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At present, cancer remains one of the leading causes of human death worldwide, and surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are still the main methods of cancer treatment. However, these treatments have their drawbacks. Surgical treatment often struggles with the complete removal of tumor tissue, leading to a high risk of cancer recurrence. Additionally, chemotherapy drugs have a significant impact on overall health and can easily result in drug resistance. The high risk and mortality of cancer and other reasons promote scientific researchers to unremittingly develop and find a more accurate and faster diagnosis strategy and effective cancer treatment method. Photothermal therapy, which utilizes near-infrared light, offers deeper tissue penetration and minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Compared to conventional radiotherapy and other treatment methods, photothermal therapy boasts several advantages, including high efficiency, non-invasiveness, simplicity, minimal toxicity, and fewer side effects. Photothermal nanomaterials can be categorized as either organic or inorganic materials. This review primarily focuses on the behavior of carbon materials as inorganic materials and their role in tumor photothermal treatment. Furthermore, the challenges faced by carbon materials in photothermal treatment are discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

With an aim to understand the origin and key contributing factors towards carbon-induced cytotoxicity, we have studied five different carbon samples with diverse surface area, pore width, shape and size, conductivity and surface functionality. All the carbon materials were characterized with surface area and pore size distribution, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron microscopic imaging. We performed cytotoxicity study in Caco-2 cells by colorimetric assay, oxidative stress analysis by reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, cellular metabolic activity measurement by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and visualization of cellular internalization by TEM imaging. The carbon materials demonstrated a varying degree of cytotoxicity in contact with Caco-2 cells. The lowest cell survival rate was observed for nanographene, which possessed the minimal size amongst all the carbon samples under this study. None of the carbons induced oxidative stress to the cells as indicated by the ROS generation results. Cellular metabolic activity study revealed that the carbon materials caused ATP depletion in cells and nanographene caused the highest depletion. Visual observation by TEM imaging indicated the cellular internalization of nanographene. This study confirmed that the size is the key cause of carbon-induced cytotoxicity and it is probably caused by the ATP depletion within the cell., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A core–shell Co@C composite catalyst was prepared, characterized and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of paracetamol in water. Hybridized structures containing Co and graphitized carbon act as independent active sites for PMS activation initiating both radical and nonradical oxidation. A 91.57% paracetamol removal was reached in the Co@C/PMS system at 60 min. Radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests show that nonradical 1O2 played predominant roles in the advanced oxidation process, while the other three radicals ⋅ O 2 − , •OH and SO 4 • . also played a certain role in paracetamol degradation. After four cycles, the degradation could still reach 70%, which proves that the Co@C composite catalyst exhibits good stability. A core-shell Co@C composite catalyst was prepared, characterized and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of paracetamol in water. Hybridized structures containing Co and graphitized carbon act as independent active sites for PMS activation, initiate both radical and non-radical oxidation. Thus, the core-shell Co@C composite catalyst is a great candidate for the removal of organic pollution and environmental purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrication of highly efficient and earth-abundant bifunctional electrocatalyst to accelerate the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are critical for overall water splitting. In this work, bimetallic Co/Mo oxides modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized using a simple one-pot hydrothermal method, which significantly improved the electrocatalytic activity in both HER and OER. Under the optimal conditions, the double layer capacitance of rGO modified by Co/Mo bimetal is 78.08 mF cm−2. The overpotential required for HER to reach -10 mA cm−2 current density is 488 mV, the dynamic Tafel slope is 126 mV dec−1. The overpotential required for OER to reach 10 mA cm−2 current density is 420 mV, the slope of kinetic Tafel is 169 mV dec−1. This work provides a new prospect for the rational design and fabrication of efficient HER/OER bifunctional electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy device application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow carbon spheres (HCS) have been employed as supporting materials for Pt, Ag, and Au nanoparticles (NPs) in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The NPs Pt, Ag, and Au have been hydrothermally coated on HCS uniformly. The diameter of the Pt, Ag and Au NPs ranges between 11 and 32 nm, with the loading of 4.58, 4.73, and 4.07 wt.