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The purpose of the researchis to study the cumulative effect and subchronic toxicity of supramolecular complex of fenbendazole (SMCF).Materials and methods.The cumulative effect of SMCF was studied on 20 outbred white rats weighing 180 g that were divided into experimental and control groups of 10 animals each. SMCF was administered intragastrically to rats of the experimental groups for 24 days at the dose of 2000 mg/kg (1/10 of the previously established single LD50 (20000 mg/kg)) on the first day, then the dose was increased by 1.5 times every four day. The main criterion for evaluation of the results was the death of animals; we also observed the overall condition and behavior of rats. Subchronic toxicity was studied on 40 male white rats weighing 220–240 g. The animals were divided into 4 equal groups. The drug was administered daily to rats of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups intragastrically using the doses of 1/5 (4000 mg/kg), 1/10 (2000 mg/ kg) and 1/20 (1000 mg/kg) of LD50 (20000 mg/kg) respectively for 7 days. The control group received 1% starch paste in an appropriate volume throughout the experiment. During the experiment, we observed physical signs and behavior of animals, food and water consumption; weight gains of animals on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days of the experiment. After the drug administration, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The laboratory examinations for hematological parameters and biochemical parameters were performed after treatment. Samples of organs (liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen) were taken during necropsy to calculate mass coefficients and to make macroscopic examinations.Results and discussion. We found that the SMCF did not have any cumulative properties. The overall condition and behavior of rats was within the physiological range; animals consumed food and water and showed no signs of intoxication after oral administration of SMCF at doses of 1/5, 1/10 and 1/20 of LD50 for 7 days. The drug did not have influence on weight gains of animals. Hematological and biochemical parameters did not undergo significant changes and were comparable with the parameters of the control group. The mass coefficients of the internal organs did not differ statistically in experimental and control groups of rats.

Sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) at different levels (1, 3 and 5%) was used to prepare cross-linked (CL) barnyard millet starch. The starches were studied for their physicochemical, pasting, steady shear rheological and thermal properties. Further, films were formulated from these starches and assessed for their functional and mechanical behavior. Amylose content of native starch (15%) decreased upon cross-linking (7.86–9.65%). CL starches had lower swelling power (SP) and solubility than native starch. CL starches showed lower peak (7049–9649 mPa.s), breakdown viscosities (BV) (1073–3172 mPa.s) but higher pasting temperature (PT) (79.7–80.8 °C) than native starch. Pasting properties were more affected for CL (5%) starch. Steady shear properties revealed lower yield stress (σo) values of CL starch pastes (1.39–2.37 Pa) than native starch paste (15.40 Pa). Flow behavior index was

In this research, the caisson painting of Dayu Temple in Hancheng, Shaanxi, China, was analyzed via a multi-analytical methodology, using a pH meter, an ultra-depth-of-field optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), a high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a micro-confocal laser Raman spectrometer, a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS), and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). With the corroborative evidence derived from the above analyses, it could be determined that the caisson painting of Dayu Temple was painted on bamboo paper and attached to hemlock wood substrate of the Pinaceae Tsuga genus using starch paste, with common colorants such as carbon black, cinnabar mixed with a small amount of red lead, ultramarine, and ultramarine mixed with Paris green, with animal glue having been adopted as a sizing agent. These results provide important scientific data for the production craft of precious caisson paintings, contributing to the revelation of their historic, artistic, and scientific value, and should enable conservators to make informed decisions in restoration.

Fil: Trela, Valeria Daiana. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; Argentina. Fil: Trela, Valeria Daiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; Argentina. Fil: Trela, Valeria Daiana. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil: Ramallo, Ana Laura. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; Argentina. Fil: Ramallo, Ana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; Argentina. Fil: Ramallo, Ana Laura. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil: Albani, Oscar Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; Argentina. Fil: Albani, Oscar Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; Argentina. Fil: Albani, Oscar Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales; Argentina. Acetylated cassava starch with low and medium degrees of substitution (DS) were synthesized. Also, the effect of DS on swelling power, solubility, morphological properties, gelatinization temperature, paste clarity and moisture sorption were studied. Swelling power and solubility in water between 50oC and 90°C were determined. Acetylated cassava starches with low DS showed an increased in both parameters, while at higher DS values a reduction of them was observed. Maximum swelling power values were measured in acetylated starch with DS of 0.2 and maximum solubility was registered at DS of 0.72. Equilibrium moisture content values from sorption isotherms presented a good fit using the GAB model (R2>0.96). SEM micrographs showed that as acetyl groups are incorporated the granules suffer surface changes and eventually lose their structure at DS of 1.5. Clarity of acetylated starch pastes with low DS was lighter than native starch paste. In addition, the increase in DS produced a reduction in gelatinization temperature.

