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Summary Aim Secondary uretero-arterial fistulas (SUAF) are uncommon, underrated and threatening for any patient. Gross hematuria is a clinical symptom of this pathology for patients with history of pelvic radiotherapy, complex pelvic surgery or long-term ureteral stenting. The purpose of this work is to assess risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of SUAF. Methods Monocentric and retrospective series of 6 new cases illustrated by a literature review through MedLine and Pubmed using the keywords “arterio-ureteral fistula”, “arterio iliac fistula” and “ilio-ureteral fistula”. We excluded uretero-arterial fistula following vascular surgery. Results Our series included 4 men and 2 women. All patients had a history of complex pelvic surgery and long-term ureteral stenting. Three patients had history of pelvic radiotherapy. They all had inaugural macroscopic haematuria episode. Two fistula cases were diagnosed on 5 repeated CT-scans. In 2 out of 5 cases, arteriography highlighted the fistula. Fistulas were generally located at the left common iliac artery. An endovascular stent was placed in 5 out of 6 cases. One patient needed open surgery. After treatment, 3 patients remained alive, 3 patients died either by a fistula relapse or by complications late in the treatment. Conclusion SUAF are uncommon, but serious. Today, there is no specific recommendation regarding complex treatment of these fistulas. Endovascular stents seem to be a good therapeutic option. Level of proof 3.

OBJECTIVE To propose recommendations for the management of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) of the renal transplant. METHOD Following a systematic approach, a review of the literature (Medline) was conducted by the CTAFU to evaluate prevalence, diagnosis and management of RCC arousing in the renal transplant. References were assessed according to a predefined process to propose recommendations with levels of evidence. RESULTS Renal cell carcinomas of the renal transplant affect approximately 0.2% of recipients. Mostly asymptomatic, these tumors are mainly diagnosed on a routine imaging of the renal transplant. Predominant pathology is clear cell carcinomas but papillary carcinomas are more frequent than in general population (up to 40-50%). RCC of the renal transplant is often localized, of low stage and low grade. According to tumor characteristics and renal function, preferred treatment is radical (transplantectomy) or nephron sparing through partial nephrectomy (open or minimally invasive approach) or thermoablation after percutaneous biopsy. Although no robust data support a switch of immunosuppressive regimen, some authors suggest to favor the use of mTOR inhibitors. CTAFU does not recommend a mandatory waiting time after transplantectomy for RCC in candidates for a subsequent renal tranplantation when tumor stage

To assess the influence of renal transplantation on sexual function. Prospective study including all patients who underwent a kidney transplantation between January 2013 and February 2015. Sexual f...

Characteristics of renal carcinoma arising in non-functional graft in renal transplant recipients (RTR) are unknown. We studied a large national retrospective cohort to analyze circumstances of diagnosis, treatment and outcome compared to the literature. Study included all RTR presenting with kidney graft tumors irrespective of the histology, except those with lymphoma and including those tumors arising in non-functional renal graft. Between January 1988 and December 2018, 56,806 patients had renal transplantation in the 32 centers participating in this study. Among this cohort, 18 renal graft tumors were diagnosed in non-functional grafts. The median patient age at the time of diagnosis was 42.1 years (31.7–51.3). Median age of kidney grafts at the time of diagnosis was 56.4 (23.2–63.4). Eight (44.4%) tumors were discovered fortuitously on renal graft histologic analysis. Fourteen tumors (77.8%) were papillary carcinomas. Two patients had clear cell carcinomas and one patient had a pTa high-grade multifocal urothelial carcinoma in the graft of the upper tract with an in situ carcinoma. Renal carcinomas in non-functional grafts are rare entities and most of them are diagnosed fortuitously. Despite the fact that these tumors are small, low grade and with a good prognosis, regular monitoring of non-functional grafts should be performed with at least an annual ultrasonography.

Objective To calculate the incidence of renal graft urothelial carcinoma in renal transplant recipients (RTR) in a national large retrospective cohort, and to analyze circumstances of diagnosis, treatment and outcome. Material and Methods We conducted a national retrospective, multicenter study. 32 transplant centers were asked to report its cases of kidney graft tumors and the number of kidney transplantations performed since the beginning of their transplantation activity. Results Between January 1988 and December 2018, 56806 patients were transplanted in the 32 centers participating in this study. Among this cohort, 107 renal graft tumors (excluding lymphoma) were diagnosed among them 11 RTR were diagnosed with an urothelial carcinoma in the kidney graft. The calculated incidence was 0.019%. The median patient age at the time of diagnosis was 56.7 years (49.8-60.9) and 51.4 years (47-55.7) at the time of transplantation. The median time between transplantation and diagnosis was 66.6 months (14.3-97). Before treatment, 3 patients had graft tumor biopsies revealing urothelial carcinomas, 3 patients had endoscopic retrograde uretero-pyelography showing lacunary images. Two patients had a diagnostic flexible ureteroscopy with biopsies. Total nephrectomy was performed in all cases Conclusion Even though occurring in the context of immune suppression, most of these tumors seemed to have a relatively good prognosis. With regards to functional outcomes histological diagnosis should always be sought for before radical treatment of these tumors. Treatment should be a transplant nephrectomy including all the ureter with a bladder cuff to ensure optimal carcinologic control.

To evaluate the residual cancer rate after cystoprostatectomy (CPT) in patients with a history of radiation therapy for prostate cancer and the postoperative complication rates. We conducted a retrospective study involving 21 patients who had a CPT over 7 years and who had a history of radiotherapy for prostate cancer. To compare results, two additional groups were created: a group of patients without a history of radiotherapy in whom a CPT was performed, and a group without a history of radiotherapy and in whom was accidentally discovered a prostate cancer after CPT on histology specimens. The median age at the time of radiotherapy was 69 years. The median age at the time of cystoprostatectomy was 78 years. The median PSA at the time of the intervention was 0.6 ng/ml in the group with a history of radiotherapy. The residual cancer rate was 24%. No patients had criteria for biological recurrence. There were no additional surgical complications in the radiotherapy group (p = 0.2). The rate of cutaneous ureterostomy was higher (p = 0.0006) due to increased surgical difficulties (p = 0.0009). The residual cancer rate was 24% after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. PSA alone does not appear to be sufficient to detect the persistence of residual prostate cancer after radiotherapy. There were no more surgical complications after prostate radiotherapy.

