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Background The effects of kidney transplantation on male sexual function are controversial. Aim To evaluate the impact of kidney transplantation on erectile and ejaculatory function and to assess a possible correlation between some selected characteristics of patients and their erectile and ejaculatory function after renal transplantation. Methods An observational retrospective analysis was conducted on male patients who had undergone kidney transplantation from January 2009 to April 2019. A prospectively maintained database was used to collect all data. Patients were evaluated before kidney transplant and 6 and 12 months after kidney transplant. Male patients undergoing renal transplantation for any cause who were sexually active with a stable partner were included in the study. Outcomes The main outcome measures included the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) and the 4-item version of Male Sexual Health Quality–Ejaculation Disorders (MSHQ-EjD Short Form) questionnaires. The first 3 questions of the MSHQ-EjD Short Form were used to assess the ejaculatory function, whereas the fourth question was used to evaluate the ejaculation bother. Results A total of 95 patients were eligible in the study. The evaluation of sexual function was available in 56 patients (58.9%). Mean IIEF-15 significantly decreased at 6 months (P Clinical Implications Improvement of knowledge regarding the effects of kidney transplantation on sexual function and about the patient characteristics related to sexual health after transplantation. Strength & Limitations This is the first article that analyzes in depth the ejaculatory function in patients who had undergone kidney transplantation assessing ejaculation with a validated questionnaire. The main limitation is the retrospective design of the study. Conclusion Kidney transplantation appears to have a negative impact on sexual health, significantly worsening both erectile and ejaculatory functions. Age, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, pretransplantation testosterone levels, time for transplantation, as well as erectile and ejaculatory function before transplant were significantly related to erectile and ejaculatory functions after renal transplantation.

Migraine is a neurologic disorder characterized by disabling attacks of throbbing headache with specific features and associated symptoms. Despite the recent discoveries in basic neurosciences, migraine pathophysiology is not completely understood. Nevertheless, in the last decades, advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have significantly provided new insights into migraine mechanisms. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI technique is the most commonly used method to explore brain function and connectivity due to high temporal and spatial resolution. The purpose of this review is to present a synthesis of recent BOLD-fMRI studies which have allowed us to elucidate the complex process involved in migraine pathophysiology.

Sneddon’s syndrome (SS) is a rare condition characterized by the combination of ischemic strokes and cutaneous livedo [1, 2], defined as the ‘‘persistent, not reversible with rewarming, violaceous, reticular or mottled pattern of the skin of trunk, arms or legs, consisting of regular unbroken circles (livedo reticularis) or irregular-broken circles (livedo racemosa)’’. Other well-defined neurological manifestations of SS include headache, seizures, and vascular dementia. Here, we report two cases with clinical and imaging features suggestive of SS. In both patients skin biopsy was performed and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE general examination revealed diffused livedo racemosa (Fig. 1a). An extensive cardiological evaluation including an electrocardiogram, an echocardiogram and carotid ultrasound evaluation ruled out cardiovascular causes of stroke. Coagulation parameters (including fibrinogen and D-dimer), inflammatory indexes, syphilis serology, and autoimmune antibody panels including, ANA, ENA, ANCA, lupus anti-coagulants (LAC) and antiphospholipid antibodies (IgM and IgG anti-cardiolipin and anti-b2-microglobulin) were negative. A heterozygous mutation of factor V Leiden was detected. Brain MRI showed cortical atrophy and multiple ischemic lesions involving both the superficial and deep territories of posterior and middle cerebral artery (Fig. 1b). Skin biopsy showed intra-capillary and parietal widespread thrombosis (Fig. 1c). Oral anticoagulants and antipsychotic were added to therapy. A 65-year-old man (Case 2) presented with a 3-year history of progressive lower limbs weakness and mixed dysphagia. He had been having recurrent ischemic strokes since he was 55. He had history of myocardial infarcts, hypertension, and smoking. His neurological examination revealed dysphagia, ataxic and spastic gait, limbs hyperreflexia, right extensor plantar response. General examination revealed diffused livedo racemosa at the trunk and lower limbs (Fig. 1a). A cardiological evaluation and electrocardiogram ruled out the presence of heart arrhythmia; echocardiography demonstrated mild hypokinesia of apical and distal septum of lateral ventricle, as consequence of previous myocardial infarcts. Coagulation parameters and thrombophilic screening were normal. Brain MRI showed diffused cortical atrophy and multiple ischemic lesions (Fig. 1b) in both medium-sized superficial and deep, posterior and middle cerebral artery territories. Skin biopsy revealed intra-capillary and parietal widespread thrombosis (Fig. 1c). As for the first patient, oral anticoagulants were added to therapy. G. Cirillo A. Tessitore (&) F. Salemi S. Liguori S. Esposito G. Tedeschi Department of Neurology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy e-mail: alessandro.tessitore@unina2.it

Background: Converging neuropsychological evidence suggests that in migraine executive functions (EF) may be affected during interictal periods. Objective: To evaluate the functional connectivity of the fronto-parietal networks (FPN) known to be associated with EF, in migraine without aura (MwoA) patients, in the interictal period, in comparison to healthy controls (HC). Methods: Using resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI), we compared functional connectivity within the FPN in 14 patients with MwoA versus 14 sex- and age-matched HC, and assessed the correlation between functional connectivity within FPN, clinical features of MwoA patients, and EF. We used voxel-based morphometry to assess whether between-group differences in functional connectivity were dependent on structural differences. Results: Neuropsychological data revealed no significant executive dysfunction in MwoA patients. RS-fMRI showed that MwoA patients, compared to HC, had significant functional connectivity reduction within the right FPN and specifically in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, we found that MFG reduced connectivity was negatively correlated with the pain intensity of migraine attacks. There were no structural differences between the two groups. Conclusions: Our data suggest that, even in the absence of clinically evident EF deficits, MwoA is associated with reduced FPN functional connectivity. This study provides further insights into the complex scenario of migraine mechanisms.

Migraine is a complex and often disabling brain disorder that affects about 15 % of the population. The diagnosis of migraine is based on clinical features as proposed by the International Headache Society criteria but they are somewhat subjective and arbitrary. Functional neuroimaging of patients with migraine has been recently employed to study the underlying pathophysiology of headache. These studies have suggested that migraine involves functional and structural plasticity of both central and peripheral nervous system. Insights into the fundamental physiology of migraine have been limited by the lack of methods available to detect the pathophysiological background of critical moment of migraine attack onset that is greatly different from the onset of pain or pain phase of a migraine attack. In order to overcome methodological caveats in detecting “migraine origin” or a “migraine generator”, functional brain imaging has been lately dominated by experimental acute-pain research. Along this research line functional imaging using experimental pain stimulation have greatly improved our knowledge about physiological or dysfunctional neuronal activity pattern in patients with migraine, but at the same time, it is important to emphasize that experimental pain is different from spontaneous migraine pain.