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Treatment for bladder diverticula may become necessary in case of incomplete bladder emptying or recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI). When bladder outlet obstruction is present, a simultaneous desobstructive procedure can be performed. In this video, we present our technique for a transvesical approach in robot-assisted bladder diverticulectomy (RABD) and discuss its outcomes. We retrospectively analysed the outcomes of 23 patients who underwent a transvesical RABD between March 2015 and May 2020 at the OLV hospital of Aalst. After retrograde filling, a cystotomy is performed. The orifices are identified and the bladder diverticulum is visualized. The mucosa covering the diverticular neck is incised and the plane between the mucosa and the muscularis is identified. The mucosa is separated from the surrounding structures. The base of the diverticulum is transected using cautery. The defect is closed with a barbed suture. Median age was 66 years [Interquartile range (IQR) 60-69)]. The number of diverticula removed ranged from 1 to 3. 10 patients were treated with diverticulectomy alone, 12 underwent a simultaneous adenomectomy, 1 a radical prostatectomy. Median operative was 140 min (IQR 120-180), median estimated blood loss was 250 cc (IQR 28-438). Median catheterization time was 2 days (IQR 1-5), median hospitalization time 3 days (IQR 2-4). 1 patient developed urinary leakage after catheter removal, 1 patient developed a UTI. Median follow-up was 9 months (IQR 3,5-14). No late postoperative complications nor relapse were recorded. Average postvoid residual was 42 cc (IQR 0 to 111), with a median decline of 120cc (IQR -402 to -33). Transvesical approach for RABD is a safe and reliable technique which gives the advantage of a quick localization of the diverticulum and orifices, and direct access to the prostate when simultaneous desobstruction is necessary. Catheterisation time is short. No relapse has been observed.

Background The use of a nephron-sparing surgery for the treatment of localized renal masses is being pushed to more challenging cases. However, this procedure is not devoid of risks, and the Radius, Exophytic/Endophytic, Nearness, Anterior/Posterior, Location (RENAL) and Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical (PADUA) classifications are commonly employed in the prediction of complications. Recently, the Simplified PADUA REnal (SPARE) scoring system has been proposed with the aim to provide a more simple system, to improve its reproducibility to predict postoperative risks. Objective We aim to retrospectively validate and compare the proposed new SPARE system in a multi-institutional population. Design, setting, and participants The Transatlantic Robotic Nephron-sparing Surgery (TRoNeS) study group collected data from 737 patients subjected to robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) between 2010 and 2016 at three tertiary care referral centers. Of these patients, 536 presented complete demographic and clinical data. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Renal masses were classified according to the SPARE, RENAL, and PADUA nephrometry scores, and surgical success was defined according to the margin, ischemia, and complication scores. Results and limitations Of 536 patients, 340 were male; the median age was 61 (53–69) yr and preoperative tumor size was 30 (22–43) mm. The margin, ischemia, and complication score was achieved in 399 of cases (74.4%). All three nephrometry scores were significant predictors of surgical outcomes both in univariate and in adjusted multivariate logistic regression model analysis. In accuracy analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) of the SPARE scoring system (0.73) was significantly higher than those of the PADUA (0.65) and RENAL (0.68) nephrometry scores in predicting surgical success. Conclusions The SPARE score appears to be a promising and reliable score for the prediction of surgical outcomes of RAPN, showing a higher accuracy relative to the traditional PADUA and RENAL nephrometry scores. Further, prospective studies are warranted before its introduction in clinical practice. Patient summary The Simplified PADUA REnal (SPARE) score is a reproducible and simple nephrometry score, offering better predictive capabilities of surgical success and complications.

Intravesical recurrence (IVR) after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has an incidence of approximately 20%-50%. Studies to date have been composed of mixed treatment cohorts-open, laparoscopic and robotic. The objective of this study is to assess clinicopathological risk factors for intravesical recurrence after RNU for UTUC in a completely minimally invasive cohort.We performed a multicenter, retrospective analysis of 485 patients with UTUC without prior or concurrent bladder cancer who underwent robotic or laparoscopic RNU. Patients were selected from an international cohort of 17 institutions across the United States, Europe and Asia. Univariate and multiple Cox regression models were used to identify risk factors for bladder recurrence.A total of 485 (396 robotic, 89 laparoscopic) patients were included in analysis. Overall, 110 (22.7%) of patients developed IVR. The average time to recurrence was 15.2 months (SD 15.5 months). Hypertension was a significant risk factor on multiple regression (HR 1.99, CI 1.06; 3.71, p=0.030). Diagnostic ureteroscopic biopsy incurred a 50% higher chance of developing IVR (HR 1.49, CI 1.00; 2.20, p=0.048). Treatment specific risk factors included positive surgical margins (HR 3.36, CI 1.36; 8.33, p=0.009) and transurethral resection for bladder cuff management (HR 2.73, CI 1.10; 6.76, p=0.031).IVR after minimally invasive RNU for UTUC is a relatively common event. Risk factors include a ureteroscopic biopsy, transurethral resection of the bladder cuff, and positive surgical margins. When possible, avoidance of transurethral resection of the bladder cuff and alternative strategies for obtaining biopsy tissue sample should be considered.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused delays in definitive treatment of patients with prostate cancer. Beyond the immediate delay a backlog for future patients is expected. Such delays can lead to disease progression. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop guidance on criteria for prioritization for surgery and reconfiguring management pathways for non-metastatic stage of prostate cancer who opt for surgical treatment. A second aim was to identify the infection prevention and control (IPC) measures to achieve low likelihood of COVID-19 hazard if radical prostatectomy was to be carried out during the outbreak and whilst the disease is endemic. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: An accelerated consensus process and systematic review. We conducted a systematic review of the evidence on COVID-19 and reviewed international guidance on prostate cancer. These were presented to an international prostate cancer expert panel (n=34) through an online meeting. The consensus process underwent three rounds of survey in total. Additions to the second- and third-round surveys were formulated based on the answers and comments from the previous rounds. OUTCOME MEASURES: Consensus opinion was defined as ≥80% agreement, which were used to reconfigure the prostate cancer pathways. RESULTS: Evidence on the delayed management of patients with prostate cancer is scarce. There was 100% agreement that prostate cancer pathways should be reconfigured and develop measures to prevent nosocomial COVID-19 for patients treated surgically. Consensus was reached on prioritization criteria of patients for surgery and management pathways for those who have delayed treatment. IPC measures to achieve a low likelihood of nosocomial COVID-19 were coined as "COVID-19 cold sites". CONCLUSION: Re-configuring management pathways for prostate cancer patients is recommended if significant delay (>3-6 months) in surgical management is unavoidable. The mapped pathways provide guidance for such patients. The IPC processes proposed provide a framework for providing radical prostatectomy within an environment with low COVID-19 risk during the outbreak or when the disease remains endemic. The broader concepts could be adapted to other indications beyond prostate cancer surgery.