Objectives To compare results of prostate laser photovaporization (PVP) by age groups to evaluate morbidity and functional results. Then, to specifically analyze surgical data for patients with an indwelling bladder catheter. Design Monocentric retrospective study of a prospective maintained database of all laser PVPs performed at our university hospital between December 2012 and June 2017. Settings and participants A total of 305 patients (three groups: younger than 70, 70-80, and older than 80 years) were operated on in our hospital center for the treatment of urinary tract disorders related to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results A difference was found between the three age groups, with a higher rate of complications for patients older than 80 years (45%) (P = .013). Rate of patients with postoperative bladder catheters at 1 year was higher for patients older than 80 years (15%) (P = .004). Postoperative quality-of-life (QoL) score was worse for patients older than 80 years (P = .04). For patients with an indwelling bladder catheter undergoing surgery, morbidity was greater in patients older than 80 years, but the difference was not significant. International Prostate Symptom Score and QoL score were not significantly different between the three groups. Rate of patients with a remaining bladder catheter at 1 year was higher for patients older than 80 years (17.1% vs 7.1% for patients between 70 and 80, and 4.8% for patients under 70.) but with no statistical difference. Conclusion PVP had a greater morbidity in octogenarians compared to younger subjects. Functional results were less satisfactory for patients older than 80 years compared to younger ones. For subjects operated on with an indwelling bladder catheter, no significant difference in outcome and morbidity was found between the three groups. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1888-1894, 2019.

Introduction: The benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy (AR) or salvage radiotherapy (SR) after prostatectomy is still unclear. We wanted to compare both types of radiotherapy after prostatectomy in terms of oncological and functional results. Methods: We included 173 patients treated at a single center between January 2005 and December 2008. All patients were treated with the same radiotherapy protocol (3D conformal radiotherapy accelerator 6 mV, 66 GY). AR was defined as radiotherapy initiated in a patient with a PSA level 10%. Both groups were compared in terms of biological progression-free, metastasis-free, and overall survival (OS) using log-rank tests. Moreover, acute and late urinary and gastrointestinal toxicity were also compared. Results: One hundred and fifty-seven patients underwent an open retropubic prostatectomy whereas 16 underwent a laparoscopy (6 subperitoneal and 10 transperitoneal). Eighty-six patients had AR with a median time of 6.7 months after surgery and 87 had SR with a median time of 21.4 months after surgery. Median follow-up was 6.7 years. Metastasis-free survival (MFS) was better in the AR than in the SR group (p = 0.01, 6-year MFS 95 and 89%, respectively). OS was also better in the AR than in the SR group (p = 0.02, 6-year OS 100 vs. 95%, respectively). AR was associated with better survival with no biochemical recurrence (85 vs. 63%, p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference between groups for acute or late urinary or gastrointestinal toxicity. Conclusion: Our study suggests that patients treated by AR have better results in terms of OS, disease-specific survival, survival without metastatic recurrence, and survival without biochemical recurrence compared with SR. Toxicity was comparable between both groups.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common neoplasia in men. With aging of solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR), its incidence is likely to increase. The aim of this study was to analyze PC screening results retrospectively in renal transplant recipients (RTR), hepatic transplant recipients (HTR) and cardiac transplant recipients (CTR). A retrospective monocentric study of PC diagnosed in renal, hepatic or cardiac transplanted patients since 1989 was performed. All the patients were followed annually by digital rectal examination and prostate serum antigen (PSA) dosage. 57 PC were diagnosed in 1565 SOTR male patients (3.6%): 35 RTR, 15 HTR, and 7 CTR. Standard incidence ratio (SIR) was 41.9. Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 64.5 (60.5–69.2). Mean time between transplantation and PC diagnosis was 95.7 (39.0–139.5) months. Median PSA rate was 7.0 (6.2–13) ng/mL. Clinical stages were T1, T2, and T3, respectively, for 29, 22 and 6 patients. Diagnosis was done by screening in 52 patients, after prostatitis in 1 and bone pain in another. Three PC were discovered on prostate chips after transurethral resection. Two patients were treated by active surveillance. 39 (68%) patients (25 RTR, 11 HTR and 3 CTR) were treated by radical prostatectomy. Histological results were 30 pT2 and 9 pT3 tumors, with 7 positive surgical margins. Gleason score was 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in, respectively, in 2, 24, 11, 1 and 1 patients. One patient with positive pelvic nodes was treated with hormonal therapy (HT). One had a biochemical relapse at 10 months and underwent salvage radiotherapy. Median follow-up was 85.2 months (46.1–115.0). 23 (40.4%) patients died. Two (3.6%) RTR and 1 (1.8%) CTR died from their PC. Standard incidence ratio were, respectively, 42.4, 48.2 and 39 in RTR, HTR and CTR. Systematic screening in male SOTR after 50 years old could not be recommended. In the last 3 decades, we diagnosed too many low-risk prostate cancers strongly increasing the SIR but failing to decrease prostate cancer related mortality. SOTR should undergo individual screening with prior MRI when PSA rates are high. Management should not be different from that of the general population.

Kidney transplantation in small animals has been crucial in the development of anti-rejection therapies. While there is no substitute for a skilled microsurgeon, there are many aspects of the transplant procedure that can be modified to optimize the reproducibility and utility of the technique. This article provides a detailed description, including video recording, of orthotopic kidney transplantation in the rat. The key variables in the technique are also discussed.

The occurrence of a kidney transplant tumor is a rare but serious issue with a double risk: the return to dialysis and the development of metastatic cancer. Publications on this topic are mainly case reports. The purpose of this review was to report an exhaustive literature review of functional graft renal cell carcinomas to highlight the impact of tumors on the renal graft outcomes. 201 de novo renal carcinomas in functional renal grafts from 69 publications were included. Incidence was estimated at 0.18%. Graft tumors were mostly asymptomatic (85.9%). Whatever the discovery circumstances of graft tumors, they were mostly documented by graft ultrasounds supplemented by CT-scanning or MR imaging. Nephron sparing surgery (95 patients) was the first treatment performed followed by radiofrequency ablation (38 patients) and cryotherapy (10 patients). The most common tumor graft histology was clear cell carcinoma (46.4%), followed by papillary carcinoma (43.7%). Specific mortality was 2.9% with 6 deaths. Renal graft cell carcinoma is a rare pathology with a low specific death. When possible, conservative treatment should be the first choice.

While either pancreas or pancreatic islet transplantation can restore endogenous insulin secretion in patients with diabetes, no beta-cell replacement strategies are recommended in the literature. For this reason, the aim of this national expert panel statement is to provide information on the different kinds of beta-cell replacement, their benefit-risk ratios and indications for each type of transplantation, according to type of diabetes, its control and association with end-stage renal disease. Allotransplantation requires immunosuppression, a risk that should be weighed against the risks of poor glycaemic control, diabetic lability and severe hypoglycaemia, especially in cases of unawareness. Pancreas transplantation is associated with improvement in diabetic micro- and macro-angiopathy, but has the associated morbidity of major surgery. Islet transplantation is a minimally invasive radiological or mini-surgical procedure involving infusion of purified islets via the hepatic portal vein, but needs to be repeated two or three times to achieve insulin independence and long-term functionality. Simultaneous pancreas-kidney and pancreas after kidney transplantations should be proposed for kidney recipients with type 1 diabetes with no surgical, especially cardiovascular, contraindications. In cases of high surgical risk, islet after or simultaneously with kidney transplantation may be proposed. Pancreas, or more often islet, transplantation alone is appropriate for non-uraemic patients with labile diabetes. Various factors influencing the therapeutic strategy are also detailed in this report.

