing into the left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery. The left anterior descending artery showed significant stenosis in its proximal third. The left circumflex artery exhibited minimal coronary artery disease with no significant stenosis. Therefore, double-vessel coronary artery disease was diagnosed, and the patient was advised to undergo a revascularisation procedure. Currently, the patient is on medication and undergoing follow-up.

Abstract A field study was conducted to investigate the persistence of foliar-applied thiamethoxam 25% WG at a rate of 25 g ai ha−1 and chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC at 30 g ai ha−1 in various parts of rice plants, including whole grain rice, brown rice, bran, husk, straw, and cooked rice. Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry/Mass spectrometry was used for sample analysis. Chlorantraniliprole residues were found to persist in whole grains, bran, husk, and straw at the time of harvest, while thiamethoxam residue was not detected in harvested grains, processed products, or straw. The study concluded that foliar-applied chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam did not pose any dietary risk in cooked rice. In a pre-storage seed treatment study, thiamethoxam 30% FS at 3 mL kg−1 was evaluated against Angoumois grain moth infestation during storage. The seeds remained unharmed for nine months and exhibited significantly less moth damage (2.0%) even after twelve months of storage. Thiamethoxam residues persisted for more than one year in whole rice grain, brown rice, bran, and husk with seed treatment, with higher residue levels observed in bran and husk. Parboiling and cooking led to the degradation of thiamethoxam residues.

Pleomorphic adenomas are the most common benign mixed tumours of the salivary glands. They typically occur at the junction between the hard and soft palate, but can also be found in the upper lip, buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, tonsils, pharynx, and retromolartrigone. The present case of a 55-year-old woman focuses on the use of a palatal plate obturator to treat a soft palatal fistula that developed after the removal of a pleomorphic adenoma from the palate. By applying a self-cure resin to the posterior border of the palatal plate obturator, the postoperative issue of a palatal fistula was successfully managed. To aid in the healing of the palatal tissue and provide a scaffold for the regeneration of the surrounding palatal tissue, relief was applied to the intaglio surface of the palatal plate.

Background: Vulvar carcinoma accounts for 5% of all malignant neoplasms in the female genital tract, with a higher incidence in developing countries and increased risk associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to retrospectively evaluate treatment complications in patients with carcinoma vulva who had undergone primary surgery alone or as part of multimodality therapy. It also aimed to evaluate HPV marker positivity in this group of patients and its relation to disease profile and prognosis. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study wherein data from the Regional Cancer Centre, Coimbatore, from 2017 to 2023, about 42 patients who underwent primary surgery for carcinoma vulva were analyzed. Patient information, including age, symptoms, imaging, biopsy, staging, and treatment options, were retrieved for analysis. Results: Regarding post-operative complications, ten patients developed seroma (23%), 9 had limb edema (21%), five patients had wound dehiscence (11%), and nine patients had post-radiotherapy/chemotherapy complications (21%). The mortality rate among patients in the study was 9% (4 patients). All four died because of nodal relapse. Six patients (14%) had disease recurrence in this study group, among whom 5 were HPV-negative (83%). Two patients had a recurrence in the primary site, and four had a nodal recurrence. HPV marker p16 was positive in 18 patients (43%) overall, and they were found to belong to the younger age group and had good treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Primary surgery for carcinoma vulva patients in our study is associated with limited but manageable complications amenable to rectification. HPV-associated carcinoma vulva is increasing in prevalence (43% in younger age group) with a positive prognosis.

Crossed renal ectopia is a rare congenital malformation. Only 36 cases of crossed renal ectopia with calculus have been recorded in literature, even a few cases of urolithiasis in them have been surgically managed. The majority of cases in literature have been published as single case reports. We conducted a retrospective study of all the crossed renal ectopia cases admitted and managed in our department in the past 2 years. Among them, only one was without fusion. Youngest patient was 32-year-old male with crossed left kidney with calculus in the left kidney. Both the patients underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Oldest patient was 80-year-old female with a right crossed kidney with pelvic calculus, who underwent open pyelolithotomy. Post-operative period was uneventful in all cases with complete stone clearance. Patients undergoing RIRS had less post-operative pain and were discharged early compared to open pyelolithotomy. RIRS is a safe and effective modality of treatment and can be considered as the first choice for the management of calculus in crossed renal ectopia in properly selected cases. However, in cases of huge stone burden and difficult anatomy, laparoscopic/open pyelolithotomy is still an attractive option for clearing the stone in a single setting, even though it has comparatively more morbidity and longer hospital stay.