Background Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) is considered a feasible minimally invasive alternative to open partial nephrectomy (OPN) for the surgical treatment of renal tumors. Objective To provide further evidence supporting the effectiveness of RAPN in a contemporary patient population treated at one of three tertiary care centers for robotic surgery and to describe the evolution of RAPN-based technical improvements. Design, setting, and participants The Transatlantic Robotic Nephron-sparing Surgery (TRoNeS) study group prospectively collected data from 635 patients subjected to RAPN for clinically localized kidney cancer between 2010 and 2016 at three high-volume tertiary care centers. Surgical procedure RAPN was performed using methods outlined in the supplementary video using either the da Vinci Si or Xi surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Measurements Clinical data were collected within a prospectively maintained multi-institutional database. Intra- and postoperative data as well as surgical outcomes were assessed. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to determine the predictors of surgical outcomes. Results and limitations Mean patient age was 60.7yr and mean preoperative tumor size was 33mm. According to the PADUA score, 202 (31.8%) patients had a low-, 235 (37.0%) had an intermediate-, and 198 (31.2%) had a high-complexity tumor. In the majority of patients, a transperitoneal approach was used (n=447; 70.4%). Mean operative time was 156.3min and mean estimated blood loss was 171ml. Overall, 25 (3.9%) patients experienced a significant (Clavien-Dindo >2) complication after surgery. No statistically significant differences between pre- and postoperative creatinine values were observed (p≤0.823). Finally, optimal surgical outcomes defined according to the margin, ischemia, and complication score were achieved in 459 (72.3%) individuals. At a mean follow-up of 26mo, only two local and two distant recurrences of the disease were observed. Finally, in multivariable logistic regression models, tumor complexity was associated with the risk of not achieving optimal surgical outcomes. Conclusions RAPN represents an effective minimally invasive alternative to OPN in the treatment of clinically localized renal tumors. Patient summary We reported contemporary experience with RAPN for the treatment of kidney cancer. RAPN appears to be a safe and effective procedure, resulting in optimal outcomes in the majority of individuals despite tumor complexity.

OBJECTIVE To conduct a multi-institutional validation of a high-fidelity, perfused, inanimate, simulation platform for robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) using incorporated clinically relevant objective metrics of simulation (CROMS), applying modern validity standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a combination of three-dimensional (3D) printing and hydrogel casting, a RAPN model was developed from the computed tomography scan of a patient with a 4.2-cm, upper-pole renal tumour (RENAL nephrometry score 7×). 3D-printed casts designed from the patient's imaging were used to fabricate and register hydrogel (polyvinyl alcohol) components of the kidney, including the vascular and pelvicalyceal systems. After mechanical and anatomical verification of the kidney phantom, it was surrounded by other relevant hydrogel organs and placed in a laparoscopic trainer. Twenty-seven novice and 16 expert urologists, categorized according to caseload, from five academic institutions completed the simulation. RESULTS Clinically relevant objective metrics of simulators, operative complications, and objective performance ratings (Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills [GEARS]) were compared between groups using Wilcoxon rank-sum (continuous variables) and parametric chi-squared (categorical variables) tests. Pearson and point-biserial correlation coefficients were used to correlate GEARS scores to each CROMS variable. Post-simulation questionnaires were used to obtain subjective supplementation of realism ratings and training effectiveness. RESULTS Expert ratings demonstrated the model's superiority to other procedural simulations in replicating procedural steps, bleeding, tissue texture and appearance. A significant difference between groups was demonstrated in CROMS [console time (P < 0.001), warm ischaemia time (P < 0.001), estimated blood loss (P < 0.001)] and GEARS (P < 0.001). Six major intra-operative complications occurred only in novice simulations. GEARS scores highly correlated with the CROMS. CONCLUSIONS This perfused, procedural model offers an unprecedented realistic simulation platform, which incorporates objective, clinically relevant and procedure-specific performance metrics.

CONTEXT: The optimal ischemia technique at partial nephrectomy (PN) for renal masses is yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the current evidence about surgical, oncological, and functional outcomes after different ischemia techniques (cold, warm, and zero ischemia) at PN. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A computerized systematic literature search was performed by using PubMed (MEDLINE) and Science Direct. Identification and selection of the studies were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) criteria. Outcomes of interest were estimated blood loss (EBL), overall complications, positive surgical margins, local tumor recurrence, and renal function preservation. Meta-analysis and forest-plot diagrams were performed. Overall pooled estimates, together with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), of the incidence of all parameters were obtained using a random effect model (RE-Model) on the log transformed means (MLN), proportion, or standardized mean change, as deemed appropriate. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: One hundred and fifty-six studies were included. No clinically meaningful differences were found in terms of EBL after cold (mean: 215.5; 95% CI: 154.2-276.8m), warm (mean: 201.8; 95% CI: 175.0-228.7ml), or zero (mean: 261.2; 95% CI: 171.0-351.3ml) ischemia technique. Overall, postoperative complications were recorded in 14.1% (95% CI: 6.7-27.4), 11.1% (95% CI: 10.0-12.3), and 9.7% (95% CI: 7.7-12.2) of patients after cold, warm, and zero ischemia (p

