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The extracellular matrix (ECM) engages in regulatory interactions with cell surface receptors through its constituent proteins and polysaccharides. Therefore, nano-sized extracellular matrix conjugated with doxorubicin (DOX) is utilized to produce extracellular matrix-drug conjugates (ECM-DOX) tailored for targeted delivery to cancer cells. The ECM-DOX nanoparticles exhibit rod-like morphology, boasting a commendable drug loading capacity of 4.58%, coupled with acid-sensitive drug release characteristics. Notably, ECM-DOX nanoparticles enhance the uptake by tumor cells and possess the ability to penetrate endothelial cells and infiltrate tumor multicellular spheroids. Mechanistic insights reveal that the internalization of ECM-DOX nanoparticle is facilitated through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, intricately involving hyaluronic acid receptors and integrins. Pharmacokinetic assessments unveil a prolonged blood half-life of ECM-DOX nanoparticles at 3.65 h, a substantial improvement over the 1.09 h observed for free DOX. A sustained accumulation effect of ECM-DOX nanoparticles at tumor sites, with drug levels in tumor tissues surpassing those of free DOX by several-fold. The profound therapeutic impact of ECM-DOX nanoparticles is evident in their notable inhibition of tumor growth, extension of median survival time in animals, and significant reduction in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The ECM platform emerges as a promising carrier for avant-garde nanomedicines in the realm of cancer treatment., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common lethal brain tumor with dismal treatment outcomes and poor response to chemotherapy. As the regulatory center of cytogenetics and metabolism, most tumor chemotherapeutic molecules exert therapeutic effects in the nucleus. Nanodrugs showing the nuclear aggregation effect are expected to eliminate and fundamentally suppress tumor cells. In this study, a nanodrug delivery system based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) is introduced to deliver drugs into the nuclei of GBM cells, effectively enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy. The nanoparticles are modified with folic acid and iRGD peptides molecules to improve their tumor cell targeting and uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Nuclear aggregation allows for the direct delivery of chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide (TMZ) to the tumor cell nuclei, resulting in more significant DNA damage and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Herein, TMZ-loaded POSS nanoparticles can significantly improve the survival of GBM-bearing mice. Therefore, the modified POSS nanoparticles may serve as a promising drug-loaded delivery platform to improve chemotherapy outcomes in GBM patients., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Activated fibroblast-like synovial (FLS) cells are regarded as an important target for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment via starvation therapy mediated by glucose oxidase (GOx). However, the hypoxic RA-FLS environment greatly reduces the oxidation process of glucose and leads to a poor therapeutic effect of the GOx-based starvation therapy. In this work, we designed a hollow mesoporous copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs)-based smart GOx/atovaquone (ATO) codelivery system (named as V-HAGC) targeting RA-FLS cells to realize a O 2 -economized dual energy inhibition strategy to solve the limitation of GOx-based starvation therapy. V-HAGC armed with dual multi-stimuli-responsive "doorkeepers" can guard drugs intelligently. Once under the stimulation of photothermal and acidic conditions at the targeted area, the dual intelligent responsive "doors" would orderly open to realize the controllable release of drugs. Besides, the efficacy of V-HAGC would be much improved by the additional chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) stimulated by CuS NPs. Meanwhile, the upregulated H 2 O 2 and acid levels by starvation therapy would promote the Fenton-like reaction of CuS NPs under O 2 -economized dual energy inhibition, which could enhance the PTT and CDT efficacy as well. In vitro and in vivo evaluations revealed V-HAGC with much improved efficacy of this combination therapy for RA. In general, the smart V-HAGC based on the O 2 -economized dual energy inhibition strategy combined with enhanced CDT and PTT has the potential to be an alternative methodology in the treatment of RA.