Abstract Nanobiotechnology is a unique class of multiphase and recently become a branch of contemporary science and a paradigm shift in material research. One of the two main problems facing the field of nanomaterial synthesis is the discovery of new natural resources for the biological production of metal nanoparticles and the absence of knowledge about the chemical composition of bio-source required for synthesis and the chemical process or mechanism behind the production of metal nanoparticles presents the second difficulty. We reported template-free green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Tribulus terrestris seed natural extract without any isolation process. XRD, TEM, SEM, UV–Vis, DLS, zeta potential, and BET evaluated the synthesized metal nanoparticle. The TEM analysis confirmed that the CuO NPs are well dispersed and almost round in shape with an average size of 58 nm. EDAX confirms that copper is the prominent metal present in the nanomaterial. The greener fabricated copper oxide nanoparticle was employed to degrade methyl orange dye, almost 84% of methyl orange was degraded within 120 min. The outcomes demonstrated the nanomaterial’s effective breakdown of contaminants, highlighting their potential for environmental rehabilitation. The electrochemical investigation of the CuO NPs was utilized for supercapacitor application. An appreciable value of specific capacitance is 369 F/g specific capacitances with 96.4% capacitance retention after 6000 cycles. Overall, the results of the current study show that the biologically produced copper oxide nanoparticles have intriguing uses as photocatalysts for treating water contaminants and are suitable for energy storage devices.

A 28-year-old male patient presented with chief complaints of pain in his left knee for one month, difficulty walking for three weeks, and on-and-off fever for the past month. He denied any history of weight loss or loss of appetite. There was no significant past medical history. Local examination of the left knee revealed swelling and tenderness over the lateral femoral condyle with restricted range of motion. Blood investigations were normal except for an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation ratio of 36 mm/hr. Initially, an X-ray was performed, showing multiple small lytic areas within the epimetadiaphyseal region of the lateral condyle of the lower end of the femur [Table/Fig-1]. Subsequent Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans were conducted, revealing a large lytic lesion with irregular margins in the posterolateral cortex of the lower end of the femur [Table/Fig-2], which appeared hyperintense on Proton Density Fat Saturated (PDFS) MRI images and hypointense on T1-weighted images [Table/Fig-3]. Severe surrounding marrow oedema was noted, along with mild reactive joint effusion. The tibia and fibula appeared normal, without synovial thickening or joint involvement. The knee joint ligaments were also normal. Based on the imaging findings, acute osteomyelitis was considered, with a primary bone tumour as a differential diagnosis. The patient underwent excision biopsy and curettage under spinal anaesthesia, revealing a granulomatous infection with positive staining for acid-fast bacilli. The patient was prescribed antitubercular drugs and advised to undergo physiotherapy, knee bending, and static quadriceps exercises. The patient’s condition improved, and he was subsequently discharged.

A 50-year-old female patient presented with complaints of backache, occasional on-and-off fever, and wheezing for six months. There was no history of weight loss or other significant complaints. Clinical examination showed tenderness at the mid-dorsal vertebral level. Blood investigations revealed anaemia (Hb: 10 g%), a reversal of the A/G ratio with low albumin levels (3.4 g/dL), and high globulin levels (6.7 g/dL), along with a rise in Lactate dehydrogenase (368 U/L). Alkaline phosphatase was within normal limits at 51 IU/L, and the rest of the investigations were normal. To evaluate the cause of wheezing and pyrexia, a Computed Tomography (CT) chest was performed, which demonstrated infective changes in the left lung field [Table/Fig-1a] and an ill-defined left paravertebral and epidural soft tissue mass at the D5-D6 level with a lytic lesion of the D5 vertebra [Table/Fig-1b] causing mass effect on the cord. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the dorsal spine was conducted for the complaints of backache, which revealed a relatively well-defined lobulated T2 hypointense and STIR (Short Tau Inversion Recovery) hyperintense lesion in the left paravertebral region with involvement of the left pedicle of the D5 vertebral body [Table/Fig-1c,d]. Based on the blood and radiological work-up, multiple myeloma and metastasis were considered as differential diagnosis. The patient then underwent a bone marrow biopsy, which revealed more than 80% plasmablasts. A dedicated comprehensive myeloma panel was conducted, showing positive Ig G and kappa bands, thus confirming the diagnosis. Urine analysis for Bence-Jones proteins also turned out to be positive. All the investigations were consistent with multiple myeloma. The patient was started on injections of bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone, allopurinol, and analgesics in appropriate doses.