Contains fulltext : 220648.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is unlike anything seen before by modern science-based medicine. Health systems across the world are struggling to manage it. Added to this struggle are the effects of social confinement and isolation. This brings into question whether the latest guidelines are relevant in this crisis. We aim to support urologists in this difficult situation by providing tools that can facilitate decision making, and to minimise the impact and risks for both patients and health professionals delivering urological care, whenever possible. We hope that the revised recommendations will assist urologist surgeons across the globe to guide the management of urological conditions during the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) represents a widely accepted minimally invasive alternative to open and laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of clinically localized renal tumors. Objective To assess the feasibility of RAPN in a contemporary series of patients with highly complex tumors (PADUA score ≥10) treated at four high-volume robotic surgery institutions. Design, setting, and participants Data from a prospectively maintained multi-institutional database on patients subjected to RAPN between 2010 and 2017 were reviewed. For the scope of this analysis, only patients with highly complex renal tumors, defined as a PADUA score between 10 and 14, were included. Surgical procedure RAPN was performed with the da Vinci Si or Xi surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) using novel technologies such as TilePro and near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Measurements Intraoperative, postoperative, surgical, and oncological outcomes were collected. Predictors of optimal surgical outcomes defined according to the Margin Ischemia and Complications binary system (absence of Clavien-Dindo >2 complications, warm ischemia time [WIT] Results and limitations Overall, 255 patients with complex renal tumors were included. The mean operative time was 165min and mean WIT was 18.6min. Overall, WIT was longer than 20min in 86 (33.7%) individuals, while a Clavien-Dindo >2 complication and positive surgical margins were observed in 13 (5.1%) and four (out of 211 patients with malignant histotypes; 1.9%) individuals, respectively. Optimal surgical outcomes were achieved in 158 (62.0%) patients. At a median follow-up of 28mo, one (0.4%) local and two (0.8%) distant recurrences of the disease were observed. In multivariable LRMs, extremely complex tumors (PADUA score 12–13) were associated with an increased likelihood of not achieving optimal outcomes (odds ratio: 2.31; p=0.024). Besides tumor complexity, male gender was also associated with a two-fold higher risk of not achieving optimal surgical outcomes (p=0.029). Conclusions In experienced hands, RAPN can be considered as an effective treatment option even in cases of complex renal lesions. However, increasing tumor complexity may affect the surgical outcomes in this highly selected patient population. Patient summary We reported our multicentric experience with robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) in patients with complex renal tumors. We demonstrated that, in experienced hands, RAPN is a feasible and safe treatment option even in such patients. Novel technologies applied to RAPN may further extend the indications without compromising the outcomes.

Background In recent years, novel technologies have been implemented in order to improve the surgical outcomes of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). Intraoperative administration of indocyanine green (ICG) has been proposed to assess kidney perfusion intraoperatively. Objective To confirm, on a large scale, the effectiveness of near-infrared fluorescence ICG–guided RAPN in leading the surgeon strategy and to provide hints to the use of this tool. Design, setting, and participants The Transatlantic Robotic Nephron-sparing Surgery (TRoNeS) study group collected data from 737 patients subjected to RAPN between 2010 and 2016 at three tertiary care referral centers. Of them, 318 had complete demographic and clinical data, and underwent ICG-guided RAPN for clinically localized kidney cancer. Surgical procedure Patients were subjected to RAPN with intraoperative intravenous ICG injection. Measurements Optimal surgical outcomes, defined according to both the margin, ischemia, and complication (MIC), and the trifecta score, were assessed. Results and limitations A total of 194 (61%) patients were male and 124 (39%) were female. The median patient age was 61 yr and median preoperative tumor size was 30 mm. Median operative time, estimated blood loss, and warm ischemia time were, respectively, 162 min, 100 ml, and 17 min. In total, 228 (71.7%) and 254 (79.9%) individuals, respectively, were selected as optimal surgical patients defined according to MIC and trifecta. The univariate and multivariable logistic regression models showed that tumor complexity nephrometry scores were independent predictors of both trifecta and MIC. The main limitation of this study is the lack of a control group. Conclusions We report the largest population of patients who underwent ICG-guided RAPN. Intraprocedural ICG administration represents a useful tool where the vascular anatomy is challenging, and it could be implemented to maximize the adoption of RAPN. Patient summary We demonstrated that indocyanine green (ICG) is a reliable tool for guiding the surgeon strategy during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. ICG may help in procedure tailoring, especially in cases with challenging vascularization or impaired renal function.

Background Despite technical improvements introduced with robotic surgery, management of complex tumours (PADUA score ≥10) is still a matter of debate within the field of transperitoneal robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). Objective To evaluate the accuracy of our three-dimensional (3D) static and elastic augmented reality (AR) systems based on hyperaccuracy models (HA3D) in identifying tumours and intrarenal structures during transperitoneal RAPN (AR-RAPN), compared with standard ultrasound (US). Design, setting, and participants A retrospective study was conducted, including 91 patients who underwent RAPN for complex renal tumours, 48 with 3D AR guidance and 43 with 2D US guidance, from July 2017 to May 2019. Surgical procedure In patients who underwent 3D AR-RAPN, virtual image overlapping guided the surgeon during resection and suture phases. In the 2D US group, interventions were driven by US only. Measurements Patient characteristics were tested using the Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous ones. Intraoperative, postoperative, and surgical outcomes were collected. All results for continuous variables were expressed as medians (range), and frequencies and proportions were reported as percentages. Results and limitations The use of 3D AR guidance makes it possible to correctly identify the lesion and intraparenchymal structures with a more accurate 3D perception of the location and the nature of the different structures relative to the standard 2D US guidance. This translates to a lower rate of global ischaemia (45.8% in the 3D group vs 69.7% in the US group; p = 0.03), higher rate of enucleation (62.5% vs 37.5% in the 3D and US groups, respectively; p = 0.02), and lower rate of collecting system violation (10.4% vs 45.5%; p = 0.003). Postoperatively, 3D AR guidance use correlates to a low risk of surgery-related complications in 3D AR groups and a lower drop in estimated renal plasma flow at renal scan at 3 mo of follow-up (–12.38 in the 3D group vs –18.14 in the US group; p = 0.01). The main limitations of this study are short follow-up time and small sample size. Conclusions HA3D models that overlap in vivo anatomy during AR-RAPN for complex tumours can be useful for identifying the lesion and intraparenchymal structures that are difficult to visualise with US only. This translates to a potential improvement in the quality of the resection phase and a reduction in postoperative complications, with better functional recovery. Patient summary Based on our findings, three-dimensional augmented reality robot-assisted partial nephrectomy seems to help surgeons in the management of complex renal tumours, with potential early postoperative benefits.

