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The implementation of the European Food Regulation in the German military started in 2003 and was fully implemented in 2006. In addition, in 2003 the German military introduced the concept of using convenience-based foods targeted to improve the safety of food served to the troops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these changes on food safety and the occurrence of food-borne disease outbreaks in the German military. For this purpose, data from a total of 517 food-borne outbreaks that occurred between 1995 and 2019 in the responsible areas of the German military both within the country and abroad were subjected to a retrospective analysis. As a result, a significant decrease (p = 2.47 × 10 -5 ) in the number of the food-borne outbreak was observed in the second observation period (2003-2019) compared to the first period (1995-2002). Food groups often found contaminated with pathogens were desserts and prepared dishes (first period), fresh produce, soups, and sauces (second period). Bacillus cereus, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were dominant pathogens isolated from suspected foods during disease outbreaks in both periods, however, the absolute number of isolates reduced significantly in the second period. Therefore it can be concluded that the implementation of European food hygiene regulations together with the introduction of convenience-based foods had a significant positive impact on food safety in the German military., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

David A. Harrisville: The Virtuous Wehrmacht: Crafting the Myth of the German Soldier on the Eastern Front, 1941-1944 The Virtuous Wehrmacht: Crafting the Myth of the German Soldier on the Eastern Front, 1941-1944. Harrisville does more than just illuminate the views of ordinary soldiers on the Eastern Front. [Extracted from the article]