A 70-year-old male patient presented with complaints of fever and burning micturition for the past five days associated with left loin pain and vomiting. There was no history of haematuria. The patient was a known case of diabetes and hypertension and had been on irregular treatment for the past five years. Upon examination, the patient was hemodynamically stable, and there was tenderness in the left flank region.

Introduction: Rapid beta-cell senescence caused by telomere shortening is associated with type 2 diabetes. Hence, studying telomere dynamics in prediabetic stages or First Degree Relatives of Diabetics (FDRD) is crucial. Telomere attrition is influenced by oxidative stress, which is prevalent in diabetics, prediabetics, and FDRD due to dyslipidaemia. The relationship between telomerase activity and glycaemic control, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, adipocytokines, and inflammatory markers remains unclear and requires further investigation. Aim: To assess and compare telomerase levels, oxidative stress (malondialdehyde), adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipid profiles, and Body Fat Percentage (BF%) across the glycaemic spectrum in the Indian population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, JIPMER, Puducherry, from 2016 to 2018, involving four groups: Group I (control group, non diabetic, healthy, non FDRD, n=63), Group II (FDRD, non diabetic, n=63), Group III (prediabetics, n=63), and Group IV (diabetics, n=63). Participants aged 30-50 years, matched for age and gender, were recruited. Anthropometric variables, cardiovascular parameters, telomerase levels, Malondialdehyde (MDA), adiponectin, leptin, IL-6, and lipid profiles were assessed. Mean differences were analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis test, while Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to assess the correlation between telomerase levels, glucose concentration, and BF%. Results: An increasing trend in circulating telomerase levels, lipid profiles, and BF% was observed across the glycaemic spectrum. Circulating leptin concentrations did not differ between the groups. However, there was a decrease in circulating adiponectin concentration as the glycaemic status progressed. Increased MDA levels were observed only in the diabetics group. Telomerase levels showed a significant association with circulating glucose concentration (fasting and postprandial) and BF%. Conclusion: The circulating telomerase level increased along the glycaemic spectrum (non FDRD

Abstract Despite the remarkable development of highly effective vaccines, including mRNA-based vaccines, within a limited timeframe, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is not been entirely eradicated. Thus, it is crucial to identify new effective anti-3CLPro compounds, pivotal for the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we identified an antcin-B phytosterol-like compound from Taiwanofungus camphoratus that targets 3CLPro activity. MTT assay and ADMET prediction are employed for assessing potential cytotoxicity. Computational molecular modeling was used to screen various antcins and non-antcins for binding affinity and interaction type with 3CLPro. Further, these compounds were subjected to study their inhibitory effects on 3CLPro activity in vitro. Our results indicate that antcin-B has the best binding affinity by contacting residues like Leu141, Asn142, Glu166, and His163 via hydrogen bond and salt bridge and significantly inhibits 3CLPro activity, surpassing the positive control compound (GC376). The 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation studies showed that antcin-B formed consistent, long-lasting water bridges with Glu166 for their inhibitory activity. In summary, antcin-B could be useful to develop therapeutically viable drugs to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication alone or in combination with medications specific to other SARS-CoV-2 viral targets.