%, respectively. It is found that Pt, Ag, and Au/HCS exhibit stable catalytic activity after 5000 CV scanning and follow a four-electron route in the ORR. Among them, Tafel plots show that Ag/HCS has the fastest kinetic rates and Pt/HCS has the largest effective active area from CV curve. Hence HCS provides a stable supportive material for Pt, Ag, Au nanoparticle catalysts in the ORR due to its nanopores structure and large surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Electrocatalytic water splitting powered by sustainable electricity is a crucial approach for the development of new generation green hydrogen technology. Biomass materials are abundant and renewable, and the application of catalysis can increase the value of some biomass waste and turn waste into fortune. Converting economical and resource‐rich biomass into carbon‐based multicomponent integrated catalysts (MICs) has been considered as one of the most promising ways to obtain inexpensive, renewable and sustainable electrocatalysts in recent years. In this review, recent advances in biomass‐derived carbon‐based MICs towards electrocatalytic water splitting are summarized, and the existing issues and key aspects in the development of these electrocatalysts are also discussed and prospected. The application of biomass‐derived carbon‐based materials will bring some new opportunities in the fields of energy, environment, and catalysis, as well as promote the commercialization of new nanocatalysts in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanomaterials with unique morphology and size effects have received considerable attention in a number of fields. Lignin is the most abundant natural polyphenolic compound in nature, accounting for approximately 10–35 % of the total cell wall content and approximately 30 % of the earth's organic carbon content. Owing to its unique molecular structure, lignin is readily transformed into nanoparticles, which renders it an optimal raw material for carbon nanoparticles. For the past few years, there has been a rapid advancement in the field of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles has been rapidly developed. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in this area, with a particular focus on the design, preparation, structure and applications of these particles. The review highlights the advantages of carbon particles and nano-size. The investigation of the structural and physical characteristics of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles has identified a range of potential applications, including in catalytic processes, energy storage, and bio-imaging. Despite the promising design and potential applications of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles, the challenges associated with this field are also highlighted, with the objective of developing a wider range of solutions for lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles in efficient and large-scale industrial applications. • Lignin is increasingly reported as a raw material for carbon nanoparticles. • An overview of the preparation of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles is provided. • Applications of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles are summarized. • Opportunities and challenges of lignin-derived carbon nanoparticles are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fe@C nanoparticles were prepared by secondary-explosion. • The effect of secondary-explosion on Fe@C nanoparticles was investigated. • The crystallinity and graphitization degree of Fe@C nanoparticles were improved. To enhance the graphitization degree of Fe@C nanoparticles synthesized via gaseous detonation, this study employed ferrocene as the precursor and hydrogen–oxygen mixed gas as the explosion source to investigate the effects of secondary-explosion on the phase composition, morphology, and magnetic properties of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles. The results show that after the secondary-explosion, the phase composition of Fe@C nanoparticles changes significantly, with partial oxidation of iron carbide/iron to FeO. The morphology remains largely unchanged, with particle sizes between 20–40 nm, but the crystallinity of both the metal core and carbon layer improves markedly, and lattice fringes become more distinct. The saturation magnetization(Ms) and residual magnetization(Mr) of Fe@C nanoparticles decrease by 56.7 % and 69 %, respectively, while the coercivity force shows little change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sodium hyaluronate @ sodium chloride as carbon source. • Sodium chloride as a separator. • Synthesis of carbon nanostructures with different morphologies of macromolecules. Carbon nanorods exhibit excellent properties in mechanics, electricity, thermology and optics, and have broad application prospects in the frontier of the major areas. In this study, a self-assembly method was employed to synthesize carbon nanorods using sodium hyaluronate (SH) as the carbon source. Using the crystal structure of sodium chloride as a partitioning agent for carbon nanorods micelles. As prepared Samples were characterised and tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated the successful preparation of SH @ NaCl carbon nanorods, with an average diameter and length of approximately 50 nm and 800 nm, respectively, and L/D ratio of 16. The present research strategy emphasises the significance of macromolecule @ salt self-assembly in the synthesis of carbon nanostructures of varying morphologies in different systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

F-doped V 2 O 3 nanoparticles/N-doped carbon composite was initially synthesized and applied as a high-rate anode material for LIBs. [Display omitted] • F-doped V 2 O 3 /N-doped carbon composite is prepared for the first time. • Doping F and combined with NC bring fast electrochemical reaction kinetics. • F-V 2 O 3 /NC anode shows excellent rate performance and cyclic stability. • High capacity of 481 mA h/g is achieved at 2 A/g. The development and application of V 2 O 3 -based anodes are hindered by their poor reversible capacity and rate performance. Doping F and combined with N-doped carbon at the same time would achieve excellent electrochemical performance, but the related materials are not prepared and employed to lithium-ion batteries due to the absent synthetic method. In this investigation, a simple strategy was firstly invented to achieve F-doped V 2 O 3 /N-doped carbon composite. The F-doped V 2 O 3 nanoparticles are adhered to N-doped carbon, which would enhance electrochemical reaction kinetics. As a result, a high capacity of 481 mAh/g can be obtained at 2 A/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eco-friendly CPD synthesis from waste resins using hydrothermal crosslinking polymerization (HTCP). • Avoidance of toxic precursors in the synthesis process. • Adjustable photoluminescence of CPDs suitable for anti-counterfeiting applications. • Demonstrated efficacy in encryption and enhancing intellectual property protection. • Potential for diverse applications confirmed by structural analysis and spectrofluorometer tests. Carbon polymer dots (CPDs) are fluorescent nanomaterials with diverse applications in sensing, bioimaging, and encryption. Conventional synthesis methods use hazardous precursors, hindering sustainability. We investigate CPD synthesis from waste resins like polyester, epoxy, polyamide, and alkyd. Our eco-friendly approach employs hydrothermal crosslinking polymerization (HTCP), repurposing waste and avoiding toxic precursors. Resultant CPDs exhibit adjustable photoluminescence suitable for anti-counterfeiting. We demonstrate their efficacy in encryption and anti-counterfeiting, enhancing intellectual property protection. We study reaction parameters to optimize CPD characteristics, aiming for improved performance and quantum yield. This research establishes sustainable CPD synthesis from waste, promoting anti-counterfeiting applications and broader utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A green and cost-effective approach for synthesizing graphene. • Orchid flower extract is used as a reducing source. • The maximum specific capacitance of 489.8F/g at a scan rate of 20 mV/s. • The specific capacity retention of 96.63% after 10,000 cycles. • Potential application for charge storage devices. This study introduces the use of orchid flower extract as a green reducing agent for the first time to produce reduced graphene oxide (ORGO). Raman, XRD and FTIR confirmed the reduction process whereas TGA analysis provides the thermal stability of the prepared samples. SEM imaging validates the improved morphology of ORGO as compared to the crumpled and folded region of graphene oxide (GO). Electrochemical tests reveal ORGO's superior specific capacitance (489.8F/g) value at scan rate of 20 mV/s, low charge transfer resistance (2.1 Ω) and high specific capacity retention (96.63 %) after 10,000 cycles, highlighting its potential application for charge storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burning rate of composite rocket propellant is a principal ballistic property that is considered while designing the rocket motor. Carbon bonded materials such as CNT(carbon nanotubes), fullerene, graphene, etc. due to their high surface area have exhibited promising results as burn rate modifiers in a propellant. Apart from enhancing the burn rate, unlike their inorganic counterparts, they are combustible and contribute towards energy output. Herein, we report a spinel structure CuFe2O4 decorated Graphene Oxide nanocomposite as novel burn rate modifier (BRM) in propellant composition. By incorporating 0.6 % of this burn rate modifier to the propellant remarkable improvement in burn rate by 61 % was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon onions (CNOs) are highly desirable in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) due to their onion-like structure, low density and excellent conductivity. Herein nickel encapsulated CNOs were fabricated by arc discharge and then transformed into hollow ones via annealing at 900∘C. The structure and EMWA performance of the hollow and nickel encapsulated CNOs were analyzed in detail to investigate the relationship of their EMWA properties and structure. The better EMWA properties of nickel encapsulated CNOs showed that the core–shell interface contributed more EMMA in comparison to the onion-like configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction has gained significant attention in the field of sustainable energy, especially the Cu-based catalysts for CO 2 conversion to valuable alcohols. In this study, we developed Cu nanoparticles supported on pyridinic N-B doped graphene nanoribbons/amorphous carbon (Cu/BNC-1) as an electrocatalyst for CO 2 reduction, exhibiting substantially improved ethanol (EtOH) conversion rate in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability. The Cu/BNC-1 achieved a remarkable 58.64 % Faradaic efficiency (FE) for producing EtOH at −1.0 V vs. RHE with a current density of 20.4 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M KHCO 3 electrolyte. In-situ Raman, FT-IR, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the high C 2+ product selectivity of Cu/BNC-1 attributed to the pyridinic N-B modulation, lowering the CO dimerization barrier. Moreover, the synergistic confinement effect of Cu and BNC can stabilize the C-O bond of the *HOCCH intermediate, thereby increasing the yield of EtOH. [Display omitted] • Cu nanoparticles with B, N co-doped graphene nanoribbons/amorphous carbon was fabricated. • The catalyst showed stable 58 % FE under 20.4 mAcm−2 during 24 h testing in CO 2 RR to ethanol. • The overall catalytic performance of Cu/BNC-1 was superior to other Cu-based catalysts. • This research highlighted the synergistic effect of Cu and BNC materials. • Pyridinic N-B modulation in Cu/BNC-1 reduced the CO dimerization barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The size-controllable amorphous carbon particles were prepared by arc discharge method. • The structural evolution and topological defects in amorphous carbon particles were investigated. • The microcompression of amorphous carbon particles reveal a size-dependent behavior. By controlling the parameters of buffer gas in arc plasma, amorphous carbon (AC) particles with a tunable size distribution from submicron to nanoscale are prepared. The microstructural evolution of AC particles is systematically studied. For nano-sized particles, the quenching effect of buffer gas leads to a smaller mean size within a range of 17–52 nm, with a large amount of sub-nanosized voids and 1–2 nm graphene fragments. For submicron-sized particles, however, the mean size of AC increases from ∼195 to∼370 nm as the pressure of buffer gas increases, and less defects and larger graphene fragments are observed. In addition, the combined analyses of the density and in situ microcompression property also exhibits the