As a result of the deficient tumor-specific antigens, potential off-target effect, and influence of protein corona, metal-organic framework nanoparticles have inadequate accumulation in tumor tissues, limiting their therapeutic effects. In this work, a pH-responsive linker (L) is prepared by covalently modifying oleylamine (OA) with 3-(bromomethyl)-4-methyl-2,5-furandione (MMfu) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Then, the L is embedded into a solid lipid nanoshell to coat apilimod (Ap)-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework (Ap-ZIF) to form Ap-ZIF@SLN#L. Under the tumor microenvironment, the hydrophilic PEG and MMfu are removed, exposing the hydrophobic OA on Ap-ZIF@SLN#L, increasing their uptake in cancer cells and accumulation in the tumor. The ZIF@SLN#L nanoparticle induces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ap released from Ap-ZIF@SLN#L significantly promotes intracellular ROS and lactate dehydrogenase generation. Ap-ZIF@SLN#L inhibits tumor growth, increases the survival rate in mice, activates the tumor microenvironment, and improves the infiltration of macrophages and T cells in the tumor, as demonstrated in two different tumor-bearing mice after injections with Ap-ZIF@SLN#TL. Furthermore, mice show normal tissue structure of the main organs and the normal serum level in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase after treatment with the nanoparticles. Overall, this pH-responsive targeting strategy improves nanoparticle accumulation in tumors with enhanced therapeutic effects., (© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Herein, a smart nanohydrogel with endogenous microRNA-21 toehold is developed to encapsulate gemcitabine-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted pancreatic cancer therapy. This toehold mediated strand displacement method can simultaneously achieve specific drug release and miRNA-21 silencing, resulting in the up-regulation of the expression of tumor suppressor genes PTEN and PDCD4.

In the microenvironment of an organism, each element always regulates and compensates for each other's defects, finally achieving biostable equilibrium. Herein, inspired by the balance of biological homeostasis and the interconstraint of elements, light-responsive nanoparticle with anti-vascularization and oxygen-supplying ability such like a homeostasis body is constructed by the electrostatic adsorption of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive copolymers with photosensitizers and oxygen donors, which act as the elements of homeostasis body can interact through multistage reactions forming a balance that induces double apoptosis including those caused by the photosensitizer itself and those induced after oxygenation. In this homeostasis body, the element photosensitizer can simultaneously generate hyperthermia and ROS. The former can not only inhibit the growth of blood vessels and promote cell necrosis, but induce the thermally responsive release of oxygen to alleviate tumor hypoxia for enhanced PDT. And the latter will induce rapid depolymerization of nanoparticles, promote the penetration and finally induce double apoptosis through multistage reactions. Immunofluorescence data further demonstrate that the nanoparticles significantly alleviated tumor hypoxia upon photoexcitation. Thus, such nanoparticles with multistage synergistic effects have demonstrated excellent effects in achieving biostable equilibrium to induce dual apoptosis and may also be a good strategy in hypoxic tumors therapy., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Gene therapy is a promising novel method of tissue regeneration by stimulating or inhibiting key signaling pathways. However, their therapeutic applications in vivo are largely limited by several physiological obstacles, such as degradation of nucleases, impermeability of cell membranes, and transport to the desired intracellular compartments. Biomaterial-based gene delivery systems can overcome the problems of stability and local drug delivery, and can temporarily control the overexpression of therapeutic genes, leading to the local production of physiologically relevant levels of regulatory factors. But the gene delivery of biomaterials for tissue regeneration relies on multi-factor design. This review aims to outline the impact of gene delivery methods, therapeutic genes and biomaterials selection on this strategy, emphatically introduce the latest developments in the design of gene delivery vehicles based on biomaterials, summarize the mechanism of nucleic acid for tissue regeneration, and explore the strategies of nucleic acid delivery vehicles for various tissue regeneration., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Local minimally invasive injection of anticancer therapies is a compelling approach to maximize the utilization of drugs and reduce the systemic adverse drug effects. However, the clinical translation is still hampered by many challenges such as short residence time of therapeutic agents and the difficulty in achieving multi-modulation combination therapy. Herein, mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods (AuNR@SiO 2 ) core-shell nanoparticles are fabricated to facilitate drug loading while rendering them photothermally responsive. Subsequently, AuNR@SiO 2 is anchored into a monodisperse photocrosslinkable gelatin (GelMA) microgel