Introduction: Significant advancements have been made in the field of perinatal medicine through the use of newer monitoring technologies. However, birth asphyxia continues to cause prolonged hospitalisation due to multiple organ dysfunction and unfortunately, sometimes results in death. An elevation of the serum Creatine Kinase Myocardial Bound (CK-MB) fraction in myocardial ischaemia could indicate exposure to asphyxia and shock in neonates. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical spectrum of Neonatal Encephalopathy (NE) and investigate Transient Myocardial Ischaemia (TMI) in neonates with Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy (HIE) using CK-MB assay at birth, 24 hours, and 72 hours. Materials and Methods: A prospective clinical study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tamil Nadu, India. The study duration was eight months, from January 2014 to August 2014. A total of 70 term neonates admitted with NE symptoms were included. Among them, 65 babies with evidence of asphyxia, such as an Appearance, Pulse, Grimace,Activity and respiration (APGAR) score less than 3 at five minutes, heart rate less than 60 Beats Per Minute (bpm), meconium-stained amniotic fluid, or the need for positive pressure ventilation for more than one minute, were evaluated for TMI. Myocardial involvement was assessed through clinical evaluation, chest X-ray (CXR), Electrocardiogram (ECG), Echocardiography (ECHO), and CK-MB assay at birth, 24 hours, and 72 hours. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info software version 7.0. Results: The mean Gestational Age (GA) of the study participants was 38.97±1.31 weeks. During the study period, 70 babies were admitted with NE symptoms, and HIE was the cause of encephalopathy in 65 babies. Other causes included hypoglycaemia, intraventricular haemorrhage, and bilirubin encephalopathy. Meconium staining of amniotic fluid was the most common intrapartum event in HIE babies. The survival rate in encephalopathy cases was 28.57%. Shock and respiratory failure were common complications in HIE, representing 46.15% and 44.61% respectively. Cardiomegaly in CXR, ST depression in ECG, Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR) in ECHO, and elevated CK-MB were commonly detected in babies with TMI associated with HIE. Conclusion: NE caused by HIE has a high mortality and morbidity rate. 83.3% of asphyxiated babies with shock had elevated CK-MB levels at birth, but the CK-MB values at 24 hours and 72 hours were not significantly elevated.

Introduction: Muscular Fitness (MF) is a potent indicator and reliable marker of children’s and adolescents’ general health and well-being. Further, MF is a significant predictor of biopsychosocial well-being among children. Aim: To compare Hearing Impaired (HI) and normal hearing childrens’ minimum MF utilising the Kraus-Weber (K-W) test. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Holy Cross School for the Hearing Impaired and Sacred Heart High School at Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. The duration of the study was from July 10, 2018 to 20 December, 2018. A total of 167 children of both genders aged 12 to 16 years, from a boarding school in southern India with congenital hearing loss (n=82) and normal hearing (n=85) children were included in this study. The demographic information of the participants, anthropometric measures, and six subtests of the K-W tests for minimum MF were evaluated. JASP (Jeffreys’s Amazing Statistics Program) version 0.16.1 was used for all statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics and Chi-squared test compared K-W test item success and failure rates. MannWhitney test evaluated physical differences. The level of significance was fixed 0.05. Results: The current research found that children with HI had a significantly lower minimum level of MF than children with normal hearing on K-W Test-3 (Abdominal minus psoas), K-W Test-5 (Lower back muscles), and K-W Test-6 (Back and Hamstrings) (p-value

Abstract The intention of this work is to study a mathematical model for fractal-fractional tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection under the Atangana-Baleanu fractal-fractional operator. Firstly, we formulate the tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection model by considering the tuberculosis recovery individuals, the COVID-19 recovery individuals, and both disease recovery compartment in the proposed model. The fixed point approach is utilized to explore the existence and uniqueness of the solution in the suggested model. The stability analysis related to solve the Ulam-Hyers stability is also investigated. This paper is based on Lagrange’s interpolation polynomial in the numerical scheme, which is validated through a specific case with a comparative numerical analysis for different values of the fractional and fractal orders.