structural and physical distinction for both AC particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Waste PET bottles converted to carbon black for supercapacitors via 450 °C pyrolysis. • Sodium acetate WIS electrolyte gave highest potential window, capacitance at 2.4 V. • Supercapacitors achieved 233 F/g capacitance and 186.6 Wh/kg energy density. • CB showed 89.2 % crystallinity, 60 nm particles, and layered structure. • Demonstrates sustainable method to recycle PET waste into valuable energy materials. This study explores the conversion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste into carbon black for its use in supercapacitors, offering a sustainable solution to waste management and energy storage needs. PET bottles were pyrolysed in an inert environment to produce carbon black. This plastic waste derived carbon was then characterised and used for electrode fabrication to explore its potential in supercapacitor applications. The supercapacitive properties of these electrodes were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge techniques in various "Water-in-salt" electrolytes (WIS). WIS are the electrolytes in which the concentration of water is less than the concentration of salts by weight and volume. electrolytes. Sodium acetate (CH 3 COONa) exhibited the highest potential window and specific capacitance among the tested electrolytes. The derived carbon black demonstrated promising electrochemical performance, with a specific capacitance of 233 F/g and an energy density of 186.6 Wh/kg. These findings underscore the potential of carbon black derived from waste PET bottles as an effective material for supercapacitors, contributing to sustainable energy storage solutions and waste reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZnSe particles are embedded in N-doped carbon fiber to form ZnSe@CNFs composite. • ZnSe@CNFs anode exhibits long cycling stability of 2000 cycles at 1 A/g. • The lifted performance is owing to the structure engineering and synergistic effect. To encapsulate metal sulfides/selenides into carbon substrates is effective to enhance the cycling stability and rate capability of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this paper, ZnSe nanoparticles rooted in N-doped carbon nanofibers (ZnSe@CNFs) were prepared by typical electrospinning technique coupled with carbonization and selenylation. As a result, ZnSe nanoparticles were wrapped by multichannel carbon fibers, which is conducive to the fast transport of sodium-ions and electrons and ensure the structural integrity. Benefiting from the special structure and the synergistic effect of two constituent, ZnSe@CNFs anode exhibits superior cycling stability of 2000 cycles at 1 A/g, with a capacity retention rate of 97.4%, equivalent to 0.0132‰ of attenuation per cycle. The carbon-encapsulation method involved in this paper has great application potential in the preparation of electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CO 2 adsorption over two ceria samples with different morphologies was investigated. • The adsorption process was investigated at three different temperatures. • Ceria with 3D pore system and high surface area exhibited better performance. • The amount of adsorbed CO 2 reduced at elevated temperature. The adsorption of CO 2 on both commercial and prepared porous ceria samples was investigated. The two samples exhibited distinctive variations in morphology and texture. The porous sample, characterized by a sponge-like morphology and high surface area, demonstrated a superior affinity for CO 2 compared to the non-porous sample with a plate-like structure. Additionally, at elevated temperatures, the adsorption capacity of both samples decreased; however, the porous ceria sample continued to adsorb more CO 2 than the commercial sample. Furthermore, the reusability of the porous ceria sample was examined, revealing a more favorable adsorption behavior compared to the commercial sample, and notably, it exhibited this performance without necessitating any thermal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulcan XC72R as a kind of carbon material is widely used as a support to deposit metal catalysts. However, its low pore size, the difficulty of dispersion, and the rare sites have limited its application. In this work, we modified the surface of Vulcan XC72R by low-temperature plasma. It is detected that its original morphology and structure have been greatly changed by longtime plasma irradiation. The pore size increased and the specific surface area decreased with the increasing treatment time, while the pore volume initially increased and then decreased. Meanwhile, the outside surfaces of Vulcan XC72R were exfoliated to ultra-thin nanosheets and grafted with the oxygen-containing functional groups. Compared with the untreated Vulcan XC72R, Pt nanoparticles supported on treated Vulcan XC72R with smaller size exhibited higher catalyst activity and longer cyclic stability for the methanol oxidation reaction. This study demonstrates that plasma is an efficient approach to tuning the pore size and functionalizing the surface of Vulcan XC72R. The outside surfaces of Vulcan XC72R treated by RF-CCP were exfoliated to ultra-thin nanosheets, meanwhile the pore size and the pore volume increased. The small size (2.31 ± 0.69 nm) of Pt nanoparticles anchored on partially exfoliated Vulcan XC72R exhibited excellent performance for methanol oxidation. [Display omitted] • The outside surfaces of Vulcan XC72R were exfoliated to ultra-thin nanosheets. • The pore size of Vulcan XC-72R treated by plasma was twice in comparison with untreated Vulcan XC-72R. • Pt nanoparticles supported on plasma-treated Vulcan XC72R displayed small size and uniform distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel selenide electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a high efficiency and a low-cost have a significant potential in the development of water splitting. However, the inferiority of the high overpotential and poor stability restricts their practical applications. Herein, a composite nanostructure consists of ultrasmall NiSe2 nanocrystals embedded on graphene by microwave reaction is