through one-step microfluidic technology. Chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded into AuNR@SiO 2 and 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) is loaded in the microgel layer. The osteosarcoma targeting ligand alendronate is conjugated to AuNR@SiO 2 to improve the tumor targeting. The microgel greatly improves the injectability since they can be dispersed in buffer and the injectability and degradability are adjustable by microfluidics during the fabrication. The drug release can, in turn, be modulated by multi-round light-trigger. Importantly, a single super low drug dose (1 mg kg -1 DOX with 5 mg kg -1 DMXAA) with peritumoral injection generates long-term therapeutic effect and significantly inhibited tumor growth in osteosarcoma bearing mice. Therefore, this nanocomposite@microgel system can act as a peritumoral reservoir for long-term effective osteosarcoma treatment., (© 2021 The Authors. Small published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Tissue damage caused by hyperthermia during photothermal therapy (PTT) has largely limited its clinical applications for implant infection. However, rescue of tissue regeneration by conjugating orthobiologics with PTT has been problematic as they can easily deactivate biologics while eradicating bacteria. Herein, we report an orthobiologics-free strategy to synergistically couple photocatalytic antibacterial with pro-osteogenic capacity via self-assembly of copper sulphide nanoparticle (CuS NP) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on implant surface. This strategy not only offers enhanced photothermal effects for bacterial eradiation via near-infrared light (NIR), but also promotes vascularized osseointegration via cooperation of copper ion with rGO. In vitro and in vivo data showed that coupling CuS and rGO synergistically increased antibacterial efficacy of implants by 40 times and successfully destroyed bacterial biofilm upon NIR. Moreover, CuS/rGO decorated surface substantially improved bone marrow stromal cell adhesion, proliferation, as well as subsequent differentiation toward osteoblast. We also revealed that enhanced peri-implant vascularization may be attributed to the sustained release of copper ion from CuS NPs, which further collaborated with rGO to promote vascularized osseointegration. Altogether, this novel orthobiologics-free approach offers a practical alternative to circumvent the intrinsic drawbacks of PTT and endows powerful antibacterial and pro-osteogenic capacities for implant associated infections., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Communication between biological components is critical for homeostasis maintenance among the convergence of complicated bio-signals. For therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs), the general lack of effective communication mechanisms with the external cellular environment causes loss of homeostasis, resulting in deprived autonomy, severe macrophage-mediated clearance, and limited tumor accumulation. Here, we develop a multistage signal-interactive system on porous silicon particles through integrating the Self-peptide and Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg (YIGSR) peptide into a hierarchical chimeric signaling interface with "don't eat me" and "eat me" signals. This biochemical transceiver can act as both the signal receiver for amantadine to achieve NP transformation and signal conversion as well as the signal source to present different signals sequentially by reversible self-mimicking. Compared with the non-interactive controls, these signal-interactive NPs loaded with AS1411 and tanespimycin (17-AAG) as anticancer drugs improve tumor targeting 2.8-fold and tumor suppression 6.5-fold and showed only 51% accumulation in the liver with restricted hepatic injury., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Erythrocyte-mimicking nanovehicles (EM-NVs) are developed by fusing nanoparticle cores with naturally derived erythrocyte membranes. Compared with conventional nanosystems, EM-NVs hold preferable characteristics of prolonged blood circulation time and immune evasion. Due to the cell surface mimetic properties, along with tailored core material, EM-NVs have huge application potential in a large variety of biomedical fields, which are anticipated to revolutionize the present theranostic modalities of diseases in clinic. This review focuses on (I) drug carriers, (II) photosensitizers, (III) antidotes, (IV) vaccines and (V) probes, aiming to present an overall summary of the latest advancement in the application of EM-NVs, and highlight the major challenges and opportunities in this field., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ti and titanium alloy have been extensively utilized in the areas of orthopedics and other related fields, however, limited abilities in antibiosis, ossification and vascularization restrict the application of these materials in clinical. In this research, pulse electrochemical deposition was used as a method to make chitosan regulate Ag + and Ca 2+ in situ, achieving ions' dual regulations and coprecipitation of HA nanoparticles (HA-NPs) and Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on the surface of Ti. The spherical nanoparticles with even distribution were fabricated by optimizing deposition potential and the concentration of Ag + . The physical stabilities of coatings were significantly improved by the chelation among CS, Ag + and Ca 2+ reducing the release rate of Ag + , Ca 2+ . The coatings also exhibited noticeable abilities in anti-bacteria. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) displayed adhesion, proliferation and differentiation abilities on the surface of coatings, at the same time the composite coatings revealed promising capability in inducing BMSCs differentiation to osteoblast, which is proved by the results of fluorescent dye. Similar results also can be found in investigations about vascular endothelial cells, desirable adhesion between cells and materials and proliferation are able to prove that this kind of materials has outstanding biocompatibility with VECs cells. The animal experiments indicated that the composite coatings were biocompatible with smooth muscle, myocardium and lung with slightly negative impacts on liver and kidney. According to the results of alizarin red staining, the calcified nodules were dyed red, which reveal that this material can promote bone formation. Electrochemical method was utilized in this research to successfully construct multifunctional composite coatings, such as antibiosis, osteogenesis and angiogenesis, on the surface of Ti., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

As tumor microenvironment becoming more and more important in tumor study, the acid pH around or in solid tumors drew lots of attentions. And the progress of drug delivery systems made the responsive-release possible. This time, we fabricated a new-type composite electrospun poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) fibrous scaffolds, that blent with the mesoporous silica particles (MSNs). Further more, we used sodium bicarbonate (SB) as acid sensitive agent which was wrapped inside the MSNs. And doxorubicin (DOX) was also wrapped into MSNs in order to achieve a sustained release to inhibit tumors in mice, which mimicked the remnant breast cancer with surgery. In vitro experiments proved the characteristic of pH-responsive release of the composite fibrous scaffold. In vivo results showed that these composite fibers could induce obvious apoptosis and necrosis over 10 weeks. Further, the cancer-kill effects were also confirmed by the decreased level of Bcl-2 and TNF-α, while increased Bax and caspase-3 expression levels. Altogether, the results indicated that the composite drug delivery system as a local implantable scaffold could effectively kill cancer cells in a long term with pH-sensitivity after the tumor resection., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

There is a high local recurrence (LR) rate in breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and enhancement of the local treatment is promising as a way to improve this. Thus we propose a drug delivery system using doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticle composite nanofibers which can release anti-tumor drugs in two phases-burst release in the early stage and sustained release at a later stage-to reduce the LR of BCT. In the present study, we designed a novel composite nanofibrous scaffold to realize the efficient release of drugs by loading both DOX and DOX-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles into an electrospun PLLA nanofibrous scaffold. In vitro results demonstrated that this kind of nanomaterial can release DOX in two phases, and the results of in vivo experiments showed that this hybrid nanomaterial significantly inhibited the tumor growth in a solid tumor model. Histopathological examination demonstrated that the apoptosis of tumor cells in the treated group over a 10 week period was significant. The anti-cancer effects were also accompanied with decreased expression of Bcl-2 and TNF-α, along with up-regulation of Bax, Fas and the activation of caspase-3 levels. The present study illustrates that the mesoporous silica nanoparticle composite nanofibrous scaffold could have anti-tumor properties and could be further developed as adjuvant therapeutic protocols for the treatment of cancer.

Implantable tissue engineering scaffolds with temporally programmable multi-drug release are recognized as promising tools to improve therapeutic effects. A good example would be one that exhibits initial anti-inflammatory and long-term anti-tumor activities after tumor resection. In this study, a new strategy for self-coated interfacial layer on drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) based on mussel-mimetic catecholamine polymer (polydopamine, PDA) layer was developed between inorganic and organic matrix for controlling drug release. When the interface PDA coated MSNs were encapsulated in electrospun poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) fibers, the release rates of drugs located inside/outside the interfacial layer could be finely controlled, with short-term release of anti-inflammation ibuprofen (IBU) for 30 days in absence of interfacial interactions and sustained long-term release of doxorubicin (DOX) for 90 days in presence of interfacial interactions to inhibit potential tumor recurrence. The DOX@MSN-PDA/IBU/PLLA hybrid fibrous scaffolds were further found to inhibit proliferation of inflammatory macrophages and cancerous HeLa cells, while supporting the normal stromal fibroblast adhesion and proliferation at different release stages. These results have suggested that the interfacial