Background Use of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) for prostate cancer is increasing. Structured surgical training and objective assessment are critical for outcomes. Objective To develop and validate a modular training and assessment pathway via Healthcare Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (HFMEA) for trainees undertaking RARP and evaluate learning curves (LCs) for procedural steps. Design, setting, and participants This multi-institutional (Europe, Australia, and United States) observational prospective study used HFMEA to identify the high-risk steps of RARP. A specialist focus group enabled validation. Fifteen trainees who underwent European Association of Urology robotic surgery curriculum training performed RARP and were assessed by mentors using the tool developed. Results produced LCs for each step. A plateau above score 4 indicated competence. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We used a modular training and assessment tool (RARP Assessment Score) to evaluate technical skills. LCs were constructed. Multivariable Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U , and κ coefficient analyses were used. Results and limitations Five surgeons were observed for 42 console hours to map steps of RARP. HFMEA identified 84 failure modes and 46 potential causes with a hazard score ≥8. Content validation created the RARP Assessment Score: 17 stages and 41 steps. The RARP Assessment Score was acceptable (56.67%), feasible (96.67%), and had educational impact (100%). Fifteen robotic surgery trainees were assessed for 8 mo. In 426 RARP cases (range: 4–79), all procedural steps were attempted by trainees. Trainees were assessed with the RARP Assessment Score by their expert mentors, and LCs for individual steps were plotted. LCs demonstrated plateaus for anterior bladder neck transection (16 cases), posterior bladder neck transection (18 cases), posterior dissection (9 cases), dissection of prostatic pedicle and seminal vesicles (15 cases), and anastomosis (17 cases). Other steps did not plateau during data collection. Conclusions The RARP Assessment Score based on HFMEA methodology identified critical steps for focused RARP training and assessed surgeons. LCs demonstrate the experience necessary to reach a level of competence in technical skills to protect patients. Patient summary We developed a safety and assessment tool to gauge the technical skills of surgeons performing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Improvement was monitored, and measures of progress can be used in future to guide mentors when training surgeons to operate safely.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the predictive accuracy and the clinical value of a recent nomogram predicting cancer-specific mortality-free survival after surgery in pN1 prostate cancer patients through an external validation. METHODS: We evaluated 518 prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection with evidence of nodal metastases at final pathology, at 10 tertiary centers. External validation was carried out using regression coefficients of the previously published nomogram. The performance characteristics of the model were assessed by quantifying predictive accuracy, according to the area under the curve in the receiver operating characteristic curve and model calibration. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed the specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for each nomogram-derived probability cut-off. Finally, we implemented decision curve analysis, in order to quantify the nomogram's clinical value in routine practice. RESULTS: External validation showed inferior predictive accuracy as referred to in the internal validation (65.8% vs 83.3%, respectively). The discrimination (area under the curve) of the multivariable model was 66.7% (95% CI 60.1-73.0%) by testing with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The calibration plot showed an overestimation throughout the range of predicted cancer-specific mortality-free survival rates probabilities. However, in decision curve analysis, the nomogram's use showed a net benefit when compared with the scenarios of treating all patients or none. CONCLUSIONS: In an external setting, the nomogram showed inferior predictive accuracy and suboptimal calibration characteristics as compared to that reported in the original population. However, decision curve analysis showed a clinical net benefit, suggesting a clinical implication to correctly manage pN1 prostate cancer patients after surgery.

Introduction : Robotic surgery is a rapidly expanding field. Thus far training for robotic techniques has been unstructured and the requirements are variable across various regions. Several projects are currently underway to develop a robotic surgery curriculum and are in various stages of validation. We aimed to outline the structures of available curricula, their process of development, validation status and current utilization. Methods : We undertook a literature review of papers including the MeSH terms "Robotics" and "Education". When we had an overview of curricula in development, we searched recent conference abstracts to gain up to date information. Results : The main curricula are the FRS, the FSRS, the Canadian BSTC and the ERUS initiative. They are in various stages of validation and offer a mixture of theoretical and practical training, using both physical and simulated models. Discussion : Whilst the FSRS is based on tasks on the RoSS virtual reality simulator, FRS and BSTC are designed for use on simulators and the robot itself. The ERUS curricula benefits from a combination of dry lab, wet lab and virtual reality components, which may allow skills to be more transferable to the OR as tasks are completed in several formats. Finally, the ERUS curricula includes the OR modular training programme as table assistant and console surgeon. Conclusion : Curricula are a crucial step in global standardisation of training and certification of surgeons for robotic surgical procedures. Many curricula are in early stages of development and more work is needed in development and validation of these programmes before training can be standardised.

To determine the current state of robotic urological practice, to establish how robotic training has been delivered and to ascertain whether this training was felt to be adequate. A questionnaire was emailed to members of the European Association of Urology robotic urology section mailing list. Outcomes were subdivided into three groups: demographics, exposure and barriers to training, and delivery of training. A comparative analysis of trainees and independently practising robotic surgeons was performed. 239 surgeons completed the survey, of these 117 (48.9 %) were practising robotic surgeons with the remainder either trainees or surgeons who had had received training in robotic surgery. The majority of robotic surgeons performed robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (90.6 %) and were undertaking >50 robotic cases per annum (55.6 %). Overall, only 66.3 % of respondents felt their robotic training needs had been met. Trainee satisfaction was significantly lower than that of independently practising surgeons (51.6 versus 71.6 %, p = 0.01). When a subgroup analysis of trainees was performed examining the relationship between regular simulator access and satisfaction, simulator access was a positive predictor of satisfaction, with 87.5 % of those with regular access versus 36.8 % of those without access being satisfied (p

Background With the development of novel augmented reality operating platforms the way surgeons utilise imaging as a real-time adjunct to surgical technique is changing. Methods A questionnaire was distributed via the European Robotic Urological Society mailing list. The questionnaire had three themes: surgeon demographics, current use of imaging and potential uses of an augmented reality operating environment in robotic urological surgery. Results 117 of the 239 respondents (48.9%) were independently practising robotic surgeons. 74% of surgeons reported having imaging available in theatre for prostatectomy 97% for robotic partial nephrectomy and 95% cystectomy. 87% felt there was a role for augmented reality as a navigation tool in robotic surgery. Conclusions This survey has revealed the contemporary robotic surgeon to be comfortable in the use of imaging for intraoperative planning it also suggests that there is a desire for augmented reality platforms within the urological community. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Objective To characterise the surgical feasibility and outcomes of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) for pathological T4 bladder cancer. Patients and Methods Retrospective evaluation of a prospectively maintained International Radical Cystectomy Consortium database was conducted for 1118 patients who underwent RARC between 2003 and 2012. We dichotomised patients based on pathological stage (≤pT3 vs pT4) and evaluated demographic, operative and pathological variables in relation to morbidity and mortality. Results In all, 1000 ≤pT3 and 118 pT4 patients were evaluated. The pT4 patients were older than the ≤pT3 patients (P = 0.001). The median operating time and blood loss were 386 min and 350 mL vs 396 min and 350 mL for p T4 and ≤pT3, respectively. The complication rate was similar (54% vs 58%; P = 0.64) among ≤pT3 and pT4 patients, respectively. The overall 30- and 90-day mortality rate was 0.4% and 1.8% vs 4.2% and 8.5% for ≤pT3 vs pT4 patients (P < 0.001), respectively. The body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiology score, length of hospital stay (LOS) >10 days, and 90-day readmission were significantly associated with complications in pT4 patients. Meanwhile, BMI, LOS >10 days, grade 3–5 complications, 90-day readmission, smoking, previous abdominal surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy were significantly associated with mortality in pT4 patients. On multivariate analysis, BMI was an independent predictor of complications in pT4 patients, but not for mortality. Conclusions RARC for pT4 bladder cancer is surgically feasible but entails significant morbidity and mortality. BMI was independent predictor of complications in pT4 patients.