reported. The prepared NiSe2/reduced graphite oxide (rGO) electrocatalyst exhibited a high HER activity with an overpotential of 158 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 and a corresponding moderate Tafel slope of 56 mV/dec in alkaline electrolyte. In addition, a high retention of electrochemical properties (approximately 100%) was demonstrated with an unchangeable microstructure after 100 h of continuous operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel self-template sacrifice strategy was reported to prepare highly ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) nanoparticles with idiographic hollow and unique groove structure. Besides, we successfully accomplished multi-morphology interconversion by simply regulating initial reaction temperature and the concentration of hydrochloric acid, and the particle sizes could be easily tuned from 700 to 190 nm. Meaningfully, a "pyrolysis-sagging" mechanism was further proposed for the comprehension of the groove structure, which provided a brand-new and oversimplified soft template principal for the synthesis of OMC with novel morphology. Moreover, the self-template sacrifice strategy was rationalized through a simplified replenishment of the nucleation and growth stages as an extension. The as synthesized materials were used as carriers for furosemide to evaluate the drug adsorption and release performance, endowing them with significant prospect in the field of biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search of alkaline HER electrocatalysts with high performance have attracted great research attentions in recent years. For the construction of the electrocatalysts, a stable conductive substrate is generally required to the uniform distribution of the catalytic materials, where carbon‐based materials are widely utilized. Herein, porous carbon skeletons were prepared after the annealing treatment of Al‐porous coordination polymers with high specific surface area as the substrates for the growth of Ru nanoparticles via wet chemical reduction. The obtained electrocatalysts show a low overpotential of 39 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 26 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH, outperforming the commercial Pt/C. The present work may provide new insights for the design of economy and high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of mesoporous carbonaceous materials with particularly adjustable morphology is currently a hot area of research in mesoporous materials. Herein, a novel approach is reported for the construction of N-doped multicavity mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (NMMCNs) based on the "emulsion swelling–acid curing mechanism" using a nanoemulsion assembly method under a high-speed shearing force. Intriguingly, this approach adopted a novel acid (HCl) curing procedure. Impressively, the morphology evolution from an internal multicavity to a single cavity and then to a non-cavity interior structure could be accomplished by simply varying the synthesis parameters. Additionally, this synthesis approach ingeniously overcame the following problems: (i) technically, the employment of high temperatures and high pressures in traditional hydrothermal reaction curing environments is avoided; (ii) this approach removes the requirement for silicon coating, which provides a limited pyrolysis condition, to obtain a multi-chamber structure. Resveratrol (Res) is an insoluble natural medicine and was successfully loaded into NMMCNs, thereby the Res–NMMCNs delivery system was constructed. Importantly, the Res–NMMCNs delivery system could still retain the antitumor and antioxidant activity of Res in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphitic carbon nitride decorated with appropriate co‐catalysts has attracted widespread attention owing to its excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution activity. Herein, monodisperse Pt nanoparticles are synthesized by a facile method and anchored on graphitic carbon nitride (PCN) via self‐assembly route. Among the different Pt content, the 3 % Pt‐loaded PCN (Pt/PCN3) hybrid reveals highest photocatalytic activity for water splitting with the H2 evolution rate of 2.02 mmol g−1 h−1, about 4 times higher than that of Pt‐PCN by traditional photo‐deposition way. This work provides a new strategy for constructing high‐performance Pt‐based co‐catalysts on PCN to boost its photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Control over the magnetic interactions in magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is a crucial issue to the future development of nanometer-sized integrated “spintronic” applications. Here, we have developed a nanohybrid structure to achieve room temperature ferromagnetism, via a facile, effective, and reproducible solvothermal synthesis method. The plan has been put onto cobalt (Co) NPs, where the growth of Co NPs on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets switches the magnetic interactions from superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic at room temperature. Switching-on ferromagnetism in this nanohybrid may be due to the hybridization between unsaturated 2pz orbitals of graphene and 3d orbitals of Co, which promotes ferromagnetic long-range ordering. The ferromagnetic behavior of Co-rGO nanohybrid makes it excellent material in the field of spintronics, catalysis, and magnetic resonance imaging.