obstruction layer at the organic/inorganic phase was able to control the release of drugs inside (slow)/outside (rapid) the interfacial layer in a programmable manner. We believe such interface polymer strategy will find applications in where temporally controlled multi-drug delivery is needed., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A novel superhydrophobic biodegradable coating with micro-/nanometer rough structure, fabricated by co-electrospraying poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and modified silica nanoparticles (MSNs), exhibits good anti-adhesion behavior towards bacteria and cells in the initial culturing phase, which makes it a promising technology for preparing medical device coatings., (Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite assembled hollow fibers (NHAHF) in the membrane form were fabricated by combining the electrospinning technique and the hydrothermal method. This novel hierarchical tubular structure of hydroxyapatite exhibited excellent protein loading capacity and long-term sustained release property., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011)

Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and antibacterial sonodynamic therapy (aSDT) utilize sensitizers (photosensitizers/sonosensitizers) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) for antibacterial treatment under the stimulation of light/ultrasound, which have the characteristics of broad‐spectrum antibacterial properties, low drug‐resistance, and effective targeting of infected tissues. Nanomaterials in aPDT/aSDT are primarily used as nano‐sensitizers or nano‐carriers of sensitizers. They enhance the stability and permeability of sensitizers, improve targeting of sensitizers, strengthen photodynamic/sonodynamic properties of sensitizers (modification of sensitizers absorption efficiency and light/ultrasonic response stress by modulation of nanoparticle shape, size, and structure). Also, they improve modifiability of sensitizers (controlling the release rate and time of the sensitizer as needed to optimize the therapeutic effect), enhance programmability and multifunctionality of sensitizers (flexible application of nanotechnology for designing sensitizers with multiple functions, such as drug delivery, targeted therapy, and therapeutic monitoring), and expand possibilities for combination therapies (the nano‐carriers can be loaded with other therapeutic agents, enabling combination therapies). Nanomaterials are expected to further promote the development of aPDT/aSDT and achieve improved antibacterial effects. This review summarizes the progress in nanomaterials in aPDT/aSDT in recent years and based on the current development strategies to provide a theoretical reference for the application of nanomaterials in aPDT/aSDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) seriously impede diabetic wound healing. The disruption or scavenging of NETs using deoxyribonuclease (DNase) or cationic nanoparticles has been limited by liberating trapped bacteria, short half‐life, or potential cytotoxicity. In this study, a positive correlation between the NETs level in diabetic wound exudation and the severity of wound inflammation in diabetic patients is established. Novel NETs scavenging bio‐based hydrogel microspheres 'micro‐cage', termed mPDA‐PEI@GelMA, is engineered by integrating methylacrylyl gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel microspheres with cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐functionalized mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA). This unique 'micro‐cage' construct is designed to non‐contact scavenge of NETs between nanoparticles and the diabetic wound surface, minimizing biological toxicity and ensuring high biosafety. NETs are introduced into 'micro‐cage' along with wound exudation, and cationic mPDA‐PEI immobilizes them inside the 'micro‐cage' through a strong binding affinity to the cfDNA web structure. The findings demonstrate that mPDA‐PEI@GelMA effectively mitigates pro‐inflammatory responses associated with diabetic wounds by scavenging NETs both in vivo and in vitro. This work introduces a novel nanoparticle non‐contact NETs scavenging strategy to enhance diabetic wound healing processes, with potential benefits in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apoptosis is the natural programmed cell death process, which is responsible for abnormal cell clearance. However, many cancer cells develop various mechanisms to escape apoptosis through interrupting apoptosome assembly, which is a key step to initiate apoptosis. This promotes tumorigenesis and drug resistance, and thus, poses a great challenge in cancer treatment. Herein, a biomimetic lipid nanocarrier mimicking mitochondrial Cytochrome C (Cyt C) binding is developed. Cardiolipin, the major phospholipid of mitochondrial inner membrane, is introduced as the main component in biomimetic liposomal formulation. With the help of cardiolipin, Cyt C is sufficiently loaded in liposome based on electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction with cardiolipin. Lonidamine (LND) is added in hydrophobic phase of liposome to modulate the metabolic activity within cancer cells and sensitize the cells to Cyt C‐induced apoptosis. The results suggest that LND reduces ATP level and creates favorable environment for Cyt C induced apoptosome assembly, exhibiting