To determinate feasibility and results of the flush technique by hands for the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with levels III and IV inferior vena cava thrombus (VCT). We conducted a retrospective study for all patients who underwent a surgical treatment for RCC with levels III and IV VCT in our department between June 2010 and July 2017. Sixteen patients were identified. All tumors were resected using a subcostal incision for right RCC and a chevron incision for the left RCC. Vena cava control was performed only on its subhepatic portion. After renal artery ligature, anesthesiologists were asked to generate a positive pressure in the small circulation. Subsequently, the vena cava was incised longitudinally to the orifice of the renal vein and the thrombus dissected and extracted of the upper part of the vena cava. Only once the supra-renal part of the vena cava was free of thrombus, the supra-renal portion of the vena cava could be clamped. We never had to perform neither thoracotomy nor hepatic mobilization. Therefore, support of a hepatic, vascular or cardiac surgeon was not necessary. The mean operative time was 201 min. The mean estimated blood loss was 2040 ml. No patient died during hospitalization, and mean hospitalization stay duration was 16.6 days. The flush technique allows a limitation of the dissection extent. It requires neither hepatic mobilization nor thoracotomy. This results in a decrease in the operative time and blood loss.

Although we have seen revolutionary changes with multi-disciplinary management of patients with rectal cancer, the evaluation of genito-urinary sequelae remains of great concern. Precise pre-operative evaluation with validated scores allows detection of urinary disorders in 16 to 23% of patients, and sexual disorders in nearly 35% of men and 50% of women. Regardless of the surgical approach, it is fundamental to respect the autonomic innervation during total mesorectal excision in order to prevent these sequelae. Identification of these nerves can be facilitated by intra-operative neuro-stimulation. In spite of these precautions, de novo urinary sequelae are observed in nearly 33% of patients and bladder evacuation disorders in 25% of patients. Advanced age, pre-operative urinary disorders, female gender, and abdomino-perineal resection are independent risk factors for urinary sequelae. Early post-operative urodynamic abnormalities might be predictive of these sequelae and justify early physiotherapy. Likewise, sexual sequelae such as erectile and/or ejaculatory disorders, dyspareunia and lubrication deficits result in de novo cessation of sexual activity in 28% of men and 18% of women. Advanced age, neo-adjuvant radiation therapy, and abdomino-perineal resection are independent risk factors for sexual dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy with sildenafil has proven useful in the treatment of erectile disorders. Genito-urinary and ano-rectal sequelae occur concomitantly in more than one of ten patients, suggesting a potential common pathophysiology.

Aims: To evaluate a simple and fast technique to ensure negative surgical margins on partial nephrectomies, while correlating margin statuses with the final pathology report. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted for patients undergoing partial nephrectomy (PN) with T1–T2 renal tumors from January 2010 to the end of December 2015. Before tumor removal, intraoperative ultrasound (US) localization was performed. After tumor removal and before performing hemostasis of the kidney, the specimens were placed in a saline solution and a US was performed to evaluate if the tumor's capsule were intact, and then compared to the final pathology results. Results: In 177 PN(s) (147 open procedures and 30 laparoscopic procedures) were performed on 147 patients. Arterial clamping was done for 32 patients and the mean warm ischemia time was 19 ± 6 min. The mean US examination time was 41 ± 7 s. The US analysis of surgical margins was negative in 172 cases, positive in four, and in only one case it was not possible to conclude. The final pathology results revealed one false positive surgical margin and one false negative surgical margin, while all other margins were in concert with US results. The mean tumor size was 3.53 ± 1.43 cm, and the mean surgical margin was 2.8 ± 1.5 mm. Conclusions: The intraoperative US control of resection margins in PN is a simple, efficient, and effective method for ensuring negative surgical margins with a small increase in warm ischemia time and can be conducted by the operating urologist.

Summary Introduction The surgical issues of renal transplantation (RT) after localized prostate cancer (PC) treatment and oncological outcomes after transplantation in patients on the waiting list with a history of PC were unknown. We conducted a retrospective multicentre study including all patients with PC diagnosed before the kidney transplantation. Methods Fifty-two patients were included from December 1993 to December 2015. The median age at diagnosis of PC was 59.8 years old. Results The median PSA rate at diagnosis was 7 ng/mL. Twenty-seven, Twenty-four, and one PC were respectively low, intermediate and high risk according to d’Amico classification. Forty-three patients were treated by radical prostatectomy (RP): 28 retropubic, 15 laparoscopic and 3 by a perineal approach. Eighteen patients had a lymph node dissection. Four patients were treated with external radiotherapy and 2 by brachytherapy. Eight patients underwent radiotherapy after surgery. The median time between PC treatment and RT was 35.7 months. The median operating time for the renal transplantation was 180 min (IQR 150–190; min 90–max 310) with a median intraoperative bleeding of 200 mL (IQR 100–290; min 50–max 2000). A history of lymphadenectomy did not significantly lengthen operative time ( P = 0.34). No recurrence of PC was observed after a median follow of 36 months. Conclusion PC discovered before RT should be treated with RP to assess the risk of recurrence and decrease waiting for a RT. If the PC is at low risk of recurrence, it seems possible to shorten the waiting time before the RT after a multidisciplinary discussion meeting. Level of evidence 4.

Summary Introduction Cold storage of organs for preservation and transplantation is reaching its limits especially with extended criteria for heart beating donors and donation after cardiac death. We will discuss recent findings and perspectives in normothermic kidney preservation. Methods A literature review was performed from original articles and syntheses selected by the search engine PubMed . Keywords used were: cold ischemia; warm ischemia, normothermic, organ preservation, preconditioning, organ perfusion. Results We identified several ways to improve kidney preservation: Ischemic normothermic preconditioning; Pharmacologic normothermic preconditioning; Ex vivo normothermic reperfusion; Remote ischemic transplantation preconditioning; Ischemic postconditioning. In clinical practice, only uses of ECMO for organ preconditioning or ex vivo normothermic organ perfusion were used. Conclusion Promising experimental and clinical results make challenge cold preservation. The most suitable and physiological method seems to be a normothermic perfusion and conservation with autologous oxygenated blood using Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation or Regional Normothermic Circulation.

BACKGROUND We describe a surgical technique to manage anastomotic transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS). TRAS is one of the most common vascular complications and is usually treated by percutaneous angioplasty (PA) with good results. To our knowledge, management of early (less than a month) anastomotic TRAS with a prosthetic enlargement patch has never been described in the literature. CASE REPORTS Two men (ages 67 and 57 years) underwent deceased and living donor renal transplantation, respectively. At 1 week post-transplantation, they each presented with a tight arterial anastomotic stenosis. Because percutaneous angioplasty soon after renal transplantation has a risk of acute bleeding, it was decided that a surgical intervention should be used. Follow-up at 4 months showed that surgical addition of the prosthetic enlargement patch normalized arterial pressure and improved kidney function as documented by decreased serum creatinine levels. No surgical complications were associated with these cases. CONCLUSIONS This technique provided significant benefits in terms of technical simplicity and safety. When a new anastomosis seems to be difficult to perform, this approach represents a good alternative if percutaneous angioplasty is not available or is medically unadvisable.