Preparation of ZnO nanoparticles and surface modification ZnO with the carbon material graphite oxide, were synthesized. The synthesized materials were characterized by PXRD, FT-IR, and UV-visible analysis. The materials show better optical and structural properties, which are beneficial in the photocatalytic degradation studies. Under light, zinc oxide and graphite oxide were used to degrade the methyl orange solution. The prepared materials by sol-gel preparation showed enhanced catalytic activity in the photocatalytic activity of methyl orange. An optimal loading content of graphite oxide was investigated. The enhanced photocatalysis was studied in detail. The study provides a promising application for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in photocatalysis. In the present work, the authors included the new novel materials of ZnO. The ZnO is modified with the surface deposits of rGO. The combined materials of semiconductor materials show a better response to light for the degradation studies. The use of such a combination is a new study and the results reflect the modification of semiconductor materials in the p-block elements such as C, N, F, P and so on for the enhanced photocatalytic applications of semiconductor mediated materials, which are widely used in photocatalysis. The PXRD analysis of ZnO and rGO shows better crystallinity in the case of ZnO, whereas after the deposition of rGO, crystallinity is lost due to the overlap of the main base material semiconductors, which explains the new catalytic and recombination effects of the materials used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Co9S8 nanoparticles (NPs) embedded, N, S co‐doped mesoporous carbons were synthesized by the combination of evaporation induced self‐assembly (EISA) method and simple pyrolysis method. Melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin was used as carbon and nitrogen precursor. CoCl2 and thiourea were utilized as cobalt and sulfur precursors, respectively. The as‐obtained samples possessed mesoporous structure. The optimized sample of MF4.0T6.0 exhibited excellent electrochemical performance towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in wide pH range, which achieved a current density of 10 mA cm‐2 at 163 mV (pH 0), 149 mV (pH 14), and 325 mV (pH 7). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Pt/C catalysts with ultra-small platinum nanoparticles have been synthesized. • An increase in the surface area of supports allows enhancing the ESA of the Pt/C. • Uniformity of Pt NPs is achieved by increasing the surface area of the support. • N-doped carbon reduces the catalyst degradation by almost 30% There are numerous carbon materials that are deemed promising for use as supports in electrocatalysts for PEMFCs. We have carried out a comparative analysis of compositional, morphological and electrochemical characteristics of the platinum–carbon catalysts synthesized by a single method on various carbon supports (Vulcan XC-72, Ketjenblack EC-300 J, Ketjenblack EC-600JD and N-doped Ketjenblack EC-600JD) and the commercial electrocatalyst. The Pt/C materials obtained on highly dispersed supports (from 800 m2 g−1) exhibit almost 1.5 times greater ORR activity compared to those with a specific surface area of less than 250 m2 g−1. Doping of a highly dispersed support with nitrogen leads to a 30 % increase in the durability of the catalysts based thereon. The resulting Pt/C on the N-doped support exhibits an ESA of more than 110 m2 g−1 and an ORR mass activity of about 430 A g-1 Pt , which correspond to the DOE targets and are 1.6 and 1.7 times higher than those of the commercial analog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultrafine PtCo nanoparticles anchored on CNFs is fabricated by rapid heating method. • The obtained PtCo/CNFs-HHR displays outstanding ORR/OER catalytic activity. • PtCo/CNFs-HHR based ZAB exhibits a high peak power density and excellent durability. Herein, rapid heating strategy was introduced to synthesize ultrafine PtCo nanoparticles attached to carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by a high heating rate (HHR) up to about 50 °C s−1. This novel tactic is beneficial to the formation and the homogeneous distribution of ultrathin PtCo nanoparticles on CNFs. The acquired PtCo/CNFs-HHR exhibits a half-wave potential of 0.88 V for ORR, along with a low potential difference ΔE of 0.79 V. When used as the cathode catalyst of ZABs, PtCo/CNFs-HHR displays a high open circuit voltage of 1.454 V, large peak power density of 138.6 mW cm−2, and excellent charge–discharge cycle stability over 300 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CNT/Ru/CoO composites are fabricated by a simple ball milling approach. • OER activity of the CNT/Ru/CoO composites outperforms that of the IrO 2. • Activity of composites results from collective contributions of Ru and CoO. Ruthenium (Ru) and Cobalt oxides (CoO) nanoparticles are uniformly decorated on surfaces of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), via ball milling of mixtures consisting of commercial CNTs, triphenylphosphine ruthenium chlorides and Cobalt nitrates. Due to collective contributions of Ru and CoO, the obtained CNT/Ru/CoO composites exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activities and durability for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), both of which outperform those of the state-of-the-art iridium oxide catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Development of and γ-Fe 2 O 3 modified exfoliated graphite carbon paper (γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP) for non-enzymatic glucose sensor. • The sensitivity of γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP electrodes is ∼7.1 µA mM-1cm−2, two times more than ExGCP paper. • The enhanced sensitivity of γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP is attributed to valency change of iron. • The charge transfer resistance is decreasing with increased glucose concentration. We report the γ-Fe 2 O 3 modified exfoliated graphite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP) flexible paper electrode as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The γ-Fe 2 O 3 was physically mixed with exfoliated graphite flakes, and mechanically pressed to get a thin sheet. The amperommetric analysis of γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP electrode shows that the sensor current increases with increasing glucose concentration. The impedance analysis of γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP substantiates the reduction in charge transfer resistance with increasing glucose concentration. The observed values of sensitivity for Ex-GCP and γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP electrodes are 3.51 µA mM-1cm−2 and 7.1 µA mM-1cm−2, respectively. The calculated LOD is 512 μM for γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP. Thus, γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP flexible electrode may be used for non-enzymatic glucose sensor with enhanced sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis of Ni(OH) 2 /graphene nanoplatelets composite under reflux condition. • Ni dispersion on graphene nanoplatelet has been confirmed with TEM analysis. • Ni dispersed over composite facilitates stability and exposure of active sites. • Tafel slope analysis suggests preferential oxidation of urea over OER. In this work, Ni(OH) 2 decorated over graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) synthesised by simple reflux reaction using hydrazine as complexing agent and sodium borohydride as reducing agent. Nickel-graphene platelet (NGP) composites are labelled as NGP-I,II and III for varying Ni-to-GNP ratios. Ni(OH) 2 anchoring on GNP has been confirmed with TEM and EDS analysis. The in situ growth of Ni(OH) 2 on graphene increases the stability and active sites of electrocatalysts for water splitting and direct oxidation of urea. The OER and urea oxidation on NGP-III composite were studied in 1 M KOH electrolyte, exhibiting lower potential of 1.53 V and 1.34 V vs. RHE and Tafel slope of 47 mV dec–1 and 56 mV dec–1, respectively. The negative shift in the oxidation potential of urea suggest that the urea oxidation is preferred over OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel composites of graphene-beaded porous carbon nanofibers decorated with TiO2 (G/PCF/TiO2) were synthesized using an electrospinning method and their photocatalytic performance was demonstrated based on the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic properties of G/PCF/TiO2 can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of graphene-beaded porous carbon nanofibers, which facilitates charge transfer, increases the light absorption in the visible range, as well as favors the adsorption of dye. The present strategy provides an effective strategy for the preparation of carbon-based composite and its application for high-performance photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review analyzes experimental and theoretical works devoted to high-temperature ferromagnetism in nonmagnetic materials, the recently discovered phenomenon. The main attention is paid to nanoparticles of nonmagnetic materials, in which this phenomenon is most pronounced due to the features of the surface defect structure. In addition to the traditional theoretical models of band or state-localized defect-induced ferromagnetism and the nontrivial theory of giant orbital magnetism, the review discusses the ferron model, which is successfully used to fit the properties of advanced magnetic materials with phase separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A molybdenum carbide-carbon composite (β-Mo2C/C) is prepared by carbonization of an anionic resin with molybdate. The β-Mo2C/C is characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Characterization indicates that the sample shows a hierarchically microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous structure, and has a large surface area. The nanosized β-Mo2C crystals are highly dispersed in the carbon-based sample. The β-Mo2C/C composite shows high catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of naphthalene to tetralin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have fabricated the Co 3 (PO 4) 2 nanoparticles and Co 3 (PO 4) 2 -NC doped in N doped carbon nanocomposite. The fabricated nanocomposite was characterized successfully using several analytical techniques. The fabricated nanocomposite was used as electrocatalyst for water splitting, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 1.0 M KOH solution. The fabricated nanocomposite shows highly porous nature with high surface area about to 372.32 m2/g. The catalytic results show, the lower limiting overpotential during the ORR (η lim = 0.33 V) and more positive half-wave potential activity than that of commercial platinum on carbon (Pt/C) catalyst. Moreover, the Co 3 (PO 4) 2 -NC exhibit excellent catalytic activity toward OER, with an overpotential of 350 mV at 10 mAcm2 in 1.0 M KOH solution and a relatively low Tafel slope of 60.7 mV dec. In addition, the fabricated catalyst possesses excellent reusability, long term stability with fast electron transfer during the catalytic reactions. These outcomes revealed that the fabricated nanocomposites can be used as low-cost, efficient catalyst for water splitting ORR and OER in metal-air batteries and fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, g‐C3N4, CuO and g‐C3N4/CuO−X (where × can be 3, 6, or 9) were synthesized through hydrothermal and calcination methods and used to fabricate photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor for detection of bisphenol A (BPA). CuO nanoparticles covered with g‐C3N4 were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The aptasensor based on g‐C3N4/CuO‐6 possessed high PEC activity due to its good conductivity and low electron recombination rate. PEC experiments demonstrate that the aptasensor based on g‐C3N4/CuO‐6 exhibits a broad linear range towards BPA from 0.02–10 ng L−1 and 50–1200 ng L−1 and reveals superior stability, selectivity and repeatability. Thus, g‐C3N4/CuO‐6 composite is a promising material for the determination of BPA in PEC field and has commercially viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Graphene/Ru/NiO composites are fabricated by a rapid ball milling approach. • OER activity of graphene/Ru/NiO composites is remarkably better than that of IrO 2. • OER activity of composites is attributed to collective contributions of Ru and NiO. Graphene nanoplates which are decorated uniformly with ruthenium (Ru) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles, are fabricated via ball milling of graphite, triphenylphosphine ruthenium chlorides and nickel chlorides. Electrochemical measurement results demonstrate that the resultant graphene/Ru/NiO composites deliver a lower overpotential of 240 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2 and better durability for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) than the state-of-the-art iridium oxide