Introduction: The assessment of confirmation of mating in rats is a procedure which requires expertise with caution, and careful execution. Rats are spontaneous ovulators and are widely used to study the reproductive system. Aim: The aim of the present study study was to compare diagnostic tests for confirming mating in adult female wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The present experimental research was duly approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee and conducted at the Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research (CEFTE) at Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University). The study was conducted in December 2019. A total of 72 adult Wistar rats (36 males and 36 females) were used in the study. To identify the event of mating, the rats were subjected to the following confirmatory methods: naked eye examination, non invasive vaginal lavage method, and abdominal palpatory method. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using non parametric tests with SPSS software (version 25.0). The level of significance was set at p

A 38-year-old male patient presented with complaints of occasional right loin pain, dysuria, and suprapubic tenderness for three weeks. The patient had no history of haematuria. Upon examination, the patient was afebrile, and vitals were stable. Blood tests revealed mild neutrophilic leukocytosis, and urine tests revealed a few pus cells. Further radiological investigations were conducted. An initial ultrasound performed outside, one week earlier, showed a small-sized right kidney measuring 8 cm with cortical scars, raised cortical echoes, and ill-defined corticomedullary differentiation. A small outpouching was noted in the posterior wall of the urinary bladder, suggestive of a diverticulum. The patient underwent a Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCU) to rule out vesico-ureteric reflux. The MCU showed reflux of contrast from the bladder into the right ureter and pelvi-calyceal system without dilatation, suggestive of grade-II vesico-ureteric reflux on the right-side. However, the diverticulum could not be delineated on the MCU since it was small.

A 57-year-old female, a housewife, presented with complaints of a gradually increasing lump in the left breast for two months. There was no history of nipple discharge, weight loss, or loss of appetite. Additionally, there was no family history of breast carcinoma. On local examination and palpation of the left breast, a palpable lump measuring 6x6 cm was found. The lump involved the retroareolar and lower outer quadrant, and it had a firm consistency and was mobile. The overlying skin was pinchable. The nipple-areolar complex and left axilla were normal. The lump was non tender. The patient was then referred for mammography and ultrasound of the breast. The ultrasound revealed a hypo to isoechoic lesion measuring 5.3x2.7 cm with microlobulations and minimal peripheral vascularity in the lower outer quadrant of the left breast [Table/Fig-1a,b]. No significant left axillary lymph nodes were detected. The mammography showed a relatively high-density lobulated well-defined mass in the retroareolar and lower outer quadrant of the left breast. No microcalcifications or surrounding architectural distortion were detected [Table/Fig-2a,b]. Radiologically, a Breast-imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 3 or 4a lesion was considered since the lesion had well-defined lobulated margins. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed, which showed a well-defined lobulated mass without diffusion restriction, mimicking a benign lesion [Table/Fig-3a,b]. The patient then underwent fine needle aspiration cytology, which revealed Mucinous Carcinoma (MC) of the breast. Subsequently, the patient underwent a modified radical mastectomy after a metastatic work-up. There was no evidence of distant metastasis on chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasound, and bone scan. The patient was not able to afford Positron Emission Tomography-computed Tomography (PET-CT). The resected specimen showed features of MC of the breast with pathological staging of pT1bN0Mx. Two axillary lymph nodes were resected, and they were free of tumour. The tumour was unifocal with a histological grade of 2. The cancer was both Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor (PR) positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER2) 2 negative. The mucin content was over 90%, suggesting the pure mucinous variety rather than the mixed variety. The patient was then referred to a medical oncologist for chemotherapy. The patient is presently doing well after six months of follow-up.

A 28-year-old female patient presented with complaints of progressive bilateral lower limb weakness for the past seven days, which had increased to involve bilateral upper limbs for the past two days. She also presented with difficulty in speaking for five days, associated with exhaustion after speaking more than 10 words. The patient also complained of diarrhoea for four days with bladder disturbances. Difficulty in initiation of micturition with incomplete evacuation of urine associated with dribbling was noted. The patient had a history of high-grade fever three weeks prior due to respiratory illness, which subsided with medications in three days. The patient also reported a history of tingling sensation and paresthesia in both lower limbs. There was no history of bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, cardiovascular abnormalities, chronic kidney disease, migraine, trauma, epilepsy, or transient ischaemic attacks.