The service of specialized and special forces of the Federal Armed Forces and police is characterized by complex situations. Such personnel often face numerous difficulties and extreme danger and experience periods of high stress when fulfilling their tasks. In the context of social and technological changes, it is necessary to explore the individual components of stress management in further detail, i.e., stress prevention, stress control, and stress coping mechanisms, and furthermore to consider these elements in the fields of training and service. For this purpose, a stress management model was created based on participant observations, expert ratings, and problem-centered interviews with specialized members of military police and special police forces. The results of the validation can be interpreted as suggesting that effective stress management requires a diverse range of techniques and methods, including the use of digital means such as e-learning, digital reality, and eye tracking, in order to be able to address new demands appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A wide variety of different types of wearable sensors are being developed around the world and introduced into the armed forces for military purposes. Competing states must rapidly develop ready-to-use systems that are robust, functional, valid, and practical. There appears to be potential for optimizing the successful and effective introduction of wearable sensors into the German armed forces (Bundeswehr) for military medical applications. The purpose of this study was to identify specific options for improving and optimizing the introduction of modern technologies such as wearable sensors into the structures of the German armed forces.Materials and Methods: Nine stakeholders were identified who could provide a qualified statement on the introduction of wearable sensors, of which six agreed to participate in an expert interview. The six qualitative expert interviews, which were conducted for a master's thesis at the Bundeswehr University in Hamburg, were selected on the basis of their thematic involvement and readiness for an interview and provided the basis for exploring processes that can possibly optimize the introduction of wearable sensors into modern armed forces such as the Bundeswehr. These interviews were carried out and analyzed using the Lamnek's method.Results: Six expert interviews were analyzed and the most relevant statements were summarized and presented. Thirteen options for optimization were identified and included, for example, interdisciplinary networking, optimization of information flow, and strategic weighting.Conclusions: Several potential options have been identified that can optimize the introduction of wearable sensors into the German armed forces to a greater or lesser extent. Bundeswehr experts agree that above all structurally relevant improvements such as "development of data analysis standards," "legal requirements," "interdisciplinarity," "acceleration of development," and "centralization and structured cooperation" should play an important role in the implementation of wearable sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies identified service members of the United States (US) Armed Forces as a high-risk group for suicide. A significant increase in the suicide rate in the US Armed Forces was found in recent years. To date, there is no military suicide statistic available for the German Armed Forces. This study examined attempted and completed suicides in active service members of the German Armed Forces between 2010 and 2016 retrospectively, on the basis of archived personal and medical records in the central archives of the Medical Service of German Armed Forces. The primary goal was to establish a suicide-statistic for the German Armed Forces and to calculate and compare the suicides rates with the German population. Secondary every case's data was analysed the groups of attempted and completed suicides were compared. 262 attempted suicides and 148 completed suicides were included in this study (N = 410). The suicide rates of the German Armed Forces peaked over the years 2014–2015 with a suicide rate of 15–16/100.000 active military service members and exceeded the civilian suicide rate in Germany of around 12/100.000 people during those years, although no general trend could be determined. These service members were mostly young men (attempted suicide 81.7%, completed suicide 99.3%), at the age of 17 - <35 years old (87% attempted suicide, 68,3% completed suicide), and were employed less than 6 years in the German Armed Forces (attempted suicide 72.9%, completed suicide 46.3%). Service members with attempted suicides belonged mostly to the military North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-rank-group for other ranks (lowermost military professionals) OR-1 –OR-4 (48.1%) or to the rank-group OR-6 –OR-9 in the group of completed suicides (34.5%). Only in about one third of cases a psychiatric diagnosis could be found in the records. Most frequent diagnoses were neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision^ICD-10: F4) in 46.8%, and affective disorders (ICD-10: F3) in 43.3% of all cases. In the majority of cases there were signs for potential stressors in the private sector (attempted suicide 90.6%, completed suicide 82.6%). No typical risk factors which would enable a specific prevention could be identified in this analysis. Therefore, should preventive strategies be aiming at a multi-level intervention program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar (RUHM) is the property of Centro de Estudios de la Guerra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Germany was the first Western nation to formally implement an object designed to assist with the identification of wounded and dead soldiers, introducing theRekognitionmarke in 1869 following the trial of an identity disc system in 1866. A new design, the Erkennungsmarke, was introduced in 1878, shaping the systems utilized in later wars. The German experience of wearing identifying objects would later influence the identification systems of other European armies, including France and Britain; ultimately resulting in the addition of new articles within the 1906 Geneva Convention to reflect changing attitudes and expectations towards those who died fighting for their country. The Erkennungsmarke presented the possibility of identification, even where immediate burial was not possible, thus facilitating the development of German military burial cultures. This paper explores the development and use of Erkennungsmarken between 1866–1918, information which can assist with the identification of German soldiers recovered during archaeological works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the defensive war in September 1939, Uniejów and its region were the site of fierce fighting between the troops of the Polish Army "Poznań" and German 8th Army. The tactical significance of Uniejów was due to the bridge across the river Warta, which was of key importance for Polish troops marching from the state border to Warsaw. The fights took place on 6-7 September. The Detachment of Marian Frydrych, commanding officer of 60th Regiment of Wielkopolska Infantry of 25th Infantry Division prevented German troops of 30th Infantry Division from seizing and destroying the bridge, which meant safe crossing for Polish soldiers. The authors are the first in Polish historiography to make use of documents from German military archives and to present the fights from the German army perspective. It also was possible to clear up the question of defeating 1st Battalion of 29th Kaniov Rifle Regiment near Uniejów in the evening of 7 September. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The last 10 years have seen an increase in the number of suicides in the US Armed Forces. Accordingly, the topic of suicides in the German military has received a lot of attention in media and science alike.Methods: This study retrospectively examined all suicides (N = 107) committed by active, nonretired German military personnel from 2010 to the end of 2014, analyzing archived medical records. In a second step, these data were compared to a representative German Armed Forces survey conducted in 2012 (N = 1,549).Results: The following risk groups for suicide were identified: male (OR = 9.6), single (OR = 7.8), aged over 45 years (OR = 4.0), short period of service (<2 years; OR = 2.7), and low level of education (OR = 2.2). Surprisingly, military personnel with little experience in deployments abroad (<2 missions) showed double the risk (OR = 2.0) compared to those who had been deployed more than once.Discussion: Multiple robustness checks show that being single, aged over 45 years, and having obtained a low level of education exhibit the most robust effects on suicide risk.Conclusion: Efforts should be made to develop and evaluate risk group-focused prevention programs. We conclude, that further studies should be initiated to show differences of risk groups between lethal and nonlethal suicidal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Staat is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

B Militant attacks persist and MINUSMA suffers more losses. b Mines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) killed nine Mali soldiers during November in central and southern areas, the military said on December 4th. The claim added that JNIM militants torched an army motorcycle and seized military equipment. The German military has been in Mali since 2013, with a presence of up to 1,400 soldiers as part of the MINUSMA mission, mostly based near Gao in the north. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the position of women in the armed forces of Germany and the views of men towards it. The rejection of application of Tanja Kreil, an electrician, for voluntary service in the area of maintenance on gender ground in 1986 opened a debate. After a legal battle Kreil won and it opened the way for women in all services in Germany, including the armed forces. But recent studies in the armed forces showed that most of the person think that women are objects to be protected.

Munich-based SFC Energy has received a further serial order from the German army, which will be introducing the portable Jenny fuel cell into a new energy network for soldiers. The units are based on SFC's compact direct methanol fuel cell technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]