Objectives To provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of the field of robotic systems for urological surgery and discuss future perspectives. Materials and Methods A non-systematic literature review was performed using PubMed/Medline search electronic engines. Existing patents for robotic devices were researched using the Google search engine. Findings were also critically analysed taking into account the personal experience of the authors. Results The relevant patents for the first generation of the da Vinci platform will expire in 2019. New robotic systems are coming onto the stage. These can be classified according to type of console, arrangement of robotic arms, handles and instruments, and other specific features (haptic feedback, eye-tracking). The Telelap ALF-X robot uses an open console with eye-tracking, laparoscopy-like handles with haptic feedback, and arms mounted on separate carts; first clinical trials with this system were reported in 2016. The Medtronic robot provides an open console using three-dimensional high-definition video technology and three arms. The Avatera robot features a closed console with microscope-like oculars, four arms arranged on one cart, and 5-mm instruments with six degrees of freedom. The REVO-I consists of an open console and a four-arm arrangement on one cart; the first experiments with this system were published in 2016. Medicaroid uses a semi-open console and three robot arms attached to the operating table. Clinical trials of the SP 1098-platform using the da Vinci Xi for console-based single-port surgery were reported in 2015. The SPORT robot has been tested in animal experiments for single-port surgery. The SurgiBot represents a bedside solution for single-port surgery providing flexible tube-guided instruments. The Avicenna Roboflex has been developed for robotic flexible ureteroscopy, with promising early clinical results. Conclusions Several console-based robots for laparoscopic multi- and single-port surgery are expected to come to market within the next 5 years. Future developments in the field of robotic surgery are likely to focus on the specific features of robotic arms, instruments, console, and video technology. The high technical standards of four da Vinci generations have set a high bar for upcoming devices. Ultimately, the implementation of these upcoming systems will depend on their clinical applicability and costs. How these technical developments will facilitate surgery and whether their use will translate into better outcomes for our patients remains to be determined.

Context Novel surgical techniques demand that surgical training adapts to the need for technical and nontechnical skills. Objective To identify training methods available for robot-assisted surgical (RAS) training in urology, evaluate their effectiveness in terms of validation, educational impact, acceptability, and cost effectiveness, and assess their effect on learning curves (LCs). Evidence acquisition A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines searched Ovid Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library. Results were screened to include appropriate studies. Quality was evaluated. Each method was evaluated, and conclusions were drawn regarding LCs. Evidence synthesis Of 359 records, 24 were included (521 participants). Training methods included dry-lab training ( n =7), wet-lab training ( n =7), mentored training ( n =7), and nonstructured pathways ( n =5). Dry-lab training demonstrated educational impact by reducing console time and was acceptable in a study; 100% of participants confirmed face validity. Wet-lab training principally uses human cadaveric material; effectiveness is well rated, although dry-lab training and observation were rated as equally useful. Mentored programmes combine lectures, tutorials, observation, simulation, and proctoring. Minifellowships were linked to greater practice of RAS 1 yr later. LCs vary according to experience. One study found that surgeons from robot-related fellowships demonstrated fewer positive surgical margins than surgeons from laparoscopic-related fellowships (24% vs 34.6%; p =0.05) and reduced time (132 vs 152min; p =0.0003). Five studies examined nonstructured training pathways (clinical practice). Experience correlated with fewer complications ( p =0.007), improved continence ( p =0.049), and reduced time ( p =0.002). Conclusions RAS training methods include dry and wet lab, mentored training, and nonstructured pathways. Limited available evidence suggests that they affect LCs differently and are rarely used alone. The different methods of training appear effective when combined. Their benefits must be explored to facilitate validated acceptable training with educational impact. Patient summary Robot-assisted training encompasses several methods used in combination, but more evidence is required to gain the greatest benefit and formulate future training pathways.

OBJECTIVE: Effective training is paramount for patient safety. Modular training entails advancing through surgical steps of increasing difficulty. This study aimed to construct a modular training pathway for use in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). It aims to identify the sequence of procedural steps that are learnt before surgeons are able to perform a full procedure without an intervention from mentor.DESIGN: This is a multi-institutional, prospective, observational, longitudinal study. We used a validated training tool (RARP Score). Data regarding surgeons' stage of training and progress were collected for analysis. A modular training pathway was constructed with consensus on the level of difficulty and evaluation of individual steps. We identified and recorded the sequence of steps performed by fellows during their learning curves.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We included 15 urology fellows from UK, Europe, and Australia.RESULTS: A total of 15 surgeons were assessed by mentors in 425 RARP cases over 8 months (range: 7-79) across 15 international centers. There were substantial differences in the sequence of RARP steps according to the chronology of the procedure, difficulty level, and the order in which surgeons actually learned steps. Steps were not attempted in chronological order. The greater the difficulty, the later the cohort first undertook the step (p = 0.021). The cohort undertook steps of difficulty level I at median case number 1. Steps of difficulty levels II, III, and IV showed more variation in median case number of the first attempt. We recommend that, in the operating theater, steps be learned in order of increasing difficulty. A new modular training route has been designed. This incorporates the steps of RARP with the following order of priority: difficulty level > median case number of first attempt > most frequently undertaken in surgical training.CONCLUSIONS: An evidence-based modular training pathway has been developed that facilitates a safe introduction to RARP for novice surgeons.