Dengue viral infection is caused by the Dengue virus, which spreads to humans through the bite of infected mosquitos. Dengue affects over half of the global population, with an estimated 500 million infections per year. Despite this, no effective treatment is currently available, however, several promising candidates are undergoing pre-clinical/clinical testing. The existence of four major serotypes is an important challenge in the development of drugs and vaccines to combat Dengue virus infection. Hence, the drug/vaccine thereby developed should neutralize all the four serotypes equally. However, there is no pan-serotype specific treatment for Dengue virus, thereby emphasizing the need for the identification of novel drug-like compounds that can target all serotypes of the Dengue virus equally. To this end, we employed virtual screening methodologies to find drug-like compounds that target the domain III of glycoprotein E. Most importantly, domain III of E protein is involved in viral fusion with the host membrane and is also targeted by neutralizing antibodies. Our study found two small molecule drug-like compounds (out of the 3 million compounds screened) having similar binding affinity with all four serotypes. The compounds thereby identified exhibit favourable drug like properties and can be developed as a treatment for Dengue virus.

Lipomas are the most common benign soft tissue tumors, occurring in almost any part of the body and prevalent in 2% of the population. The occurrence of intra-articular lipoma is rare and mostly documented in the anterior compartment of the knee joint, like the Hoffman pad of fat and suprapatellar region. The incidence of intra-articular lipoma in the posterior compartment of the knee joint is very rare. Herein, the authors presented a case report of a 21-year-old female with a history of chronic intermittent left knee joint pain for the last two years. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed a well-defined, encapsulated lesion that was hyperintense on T1/ T2 images and hypointense on, located in the intercondylar notch, anterior to the proximal half of the posterior cruciate ligament, and closely abutting the ligament. Computed Tomography (CT) showed a fat density lesion (-82 to -93 HU), indicating a lipomatous lesion. The patient underwent laparoscopic removal of this lesion, and histopathology confirmed the fatty nature of the lesion.

Abstract The current investigation deals with the simple and ecological synthesis of CaO, MgO, CaTiO3, and MgTiO3 for the photocatalytic dilapidation of rhodamine B dye. CaO was procured from chicken eggshell waste by calcination process, while MgO was produced by solution combustion method using urea as a fuel source. Furthermore, CaTiO3 and MgTiO3 were synthesized through an easy and simple solid-state method by mixing thoroughly the synthesized CaO or MgO with TiO2 before calcination at 900 °C. XRD and EDX investigations confirmed the phase formation of the materials. Moreover, FTIR spectra revealed the existence of Ca–Ti–O, Mg–Ti–O, and Ti–O which resembles the chemical composition of the proposed materials. SEM micrographs revealed that the surface of CaTiO3 is rougher with relatively dispersed particles compared to MgTiO3, reflecting a higher surface area of CaTiO3. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy investigations indicated that the synthesized materials can act as photocatalysts under UV illumination. Accordingly, CaO and CaTiO3 effectively degraded rhodamine B dye within 120 min with a photodegradation activity of 63% and 72%, respectively. In contrast, the photocatalytic degradation activity of MgO and MgTiO3 was much lower, since only 21.39 and 29.44% of the dye were degraded, respectively after 120 min of irradiation. Furtheremore, the photocatalytic activity of the mixture from both Ca and Mg titanates was 64.63%. These findings might be valuable for designing potential and affordable photocatalysts for wastewater purification.

Background and Aim: Congenital anomalies and malformations of ear ossicles will cause hearing problems. Most commonly they will be either the absence of long process of incus or capitulum of stapes. The basic knowledge on variations of the ear ossicles and its morphometric data will help the otologist for performing reconstructive surgery and it also provides necessary information for the prosthesis designers. This study aimed to study and analyze the morphometric and morphological features of ear ossicles with correlation on both sides from wet and dry specimens. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 sets of human ear ossicles were collected from both cadavers and as well from dry skulls in the Department of Anatomy, VMKV Medical College and Hospital, Salem. A good-quality photograph was taken, and the image was transferred to the computer and magnified. The measuring tool was used, and all the morphometry parameters were recorded and analyzed. Results: The ear ossicles morphometry of the right and left were analyzed and compared. Morphological variations were noted, and morphometric variations (length and width) were also analyzed. Conclusion: The knowledge of variations of these ossicles and its morphometric data will help the otologist during reconstructive surgery and provide necessary information for the prosthesis designer.