The objective of this research was to survey the effects of starch quaternization and sulfosuccinylation on the adhesion of cold starch paste to raw cotton fibers for cotton warp sizing at low temperature. Acid-thinned cornstarch (ATS) was quaternized and then sulfosuccinylated to introduce 3-(trimethylammonium chloride)-2-hydroxypropyl and sulfosuccinate substituents onto its backbones. The electroneutrality of starch samples prepared was achieved by maintaining a constant mole ratio (5.3:1) of the two substituents. A series of electroneutral cornstarch (ECS) samples with different levels of the substituents were derived by altering the feed ratio of the modifying reagents to starch for determining desirable level of starch modification. Adverse influences of cotton wax and starch retrogradation on the adhesion of cold starch paste to raw cotton fibers were evaluated to illustrate the effectiveness of starch quaternization and sulfosuccinylation. It was found that the modification was able to alleviate the adverse influence of starch retrogradation and ameliorate the adhesion to the fibers at low temperature. Higher level of the modification led to less retrogradation and resulted in strong adhesion. Furthermore, the adverse influence of cotton wax on the adhesion could be eliminated after a pre-wetting treatment of raw cotton warps with hot water. The adhesion of ECS paste to raw cotton at 60 °C was statically the same as that of ATS at 95 °C when total DS of ECS was 0.0443 or higher.

Millets have a high enough starch content so it can be used as an alternative source of carbohydrates. Native millet starch is known less stable against stirring and heating so it is necessary to improve starch properties by modification of starch. In this study, the character of modified millet starch heat moisture treatment (HMT) evaluated with variations treatment of temperature and heating time. Millet starch was conditioned to a moisture content of 25% and heating at 100, 130 and 150 0C for 3, 5 and 7 hours in oven. Chemical properties (water content and amylose content) and physical properties (solubility and swelling). The results showed that modification caused a decrease in the solubility and development of starch. Modification of millet starch with HMT changed the starch paste profile more stable.

We present a methodology to predict the storage modulus ( G ’ ) of starch paste due to granule swelling, given the physical properties of the starch granule and temperature history. This was tested on experimental measurements of granule size distribution and G ’ for 8% w/w suspensions of waxy maize, normal maize, waxy rice, normal rice, and cross linked normal maize – all heated to different temperatures (65–90 °C) with holding times between 2 and 60 min. Experimental data of storage modulus G ′ vs volume fraction φ fall onto a master curve when G ′ is normalized by a multiple of γ / R ‾ , where γ is the granule-solvent interfacial energy, and R ‾ is the average granule size. We show that one can combine this master curve with starch swelling theories to forecast the time-dependent rheology of starches. This work also demonstrates that granule-solvent interfacial energy is a key physical parameter in controlling starch rheology.

Selected physicochemical properties of native and modified water chestnut starch (Trapabispinosa) were studied. Single- and dual-modifications were carried out by pregelatinization, acetylation and acid-thinning methods. Chemical modification created unevenness on the surface of starch granule. Swelling power, solubility, and water retention capacity were improved by all modification techniques used. The peak viscosity was reduced in all modified starches as compared to native water chestnut starch. The setback value which is an indication of retrogradation (re-association of starch molecules) tendency in the starch paste was reduced after pregelatinization and acid-thinning but increased by acetylation.

The effect of concentration and temperature on viscoelastic properties of chestnut starch is discussed in the paper. The starch structure was estimated using the fractional standard linear solid model FSLSM. Rheological parameters of the FSLSM model were determined and their changes for different concentrations and temperatures of chestnut starch paste were discussed. High values of the viscoelastic modulus of plateau allow us to state that in all the analyzed cases, the medium with a structure typical of viscoelastic quasi-solid bodies is formed. The values of the rheological parameters of FSLSM model provide useful information concerning the structure of chestnut starch paste, such as the total elasticity of the networks, network oscillations, gel stiffness, and structure of cross-linking. The proposed method of discussion of the results of rheological measurements allow to present a comprehensive evaluation of the analyzed medium structure.

An attempt on starch modification has been made to increase the paste concentration of potato starch for reducing the energy consumption required for the encapsulation of herbicide within starch matrix by encapsulating 2, 4-D as model herbicide. The matrix behaviors were evaluated in terms of the herbicide content, capability of swelling in water, encapsulation efficiency, and the rate of herbicide released from the matrix. To increase paste concentration of starch for decreasing the energy consumption in dry process, potato starch was acidified before the encapsulation. However, the matrix prepared in such a way showed that it weakened the control to the herbicide encapsulated, which increased the rate of herbicide released from the matrix. By introducing covalent bonds among starch molecules, the problem with the control and release rate can be completely solved. Moreover, the effects of formaldehyde amount, medium pH, herbicide content, and particle size on the matrix behaviors and release rate were also investigated. The newly developed matrix shows low capability of swelling and slow release, and reduces water evaporation in dry process by about 40% during matrix preparation.