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Lymph node dissection and it's extend during robot-assisted radical cystectomy varies based on surgeon related factors. This study reports outcomes of robot-assisted extended lymphadenectomy based on surgeon experience in both academic and private practice settings. Objective To evaluate the incidence of, and predictors for, extended lymph node dissection (LND) in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) for bladder cancer, as extendedLND is critical for the treatment of bladder cancer but the role of minimally invasive surgery for extended LND has not been well-defined in a multi-institutional setting. Patients and Methods Used the International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium (IRCC) database. In all, 765 patients who underwent RARC at 17 institutions from 2003 to 2010 were evaluated for receipt of extended LND. Patients were stratified by age, sex, clinical stage, institutional volume, sequential case number, and surgeon volume. Logistic regression analyses were used to correlate variables to the likelihood of undergoing extended LND. Results In all, 445 (58%) patients underwent extended LND. Among all patients, a median (range) of 18 (0–74) LNs were examined. High-volume institutions (≥100 cases) had a higher mean LN yield (23 vs 15, P < 0.001). On univariable analysis, surgeon volume, institutional volume, and sequential case number were associated with likelihood of undergoing extended LND. On multivariable analysis, surgeon volume [odds ratio (OR) 3.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.37–5.06, P < 0.001] and institution volume [OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.47–4.78, P = 0.001) were associated with undergoing extended LND. Conclusions Robot-assisted LND can achieve similar LN yields to those of open LND after RC. High-volume surgeons are more likely to perform extended LND, reflecting a correlation between their growing experience and increased comfort with advanced vascular dissection.

Context Despite the increasing interest in laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) worldwide, the actual role of this novel approach in the field of minimally invasive urologic surgery remains to be determined. It has been postulated that robotic technology could be applied to LESS to overcome the current constraints. Objective To summarize and critically analyze the available evidence on the current status and future of robotic applications in single-site surgery. Evidence acquisition A systematic literature review was performed in April 2011 using PubMed and the Thomson-Reuters Web of Science. In the free-text protocol, the following terms were applied: robotic single site surgery, robotic single port surgery, robotic single incision surgery , and robotic laparoendoscopic single site surgery . Review articles, editorials, commentaries, and letters to the editor were included only if deemed to contain relevant information. In addition, cited references from the selected articles and from review articles retrieved in the search were assessed for significant manuscripts not previously included. The authors selected 55 articles according to the search strategy based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis criteria. Evidence synthesis The volume of available clinical outcomes of robotic LESS (R-LESS) has considerably grown since the pioneering description of the first successful clinical series of single-port robotic procedures. So far, a cumulative number of roughly 150 robotic urologic LESS cases have been reported by different institutions across the globe with a variety of techniques and port configurations. The feasibility of robot-assisted single-incision colorectal procedures, as well as of many gynecologic procedures, has also been demonstrated. A novel set of single-site instruments specifically dedicated to LESS is now commercially available for use with the da Vinci Si surgical system, and both experimental and clinical use have been reported. However, the current robotic systems were specifically designed for LESS. The ideal robotic platform should have a low external profile, the possibility of being deployed through a single access site, and the possibility of restoring intra-abdominal triangulation while maintaining the maximum degree of freedom for precise maneuvers and strength for reliable traction. Several purpose-built robotic prototypes for single-port surgery are being tested. Conclusions Significant advances have been achieved in the field of R-LESS since the first reported clinical series in 2009. Given the several advantages offered by current the da Vinci system, it is likely that its adoption in this field will increase. The recent introduction of purpose-built instrumentation is likely to further foster the application of robotics to LESS. However, we are still far from the ideal robotic platform. Significant improvements are needed before this technique might reach widespread adoption beyond selected centers. Further advances in the field of robotic technology are expected to provide the optimal interface to facilitate LESS.

Introduction For the treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease, kidney transplantation is preferred to renal replacement modalities such as hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Although open surgery remains the gold standard, minimally invasive approaches have recently been applied in transplant kidney surgery. Despite growing enthusiasm and potential benefits of robotic kidney transplant, many aspects of this novel technique remain controversial. Aim of this study was to analyze the current status and future developments in robotic-assisted surgery for kidney transplantation. Evidence acquisition A systematic PubMed search for peer-reviewed studies was performed using keywords such as "Minimally invasive surgery" or "Robotic" or "Robot assisted" AND "Kidney transplantation". Eligible articles were reviewed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Evidence synthesis Eleven studies evaluated reported the feasibility, safety, and reproducibility of robotic kidney transplantation using either a transperitoneal or an extraperitoneal approach. The graft kidney is usually introduced via a periumbilical or Gibson incision. The functional outcomes of the robotic approach are equivalent to those of open kidney transplantation in terms of mean serum creatinine at 6 month and delayed graft function. The benefits of robotic kidney transplantation include easier vascular anastomosis, better cosmetic results, and a lower complication rate, including in the obese population. Many concerns remain over the potential impairment of graft function due to pneumoperitoneum and warm ischemia and the technical difficulties related to the vascular anastomosis. Refinement of the robotic tactile feedback and development of a cold ischemia device may lead to further improvement in this novel technique. Conclusions Robotic surgery allows kidney transplantation to be performed under optimal operative conditions, reducing complications while maintaining the functional results achieved by the open approach. The evolution of this technique is in progress.