To determine the impact of non-functional renal graft nephrectomy on second kidney transplantation survival.We performed a retrospective study on patients managed in our department from April 1989 to April 2011. We compared the number of acute graft rejections and graft survival between patients undergoing second transplantation with (Group I) or without (Group II) prior graft nephrectomy.A total of ninety-one patients received a second renal graft: 43 underwent graft nephrectomy and 48 kept their non-functional renal graft. There were 5 episodes of acute graft rejection in Group I and 12 in Group II (p = 0.3). Six (13.9 %) grafts failed in Group I and eight (16.6 %) in Group II. Five and 10 years actuarial graft survival in Group I were, respectively, 91 and 85 %, while in Group II were 82.7 % and 69 % (p = 0.2). PRA level and number of acute rejection episodes did not have a statistically significant influence on graft survival, whether the patient had a nephrectomy or not (p = 0.2).Nephrectomy of a failed allograft did not significantly improve the survival of a subsequent graft. Graft nephrectomy should be indicated in case of graft-related pain or a chronic inflammation syndrome.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare 2 preservation solutions in kidney transplant recipients in the same center during the same period since initiation of the use of High Na+; low K+ solution (Celsior). MATERIAL AND METHODS From January 1999 to April 2011, 610 consecutive renal transplantations were done in our department with deceased donor kidneys. Data were collected prospectively. Organ procurement was performed in our center for 305 kidneys. We washed and preserved 409 kidneys in UW, and 201 in Celsior solution. RESULTS Donors criteria were worse in the Celsior group for age, male sex, creatinemia, and cold ischemia. Populations of recipients were comparable. There were no differences at 1 and 12 months in creatinine levels (p=0.9 and 0.8, respectively) and in number of delayed graft functions (DGF) (p=0.8 and relative risk =0.9) between groups. There were no differences in post-transplantation outcomes for all variables. At 5 years, graft survival was 90.4% for UW and 93.5% for Celsior (p=0.44). CONCLUSIONS Our retrospective study did not succeed in demonstrating superiority of a High Na+; low K+ solution compared to a UW type reference solution. Celsior has the same effectiveness as UW during kidney cold storage.

Background: To investigate the incidence, the clinical characteristics and outcomes of renal graft carcinomas in the same renal transplant population. Methods: From April 1989 to April 2012, 1,037 consecutive renal transplantations were performed in our department. Data were collected prospectively in an extensively maintained database. For all recipients, monitoring consisted of clinical examination and an abdominopelvic CT scan or ultrasonography at least once a year. Results: After 1,037 renal transplantations, 48 men and 14 women (sex ratio 3:4) with a mean age of 54 years (25.1–78.9) were included for urological malignancies. Eight graft carcinomas were identified: 7 renal cell carcinomas (5 papillary carcinomas and 2 clear cell carcinomas of the renal graft) and 1 transitional cell carcinoma of the ureteral graft (incidence 0.78%). Nephron-sparing surgery was chosen for 5 patients with good outcomes. All graft renal cell carcinomas were classified as pT1a and the mean size of tumors was 28.4 mm (range 6–45). The 5-year specific survival rate was 100%. No recurrence was observed with a mean follow-up of 36.8 months (4.1–84.3). Conclusion: Thus confirming an increased risk of de novo graft cancer, close monitoring of renal transplant recipients should be discussed with at least an abdominopelvic ultrasonography and PSA measurement once a year. Renal cell graft carcinomas seemed to be mostly small and of papillary type and low grade.

Summary Background: Our objective was to clarify the clinical outcome of renal transplantation based on residual daily urine output (RDUO). Material/Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective database of 276 patients who underwent renal transplantation (Tx) between January 2008 and December 2012. Patients had pre-transplantation daily urine output measurement of 24-h proteinuria and were clinically re-evaluated the day before transplantation. We included patients with no daily urine output and those with residual daily urine output. Real bladder capacity was not measured. We excluded patients with a history of lower urinary tract malformation, those treated by trans-ileal conduit or enterocystoplasty, and those with early graft thrombosis or graft primary non-function. Results: Sex ratio, age at Tx, pre-Tx MHC antibodies levels, donor age, and cold ischemia duration were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Dialysis duration was longer in group I (p

Background The objective of this study is to explore the impact of PSA nadirs on detection rates of prostate cancer (PCa) recurrence with 18F-choline (CH) PET/CT after external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Methods In this retrospective study, data were collected from 54 patients with suspicion of PCa biochemical recurrence after EBRT (28 patients treated initially with EBRT and 26 as salvage therapy in the absence of PSA decrease after initial treatment), who underwent 18F-CH PET/CT between 2010 and 2015. PSA nadir and trigger PSA were collected from patient files. Relative PSA was calculated by subtracting the nadir from the trigger PSA. Results Median PSA nadir was 0.31 (0.01–13.31) ng/mL, trigger PSA was 7.85 (0.47–111.60) ng/mL, and relative PSA was 6.05 (0.24–104.59) ng/mL. Overall, 40 (74%) PET/CT scans were positive: recurrence was local and/or regional in 29 patients, distant in 15 and combined both in four, with no association between PSA values and sites of recurrence. In univariate analysis, trigger (p = 0.015) and relative (p = 0.0005) PSA values and PSA velocity (p = 0.01) were significantly linked to positive PET/CT, but PSA nadir was not. In subgroup analysis, these significant differences were only found in the salvage EBRT group. Akaike Information Criterion multivariate model comparison found that relative PSA was a better predictor of positive PET/CT than trigger PSA (PSAt). 18F-CH PET/CT detection rates increased with trigger and relative PSA: 0% (0/4 patients), 71% (5/7 patients), and 81% (35/43 patients) for PSAt 4 ng/mL, respectively, and 14% (1/7 patients), 50% (5/10 patients), and 92% (34/37 patients) when relative PSA was taken into account instead of trigger PSA, with seven (13%) patients changing subgroups. Conclusions We found a high overall detection rate and an increase in detection rates proportional to trigger and relative PSAs. Although relative PSA, taking into account PSA nadir, was a better predictive factor of PET/CT positivity in univariate analysis, this was most noticeable for high PSAs. For low PSAs, trigger PSA remains most relevant. Larger series with intermediate PSA values need to be studied to fully apprehend nadir impact.