Native starch from waxy mutant wheat Tanikei A6599-4 is known to exhibit more stable hot paste viscosity than a typical waxy wheat (Tanikei H1881) and waxy corn. The objective of this study was to investigate the starch paste properties of Tanikei A6599-4 after cross-linking and compare with Tanikei H1881 and waxy corn. As an example of cross-linking, the reaction (at 30, 60, 120, and 360 min) with sodium trimetaphosphate was used. In Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) measurement, the unique characteristic was maintained in Tanikei A6599-4 starch cross-linked at low reaction time (

Swelling and pasting properties of 15 starches from different plant origins were studied to elucidate their relationship with structural features using simple and multiple regression analyses. Avoidance of additional effects of starch minor components showed that swelling power and pasting parameters were associated with the ratio of the relative molar distribution of amylopectin branch-chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 6–12 to that of chains with DP 6–24 (amylopectin unit-chain (APC) ratio). Swelling power of starch granules increased with APC ratio. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the peak viscosity (PkV) of starch paste increased with low APC ratio, low amylose content (AC) and large average granule size (AGS). At a high starch concentration, pasting temperature (PT) was reduced by a high APC ratio and large AGS. Peak time (PkT) decreased with increasing APC ratio and AC. Percentage of breakdown viscosity (BD%) and setback viscosity (SB) were primarily affected by APC ratio. At a low concentration, AC and AGS had more profound effects on BD%. SB was also reduced by higher AC. Models of pasting profile, which is influenced by individual factors, were also proposed.

The Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien is one of the largest fine arts collections worldwide, comprising the Kunsthistorisches Museum, the Austrian Theater Museum, the Museum of Ethnology, all placed in Vienna, and Schloß Ambras in Tirol. We present results from up to 10 years of insect pest monitoring in different collections and the implementation of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) concept. The Kunsthistorisches Museum was the first museum in Vienna to introduce such a concept. We also present specific insect pest problems such as a biscuit beetle (Stegobium paniceum) infestation of paintings lined with starch paste backings (linings) or the webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella) infestation at the Museum of Carriages, both repeatedly occurring problems in the museum. With the help of the insect pest monitoring programs, these and other problems were found and the infested objects treated, usually with anoxia (nitrogen).

Some aspects of mechanical finishing processes for cotton textiles, mainly calendering, have been examined, and the influences of heat, pressure, moisture content, and starch content on the resultant finish investigated. An increase in moisture content of the fabric during calendering produces the following effects on the finished samplesndashincrease in stiffness and lustre, decrease in thickness, loss in textile qualities, and increase in resistance to abrasion. On storage, both the stiffness and the lustre of the calendered fabric show a gradual fall, With softening agents, the stage at which they are added to the starch paste determines the viscosity of the paste and the stiffness of the fabric. Studies on soluble starches show that for pastes of the same viscosity the stiffness of the fabric depends on the amount of the starch taken up and on the concentration of the starch.

The rate of crop emptying was studied in normal and operated females of Leucophaea maderae . Regardless of the amount of rat food consumed during one feeding period, 50 to 60 per cent of it was emptied from the crop within 24 hr. The rate of crop emptying is thus determined by the initial amount of food taken in and remains constant for 2 days at which time no food remains in the crop. The rate of food release from the crop is considerably higher after a feeding on starch paste than after a meal on solid rat food pellets. Thus consistency of food (solid or soft) is an additional factor which determines the rate of crop emptying. The opening of the proventricular valve appears to be controlled by either the ingluvial or the proventricular ganglion, but superimposed on these may be a certain amount of control by the frontal ganglion. Removal of the brain, corpora cardiaca, or corpora allata singly or all together do not influence the rate of crop emptying. The hypothesis is advanced that the degree of stretch of the crop by the food and consistency of the food is recorded by the stomatogastric nervous system which in turn then controls crop emptying.