Context In 2001, Rocco et al. described a surgical technique whose aim was the reconstruction of the posterior musculofascial plate after radical prostatectomy (RP) to improve early return to urinary continence. Since then, many surgeons have applied this technique—either as it was described or with some modification—to open, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted RP. Objective To review the outcomes reported in comparative studies analysing the influence of reconstruction of the posterior aspect of the rhabdosphincter after RP. The main outcome evaluated was urinary continence at 3–7 d, 30–45 d, 90 d, 180 d, and 1 yr after catheter removal. Evidence acquisition A systematic review of the literature was performed in November 2011, searching the Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A "free-text" protocol using the terms posterior reconstruction of the rhabdosphincter, posterior rhabdosphincter , and early continence was applied. Studies published only as abstracts and reports from meetings were not included in this review. One thousand seven records were retrieved from the Medline database, 1541 from the Embase database, 1357 from the Scopus database, and 1041 from the Web of Science database. The authors reviewed the records to identify studies comparing cohorts of patients who underwent RP with or without restoration of the posterior aspect of the rhabdosphincter. Only papers evaluating use of this technique as the only technical modification among the groups were included. A cumulative analysis was conducted using Review Manager v.5.1 software (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK). Evidence synthesis Eleven studies were identified in the literature search, including two randomised controlled trials (RCTs), which were negative studies. The cumulative analysis of comparative studies showed that reconstruction of the posterior musculofascial plate improves early return of continence within the first 30 d after RP ( p =0.004), while continence rates 90 d after surgery are not affected by use of the reconstruction technique. The statistical significance of the reconstruction seems to decrease when higher continence rates are reported. Use of posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction does not seem to be related to positive surgical margin (PSM) rates or with complications like acute urinary retention (AUR) and bladder neck stricture (BNS). Some studies suggested lower anastomotic leakage rates with the posterior musculofascial plate reconstruction technique. Conclusions The role of reconstruction of the posterior musculofascial plate in terms of earlier continence recovery is encouraging but still controversial. Methodological flaws and poor surgical standardisation seem to be the major causes. In two RCTs and one parallel (not randomised) group trial, posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction offered no significant advantage for return of early continence after RP. No significant complications related to the posterior musculofascial plate reconstruction technique have been reported so far. A multicentre RCT is necessary to clarify the possible role of the technique in terms of earlier continence recovery.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of previous robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) case volume on the outcomes of robot-assisted radical cystectomy. Little is known regarding the effect of previous robotic surgical experience on the implementation and execution of robot-assisted radical cystectomy. METHODS Using the International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium database, 496 patients were identified who had undergone robot-assisted radical cystectomy by 21 surgeons at 14 institutions from 2003 to 2009. The surgeons were divided into 4 groups according to their previous RARP experience (150 cases). The overall operative time, blood loss, lymph node yield, pathologic stage, and surgical margin status were compared among the 4 groups using chi-square analysis. RESULTS The mean operative time was 386 minutes (range 178-827). The mean estimated blood loss was 408 mL (range 25-3500). The operative time and blood loss were both significantly associated with previous RARP experience (P < .001). The mean lymph node count was 17.8 nodes (range 0-68). Lymph node yield and increased pathologic stage were significantly associated with previous RARP experience (P < .001). Finally, 34 (7.0%) of the 482 patients had a positive surgical margin. Margin status was not significantly associated with previous RARP experience (P = .089). CONCLUSIONS Previous RARP case volume might affect the operative time, blood loss, and lymph node yield at robot-assisted radical cystectomy. In addition, surgeons with increased RARP experience operated on patients with more advanced tumors. Previous RARP experience, however, did not appear to affect the surgical margin status. UROLOGY 76: 1111-1116, 2010. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc.

Background: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has evolved as a minimally invasive alternative to open radical cystectomy for patients with invasive bladder cancer. Objective: We sought to de. ne the learning curve for RARC by evaluating results from a multicenter, contemporary, consecutive series of patients who underwent this procedure. Design, setting, and participants: Utilizing the International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium database, a prospectively maintained and institutional review board-approved database, we identified 496 patients who underwent RARC by 21 surgeons at 14 institutions from 2003 to 2009. Measurements: Cut-off points for operative time, lymph node yield (LNY), estimated blood loss (EBL), and margin positivity were identified. Using specifically designed statistical mixed models, we were able to inversely predict the number of patients required for an institution to reach the predetermined cut-off points. Results and limitations: Mean operative time was 386 min, mean EBL was 408 ml, and mean LNY was 18. Overall, 34 of 482 patients (7%) had a positive surgical margin (PSM). Using statistical models, it was estimated that 21 patients were required for operative time to reach 6.5 h and 8, 20, and 30 patients were required to reach an LNY of 12, 16, and 20, respectively. For all patients, PSM rates of

Context Open pyeloplasty has been considered the referral standard of treatment for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Minimally invasive procedures, however, have evolved and have gradually replaced open surgery, with various success and complication rates. The ideal universal treatment for UPJO is still elusive and controversial. Objectives The current status of three surgical approaches to the treatment of UPJO are reviewed: laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP), robotic-assisted pyeloplasty, and endopyelotomy. Evidence acquisition The interactive discussion among the expert presenters and urologists participating at the Second Congress on Controversies in Urology in Lisbon, Portugal, is summarized. Evidence synthesis A review of the relevant literature and the experts' opinions seem to indicate that LP, either conventional or robotic, should be considered as the treatment of choice for UPJO, because it achieves the highest success rates (90%) while still offering the patient the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. The conventional laparoscopic approach demands a high level of surgical expertise and dedicated training that can be partially obviated by the robotic system. Evidence proving clear advantages of robotic pyeloplasty over conventional laparoscopy, however, is lacking due to short follow-up. Additionally, in its current version, the robotic system is financially prohibitive for many centers worldwide. In experienced hands, endopyelotomy performed either percutaneously or by the retrograde ureteroscopic approach can achieve long-standing satisfactory results in carefully selected patients (short strictures, minimal hydronephrosis, no crossing vessel). Additionally, endopyelotomy is the procedure of choice for failed pyeloplasty, with success rates of up to 80%. Conclusions It can be concluded from the presented data that, given the surgical expertise, LP should be considered the current standard of care for UPJO, with high success rates comparable to the open procedure. The advantages of the robotic system for the patient remain to be proved by scientific data. Endopyelotomy is still indicated in selected cases as a primary therapeutic option and should be considered the procedure of choice for pyeloplasty failures.

Purpose: With the exponential growth of robotic urological surgery, particularly with robot assisted radical prostatectomy, guidelines for safe initiation of this technology are a necessity. Currently no standardized credentialing system exists to our knowledge to evaluate surgeon competency and safety with robotic urological surgery performance. Although proctoring is a modality by which such competency can be evaluated, other training tools and guidelines are needed to ensure that the requisite knowledge and technical skills to perform this procedure have been acquired. We evaluated the current status of proctoring and credentialing in other surgical specialties to discuss and recommend its application and implementation specifically for robot assisted radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the literature on safety and medicolegal implications of proctoring and the safe introduction of surgical procedures to develop recommendations for robot assisted radical prostatectomy proctoring an...