Background Outpatient surgery is critical to improve health care costs. The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate the results of outpatient treatment of upper tract urinary stones by rigid or flexible ureteroscopy in a routine care setting. Methods A database was created at the creation of the outpatient surgery department. 87 patients underwent 100 ureteroscopic procedures for urinary lithiasis from June 2013 to March 2015. Results Most of our patients were male with 53 men (sex ratio M/F 1.13), with a mean age of 52.9 ± 15 years old (23.4–82.4). 44 % of ureteroscopies performed were flexible ureteroscopies, 31 % rigid ureteroscopies and 25 % associated rigid and flexible ureteroscopies. The average stone load was 10.1 ± 5.7 mm (2–30) The mean operating time was 58.3 ± 21.1 min (20–150). 82.9 % of patients had a single urinary stone and 17.1 % (n = 14) had 2 or more. 114 stones were treated, 57,1 % intrarenal. There were 6 (6 %) postoperative complications: three Clavien stage 2 infections; three Clavien stage 3b complications (two renal colics requiring ureteral stenting 48 h after discharge and 1 symptomatic perirenal urinoma 48 h after discharge). There was one intraoperative complication (1 %): a ureteral wound with contrast leakage. The rate of transfer to conventional hospitalization was 2.2 %. Stone size influenced the stone-free status (p

UNLABELLED What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have an increased risk of developing RCC in their native kidneys. The prevalence of RCC is 3-4% in cases of ESRD in dialyzed and/or transplanted patients, which corresponds to a rate 100-times higher than that in the general population. This is the first study, to our knowledge, comparing the characteristics of kidney cancer in the ESRD population according to their dialysis or transplantation status at the time of diagnosis. The differences in stage and survival we observed may be due to differences in surveillance strategies between transplanted and not transplanted patients, nevertheless, the differences in pathological subtypes suggest they could also be due to differences in the tumorigenesis process. OBJECTIVE • To compare clinical, pathological and outcome features of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) arising in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) with or without renal transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS • In all, 24 French University Departments of Urology and Kidney Transplantation participated in this retrospective study comparing RCCs arising in patients with CRF according to their dialysis or transplantation status at the time of diagnosis. • Information about age, sex, symptoms, duration of CRF, mode and duration of dialysis, renal transplantation, tumour staging and grading, histological subtype and outcome were recorded in a unique database. • Qualitative and quantitative variables were compared by using chi-square and Student statistical analysis. Survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods. RESULTS • Data on 303 RCC cases diagnosed between 1985 and 2009 were identified in 206 men (76.3%) and 64 women (23.7%). • Transplanted and not transplanted patients accounted for 213 (70.3%) and 90 cases (29.7%), respectively. • In transplant recipients, RCC was diagnosed at a younger age [mean (sd) 53 (11) vs 61 (14) years, P < 0.001), the mean tumour size was smaller [3.4 (2.3) vs 4.2 (3.1) cm, P= 0.02), pT1a stage (75 vs 60%, P= 0.009) and papillary histological subtype (44 vs 22%, P < 0.001) were more frequent than in their dialysis-only counterparts. • Nodal (1 vs 6%, P= 0.03) and distant metastases rates (0 vs 5%, P < 0.001) were significantly increased in patients who had not had a transplant. However, Furhman grading, symptoms, tumour multifocality or bilaterality, presence of acquired cystic kidney disease, were not significantly different between the groups. • Estimated 5-year survival rates were 97% and 77% for transplanted and not transplanted patients, respectively (P < 0.001). In univariate analysis, presence of symptoms (P= 0.008), poor performance status (P= 0.04), large tumour size, advanced TNM stage (P < 0.001), high Fuhrman grade (P= 0.005) and absence of transplantation (P < 0.001) were all adverse prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, only T stage remained an independent predictor for cancer-related death (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION • RCC arising in native kidneys of transplant patients seems to exhibit many favourable clinical, pathological and outcome features compared with those diagnosed in dialysis-only patients. Further research is needed to determine whether it is due to particular molecular pathways or to biases in relation to mode of diagnosis.

Galactosyl-transferase knockout (GT-KO) pigs represent the latest major progress to reduce immune reactions in xenotransplantation. However, their organs are still subject to rapid humoral rejection involving complement activation requiring the ongoing development of further genetic modifications in the pig. In a pig-to-baboon renal transplantation setting, we have used donor pigs that are not only GT-KO, but also transgenic for human CD55 (hCD55), hCD59, hCD39, and fucosyl-transferase (hHT). We studied kidney xenograft survival, physiological and immunologic parameters, xenogeneic rejection characteristics, as well as viral transmission aspects among two groups of baboons: control animals (n = 2), versus those (n = 4) treated with a cocktail of cyclophosphamide, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, steroids, and a recombinant human C1 inhibitor. Whereas control animals showed clear acute humoral rejection at around day 4, the treated animals showed moderately improved graft survival with rejection at around 2 weeks posttransplantation. Biopsies showed signs of acute vascular rejection (interstitial hemorrhage, glomerular thrombi, and acute tubular necrosis) as well as immunoglobulin (Ig)M and complement deposition in the glomerular and peritubular capillaries. The low level of preformed non-Gal-α1.3Gal IgM detected prior to transplantation increased at 6 days posttransplantation, whereas induced IgG appeared after day 6. No porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) transmission was detected in any transplanted baboon. Thus, surprisingly, organs from the GT-KO, hCD55, hCD59, hCD39, and hHT transgenic donors did not appear to convey significant protection against baboon anti-pig antibodies and complement activation, which obviously continue to be significant factors under a suboptimal immunosuppression regimen. The association, timing, and doses of immunosuppressive drugs remain critical. They will have to be optimized to achieve longer graft survivals.

Objective To describe a simple method for ensuring surgical margins during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (PN). Materials and Method A study was done at our institution from October 2013 to March 2014 for all patients undergoing laparoscopic PN for T1 renal tumors. Before tumor removal, intraoperative ultrasonography (US) localization was performed. The tumor was then removed with a standardized minimal healthy tissue margin technique. Immediately after removal and before performing hemostasis of the kidney, the specimen was placed into a laparoscopic endobag filled with saline solution. The laparoscopic probe was then placed into the endobag and a sequential ultrasonographic scan was performed to evaluate if the tumor's pseudocapsule was respected. Results Twelve patients were included in our study. Mean warm ischemia time was 19 ± 3 minutes. Mean US examination was 42 ± 9 seconds. US analysis of surgical margins was negative in all except 1 patient. The final histologic examination of all specimens confirmed US results with a 100% correlation. Conclusion We describe an original, simple, and cost-effective method for ensuring surgical margins during laparoscopic PN with a moderate increase in warm time ischemia.