In this paper the viscosity increase of the starch paste during gelatinization is examined. Upon heating, raw starch granules gelatinize and the paste viscosity of the starch adhesive increases dramatically. Bonding develops further through the dehydration of the gelatinized starch by the board. Bond setting of carrier-type (mixture of dissolved and raw) starch on paperboard in the corrugated board operation is thought to result from a combination of thermal gelatinization and dehydration by the board. Veranderung der Rheologie von Starkeklebstoff wahrend der Verkleisterung. In dieser Arbeit wird die Erhohung der Viskositat der Starkepaste wahrend der Gelatinisierung untersucht. Durch Erhitzen gelatinieren die Rohstarkekorner, und die Pastenviskositat steigt drastisch an. Die Bindung entwickelt sich weiter durch die Dehydratation der gelatinierten Starke durch die Pappe. Man nimmt an, das die Hartung der Bindung vom Trager-Starketyp (Mischung aus gekoster und roher Starke) aus der Kombination von thermischer Gelatinisierung und Dehydratation durch die Pappe in der Wellpappe resultiert.

It has been shown by Van Wagoner and Churchill1 and Barbour and Fisk2 that relatively large doses of cincophen administered daily by stomach tube will cause gastro-duodenal ulcer and liver damage. The occurrence of ulcer after cincophen administration has recently been reported to occur in man.3 It has also been found that gastric mucin is prophylactic against the gastro-duodenal ulcer and disturbance of nutrition that results in some biliary fistula dogs4 and is of benefit in the nutritional disturbance that occurs in some Eck fistula (liver damage) dogs.5 Accordingly, we decided to ascertain if gastric mucin might prevent the occurrence of “peptic” ulcer in and prolong the life of dogs receiving large doses of cincophen.Twenty-eight healthy dogs were used. Fifteen served as controls in that they received only cincophen, and 13 received both cincophen and mucin. The cincophen was made up in a starch paste solution (20 gm. of cincophen, 40 gm. starch and 2000 cc. H2O), and administered by stomach tube to ...

An unusual occurrence of decreasing tablet disintegration time with increasing tablet hardness was explored. Tablets were made with varying ratios of starch disintegrant to starch paste and compressed with eight different forces. This unusual disintegration pattern is modified by changes in the starch ratios. The reason for this phenomenon is ascribed to grain swelling as the mechanism by which starch acts as a disintegrant.

In 1955, experiments were carried out to know how pollen germination may be affected by low temperature given at different stages of primordial panicle development, comparing with non-treated control. Pot cultured plants of variety "Norin-22" were exposed to low temperature of 17°C at 6 succeeding different stages of 6 days period during primordial panicle development. Fresh pollen taken from flowers of each treated plots were subjected to germination tests on starch paste medium. Results were summarized in Figure 1. According to the figure, we can find an appreciable reduction in pollen germination in the plot treated by low temperatures during the heading and the blooming stage (Plot F), compared with those in other plots, the differences being statistically significant at the one percent level. The plot treated during the reduction division stage (Plot D) showed also lower percentage of germination than other plots except Plot F, and these differences were proved to be significant at five percent level. While among other plots (Plot A, B, C, E and control) no difference was found in the germination percentage. The percentage of sterile glume was also measured with the same material plants in all plots. The percentage of sterile glume in Plot F was observed to be higher than those in other plots. Those in Plot D and E were next to that in Plot F, and most of the sterile glume in Plot D belonged to so called "Hakufu", whch means dead white coloured glume. Other plots except Plot D, E and F showed very few differences compared with the control.

In 1953 using a rice variety "Kyoto-asahi", the same authors made observations on the effect of different temperatures on the pollen germination on artificial media. And it was found that the maximum and minimum temperatures for germination were 42∼45°C and 12∼15°C respectively. In 1954, using many varieties, similar experiments were repeated for the purpose of finding out the temperature limits for pollen germination. The applied varieties amounted 23, including 14 Japanese (6 early, 4 medium and 4 late varieties) and 9 foreign varieties. Pollen were cultured on a starch paste medium kept at various temperatures. The results were given in table 1, which showed that the maximum temperature limits were 40∼45°C and the minimum limits were 7∼14°C (Japanese varieties: 10∼14°C). Slight varietal differences were found in respect to maximum and minimum temperature limits like thus: In Japanese varieties, the maximum temperature limits in medium varieties were significantly higher than those in early and late ones. The minimum temperature limits were the highest in the early varieties and next in the late ones and the lowest in the medium varieties. Comparing foreign varieties with Japanese ones, a statistically significant difference was found in the germination of pollen at minimum temperature, the temperature limits being lower in foreign ones than in Japanese ones.

THE introduction of a satisfactory chemical method for the early debridement of burns would simplify a perplexing problem. For many years attempts have been made to find some agent that would selectively digest or remove the necrotic slough that follows severe burning. Since Connor and Harvey1 in 1944 first reported the use of pyruvic-acid starch paste as a suitable agent, few clinical reports have been published on the use of this method of debridement. With a severe burn the open wound is largely responsible for serious electrolytic and protein aberrations resulting from the tremendous loss of serum. The persistence of . . .