Background and Objectives: Diagnostic accuracy of breast MR is higher than the routinely used sonomammography and digital mammography. There are mixed reports regarding usefulness of breast MR imaging regarding the tumor size estimation. The objective of this study was to determine which modality can assess the exact tumor dimension in comparison with corresponding tumor dimension at pathologic examinations. Materials and Methods: In a prospective study, 68 patients who came for screening diagnostic mammogram and who had breast lesions of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) category 3 and more were evaluated. All patients underwent bilateral digital mammography and targeted high-frequency sonography of the primary lesion. Those patients who were thought to possibly have breast cancer and to be candidates for surgical management were offered bilateral contrast-enhanced breast MRI. Tumor size was evaluated by digital mammography, sonomammography, contrast-enhanced mammography, and compared with histopathology reports. Results: Size of the lesions as measured by DM or SM correlated well with the size determined through breast MR (r = 0.975, P < 0.01). There was a statistically significant difference between the measured sizes of lesions between breast MR and HPE (P = 0.76). Breast MR imaging, true size was overestimated in 28 breasts with range of 0–0.6 cm and underestimated in 25 breasts with range of 0–0.9 cm. Conclusion: Breast MR imaging depicts more accurate dimensions of the tumor and its extensions than digital and sonomammography.

Background: For many people, stress is so common that it has become a part of life. When it is within a limit, it can help to perform under pressure and motivate to do our best. But when it exceeds and constantly running in an emergency mode, mind and body both are affected. Stress accounts for 80% of all illnesses either directly or indirectly. Stress weakens the immune system and has various effects on the brain and body involving cardiovascular problems, mental illness, depression, etc., Aims: To assess the stress levels among faculty working in medical institutions and to study the need and techniques of stress management. Materials and Methods: The proposed study was conducted as a survey using a structured validated questionnaire among the faculty working in VMKVMCH, Salem and other medical institutions. The survey was analyzed and stress level was assessed and correlated. Results: Efforts must be made to hire adequate, well trained and efficient faculty, discuss grievances with the faculty and take appropriate actions to alleviate stress & anxiety. A significant measure from the administrator's point of view would be to recognize the importance of personal lives of the faculty which may, at times be prioritized over office work. Effective coping strategies need to be adopted by administrators including Stress Management Training, periodical retreats, engaging counselors / medical experts / psychologists to provide support and established stress free working environment. Conclusion: The study concludes that excessive workload due to under staffing and preposterous deadlines contribute majorly to work related stress. It is recommended that the management and administrators recruit and train more faculty and delegate some of the responsibilities to them; ensure equitable distribution of work; address grievances of faculty as soon as possible and provide de-stressing and rejuvenating measures like office parties and supportive counseling by professionals.

Background: In times of an epidemic such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the public’s knowledge and attitude toward the disease affects the ability to abide to different preventive measures. Aims and Objectives: (1) to assess the knowledge and awareness of the domestic helpers in a tribal population, (2) whether the domestic helpers practice appropriate preventative measures that are recommended by WHO. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was designed and carried out using questionnaire among rural domestic workers in Mizoram, above 14 years of age belonging to both Mizo and Non-Mizo ethnicity. Data were collected from 105 participants and analyzed through t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: Majority of the respondents had higher secondary level of education (78.1%) and 95.2% could identify COVID-19 as a communicable disease. Almost all the participants (97.1%) were afraid of infection and the majority (92.4%) had fear of dying with the disease. Three-fourth of the participants were working during the pandemic of which 44.8% had volunteered. Media (68.6%) was the most common source of information about the disease. The education level was significantly associated with knowledge and attitude scores whereas there were no significant differences with respect to the practice (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate an overall good KAP of the rural domestic workers. Since these workers move from house to house and also take care of the vulnerable, and that they themselves and the families, they work for may be at an increased risk of infection with COVID-19, these findings are important from a health campaign perspective.