Acute antibody-mediated rejection is an unsolved issue in transplantation, especially in the context of pretransplant immunization. The deleterious effect of preformed cytotoxic anti-HLA antibodies through complement activation is well proven, but very little is known concerning complement blockade to prevent/cure this rejection. Here, we used a baboon model of preimmunization to explore the prevention of acute antibody-mediated rejection by an early inhibition of the classical complement pathway using human recombinant C1-inhibitor. Baboons were immunized against peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allogeneic donors and, once a specific and stable immunization had been established, they received a kidney from the same donor. Rejection occurred at day 2 posttransplant in untreated presensitized recipients, with characteristic histological lesions and complement deposition. As recombinant human C1-inhibitor blocks in vitro cytotoxicity induced by donor-specific antibodies, other alloimmunized baboons received the drug thrice daily intravenously during the first 5 days after transplant. Rejection was prevented during this treatment but occurred after discontinuation of treatment. We show here that early blockade of complement activation by recombinant human C1-inhibitor can prevent acute antibody-mediated rejection in presensitized recipients. This treatment could also be useful in other forms of acute antibody-mediated rejection caused by induced antibodies. Kidney International (2010) 78, 152-159; doi:10.1038/ki.2010.75; published online 24 March 2010

SUMMARYComparison of the oncological results of laparoscopic and opensurgical total nephroureterectomy Objective : To analyse the medium-term oncological results of totalnephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial tumour according tothe surgical approach: laparoscopy or open surgery.Material : Retrospective study including 38 consecutive patientsundergoing total nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelialtumour in our department. Patients were classified into 2 groupsaccording to the surgical approach: Group 1 (19 patients) laparos-copic release of the kidney ± distal ur eter and Gr oup 2 (19 patients)open surgery of the kidney and ureter.Results : The two groups werecomparable in terms of clinicalcontext and histology.The mean follow-up was 27 ± 22 months(range: 3-77 months). During this follow-up, 9 patients (23.7%)died from progression of their urothelial tumour. A local recurren-ce was observed in 6 cases (15.8%), a bladder recurrence was obs-erved in 14 cases (36.8%) and metastatic recurrence was observedin 4 cases (11.4%). The operative technique (laparoscopy versusopen surgery) did not influence overall survival (p = 0.5339), orlocal (p = 0.4503), bladder (p = 0.8224) or metastatic (p = 0.8932)recurrence-free survival.Conclusion : The medium-term oncological results of laparoscopictotal nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial tumour werecomparable to those of open surgery.

International audience; Objective - Evaluate the feasibility of laparoscopic nephrectomy for big tumors. Material and methods - Data from 116 patients were retrospectively collected from 16 tertiary centres. Clinical and operative parameters, tumor characteristics, pre- and postoperative parameters, and renal function before and after surgery were analyzed. Results - Mean age and body mass index were 61 years and 27.8 kg/m(2), respectively. Males represented 63.8% of patients, and 54.4% presented symptoms at diagnosis. Median tumor size was 11 cm, and 75% of the cases were performed by expert surgeons. Median operative time and blood loss were 180 minutes and 200 mL respectively. Conversion to open surgery was necessary in 20.7% of cases. Intraoperative complications related to massive hemorrhage occurred in 16.4% of patients, resulting in open conversion in 62.5%. Major postoperative complications occurred in only 10 patients (8.6%). In univariate analysis, intraoperative complications, age, and blood loss were predictive factors of conversion to open surgery. Positive surgical margins occurred in 6 patients (5.2%). None of them presented a local recurrence. Predictive factors of recurrence or progression were lymph node invasion, metastases, and Furhman grade. Conclusion - Laparoscopic nephrectomy for tumors > 10 cm can be performed safely. Complication rate and positive surgical margins are similar to open surgery. In experienced hands, the benefit of a mini invasive surgery remains evident.

Objectives: To analyze retrospectively our series of prostate cancer (PC) in liver transplant recipients (LTRs) given an increase in frequency in an aging recipient population when no studies were reported in literature. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of LTRs in a single institution. After liver transplantation, all patients were followed up in our institution with an annual digital rectal examination by a urologist and prostate-specific antigen measurement after the age of 50 years. Results: Between 1995 and 2013, among 361 male LTRs, 12 (3.3%) had PC. The mean age at diagnosis was 62.8 years, and the time lapse between liver transplantation and diagnosis was 55.7 months. The median initial prostate-specific antigen level was 7.4 ng/ml. In total, 9 patients underwent radical prostatectomy. Histological findings showed 5 pT2 and 4 pT3 cancers. A patient showed invasion in the lymph nodes and was treated with hormonotherapy. Another patient had a biochemical recurrence at 10 months and underwent salvage radiotherapy. After 32.9 months of follow-up, no other patients showed any recurrence. Moreover, 1 patient was treated by radiohormonotherapy for high-risk PC with no recurrence at 65 months, and 1 patient was treated with high-intensity focal ultrasound. There was 1 patient with metastatic disease who received hormonotherapy and died 5 months after diagnosis. Conclusion: Our incidence of intermediate- and high-risk PCs in LTRs was slightly higher than in the general population. In the absence of any recommendations, individual screening should be proposed to LTRs. The treatment of choice remains surgery or radiotherapy to ensure a good carcinologic control. r 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND Surgical difficulties of renal transplantation related to prostate cancer (PC) treatment and the results of renal transplantation after radical prostatectomy are currently poorly known, as well as oncological follow-up before and after renal transplantation. MATERIAL/METHODS We performed a retrospective study including all patients diagnosed with PC before renal transplantation in our department. RESULTS Nineteen patients were included between August 2003 and December 2013. The mean age at diagnosis of PC was 61.7 years (range 51.4-71.1). PSA mean level at diagnosis was 8.5 ng/ml (range 4.8-20). Fourteen had a retro-pubic and 5 a laparoscopic prostatectomy. Three patients underwent radiotherapy for positive surgical margins or extra-capsular extension. Fourteen patients were transplanted. The mean time lapse between prostatectomy and kidney transplantation was 32.8 months (range 14-71). Seven recipients (50%) were transplanted less than 24 months after prostatectomy. Post-transplantation surgical complications were not significantly related to dissection difficulties (p=0.2). No recurrence of PC was observed after renal transplantation, with a mean follow-up of 38 months (range 6-77.9). CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer discovered before renal transplantation should be treated by radical prostatectomy to assess recurrence risk. If the PC is at low risk of recurrence, it seems possible to shorten the 2-year period of oncologic follow-up before transplantation called for in current recommendations.