The incidence of renal masses and renal cancer has continued to increase in recent years. This is mainly a result of widespread adoption of noninvasive diagnostic imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and computed tomography for the evaluation of abdominal and musculoskeletal symptoms. Most of these incidentally detected tumours (70%) are small, asymptomatic, and confined to the kidney [1]. Consequently, more surgical procedures are now performed to treat these new lesions. The optimal therapeutic modality for the management of renal masses is surgical removal. In the past, removal of the whole kidney, including perirenal fat and adrenal gland, was considered the gold standard. In recent years, parenchymal-sparing surgery (PSS), in which just the tumour and the adjacent nonmalignant parenchymal rim are removed, has produced equivalent oncologic outcomes with the advantage of sparing functioning renal tissue. Initially, PSS was limited to patients with small lesions, a solitary kidney, or compromised renal function. However, today, PSS is the treatment of choice for any patient with a normal contralateral kidney and renal masses up to 4 cm, and there is preliminary

To evaluate the influence of posterior musculofascial plate reconstruction (PR) on early return of continence after radical prostatectomy (RP); an updated systematic review of the literature. A systematic review of the literature was performed in June 2015, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and searching Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases. We searched the terms posterior reconstruction prostatectomy, double layer anastomosis prostatectomy across the 'Title' and 'Abstract' fields of the records, with the following limits: humans, gender (male), and language (English). The authors reviewed the records to identify studies comparing cohorts of patients who underwent RP with or without restoration of the posterior aspect of the rhabdosphincter. A meta-analysis of the risk ratios estimated using data from the selected studies was performed. In all, 21 studies were identified, including three randomised controlled trials. The overall analysis of comparative studies showed that PR improved early continence recovery at 3-7, 30, and 90 days after catheter removal, while the continence rate at 180 days was statistically but not clinically affected. Statistically significantly lower anastomotic leakage rates were described after PR. There were no significant differences for positive surgical margins rates or for complications such as acute urinary retention and bladder neck stricture. The analysis confirms the benefits at 30 days after catheter removal already discussed in the review published in 2012, but also shows a significant advantage in terms of urinary continence recovery in the first 90 days. A multicentre prospective randomised controlled trial is currently being conducted in several institutions around the world to better assess the effectiveness of PR in facilitating an earlier recovery of postoperative urinary continence.

Objectives: To investigate cancer-specific mortality and other-cause mortality in prostate cancer patients with nodal metastases. Methods: The study included 411 patients treated with radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate cancer with lymph node metastases at 10 tertiary care centers between 1995 and 2014. Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to assess cancer-specific mortality-free survival rates at 8 years' follow up in the overall population, and after stratifying patients according to clinical and pathological parameters. Uni- and multivariable competing risk Cox regression analyses were used to assess cancer-specific mortality and other-cause mortality. Finally, cumulative-incidence plots were generated for cancer-specific mortality and other-cause mortality after stratifying patients according to the number of positive lymph nodes and the median age at surgery, according to the competing risks method. Results: Men with prostate-specific antigen ≤40 ng/mL and those with one to three positive lymph nodes showed higher cancer-specific mortality-free survival estimates as compared with their counterparts with prostate-specific antigen >40 ng/mL and >3 metastatic lymph nodes, respectively (all P < 0.001). At multivariable Cox regression analyses, preoperative prostate-specific antigen >40 ng/mL, >3 lymph node metastases and pathological Gleason score 8–10 were all independent predictors of cancer-specific mortality (all P-values ≤0.001). On competing risk analysis, when patients were stratified according to the number of positive lymph nodes (namely, ≤3 vs >3), the 8-year cancer-specific mortality rates were 27.4% versus 44.8% for patients aged 3 positive lymph nodes, the overall mortality rate is completely related to prostate cancer in young patients.

Prostate cancer plays an important role in widely understood aspects of men's health, and is becoming a growing problem in terms of public life. Prostate cancer is one of the most common neoplasms among men. Male patients can live with prostate cancer for a long time so it is important to offer appropriate males adequate diagnostic tools and treatments. Prostate cancer and PSA potentially represent a "pair" of a disease and an appropriate indicator to be used in mass screening, but regardless of that there is still active debate about it. Extensive use of PSA screening has modified epidemiology of the diseases. Randomized controlled studies provided sufficient results regarding a reduction in mortality through PSA mass screening, while all agreed on risks of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. New and accurate screening tools are necessary, along with adequate counseling and risk stratification.

Long-term oncologic data on patients undergoing robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) are limited and based largely on single-institution series.Report survival outcomes of patients who underwent RARC ≥5 yr ago.Retrospective review of the prospectively populated International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium multi-institutional database identified 743 patients with RARC performed ≥5 yr ago. Clinical, pathologic, and survival data at the latest follow-up were collected. Patients with palliative RARC were excluded. Final analysis was performed on 702 patients from 11 institutions in 6 countries.RARC.Outcomes of interest, recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) were plotted using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify factors that predicted outcomes.Pathologic organ-confined (OC) disease was found in 62% of patients. Soft tissue surgical margins (SMs) were positive in 8%. Median lymph node (LN) yield was 16, and 21% of patients had positive LNs. Median follow-up was 67 mo (interquartile range: 18-84 mo). Five-year RFS, CSS, and OS were 67%, 75%, and 50%, respectively. Non-OC disease and SMs were associated with poorer RFS, CSS, and OS on multivariable analysis. Age predicted poorer CSS and OS. Adjuvant chemotherapy and positive SMs were predictors of RFS (hazard ratio: 3.20 and 2.16; p0.001 and p0.005, respectively). Stratified survival curves demonstrated poorer outcomes for positive SM, LN, and non-OC disease. Retrospective interrogation and lack of contemporaneous comparison groups that underwent open radical cystectomy were major limitations.The largest multi-institutional series to date reported long-term survival outcomes after RARC.Patients who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer have acceptable long-term survival.

Background: Intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD) has the potential benefits of a smaller incision, reduced pain, decreased bowel exposure, and reduced risk of fluid imbalance. Objective: To compare the perioperative outcomes of patients undergoing extracorporeal urinary diversion (ECUD) and ICUD following robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). Design, setting, and participants: We reviewed the database of the International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium (IRCC) (18 international centers), with 935 patients who had undergone RARC and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) between 2003 and 2011. Intervention: All patients within the IRCC underwent RARC and PLND as indicated. The urinary diversion was performed either intracorporeally or extracorporeally. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Demographic data, perioperative outcomes, and complications in patients undergoing ICUD or ECUD were compared. All patients had at least a 90-d follow-up. The Fisher exact test was used to summarize categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank sum test or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. Results and limitations: Of 935 patients who had RARC and PLND, 167 patients underwent ICUD (ileal conduit: 106; neobladder: 61), and 768 patients had an ECUD (ileal conduit: 570; neobladder: 198). Postoperative complications data were available for 817 patients, with a minimum follow-up of 90 d. There was no difference in age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, or rate of prior abdominal surgery between the groups. The operative time was equivalent (414 min), with the median hospital stay being marginally longer for the ICUD group (9 d vs 8 d, p = 0.086). No difference in the reoperation rates at 30 d was noted between the groups. The 90-d complication rate was not significant between the two groups, but a trend favoring ICUD over ECUD was noted (41% vs 49%, p = 0.05). Gastrointestinal complications were significantly lower in the ICUD group (p