catalysts. The superior OER performances of the graphene/Ru/NiO composites are attributed to collective contributions of Ru and NiO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Under different friction and wear pressures, the internal lattice structure of OLC changes regularly. • The regular changes of microscopic morphology of OLC lubricants after the combination of ND and CNTs were described. • The lubrication mechanism of OLC with good lubricating properties was clarified. Here we report the tribological properties of nanosized onion-like carbon (OLC), OLC-nanodiamond (ND), and OLC-graphene oxide (GO) as additives in lubricant oil tested under different wear pressure. Under the wear pressure of 588 N of the four-ball testing, the 0.125 wt% addition OLC reduced the wear volume and the wear scar diameter by 36.29 % and 82.42 %. TEM characterization revealed structural changes in contour of the OLC particles after the wear testing. Pressure-induced agglomeration was seen for the OLC nanospheres, and the squeezed lattice changes resulted in formation of sp3 diamond structure inside the spheres. These structural changes are directly related to the loading force. However, addition of the sp3 NDs and sp2 GO deteriorated the lubricating performances of the OLC-added lubricant oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• KTP nanoparticles (about 400 nm) effectively wrapped in 3D rGO is prepared. • The synergies of 3D carbon networks and KTP endow excellent property. • The composite as anode for KIBs shows excellent electrochemical performance. Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have drawn great attention because of the abundant resources and low cost of potassium. Nevertheless, large size K+ slows the reaction kinetics of the ion and increases volume expansion of the host material, thus hindering its practical application. Herein, we construct nanocomposite of KTi 2 (PO 4) 3 nanoparticles and rGO (KTP-rGO) as electrode for KIBs by solvothermal-annealing process. In this nanocomposite, KTP nanoparticles (about 400 nm) effectively were wrapped in 3D rGO. The synergistic effects of 3D conductive carbon networks and active KTP nanoparticle improve electronic conductivity, alleviate the volume varies, and provide a wider diffusion channel to accelerate ion transport. Therefore, the KTP-rGO displays impressive reversible capacity of 66 mAh g−1 at 2 C after 150 cycles, superior rate of 28 mAh g−1 at 20 C, and good cycling ability. The strategy can offer new sights for the design and preparation of composite anode for KIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One-dimensional multicomponent MoO 2 @CoO-CoMoO 4 -NC hybrid nanorods have been synthesized, which displayed excellent electrochemical performance as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. • One-dimensional multicomponent MoO 2 @CoO-CoMoO 4 -NC hybrid nanorods were synthesized. • The MoO 2 @CoO-CoMoO 4 -NC hybrid nanorods exhibited excellent lithium storage performance. • A high reversible discharge capacity of 1164.0 mA h g−1 was obtained at 200 mA g−1 for 80 cycles. Developing facile strategies to synthesize transition metal oxides and nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) hybrid materials is important for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) but also challenging. Herein, unique one-dimensional multicomponent MoO 2 @CoO-CoMoO 4 -NC hybrid nanorods have been successfully synthesized. Benefiting from the unique morphology, structure and components, the MoO 2 @CoO-CoMoO 4 -NC hybrid nanorods exhibit a high reversible discharge capacity of 1164.0 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 for 80 cycles, good rate performance (394.5 mA h g−1 at 4000 mA g−1) and cycling stability (688.8 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 for 350 cycles). It is believed that the MoO 2 @CoO-CoMoO 4 -NC hybrid nanorods could be very promising anode materials for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A hierarchical zeolite Beta with self-assembled morphology of nanosized crystallines. • Nanosized crystallites aggregated by10–50 nm result from addition of GO. • Admirable connectivity of mesopores in the zeolite materials. • High hierarchical factor with high external surface area and mesoporous volume. Hierarchical zeolite Beta has been successfully synthesized by adding graphene oxide (GO) in the hydrothermal system and characterized by XRD, SEM and N 2 adsorption-desorption. The results show that the mesoporous distribution of the hierarchical zeolite Beta can be adjusted in the range of 3–7 nm and the mesoporosity can be varied by changing the type and content of GO. The formation of mesoporous structure in the zeolitic particles is from that the growth of crystalline is blocked in part by GO attached onto the zeolitic crystalline surface. Compared to spherical structure of GO nanopowders, laminar structure of GO nanosheets is propitious to increase the connectivity of the mesopores in the zeolite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• During mechanosynthesis partial or complete destruction of C 60/70 take place. • The stability of C 60/70 in the Fe-C 60/70 is much lower than in the Cu-C 60/70. • The degree of C 60/70 disordering determines the sequence of solid-phase reactions. • In the Fe-C 60/70 , the Fe 3 C carbide is crystallized from an amorphous phase Am(Fe-C). The structural changes of fullerite C 60/70 during mechanosynthesis of composites Me-25 at%C 60/70 (Me = Cu, Fe) have been studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. It is found that depending on the milling time and carbon affinity for metal, partial or complete disordering of the fullerite C 60/70 crystalline structure and destruction of fullerene molecules take place. Their deformation stability determines the sequence of solid-phase reactions in the investigated systems. The local atomic environment in the Fe-C 60/70 has been studied by Möessbauer spectroscopy. It is shown that the mechanism of the phase formation in the Fe-C 60/70 is as follows: the Fe 3 C carbide is crystallized from an amorphous phase Am(Fe-C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]