International audience; Ischemic conditioning is a phenomenon through which short sequences of ischemiareperfusion applied to an organ confer some degree of protection towards future ischemic insults. This phenomenon was first observed in the mid-1980s in cardiac surgery, and has been since widely studied in different settings. Different sort of ischemic conditioning exist: local vs remote, direct or pharmacological, and with different timeframes of protection. Ischemic conditioning seems especially suited to applications in transplantation since schedules of both cold and warm ischemia, as well as reperfusion, are carefully and easily controlled, and the benefits of protecting fragile organs against ischemia-reperfusion injuries might help widen the pool of possible grafts and ensure better graft function and survival. The pathways through which ischemic conditioning work are many, offering both preservation of cell energy, protection against oxidative stress, better blood flow to organs and protection against apoptosis. In the field of pharmacological conditioning, which tries to mimic the protective effects of traditional ischemic conditioning without the potential side-effects associated with vessel clamping, many common-use drugs including anesthetics have been shown to be effective. Significant results have been obtained in small animal models, but while ischemic conditioning is successfully used in cardiac surgery, studies in large animal models and human applications in liver and kidney transplantation are still inconclusive.; Le conditionnement ischémique est un procédé par lequel de courtes séquences d’ischémie-reperfusion appliquées à un organe confèrent un certain degré de protection envers les futures lésions ischémiques. Ce phénomène a été observé pour la première fois dans le milieu des années 1980 en chirurgie cardiaque, et a été depuis largement étudié dans différents contextes. D’autre types de conditionnement ischémique existent: locale ou à distance, directe ou pharmacologique. Le conditionnement ischémique semble particulièrement adapté à une application en transplantation avec des périodes d’ischémie chaude et froide, une reperfusion soigneusement et facilement contrôlé. Les avantages de la protection des organes fragiles contre les blessures d’ischémiereperfusion pourraient contribuer à élargir le pool de greffons disponibles et à assurer une meilleure fonction et survie du greffon. Les mécanismes d’action du conditionnement ischémique sont nombreux: préservation de l’énergie de la cellule, protection contre le stress oxydatif, meilleure circulation sanguine vers les organes et protection contre l’apoptose. Dans le domaine du conditionnement pharmacologique, qui tente d’imiter les effets protecteurs de conditionnement ischémique traditionnel sans les effets secondaires potentiels associés au clampage vasculaire, de nombreux médicaments d’usage courant, y compris les anesthésiques ont démontré leur efficacité. Des résultats significatifs ont ainsi été obtenus dans des modèles animaux de petite taille. Cependant même si le conditionnement ischémique est utilisé avec succès en chirurgie cardiaque, les études sur des modèles expérimentaux de gros animaux et des applications humaines dans la transplantation hépatique ou rénale ne sont toujours pas concluantes.

Objective. To evaluate the success of ureteral stent placement to treat or prepare for surgical treatment of urologic complications after renal transplantation, according to a type of ureteral anastomosis. Patient and methods. From May 1989 to December 2006, we performed 703 kidney transplantations including 412 extravesical ureteroneocystostomy (according to Lich-Gregoire technique) and 265 transvesical ureteroneocystostomy (according to Politano-Leadbetter technique). We retrospectively analyzed our endoscopic management of urinary leaks and ureteral strictures. The criteria of success were the feasibility to place a ureteral stent, permitting good drainage of the upper renal graft tract before further endoscopic or surgical treatment. Results. Forty-three urinary leaks or ureteral strictures occurred after extravesical ureteroneocystostomy (n = 21) or after Politano-Leadbetter anastomosis (n = 22). The success rate of endoscopic management was 75% (n = 16) for Politano-Leadbetter anastomosis versus 53% (n = 11) for the Lich-Gregoire anastomosis. There was no statistical difference (P = .1). Conclusion. Ureteroneocystostomy according to Lich-Gregoire procedure were twice less complicated than those according to the Politano-Leadbetter technique, but were associated with a rate of failure of ureteral stent placement in urgency higher to 25%.

We report the case of a 67-year-old patient, renal transplanted for two years, taken care for carcinoma in situ in bladder and urethra, and treated by intravesical instillations with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). After failure of a first treatment by Ametycine, a treatment by BCG is instituted during nine weeks. Two months after the end of the treatment, the patient died after bone and liver metastatic invasion of urothelial carcinoma. Management of urothelial high-risk tumour among renal transplanted patient is not clear. Despite successful treatments of few patients reported in literature, this failure called the question of the effectiveness of the BCG therapy in renal transplant patient and suggested an earlier attempt at diagnosis with systematic detection and aggressive therapeutic among these immunodepressed patients.

Even if surgical complications are higher than in general population, overall survival in obese kidney recipients is better than in obese dialyzed patients with a body mass index up to 35 [2]. Moreover, third and fourth KT is becoming commonplace [3]. Surgical techniques are various in the literature. Some authors use a trans-peritoneal midline incision others use a retroperitoneal heterotopic approach. The overall surgical complications rate is about 25% without graft loss reported. Now we have come to fifth KT in patients whose life expectancy lengthens and in whom the progress of immunosuppression allows re-transplantation [4].

Objective: To estimate the risk of prostate cancer transmission in relation with organ procurement. Methods: A literature search from the Medline database using the following keywords—transplantation, prostate cancer, organ procurement, donor transmitted malignancies, disease transmission, staging, evaluation, and PSA—was conducted to select 16 articles written in English and French over the last 15 years. Results: The incidence of prostate cancer in deceased organ donors (DOD) has been estimated to be between 3% and 18.5%. There were more than 120 solid-organ transplantations performed with organs coming from DOD with a proven prostate cancer without any case of cancer transmission or death related to malignancy and only 1 case of transmission by the donor after a heart transplant has been described. Conclusion: Transmission of prostate cancer by a transplanted organ seems incidental. When PSA is measured, it should be suspected only if the value is beyond 20 ng/ml and in all cases, should be interpreted taking digital rectal examination (DRE) into account. Organs from a DOD with a DRE proving a T3–T4 prostate cancer should not be procured. Suspect iliac lymph nodes during the preparation of the vessels for cannulation must lead to the discontinuation of the procurement or a histological analysis.

Methods and results Here we evaluated in a non-human primates this “Treg sparing strategy” with FR104, a novel monovalent humanized and pegylated Fab’ anti-CD28 antibody fragment. PK/PD studies in monkeys revealed that FR104 presented an elimination half-life of 8 days and 100% target saturation over at least a month after a single iv injection of 5 mg/kg. FR104 was next evaluated in a baboon kidney allograft model at the dose of 5 mg/kg at day 0, 4, 14 and then every two-week until 3 months. Monotherapy modestly but significantly prolonged allograft survival (MST: 18.5 days for monotherapy vs 6 days for untreated recipients). FR104 synergized with low doses tacrolimus (lowTac, trough: 5-10 ng/ml; MST >100 days for FR104/ lowTac vs. 15 days for lowTac alone) as well as with calcineurin-free regimens: therapeutic doses of MMF or rapamycin (day 0-90) with 1 mg/kg of corticosteroids from day 0-14 (MST >100 days for FR104 + MMF/Rapa vs. 18/15 days for MMF/Rapa alone). Flow cytometry analyses indicated that blood Treg cells of the natural and inducible types were preserved in FR104/MMF or FR104/lowTAC bitherapies and accumulated in FR104 monotherapy and in FR104/Rapa bitherapy, whereas Treg cells were lowered by MMF and lowTac monotherapies. Histology also revealed that CTLA4+ and Foxp3+ T lymphocytes were accumulated into the graft of FR104 treated recipients.