higher apoptosis level and anti‐tumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. The conjugation of a tumor‐homing peptide, LinTT1, on the nanovesicle, increases the efficacy due to enhanced tumor accumulation. Overall, this biomimetic lipid nanocarrier proves to be an efficient delivery system with great potential of pro‐apoptosis cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning provides a facile route for generating fibers with diameters ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers. This technology has been widely explored in many biomedical areas including drug delivery systems (DDS), disease diagnosis and treatment, biosensing as well as tissue engineering. However, there are still existing challenges for electrospinning fibers in achieving complex regenerative or reconstructive processes through pure surface modification or simple drug loading. With the rise of nanotechnology, functional nanoparticles (NPs) made by various materials rapidly emerged in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Due to the objective size difference between NPs and electrospun fibers, doping NPs into electrospun nanofibers makes it possible to produce functional fibers having the inherent merits of both the guest NPs and the host fibers. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in preparing nanoparticle bearing electrospun hybrid fibers for biomedical applications. The organic, inorganic and mesoporous nanoparticles combined with electrospun nanofibers for different biological scenarios with several notable examples were systematically reviewed. Then, we finish with challenges and future perspectives of electrospun hybrid fiber materials for drug delivery and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate‐structured composite microspheres composed of core mesoporous silica nanoparticles capped by a poly(l‐lactide) shell are prepared via one‐step electrospraying, which releases encapsulated model anti‐inflammatory drugs for up to 70 d and inhibits proliferation against macrophages over the long release period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis has been regarded as a typical lubrication deficiency related joint disease, which is characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage at the joint surface and the inflammation of the joint capsule. Here, inspired by the structure of the fresh euryale ferox seed that possesses a slippery aril and a hard coat containing starchy kernel, a novel superlubricated nanoparticle, namely poly (3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt)‐grafted mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs‐NH2@PSPMK), is biomimicked and synthesized via a one‐step photopolymerization method. The nanoparticles are endowed with enhanced lubrication by the grafted PSPMK polyelectrolyte polymer due to the formation of tenacious hydration layers surrounding the negative charges, and simultaneously are featured with effective drug loading and release behavior as a result of the sufficient mesoporous channels in the MSNs. When encapsulated with an anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (DS), the lubrication capability of the superlubricated nanoparticles is improved, while the drug release rate is sustained by increasing the thickness of PSPMK layer, which is simply achieved via adjustment of the precursor monomer concentration in the photopolymerization process. Additionally, the in vitro and in vivo experimental results show that the DS‐loaded MSNs‐NH2@PSPMK nanoparticles effectively protect the chondrocytes from degeneration, and thus, inhibit the development of osteoarthritis. Bioinspired by the unique structure of the fresh euryale ferox seed, a novel superlubricated drug‐loaded nanoparticle is designed and synthesized based on photopolymerization for the treatment of osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Local drug delivery systems have become an important field of research as locally administration of medications may overcome most of the drawbacks associated with systemic drugs. Still, to assure continuous drug release and therapeutic drug levels, keeping the delivered drug in target area remains a physiological challenge. The aim of this study was to develop novel multipotent flap-protective adhesive mangiferin (MF)-loaded liposomes (A-MF-Lip), bioinspired in mussel architecture, for the promotion of random skin flap regeneration. The long chain 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethyleneglycol)-dopamine (DSPE-PEG-DOPA) was successful combined in liposomes, being dopamine (DOPA) with terminated catechol attached at the end of chain to explore the potential ability in adherence. A-MF-Lip presented a mean particle size of 162 nm, and MF cumulative release reaching 82% up to 72 h. A-MF-Lip adhesive ability was significantly higher compared to non-adhesive mangiferin-loaded liposome (MF-Lip). Moreover, a positive effect of A-MF-Lip on cells proliferation, angiogenesis was observed. And by regulating the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway, the A-MF-Lip established a protection effect on hypoxia induced cell apoptosis and inflammation. After locally injection delivery in a Sprague Dawley rat random skin flap model, A-MF-Lip significantly decreased flap necrosis rate and reduced flap inflammation. Therefore, A-MF-Lip is a promising multipotent flap-protective