International audience; BACKGROUND: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at risk of developing renal tumours. OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical, pathologic, and outcome features of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) in ESRD patients and in patients from the general population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four French university departments of urology participated in this retrospective study. INTERVENTION: All patients were treated according to current European Association of Urology guidelines. MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, symptoms, tumour staging and grading, histologic subtype, and outcome were recorded in a unique database. Categoric and continuous variables were compared by using chi-square and student statistical analyses. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The study included 1250 RCC patients: 303 with ESRD and 947 from the general population. In the ESRD patients, age at diagnosis was younger (55 ± 12 yr vs 62 ± 12 yr); mean tumour size was smaller (3.7 ± 2.6 cm vs 7.3 ± 3.8 cm); asymptomatic (87% vs 44%), low-grade (68% vs 42%), and papillary tumours were more frequent (37% vs 7%); and poor performance status (PS; 24% vs 37%) and advanced T categories (≥ 3) were more rare (10% vs 42%). Consistently, nodal invasion (3% vs 12%) and distant metastases (2% vs 15%) occurred less frequently in ESRD patients. After a median follow-up of 33 mo (range: 1-299 mo), 13 ESRD patients (4.3%), and 261 general population patients (27.6%) had died from cancer. In univariate analysis, histologic subtype, symptoms at diagnosis, poor PS, advanced TNM stage, high Fuhrman grade, large tumour size, and non-ESRD diagnosis context were adverse predictors for survival. However, only PS, TNM stage, and Fuhrman grade remained independent CSS predictors in multivariate analysis. The limitation of this study is related to the retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: RCC arising in native kidneys of ESRD patients seems to exhibit many favourable clinical, pathologic, and outcome features compared with those diagnosed in patients from the general population.

This article addresses an important and current subject in the field of renal transplantation. To retain a previous allograft before a second transplantation remains controversial despite several previous studies. Studies in the literature did not show that the nephrectomy of a failed allograft significantly influences the survival of a subsequent graft. In recent studies, Schleicher et al. observed a negative influence of primary allograft nephrectomy on the second transplant outcome. They further found that a lower donor age and delayed retransplantation after nephrectomy might improve results. Sumrani et al. also reported that primary allograft nephrectomy, by increasing PRA levels, could be detrimental to the new transplant. In contrast, an analysis of 127 retransplant patients by Douzdjian et al. found that despite the association of primary allograft nephrectomy with higher preformed antibody levels, regraft survival was not influenced by nephrectomy. In the present study, as in those of many other teams, the authors chose to remove the first renal transplant because of a graft intolerance syndrome or an acute rejection. Fadli et al. concluded that transplant nephrectomy is not a risk factor of increased retransplant failure. They confirmed the conclusions of the most recent studies dealing with the same subject. The decision to remove or retain a failed graft in the context of retransplantation should be based on known clinical indications for the procedure. However, the authors did not take into account other characteristics of the recipients waiting for a second transplantation. The decision to remove or retain a failed graft should also be based on an expected time to retransplantation, depending on the recipient’s blood type and level of sensitization. Chronic inflammation decreases hemoglobin levels, and blood transfusion must be avoided before transplantation. To leave a previous graft in patients with a potentially long duration of dialysis could compromise a second transplantation. Chronic inflammation related to the retained allograft could also lead to severe denutrition, which has a negative impact on any surgical procedure, such as renal transplantation. Allograft nephrectomy should not be restricted to patients with graft-related symptoms, but should be discussed while taking into account recipient age, expected time on the waiting list and the biological impact of the retained graft.

De novo tumors in renal allografts are rare and their prevalence is underestimated. We therefore analyzed renal cell carcinomas arising in renal allografts through a retrospective French renal transplant cohort. We performed a retrospective, multicentric survey by sending questionnaires to all French kidney transplantation centers. All graft tumors diagnosed after transplantation were considered as de novo tumors. Thirty-two centers participated in this study. Seventy-nine tumors were identified among 41 806 recipients (Incidence 0.19%). Patients were 54 men and 25 women with a mean age of 47 years old at the time of diagnosis. Mean tumor size was 27.8 mm. Seventy-four (93.6%), 53 (67%) and 44 tumors (55.6%) were organ confined (T1-2), low grade (G1-2) and papillary carcinomas, respectively. Four patients died of renal cell carcinomas (5%). The mean time lapse between transplantation and RCC diagnosis was 131.7 months. Thirty-five patients underwent conservative surgery by partial nephrectomy (n = 35, 44.3%) or radiofrequency (n = 5; 6.3%). The estimated 5 years cancer specific survival rate was 94%. Most of these tumors were small and incidental. Most tumors were papillary carcinoma, low stage and low grade carcinomas. Conservative treatment has been preferred each time it was feasible in order to avoid a return to dialysis.

Objective To evaluate the epidemiology, diagnosis, and outcome of de novo renal cell carcinoma in renal transplant recipients. Patients and Methods From June 1989 to August 2006, 800 renal transplant recipients were followed up annually by a urologist using abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography. Renal lesions considered suspect were treated using extended nephrectomy. Incidence, diagnosis, histologic type, treatment, and outcome were analyzed in all patients. Results Thirty-three patients underwent nephrectomy because of suspect renal lesions including 22 de novo tumors in 21 native kidneys (renal clear-cell carcinoma in 15 and papillary carcinoma in 7). All tumors were classified as pT1aN0M0. Mean (range) time after diagnosis was 25.6 (2.3–105.5) months. Only 1 patient died, at 8 months after diagnosis. All other patients were alive at follow-up of 34.8 (2.8–113.9) months. Five-year survival was 92%. Conclusion The increased risk of tumor in renal transplant recipients leads us to propose extended nephrectomy in the case of suspect lesions in the native kidney. In our patients, 65% of patients had malignant lesions. Good prognosis for these localized tumors justified aggressive therapy even though 35% of transplant recipients were tumor-free.

International audience; OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the morbidity and surgical complications of retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and compare these results with the observed morbidity in a control group of nontransplanted patients. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study and reviewed the charts and records of 20 RTRs who had undergone RRP for localized prostate cancer at four French renal transplant centers belonging to the Renal Transplantation Committee of the French Urological Association from April 1996 to April 2007. A total of 40 patients who had undergone RRP at the same centers, by the same surgeons, were analyzed as the case-control population. RESULTS: The mean operating time (163 +/- 41 vs 160 +/- 66 minutes), blood loss (516 +/- 279 vs 566 +/- 449 mL), transfusion rate (20% vs 22.5%), and hospital stay (11.9 +/- 5.44 vs 9.45 +/- 2.8 days) were similar in the RTR and case-control populations. No graft loss or graft injury was reported in the RTRs, except for two ureteral injuries that were immediately repaired during RRP. No decrease in the kidney graft function was observed after RRP. The rate of medical complication (deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, urinary tract infection) was similar in both groups, except for the rate of bacterial systemic infection, which was significantly greater in the RTRs than in the controls (15% vs 2.5%, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, RRP was a safe procedure to treat localized prostate cancer in RTRs. RRP resulted in the same morbidity in RTRs as in the case-control population.

If single adrenal metastasis surgery is well admitted, no recommendation exists about the management of a renal vein tumor thrombus, even though the actual consensual attitude consists in a nephrectomy associated to an adrenalectomy. We report, here, the case of a 74-year-old man with a suspected adrenal metastasis of a lung carcinoma associated with a left adrenal and renal vein tumor thrombus treated by adrenalectomy and renal vein thrombectomy and ipsilateral kidney sparing. The postoperative computed tomography scan showed no thrombus in the left renal vein. Doppler ultrasound performed 1 month after adrenalectomy proved a good left renal vein flux. At 36 months of follow-up, the patient is alive without signs of recurrence.