approach for random skin flap regeneration. Graphic abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The ideal scaffolds should contain growth factors and thus can regulate cellular behaviors and tissue assembly. Electrospun fibrous membranes are widely-used scaffolds but growth factors are highly susceptible to losing their bioactivity during the electrospinning process. In this study, pre-formulated dextran glassy nanoparticles (DGNs) loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were electrospun into a poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) copolymer fiber to secure the bioactivity of bFGF in a sustained manner and then bioactivity retention was certificated by promoting cell proliferation and tendon healing. Meanwhile, the barrier effect of electrospun membrane was evaluated for clinic concern. In the in vitro release study, the protein encapsulation efficiency of the bFGF/DGNs-PLLA membrane reached 48.71 ± 13.53%, with a release kinetic of nearly 30 days. The enhanced cell proliferation and intrinsic tendon healing show that the bFGF/DGNs-loaded PLLA fibrous membrane can release bFGF sustainably and secure the bioactivity of bFGF better than the emulsion electrospun bFGF-loaded PLLA and PLLA fibrous membranes. Meanwhile, the anti-adhesion effect of electrospun membrane as barrier was fortunately combined as clinic concern. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This review provides an overview of biologically modified nanoparticles as theranostic bionanomaterials, which are anticipated to revolutionize the current theranostic modalities of diseases in the clinic and exhibit huge potential for further clinical applications. Inspired by natural biology, cell membrane-mimetic surface engineering and cell membrane camouflaging technology have been widely investigated. Notably, the cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles (CM-NPs), which are produced by fusing synthetic nanoparticles with cellular membranes, gain unprecedented attention in biomedical fields. Compared with conventional nanosystems, these biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) are bestowed with favored properties of elongated circulation time, immune evading and active targeting, which exhibit great potential in numerous biomedical applications and are anticipated to revolutionize the traditional nanomedicine. So far, a variety of cell membranes, along with expansive options of core materials, have been extensively investigated to construct the biomimetic system with unique functionalities. This review describes the evolution process from cell membrane-mimetic surface engineering to cell membrane camouflaging technology, which focuses on (I) cell membrane-mimetic surface engineering strategies (II) the fabrication of CM-NPs, (III) cell membrane-camouflaged nano-carriers, (VI) cell membrane camouflaged nano-phototherapeutic agents, (V) cell membrane camouflaged nano-antidotes, (VI) cell membrane camouflaged nanovaccines, (VII) cell membrane camouflaged nanoprobes, and (VIII) other relevant applications, providing an overview of the latest progress in the fabrication and application of cell membrane-based biomimetic and highlighting the major challenges as well as opportunities in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thermo-responsive PNIPAAm nanoparticle was used for drug loading. • The nanoparticles could load water-soluble, lipo-soluble and poorly soluble drugs. • A nano-in-micro electronspun fibrous was fabricated using the nanoparticles. • The nano-in-micro fibrous showed long-term drug delivery up to 4 months. • Rg3-loaded nano-in-micro scaffold could efficiently inhibit hypertrophic scars. The development of general strategies for efficiently loading drugs with distinct physicochemical properties, for example, hydrophilicity, lipophilicity and hydrophobicity, is currently a great challenge in the field of drug delivery. In this work, a poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) nanoparticle with reversible hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic property was first prepared. Owing to the switchable property of the PNIPAAm particles, all the water-soluble, lipo-soluble and poorly soluble drugs could be successfully loaded in the PNIPAAm particles. Then, these drug-loaded PNIPAAm nanoparticles could be introduced into electronspun fibrous as a medical scaffold. Another advantage of such two-stage drug loading strategy is that an extended release of the loaded drug would be achieved. We also found that the preparation of this nano-in-micro system also showed negligible effects on the drug loading ratio and drug activity, probably due to the mid and efficient nature of this approach. Moreover, the nano-in-micro scaffold exhibits excellent drug release characteristics such as a slow and persistent drug delivery for up to 4 months. A preclinical application of this 20S-Ginsenoside Rg3-loaded nano-in-micro scaffold showed a pronounced hypertrophic scar (HS) inhibitory effect in both early-stage and later-stage of HS formation. In short, the nano-in-micro scaffold with reversible hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic property in the drug-loaded nanoparticles would provide a facile, effective and general strategy to fabricate diverse drug delivery system with long-term release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]